2794-2812, 2011 Issn 1995-0756
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2794 Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011 ISSN 1995-0756 This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Probability Of Karkheh River And Khozestan City Environmental Pollution Due To Seismic Response Of Karkheh Dam Zaniar Tokmechi Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran Zaniar Tokmechi: The Probability Of Karkheh River And Khozestan City Environmental Pollution Due To Seismic Response Of Karkheh Dam. ABSTRACT The Karkheh Dam is a large multi-purpose earthen embankment dam built in Iran on the Karkheh River in 2001 by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC). The Karkheh is a river in Khozestan Province, Iran that rises in the Zagros Mountains, and passes north of Shush, eventually falling into the Tigris just below its confluence with the Euphrates very near to the Iran-Iraq border. Its peculiarly sweet water was sacred to the use of the Persian kings. The river is mentioned in the Bible, Book of Daniel 8:2,16, and should not be confused with the Choaspes River in modern- day Afghanistan, which flows into the Indus. In this paper, the probability of environmental pollution due to heavy metals caused by Karkheh dam failure is studied. Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to analyze the probability of pollution at dam downstream. Different dam cross sections and various loading conditions are considered to study the effects of these factors on the seismic behavior of the dam. Results show that the effect of the highest cross section is not the most significant for heavy metals pollution at the dam down stream. Pollution coefficient due to stress along Y axis (Sy) is always the determinant pollution. While, in all sections Sx and Sy are the determinant parameter affecting downstream heavy metal pollution and normally are bigger than Sz. And, Sz which can never be a determinant. According to results, when the earthquake accelerations are bigger, maximum pollution coefficient due to tensile stress at dam basement is increased. While, the pollution due the maximum compressive stress at dam basement depends on both earthquake acceleration and loading condition. Key words: Environmental pollution, Seismic Response, Karkheh dam, ZENGAR, FEM. Introduction Some high dams over 200m, even 300m in height, have been built in many areas of the world [7]. Karkheh dam is on the Karkheh River in the Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a Northwestern province of Khozestan, the closest city natural environment that causes instability, disorder, being Andimeshk to the east. It is 127 meters high and harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical has a reservoir capacity of 5.9 billion cubic meters. The systems or living organisms [8,1]. Pollution can take the Karkheh Dam is designed to irrigate 320,000 hectares of form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, land, produce 520 MW of hydro-electricity and prevent heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can downstream floods. be foreign substances or energies [2], or naturally Khozestan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq's Basra contaminants when they exceed natural levels [3,6]. Province and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahwaz and Pollution is often classed as point source or no point covers an area of 63,238 km². Other major cities include source pollution. Behbahan, Abadan, Andimeshk, Khorramshahr, Bandar Pollution has always been with us. According to Imam, Dezful, Shushtar, Omidiyeh, Izeh, Baq-e-Malek, articles in different journals soot found on ceilings of Mah Shahr, Dasht-i Mishan/Dasht-e-Azadegan, prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high Ramhormoz, Shadegan, Susa, Masjed Soleiman, Minoo levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate Island and Hoveizeh. ventilation of open fires. The forging of metals appears The seismic action on dams is the most important to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air to be considered in dams safety studies and its effects on pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of the environmental pollution [13]. In 21st century, glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution hydraulic power exploitation and hydraulic engineering associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal construction have been improved in many countries. production. Corresponding Author Zaniar Tokmechi, Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +98-918-873-1933, Fax: +98-871-3229437 2795 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011 According to the statistics, the construction regions been used in the structural seismic analyses of the dams in many areas, are notable for their high environmental [5]. While, normally there is a lot of variation in the dam pollution [10,11,12]. Therefore, environmental studies foundation geometry which can be extremely make the affected by the seismic safety of large dams is one of the study of the dam downstream pollution difficult. key problems that need to be solved in the design of In this paper, the probability of environmental dams. While, difficulties exist in determining the seismic pollution caused by Karkheh dam failure is studied. response of dams [14]. The most important difficulty is Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to dams complex geometry and forms, motivated by the analyze the probability of pollution at dam downstream. topography and geotechnical character of the Different dam cross sections and various loading implantation zone and controlling the project pollution conditions are considered to study the effects of these effects. factors on the probability of environmental pollution due According to the previous studies, usually 2D to seismic behavior of the dam. models corresponding to the higher section the dam have MATERIALS AND METHODS In 1956, studies began on the Karkheh Dam by the American company Development and Resources Karkheh Dam: Corporation, which was headed by David E. Lilienthal, the former Chairman of the TVA. In 1990, the final The Karkheh Dam is a large multi-purpose earthen studies were completed by Mahab Ghods Consulting embankment dam built in Iran on the Karkheh River in Engineers. The engineering division of the Islamic 2001 by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) started construction (IRGC). on the Karkheh Dam in 1992 and the dam was complete The dam is on the Karkheh River in the in 2001. During construction, 120 contractual and over Northwestern province of Khozestan, the closest city eight consultative companies worked on the dam. 5,000 being Andimeshk to the east. It is 127 meters high and workers constructed the dam and 40 were killed in the has a reservoir capacity of 5.9 billion cubic meters. The process. Figure 1 shows the Karkheh dam. Karkheh Dam is designed to irrigate 320,000 hectares of land, produce 520 MW of hydro-electricity and prevent downstream floods. Fig. 1: Karkheh Dam Karkheh River: Khozestan Province: The Karkheh is a river in Khozestan Province, Iran Khozestan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is that rises in the Zagros Mountains, and passes north of in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq's Basra Shush, eventually falling into the Tigris just below its Province and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahwaz and confluence with the Euphrates very near to the Iran-Iraq covers an area of 63,238 km². Other major cities include border. Its peculiarly sweet water was sacred to the use Behbahan, Abadan, Andimeshk, Khorramshahr, Bandar of the Persian kings. The river is mentioned in the Bible, Imam, Dezful, Shushtar, Omidiyeh, Izeh, Baq-e-Malek, Book of Daniel 8:2,16, and should not be confused with Mah Shahr, Dasht-i Mishan/Dasht-e-Azadegan, the Choaspes River in modern-day Afghanistan, which Ramhormoz, Shadegan, Susa, Masjed Soleiman, Minoo flows into the Indus. The river is currently the location Island and Hoveizeh. Figure 2 shows the place of of the Karkheh Dam and hydro-power plant in Iran. Khozestan in Iran. 2796 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011 Fig. 2: Khozestan Place in Iran Historically Khuzestan is what historians refer to as Currently, Khuzestan has 18 representatives in ancient Elam, whose capital was in Susa. The Iran's parliament, the Majlis, and 6 representatives in the Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam was Hujiya, Assembly of Experts. which is present in the modern name. Khuzistan, meaning the Land of the Khuzi refers to the original Etymology: inhabitants of this province, the Susian people, Old Persian Huza or Huja (as in the inscription at the tomb of Khouzi is referred to as people who make raw King Darius I at Naqsh-e Rostam, (the Shushan of the sugar from sugar cane fields of northern Sassanian Hebrew sources) where it is recorded as inscription as planes up to Dez River side in Dezful. Khouzhestan has Hauja or Huja. This is in conformity with the same been the land of Khouzhies who used to cultivate sugar evolutionary process where the Old Persian changed the cane even to day in Haft Tepe.The name Khuzestan name Sindh into Hind /Hindustan. In Middle Persian the means "The Land of the Khuzi", refers to the original term evolves into Khuz and Kuzi The pre-Islamic inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Partho-Sassanid Inscriptions gives the name of the Persian "Huza", Middle Persian "Khuzi" (the Shushan of province as Khwuzestan. the Hebrew sources) in the same evolutionary manner The Persians settlers had by the 6th century BC, that Old Persian changed the name Sindh into Hind"). mixed with the native Elamite population.