DOCSLIB.ORG

The Mycorrhizal Status of Plants Colonizing a Calamine Spoil Mound in Southern Poland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Mycorrhizal Status of Plants Colonizing a Calamine Spoil Mound in Southern Poland Mycorrhiza (1996) 6:499–505 Q Springer-Verlag 1996 ORIGINAL PAPER Teresa E. Pawlowska 7 Janusz Błaszkowski Åke Rühling The mycorrhizal status of plants colonizing a calamine spoil mound in southern Poland Accepted: 29 November 1996 Abstract The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status of Silene vulgaris, dominated the early succession commu- two plant communities on a calamine spoil mound (rich nity and contributed 64% to the relative cover. Spores in cadmium, lead and zinc) in southern Poland was sur- of G. fasciculatum and Entrophospora sp. averaged 20 veyed: an undisturbed grassland community and an per 100 g dry substrate at the disturbed site. early succession community that developed after com- plete removal of the surface layer of the calamine sub- Key words Mycorrhiza 7 Arbuscular mycorrhizal strate about 10 years earlier. The undisturbed site har- fungi 7 Calamine spoil mound 7 Heavy metals bored 40 herbaceous species making up 87% of the ab- solute cover. AM colonization was recorded in 25 spe- cies accounting for 77% of the relative cover. Species Introduction with 51–75% AM root colonization such as Festuca ovi- na and Leontodon hispidus dominated the undisturbed Heavy-metal tolerance in plants results from various turf, contributing 45% to the relative cover. Carex ssp. biochemical and physiological adaptations (Verkleij were the most abundant nonmycorrhizal plants and ac- and Schat 1990). Mycorrhiza formation may contribute counted for 9% of the relative cover. Spores of Glomus by providing a metal exclusion barrier and improving aggregatum, G. constrictum, G. fasciculatum, G. pansi- plant nutritional status (Turnau et al. 1993; Weissen- halos, Glomus sp. and Entrophospora sp. averaged 25 horn et al. 1995a). The ameliorating function of my- per 100 g dry substrate at the undisturbed site. The dis- corrhizal symbiosis has been documented in plants with turbed site was colonized by 25 species accounting for ericoid mycorrhiza (Bradley et al. 1981, 1982) as well as 17% of the absolute cover. Among the AM plants, in several species of ectomycorrhizal plants (Denny and most abundant were the species with up to 20% AM Wilkins 1987; Colpaert and Van Assche 1993). root colonization, such as Agrostis stolonifera and Thy- The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in metal mus pulegioides, wich accounted for 24% of the relative uptake remains largely unclear (Galli et al. 1994; Hasel- cover. Nonmycorrhizal species, such as Biscutella laevi- wandter et al. 1994). There is ample laboratory evi- gata, Cardaminopsis arenosa, Gypsophila fastigiata and dence that AM plants are more efficient than nonmy- corrhizal in the acquisition of micronutrients such as Cu and Zn when available at low concentrations (Faber et T. E. Pawlowska (Y)1 al. 1990). However, field relationships between AM Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Lubicz 46, colonization, shoot Cu or Zn concentrations and plant PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland biomass are not fully understood (Sanders and Fitter J. Błaszkowski 1992b). When these or other metals are present in ex- Department of Plant Pathology, Academy of Agriculture, cess, AM colonization may result in metal toxicity and Slowackiego 17, PL-71-434 Szczecin, Poland decrease in plant biomass (Killham and Firestone Å. Rühling 1983). Other evidence suggests that AM may be benefi- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Lund, cial to the host under metal stress, although, this de- Sölvegatan 37, P.O. Ecology Building, pends strongly on plant growth conditions, AM fungus S-223 62 Lund, Sweden and the metal (Weissenhorn et al. 1995a). Several AM Present address: fungal strains have been isolated from metal-enriched 1 Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 220 Biological Sciences Center, 1445 Gortner Ave., soils, indicating that AM fungi are able to develop hea- St. Paul, MN 55108-1095, USA vy-metal tolerance mechanisms (Gildon and Tinker fax: c1-612-625 1738; e-mail: pawl00146maroon.tc.umn.edu 1981; Weissenhorn et al. 1993; Griffioen 1994). 500 This paper presents results of a survey of the AM Table 1 Chemical properties of the calamine substrate in Boles- status of plants colonizing a calamine spoil mound that law, southern Poland, assessed in the uppermost 20 cm of the spoil material, which corresponds to the plant rooting zone in the originated from lead and zinc ore mining in Boleslaw in undisturbed turf southern Poland. The spoil mound contained Cd, Pb a and Zn at concentrations greatly exceeding natural soil pH (H2O) 6.8 levels (Godzik 1991; Kabata-Pendias and Pendias pH (KCl)b 6.4 Organic matter (%)c 19.5 1992). The history of ore mining in this region extends CEC (cmol kgP1)d 21.4 back to medieval times (Dobrzanska 1955). The vascu- Nitrate-N (mg kgP1)e 13.1 lar plant species occurring at the spoil mound constitute P (mg kgP1)f 9 an example of a highly specialized calamine flora asso- K (mg kgP1)g 141 P1 g ciated with extensive deposits of zinc ores (Dobrzanska Ca (mg kg ) 2690 Mg (mg kgP1)g 434 1955; Ernst 1974). The metal-tolerant vegetation of the P1 h calamine site offers an opportunity to investigate the Total metals (mg kg ) Cd 180 role of AM in plant interactions with heavy metals at a Cu 18 functional community level. Fe 86000 Pb 4560 Zn 49000 Materials and methods DTPA extractable metals (mg kgP1) Cd 37.4 Cu 1.1 Site description Fe 13.2 Pb 323 The investigated spoil mound is located in Boleslaw (50717b52nN, Zn 1270 19728b35nE) west of Kraków in southern Poland. It is composed mainly of the Triassic oolitic limestone and metalliferous dolom- a With H O (1:2.5 w/v) ite (calamine) from the mined ore (Dobrzanska 1955). The sub- 2 b With KCl (1:2.5 w/v) strate is stony and except for a thin humus layer associated with c Wet oxidation in K Cr O followed by FeSO (NH ) SO titra- densely vegetated turfs is not differentiated into horizons. 2 2 7 4 4 2 4 tion The spoil mound harbors grassland vegetation with scattered d Ammonium saturation/KCl displacement dwarfed pines Pinus sylvestris and birches Betula pendula. Study e Cadmium reduction of the mycorrhiza in herbaceous plants was carried out in 1989– f Olsen’s NaHCO 1990 at two sites of about 100 m2 each. One site was an undis- 3 g Extractable with neutral NH OAc turbed, densely vegetated turf. Table 1 summarizes some of the 4 h Extractable with hot NHO chemical properties of the calamine substrate at this site. The sec- 3 ond site was a disturbed area where the top layer of substrate had been completely stripped around 1980 and the site left to revege- tate naturally. The calamine substrate at the disturbed site con- AM fungi tained 0.8% (w/w) organic matter and did not differ significantly in total metal content from the undisturbed site (data not present- The AM fungi were assessed in samples of the uppermost 10 cm ed). of the spoil substrate. Three 1-kg samples were collected at ran- dom from each site in September 1989. Spores were extracted from the substrate by wet sieving and decanting (Gerdemann and Herbaceous cover Nicolson 1963). The AM fungi were identified based on their ori- ginal descriptions, and specimens were deposited in the collection Absolute cover was defined as a vertical projection of shoot area of J. Błaszkowski (Academy of Agriculture, Szczecin, Poland). to the ground surface expressed as a percent of the reference area Two species remain unidentified and are referred to by their ref- (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). The absolute cover of erence numbers. herbaceous plant species was estimated in May 1990 by a point intercept method (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). A 10- point frame was placed at random over the investigated sites; the number of sample points was 1000 per site. The relative cover was Results calculated for each species as its percent contribution to the total plant cover. The AM status of the undisturbed turf community The herbaceous cover in the undisturbed turf was Root sampling and preparation about 87% and comprised 40 species (Tables 2, 3). Intact roots of the herbaceous species were sampled in May, June, There were 15 species of nonmycorrhizal plants which July and September, as flowering occurred. The stony substrate constituted 37.5% of species recorded at this site and impeded retrieval of root systems in their entirety. Therefore, aft- contributed about 22% to the relative cover. The non- er washing, the fine lateral roots were cut off and roots of at least 5 specimens with a total fresh weight of about 1.5 g were pooled, mycorrhizal plants belonged to families Brassicaceae fixed and stored in 50% ethanol. After clearing in 2.5% KOH, (Alyssum montanum, Biscutella laevigata, Cardaminop- roots were stained in 0.05% trypan blue according to Koske and sis arenosa), Caryophyllaceae (Cerastium arvense, C. Gemma (1989). Roots were examined with a compound micro- fontanum subsp. triviale, Gypsophila fastigiata, Silene scope for the presence of structures characteristic of AM such as arbuscules, coils and vesicles. The AM percent root colonization vulgaris), Cyperaceae (Carex caryophyllea, C. ericeto- was estimated by a grid intersect method using a dissecting micro- rum), Polygonaceae (Rumex acetosella), Santalaceae scope (Giovannetti and Mosse 1980). (Thesium alpinum) and Scrophulariaceae (Euphrasia 501 Table 2 Mycorrhizal status of herbaceous plant species, ordered by families, found at the undisturbed site of the calamine spoil mound in Boleslaw, southern Poland. Values listed are means BSEM (np3) (A arbuscules, C coils, V vesicles) Family Species Mycorrhizal Percentage of structures roots colonized Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa L. V 4.0B 4.0 Rumex acetosella L. Absent Caryophyllaceae Cerastium arvense L. V 4.3B 2.2 Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Untangling Phylogenetic Patterns and Taxonomic Confusion in Tribe Caryophylleae (Caryophyllaceae) with Special Focus on Generic
    TAXON 67 (1) • February 2018: 83–112 Madhani & al. • Phylogeny and taxonomy of Caryophylleae (Caryophyllaceae) Untangling phylogenetic patterns and taxonomic confusion in tribe Caryophylleae (Caryophyllaceae) with special focus on generic boundaries Hossein Madhani,1 Richard Rabeler,2 Atefeh Pirani,3 Bengt Oxelman,4 Guenther Heubl5 & Shahin Zarre1 1 Department of Plant Science, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran 2 University of Michigan Herbarium-EEB, 3600 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-2228, U.S.A. 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1436, Mashhad, Iran 4 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden 5 Biodiversity Research – Systematic Botany, Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany; and GeoBio Center LMU Author for correspondence: Shahin Zarre, [email protected] DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/671.6 Abstract Assigning correct names to taxa is a challenging goal in the taxonomy of many groups within the Caryophyllaceae. This challenge is most serious in tribe Caryophylleae since the supposed genera seem to be highly artificial, and the available morphological evidence cannot effectively be used for delimitation and exact determination of taxa. The main goal of the present study was to re-assess the monophyly of the genera currently recognized in this tribe using molecular phylogenetic data. We used the sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the chloroplast gene rps16 for 135 and 94 accessions, respectively, representing all 16 genera currently recognized in the tribe Caryophylleae, with a rich sampling of Gypsophila as one of the most heterogeneous groups in the tribe.
    [Show full text]
  • Nota Lepidopterologica
    ©Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica; download unter http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ und www.zobodat.at Nota lepid. 12 (1) : 59-64 ; 30.IV.1989 ISSN 0342-7536 Über die an Gypsophila fastigiata L. in Lettland vorkommenden Lepidoptera-Arten I. SuLCS und A. Sulcs (t) 226080 Riga, Stimu 18, Lettland, UdSSR. Summary Several species of Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on Gypsophila fastigiata L. are recorded from Latvia, USSR. Caryocolum petryi (Hofmann) has been found in the West, North and South-East of the country. Coleophora kyffhusana Petry, C. niveistrigella Hein. & WcK., C. burmanni Toll, Scythris emichi (Anker) and Hadena irregularis (Hufn.) are restricted to S.E. Latvia, and apparently never occur together with Caryocolum petryi. The foodplant of S. emichi was previously unk- nown, and C. burmanni had previously only been recorded on Gypsophila repens. Zusammenfassung Caryocolum petryi benanderi M. Hering wurde an mehreren Fundorten in Lettland gefunden. In SO-Lettland wurden weitere an G fastigiata gebundene Arten nachge- wiesen. Diese Gruppe umfasst folgende Arten : Coleophora kyffhusana Petry, C niveistrigella WEm. & WcK., C. burmanniToLL, Scythris emichi Anker und Hadena irregularis Hufn. Gypsophila fastigiata wird erstmals als Futterpflanze für C. burmanni und S. ew/cÄ/ beobachtet. In Lettland kann Gypsophila fastigiata L. lokal und meist nur in kleiner Anzahl in sandigen Kiefernwäldern und Kiefemschonungen beobachtet werden. Die meisten Kiefernwäldern ia Lettland verlaufen längs der Ostsee- küste. Tiefer im Landesinnem sind
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Cover on the Limestone Alvar of Oland Ecology - Sociology - Taxonomy
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA 76 Plant cover on the limestone Alvar of Oland Ecology - Sociology - Taxonomy Editor Erik Sjogren UPPSALA 1988 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA 76 Plant cover on the limestone Alvar of Oland Ecology - Sociology - Taxonomy Editor Erik Sjogren Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm UPPSALA 1988 The publication of this volume has been economically supported by the "Axel och Margaret Ax:son Johnsons stiftelse". ISBN 91-7210-076-1 (paperback) ISBN 91-7210-476-7 (cloth) ISSN 0084-5914 Respective author 1988 © Drawing of Hel ianthemum oelandicum on cover by Marie Widen. Edidit: Svenska Vaxtgeografiska Sallskapet Box 559, 751 22 Uppsala Editor: Erik Sjogren Technical editor: Gunnel Sjors Phototypesetting: Textgruppen i U ppsala AB Printed in Sweden 1988 by Centraltryckeriet AB, Bon\s Acta phytogeographica suecica 76 Contents Studies of vegetation on Oland-changes and development during a century. By Erik Sj ogren . 5 Limiting factors on seed production in Crepis tectorum ssp. pumila. By Stejan Andersson. 9 The dry alvar grasslands of Oland: ecological amplitudes of plant spe­ cies in relation to vegetation composition. By Karin Bengtsson, Honor C. Prentice, Ej vind Rosen, Roland Moberg & Erik Sj ogren . 21 Calcicolous lichens and their ecological preferences on the Great Alvar of Oland. By Lars Froberg. 47 Floristic diversity and guild structure in the grasslands of Oland's Stora Alvar. By Eddy van der Maarel. 53 The effects of colonizing shrubs (Juniperus communis and Potentilla fructicosa) on species richness in the grasslands of Stora Alvaret, Oland. By Marcel Rejmdnek & Ejvind Rosen. 67 Das Naturschutzgebiet in Gosslunda. By Lars Rodenborg.
    [Show full text]
  • Red List of Vascular Plants of the Czech Republic: 3Rd Edition
    Preslia 84: 631–645, 2012 631 Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic: 3rd edition Červený seznam cévnatých rostlin České republiky: třetí vydání Dedicated to the centenary of the Czech Botanical Society (1912–2012) VítGrulich Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] Grulich V. (2012): Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic: 3rd edition. – Preslia 84: 631–645. The knowledge of the flora of the Czech Republic has substantially improved since the second ver- sion of the national Red List was published, mainly due to large-scale field recording during the last decade and the resulting large national databases. In this paper, an updated Red List is presented and compared with the previous editions of 1979 and 2000. The complete updated Red List consists of 1720 taxa (listed in Electronic Appendix 1), accounting for more then a half (59.2%) of the native flora of the Czech Republic. Of the Red-Listed taxa, 156 (9.1% of the total number on the list) are in the A categories, which include taxa that have vanished from the flora or are not known to occur at present, 471 (27.4%) are classified as critically threatened, 357 (20.8%) as threatened and 356 (20.7%) as endangered. From 1979 to 2000 to 2012, there has been an increase in the total number of taxa included in the Red List (from 1190 to 1627 to 1720) and in most categories, mainly for the following reasons: (i) The continuing human pressure on many natural and semi-natural habitats is reflected in the increased vulnerability or level of threat to many vascular plants; some vulnerable species therefore became endangered, those endangered critically threatened, while species until recently not classified may be included in the Red List as vulnerable or even endangered.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Genetic Structure and Plant Fitness of Natural and Ex Situ
    Population genetic structure and plant fitness of natural and ex situ populations in Silene chlorantha (W ILLD .) EHRH . and Silene otites (L.) WIBEL Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) eingereicht im Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Daniel Lauterbach aus Brandenburg an der Havel 2012 Die Arbeit wurde im Zeitraum von Juni 2008 bis Februar 2012 an der Zentraleinrichtung Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin - Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin unter der Leitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. Thomas Borsch angefertigt. 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Borsch 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ingo Kowarik Disputation am 04.07.2012 Index Table of contents 1 General Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Effects of land-use changes on dry grasslands .................................................. 1 1.2 The study species: Silene chlorantha (WILLD .) EHRH . and Silene otites (L.) WIBEL 2 1.3 Population genetic structure and plant fitness ................................................... 7 1.4 Ex situ plant conservation .................................................................................. 10 1.5 Comments to the structure of the presented thesis .......................................... 12 2 Genetic population structure, fitness variation and the importance of population history in remnant populations of the endangered plant Silene chlorantha
    [Show full text]
  • Sion of Gypsophyla, Bolanthus, (Botanical Herbarium, Utrecht )
    Wentia 9 (1962) 1 —203 Sion of Gypsophyla, Bolanthus, Ankyropetalum and Phryna 1 (With Arabic summary) Y.I. Barkoudah (Botanical Museum and Herbarium, Utrecht) 2 (received March 6th, 1962) CONTENTS Introduction 2 GYPSOPHILA 4 A. General Part 4 1. Limits of the and revision of literature 4 genus 2. General morphology 9 the The root; the stem; the leaf; on the phyllotaxy of Gypsophila; found in inflorescence; remarks on the dichasial cymes Gypsophila-, the in the the aestiva- ontogeny of flower genus Gypsophila; calyx; tion of sepals; the corolla; aestivation of the corolla; the androecium; the and seeds. ovary; placentation; capsule 3. Cytology 26 4. Pollen morphology 28 5. Geography 29 6. Ecology 31 7. Uses 32 B. Taxonomic Part 33 1. Material 33 of the Diantheae 34 2. Diagnosis and key to the genera of the 35 3 Diagnosis and subdivisions genus 4. Key to the species 46 5. Species descriptions 55 BOLANTHUS 157 1. Diagnosis and delimitation from other genera 159 2. Geography 160 3. General morphology 160 other 162 4. Relation with genera 162 5. Key to the species 6. Species descriptions 163 ANKYROPETALUM 170 of the and discussion of the literature 171 1. Delimitation genus . 172 2. Key to the species 3. Species descriptions 173 PHRYNA 175 1. Diagnosis 176 x this a scholarship ) The author was enabled to carry out work by received from of the costs. Damascus University and by a special grant covering part publishing 2 ) Future address: Botanical Department, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria. 2 Y. I. BARKOUDAH 2. Taxonomic discussion 177 Species of uncertain status and names of uncertain application .
    [Show full text]
  • Caryophyllaceae.Pdf
    Flora of China 6: 1–113. 2001. CARYOPHYLLACEAE 石竹科 shi zhu ke Lu Dequan (鲁德全)1, Wu Zhengyi (吴征镒 Wu Cheng-yih)2, Zhou Lihua (周丽华)2, Chen Shilong (陈世龙)3; Michael G. Gilbert4, Magnus Lidén5, John McNeill6, John K. Morton7, Bengt Oxelman8, Richard K. Rabeler9, Mats Thulin8, Nicholas J. Turland10, Warren L. Wagner11 Herbs annual or perennial, rarely subshrubs or shrubs. Stems and branches usually swollen at nodes. Leaves opposite, decussate, rarely alternate or verticillate, simple, entire, usually connate at base; stipules scarious, bristly, or often absent. Inflorescence of cymes or cymose panicles, rarely flowers solitary or few in racemes, capitula, pseudoverticillasters, or umbels. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely unisexual, occasionally cleistogamous. Sepals (4 or)5, free, imbricate, or connate into a tube, leaflike or scarious, persistent, sometimes bracteate below calyx. Petals (4 or)5, rarely absent, free, often comprising claw and limb; limb entire or split, usually with coronal scales at juncture of claw and limb. Stamens (2–)5–10, in 1 or 2 series. Pistil 1; carpels 2–5, united into a compound ovary. Ovary superior, 1-loculed or basally imperfectly 2–5-loculed. Gynophore present or absent. Placentation free, central, rarely basal; ovules (1 or) few or numerous, campylotropous. Styles (1 or)2–5, sometimes united at base. Fruit usually a capsule, with pericarp crustaceous, scarious, or papery, dehiscing by teeth or valves 1 or 2 × as many as styles, rarely berrylike with irregular dehiscence or an achene. Seeds 1 to numerous, reniform, ovoid, or rarely dorsiventrally compressed, abaxially grooved, blunt, or sharply pointed, rarely fimbriate-pectinate; testa granular, striate or tuberculate, rarely smooth or spongy; embryo strongly curved and surrounding perisperm or straight but eccentric; perisperm mealy.
    [Show full text]
  • Table S1. Plant List No. Species Family Genus Socio- Ecological Group
    Table S1. Plant list Socio- Life No. Species Family Genus ecological D-RS-1 D-B-2 form** group* 1 Acer negundo Sapindaceae Acer L M + 2 Acer platanoides Sapindaceae Acer L M + 3 Acer pseudoplatanus Sapindaceae Acer L M + 4 Achillea millefolium Compositae Achillea LK H + + 5 Agrostis canina Poaceae Agrostis LK H + + 6 Agrostis capillaris Poaceae Agrostis LK H + + 7 Agrostis stolonifera Poaceae Agrostis LK H + + 8 Amaranthus retroflexus Amaranthaceae Amaranthus SG T + + 9 Arctium lappa Compositae Arctium RD H + + 10 Arctium tomentosum Asteraceae Arctium RD H + 11 Arrhenatherum elatius Poaceae Arrhenatherum LK H + 12 Artemisia vulgaris Compositae Artemisia RD H + + 13 Astragalus glycyphyllos Fabaceae Astragalus O H + 14 Atriplex prostrata Amaranthaceae Atriplex S T + 15 Barbarea verna Brassicaceae Barbarea RD H + 16 Barbarea vulgaris Brassicaceae Barbarea RD H + 17 Berteroa incana Brassicaceae Berteroa SG H + 18 Betula pendula Betulaceae Betula L M + + 19 Briza media Poaceae Briza LK H + 20 Bromus tectorum Poaceae Bromus RD T + 21 Bryonia alba Cucurbitaceae Bryonia RD H + 22 Bunias orientalis Brassicaceae Bunias RD H + 23 Calamagrostis epigejos Poaceae Calamagrostis RD G + + 24 Calystegia sepium Convolvulaceae Calystegia RD H + 25 Capsella bursa-pastoris Brassicaceae Capsella SG H + 26 Cardamine pratensis Brassicaceae Cardamine LK H + 27 Cardaminopsis arenosa Brassicaceae Cardaminopsis RD H + 28 Cardaminopsis halleri Brassicaceae Arabidopsis M H + 29 Carduus acanthoides Compositae Carduus RD H + + 30 Carex hirta Cyperaceae Carex RD H + 31
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Tolerance to Lead and Cadmium of Micropropagated Gypsophila Fastigiata Ecotype
    Water Air Soil Pollut (2018) 229: 42 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3702-8 Differential Tolerance to Lead and Cadmium of Micropropagated Gypsophila fastigiata Ecotype Ewa Muszyńska & Ewa Hanus-Fajerska & Aleksandra Koźmińska Received: 4 November 2017 /Accepted: 11 January 2018 /Published online: 25 January 2018 # The Author(s) 2018. This article is an open access publication Abstract In vitro techniques may provide a suitable and contributed to shoot wither. On the contrary, the tool for effective propagation and conservation of plant proliferative shoot cultures were established on media species representing various ecological niches. The containing Cd ions and the multiplication coefficients elaboration of such protocols is also prerequisite for and shoot length increased on all media enriched with selection of heavy-metal-tolerant plant material that CdCl2. Chlorophylls and carotenoid contents were neg- could be afterwards used for restoration or remediation atively affected by application of 5.0 μMofcadmium; of polluted sites. In this study, culture protocol for nevertheless, in shoots treated with 2.5 μMCdCl2, Gypsophila fastigiata propagation was developed. The increased accumulation of photosynthetic pigments oc- highest multiplication coefficient, which reached 6.5, curred and their amount was similar to untreated culture. and the best growth parameters were obtained on mod- Adaptation to Cd was associated with stimulation of ified MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 2iP phenolic compound synthesis. Hence, we have reported and 0.2 mg L−1 IAA. The obtained cultures were treated on unambiguous positive result of in vitro selection with different concentrations of lead nitrate (0.1, 0.5, procedure to obtain vigorous shoot culture tolerant to and 1.0 mM Pb(NO3)2) or cadmium chloride (0.5, 2.5, cadmium.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Distribution and Evolution of Mycorrhizas in Land Plants
    Mycorrhiza (2006) 16: 299–363 DOI 10.1007/s00572-005-0033-6 REVIEW B. Wang . Y.-L. Qiu Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants Received: 22 June 2005 / Accepted: 15 December 2005 / Published online: 6 May 2006 # Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract A survey of 659 papers mostly published since plants (Pirozynski and Malloch 1975; Malloch et al. 1980; 1987 was conducted to compile a checklist of mycorrhizal Harley and Harley 1987; Trappe 1987; Selosse and Le Tacon occurrence among 3,617 species (263 families) of land 1998;Readetal.2000; Brundrett 2002). Since Nägeli first plants. A plant phylogeny was then used to map the my- described them in 1842 (see Koide and Mosse 2004), only a corrhizal information to examine evolutionary patterns. Sev- few major surveys have been conducted on their phyloge- eral findings from this survey enhance our understanding of netic distribution in various groups of land plants either by the roles of mycorrhizas in the origin and subsequent diver- retrieving information from literature or through direct ob- sification of land plants. First, 80 and 92% of surveyed land servation (Trappe 1987; Harley and Harley 1987;Newman plant species and families are mycorrhizal. Second, arbus- and Reddell 1987). Trappe (1987) gathered information on cular mycorrhiza (AM) is the predominant and ancestral type the presence and absence of mycorrhizas in 6,507 species of of mycorrhiza in land plants. Its occurrence in a vast majority angiosperms investigated in previous studies and mapped the of land plants and early-diverging lineages of liverworts phylogenetic distribution of mycorrhizas using the classifi- suggests that the origin of AM probably coincided with the cation system by Cronquist (1981).
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Geochemistry on Biological Diversity in Fennoscandia and Estonia
    Chapter 17 The Influence of Geochemistry on Biological Diversity in Fennoscandia and Estonia Ylo Joann Systra Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48386 1. Introduction The Earth’s crust is predominantly composed of a relatively small number of chemical elements. Only eight of them: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium are present in amounts exceeding one weight percent and together they comprise almost 99% of the entire crust [1, 2]. Some elements are exceedingly rare in the Earth, or have short-lived radioactive isotopes. For example, promethium (Pm) occurs in the crust in only very small concentrations in certain uranium ores, being produced as result of nuclear fission, with the longest-lived isotope having a half-life of only 17.7 years. Similarly, technetium is a relatively light radioactive metal with atomic number 43, having no stable isotopes, while the longest-lived radioactive isotope (Te-98) has a half-life of 4.2 million years. Technetium only occurs naturally, in trace amounts, in uranium ores produced by nuclear fission [3]. When such elements are excluded, there remain 90 naturally occurring chemical elements [4] to form the geochemical basis of the life of the Earth. 2. Distribution of chemical elements in the biosphere of the Earth The Earth’s biosphere is consists of crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere. The Earth’s crust is predominantly composed of 9 chemical elements, each having abundances, expressed in atomic weight, of more than one percent: oxygen (53.39%), hydrogen (17.25%), silicon (16.11%), aluminum (4.80%), sodium (1.82%), magnesium (1.72%), calcium (1.41%), iron (1.31%) and potassium (1.05%).
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Diversity and Demographic Turnover in Central and Peripheral Populations of the Perennial Herb Gypsophila Fastigiata Lönn
    Gene diversity and demographic turnover in central and peripheral populations of the perennial herb Gypsophila fastigiata Lönn, M; Prentice, Honor C Published in: Oikos DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.11907.x 2002 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Lönn, M., & Prentice, H. C. (2002). Gene diversity and demographic turnover in central and peripheral populations of the perennial herb Gypsophila fastigiata. Oikos, 99(3), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600- 0706.2002.11907.x Total number of authors: 2 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 OIKOS 99: 489–498, 2002 Gene diversity and demographic turnover in central and peripheral populations of the perennial herb Gypsophila fastigiata Mikael Lo¨nn and Honor C.
    [Show full text]