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Globetrotter Och Äventyrare

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Globetrotter och äventyrare Konni Zilliacus blev en Globetrotter när han gav sig ut i världen från sitt Karelen. Han bosatte sig i USA och arbetade i Costa Rica i Centralamerika och fortsatte sedan vidare till Japan där han stannade ett par år. När han kom tillbaka till Finland i slutet av 1890-talet och deltog i kampen för självständighet, fick han vänja sig vid att gå i exil till Sverige när läget så krävde. Det var i slutet på 1880-talet och en dynamisk tid i de länder han valde att bo i. Han var arbetsledare i ett järnvägsbygge i Costa Rica. Det var ett djärvt bygge från Puerto Limón på Karibiska kusten till huvudstaden San José. Därifrån byggdes en vidare förbindelse mot Stilla havskusten för att kunna hämta kaffeskörden. Det var innan Panamakanalen hade blivit färdigkonstruerad. Järnvägen kunde bli av potentiellt stor betydelse som en transportled. I själva verket blev det för Costa Rica ett svårt beroendeförhållande och själva upphovet till begreppet bananrepublik. Zilliacus skildrar i sina tidiga böcker det hårda arbetet och de närmast laglösa förhållandena, framförallt för de importerade jamaicanska arbetarna. Järnvägsbygget i Costa Rica är början på bananrepublikernas beroende, med Minor Cooper Keith som föregångare till United Fruit. I en modernare exposé över järnvägsbygget ( costaricarailroad.blogspot.se) är de fåtaliga ”svenskarna”, där Zilliacus ingick, bara i hast omnämnda när de anländer 1888. Ett par år senare är järnvägen äntligen färdig, efter att ha kostat tusentals liv under bygget. Ledare för järnvägsprojektet och mäktig förhandlare mot den lokala makthierarkin var amerikanen Minor Cooper Keith. Han och United Fruit förändrade hela Centralamerikas historia och dessutom Colombias historia. Det var nu bananexporten började med fartygslaster från Puerto Limon till New Orleans. Det blev en stor succé och bananplantagerna växte och omskapade regionen. Konni Zilliacus tog avsked från Costa Rica genom att på häst ta sig genom de centralamerikanska republikerna till Mexiko. I Nicaraguas huvudstad Managua fick han oförmodat träffa presidenten och fick en intervju med en maktlös statschef. Den intervjun använder han sedan som inledning i en artikelserie för ”Svenska Tribunen” som utkommer i Chicago. Konni försörjde sig med allehanda arbeten och bland annat för svensk-amerikanska tidningar i Chicago och som korrespondent för Hufvudstadsbladet i Helsingfors. Han kom lagom tillbaka till USA för att få vara med och bevaka slutfasen i de indianska krigen med siouxernas desperata kamp och nederlaget i Wounded Knee. Han gjorde flera andra reportageresor i USA och skrev en handbok avsedd för de som invandrade från Europa. Efter några år drog han vidare västerut till Japan där han bodde under ett par år. Det eftermäle han fick från sina kollegor i Chicago var blandat. ” Zilliacus har aldrig varit vidare populär bland ”pojkarne” på Tribunen. Därtill har han varit alltför stram av sig. Och så ser karln snobbig ut och röker cigarretter. Skämt åsido hr Zilliacus har dokumenterat sig såsom en god tidningsman även om hans stil ofta är torr och ibland lika tungrodd som en mudderpråm vilken fastnat på grund i Chicagofloden.” Men hans högdragenhet och långa torra analyser var säkert till nytta för honom senare i livet när han skrev böcker om korruptionen i det ryska samhället eller när han ägnade sig åt att konspirera mot tsarens makt genom att samla alla divergerande oppositionella krafter. Med stor hatt och helskägg, Zilliacus besöker Buffalo Bill tillsammans med andra amerikanska korrespondenter. Får man tro Konni själv var det vid en händelse under utlandsvistelsen som han tog det det avgörande steget för att stödja den finska nationella kampen. Han träffade ett par amerikanska officerare på ett hotell i Chicago. Det var 1892, och förryskningspolitiken hade börjat trots Finlands autonoma ställning. Den ena officeren blev hånfull när han fick klart för sig hur vanmäktigt Finland var i förhållande till Ryssland. - Det enda ni kan göra är att foga er utan knot, om ni blir näsvisa i er opposition så händer det väl att Ryssland ger er ris till på köpet. Zilliacus svarade att han var övertygad om att i alla fall blir opposition, och vad mig personligen beträffar så kommer jag att ta del i striden, om jag så skulle nödgas krypa hem för att få vara med. Åter i Finland Det dröjde ända till 1898 innan Zilliacus återvände till Finland. Till en början kunde han delta i den Fria Pressen som kom ut i Helsingfors. Men snart blev censuren hårdare och guvernör Bobrikov drev en hårdhänt förryskningspolitik. I stället skapades en underjordisk press och Zilliacus hamnade i Stockholm. Till en början deltog han i de fredliga aktionerna, namninsamlingar och demonstrationer. För att öka det internationella trycket mot Ryssland gjordes namninsamlingarna med deltagande av kulturpersonligheter över hela Europa. Men tsaren ignorerade alla uppvaktningar. 1901 lades Finlands försvarsmakt ner och 1902 kom första inkallelsen till ryska armén. Motståndet var aktivt, antingen vägrade man bära vapen eller så gick man med i hemliga föreningar, studentskyttar eller stridsorganisationer i några av de större städerna. Den hårda linjens aktivister gick vidare. Den ryske guvernören för Finland, Bobrikov måste dödas. I juni 1904 fick Eugen Schauman uppdraget att döda Bobrikov, vilket han gjorde ensam med tre skott och därefter sköt sig själv och tog på sig hela skulden. Men Konni Zilliacus flyttade till Sverige 1903 när det inte längre gick att publicera en kritisk tidning legalt i Finland. Han hade en båt utanför Musikaliska akademien vid Nybroviken i Stockholm med vilken han gjorde flera lyckade smugglingsresor över Ålands hav. Zilliacus hade ansvar för insmugglingen 1903 – 1904, och han seglade själv in sen yacht till mindre hamnar i Finland som Tsarens polis inte hade någon kontroll över. Grundar aktivistpartiet i Stockholm I november 1904 grundades Finlands aktiva motståndarparti på initiativ av Konni Zilliacus. Man var redan förberedda för väpnat motstånd, och fortsatte smuggla in vapen och förbjuden litteratur. 1905 i Finland nådde det politiska våldet mått av aldrig skådat slag med mord och bomber som briserade utanför förvaltningsbyggnaderna. En del trodde att det var en rysk provokation för att kunna införa krigstillstånd med krigsrätt i stället för rådstugurätt. Aktivisterna förespråkade terror och infiltrerade med sina män i polismakten. Polisen anställde angivare. De stridande parterna visste ofta inte själva om det var deras egna eller en dubbelagent. 1905 var det sammanlagt 8 attentat med dödlig utgång. Bomber, spikbomber och stölder av dynamit, ex 71 kg i Tavastehus från en handelsmans källarlager, i Lahti tiotals kilo dynamit och 150 kg krut. Rysk-japanska kriget var inte bara en strid där flottan deltog. Framme vid år 1905 är det slut på stabiliteten i det ryska imperiet. I det oväntade nederlaget i kriget mot Japan 1904 blir den ryska flottan sänkt och trupperna som skickats till Fjärran Östern deserterar i stora skaror. Rysslands nederlag berodde delvis på en krigslist med en hemlig uppgörelse i Stockholm och på några andra platser i Europa mellan Finlandsaktivisten Konni Zilliacus och den japanske militärattachén ( Japans ”James Bond”) Akashi Motojiro. Zilliacus tar reda på att polska marktrupper befinner sig i frontlinjen i kriget mot Japan. I utbyte mot fri lejd genom Japan och möjlighet att emigrera till Amerika sprider man propaganda för att få en hel polsk division att desertera. Enligt Zilliacus blev det en lyckad aktion och så mycket som 10.000 man eller mer kan ha hörsammat uppmaningarna att överge Rysslands armé. Smuggelfartyg Zilliacus samarbete med den japanske militärattachén Akashi fortsatte samtidigt som han deltog i möten över Europa för att ena de ryska partierna, socialrevolutionärer, socialdemokrater – mensjeviker och bolsjeviker, olika nationalistiska rörelser, judiska Bund osv. Ingen visste om detaljerna i hans finansiering från Tokyo. Det stora projektet blev att sända ett fartyg, Grafton, med vapen och sprängämnen mot finska viken för att lämna en del av lasten. Därefter att åka vidare uppför floden Neva till S:t Petersburg och där spränga ett fartyg för att sätta igång ett allmänt uppror. Tsarens spioner var honom hack i hälarna och han fick använda all sin förmåga för att skaka av sig dem. Även den svenska polisen undersökte Zilliacus verksamhet. Fartyget Grafton blev de ryska Socialrevolutionärernas mest spektakulära aktion – men hela företaget var på väg att spåra ur eftersom partiets framträdande representant Jenfer Azev var en provokatör som egenhändigt utfört flera mord men var i Ochranas tjänst och såg till att de som deltog blev infångade av tsarens poliser. På Rydbergs hotell i Stockholm träffade Zilliacus den japanske militärattachén. När ingenting hade gjorts för att ta emot Grafton i finska viken gick fartyget med sin last mot Österbotten och en mindre hamn nära Jakobstad där man i hemlighet skulle kunna lasta ur. Det bar sig inte bättre än att Grafton gick på grund. Ett stort uppbåd av småbåtar tog hand om delar av lasten och såg till att beväpna upprorsmännen. Effekten blev ändå ett psykologiskt viktigt bidrag till att revolutionen 1905 hotade tsarens envälde. Tsar Nikolaj tvingades mot sin vilja sammankalla duman under et par år innan reaktionen slog tillbaka. Zilliacus var medveten om att han var övervakad och hade tidigt en del misstankar mot Jefner Azev som dubbelagent och provokatör. Jefner Azev hade en viktig position i det Socialrevolutionära partiets organiserade attentat och sprängningar. Aktionen
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  • Finland and Russia 1808-1920

    Finland and Russia 1808-1920

    FINLAND AND RUSSIA 1808-1920 STUDIES IN RUSSIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN HISTORY Phyllis Auty and Richard Clogg (editors) British Policy towards Wartime Resistance in Yugoslavia and Greece Elisabeth Barker British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War D. G. Kirby (editor) Finland and Russia 1808-1920: From Autonomy to Independence: A Selection of Documents Martin McCauley (editor) The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State 1917-1921: Documents Further titles in preparation FINLAND AND RUSSIA 18o8-1g2o From Autonomy to Independence A Selection of Documents Edited and translated by D. G. KIRBY M in association with the Palgrave Macmillan @ D. G. Kirby 1975 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1975 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published 1975 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in New York Dublin Melbourne Johannesburg and Madras SBN 333 16905 0 ISBN 978-1-349-02303-5 ISBN 978-1-349-02301-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-02301-1 This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement Contents Introduction 1 PART I THE PERIOD OF AUTONOMY THE UNION OF FINLAND WITH THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE 11 1 His Imperial Majesty's gracious manifesto concern- ing the union of Finland with the Russian Empire, 17 June 1808 12 2 The order for the convocation of the Diet of Por- voo, 20 January/ 1 February 1809 14 3 Alexander the First's Charter, given at the Diet of Porvoo, 27 March 1809