2794 Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011 ISSN 1995-0756

This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The Probability Of And Khozestan City Environmental Pollution Due To Seismic Response Of

Zaniar Tokmechi

Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad,

Zaniar Tokmechi: The Probability Of Karkheh River And Khozestan City Environmental Pollution Due To Seismic Response Of Karkheh Dam.

ABSTRACT

The Karkheh Dam is a large multi-purpose earthen embankment dam built in Iran on the Karkheh River in 2001 by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC). The Karkheh is a river in Khozestan Province, Iran that rises in the Zagros Mountains, and passes north of Shush, eventually falling into the Tigris just below its confluence with the Euphrates very near to the Iran-Iraq border. Its peculiarly sweet water was sacred to the use of the Persian kings. The river is mentioned in the Bible, Book of Daniel 8:2,16, and should not be confused with the Choaspes River in modern- day Afghanistan, which flows into the Indus. In this paper, the probability of environmental pollution due to heavy metals caused by Karkheh dam failure is studied. Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to analyze the probability of pollution at dam downstream. Different dam cross sections and various loading conditions are considered to study the effects of these factors on the seismic behavior of the dam. Results show that the effect of the highest cross section is not the most significant for heavy metals pollution at the dam down stream. Pollution coefficient due to stress along Y axis (Sy) is always the determinant pollution. While, in all sections Sx and Sy are the determinant parameter affecting downstream heavy metal pollution and normally are bigger than Sz. And, Sz which can never be a determinant. According to results, when the earthquake accelerations are bigger, maximum pollution coefficient due to tensile stress at dam basement is increased. While, the pollution due the maximum compressive stress at dam basement depends on both earthquake acceleration and loading condition.

Key words: Environmental pollution, Seismic Response, Karkheh dam, ZENGAR, FEM.

Introduction Some high dams over 200m, even 300m in height, have been built in many areas of the world [7]. Karkheh dam is on the Karkheh River in the Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a Northwestern province of Khozestan, the closest city natural environment that causes instability, disorder, being to the east. It is 127 meters high and harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical has a reservoir capacity of 5.9 billion cubic meters. The systems or living organisms [8,1]. Pollution can take the Karkheh Dam is designed to irrigate 320,000 hectares of form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, land, produce 520 MW of hydro-electricity and prevent heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can downstream floods. be foreign substances or energies [2], or naturally Khozestan is one of the 30 . It is occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq's Basra contaminants when they exceed natural levels [3,6]. Province and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahwaz and Pollution is often classed as point source or no point covers an area of 63,238 km². Other major cities include source pollution. , Abadan, Andimeshk, , Bandar Pollution has always been with us. According to Imam, , , , , Baq-e-Malek, articles in different journals soot found on ceilings of Mah Shahr, Dasht-i Mishan/Dasht-e-Azadegan, prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high , , , Masjed Soleiman, Minoo levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate Island and Hoveizeh. ventilation of open fires. The forging of metals appears The seismic action on dams is the most important to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air to be considered in dams safety studies and its effects on pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of the environmental pollution [13]. In 21st century, glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution hydraulic power exploitation and hydraulic engineering associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal construction have been improved in many countries. production. Corresponding Author Zaniar Tokmechi, Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +98-918-873-1933, Fax: +98-871-3229437 2795 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

According to the statistics, the construction regions been used in the structural seismic analyses of the dams in many areas, are notable for their high environmental [5]. While, normally there is a lot of variation in the dam pollution [10,11,12]. Therefore, environmental studies foundation geometry which can be extremely make the affected by the seismic safety of large dams is one of the study of the dam downstream pollution difficult. key problems that need to be solved in the design of In this paper, the probability of environmental dams. While, difficulties exist in determining the seismic pollution caused by Karkheh dam failure is studied. response of dams [14]. The most important difficulty is Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to dams complex geometry and forms, motivated by the analyze the probability of pollution at dam downstream. topography and geotechnical character of the Different dam cross sections and various loading implantation zone and controlling the project pollution conditions are considered to study the effects of these effects. factors on the probability of environmental pollution due According to the previous studies, usually 2D to seismic behavior of the dam. models corresponding to the higher section the dam have

MATERIALS AND METHODS In 1956, studies began on the Karkheh Dam by the American company Development and Resources Karkheh Dam: Corporation, which was headed by David E. Lilienthal, the former Chairman of the TVA. In 1990, the final The Karkheh Dam is a large multi-purpose earthen studies were completed by Mahab Ghods Consulting embankment dam built in Iran on the Karkheh River in Engineers. The engineering division of the Islamic 2001 by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) started construction (IRGC). on the Karkheh Dam in 1992 and the dam was complete The dam is on the Karkheh River in the in 2001. During construction, 120 contractual and over Northwestern province of Khozestan, the closest city eight consultative companies worked on the dam. 5,000 being Andimeshk to the east. It is 127 meters high and workers constructed the dam and 40 were killed in the has a reservoir capacity of 5.9 billion cubic meters. The process. Figure 1 shows the Karkheh dam. Karkheh Dam is designed to irrigate 320,000 hectares of land, produce 520 MW of hydro-electricity and prevent downstream floods.

Fig. 1: Karkheh Dam

Karkheh River: Khozestan Province:

The Karkheh is a river in Khozestan Province, Iran Khozestan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is that rises in the Zagros Mountains, and passes north of in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq's Basra Shush, eventually falling into the Tigris just below its Province and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahwaz and confluence with the Euphrates very near to the Iran-Iraq covers an area of 63,238 km². Other major cities include border. Its peculiarly sweet water was sacred to the use Behbahan, Abadan, Andimeshk, Khorramshahr, Bandar of the Persian kings. The river is mentioned in the Bible, Imam, Dezful, Shushtar, Omidiyeh, Izeh, Baq-e-Malek, Book of Daniel 8:2,16, and should not be confused with Mah Shahr, Dasht-i Mishan/Dasht-e-Azadegan, the Choaspes River in modern-day Afghanistan, which Ramhormoz, Shadegan, Susa, Masjed Soleiman, Minoo flows into the Indus. The river is currently the location Island and Hoveizeh. Figure 2 shows the place of of the Karkheh Dam and hydro-power plant in Iran. Khozestan in Iran.

2796 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

Fig. 2: Khozestan Place in Iran

Historically Khuzestan is what historians refer to as Currently, Khuzestan has 18 representatives in ancient Elam, whose capital was in Susa. The Iran's parliament, the Majlis, and 6 representatives in the Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam was Hujiya, Assembly of Experts. which is present in the modern name. Khuzistan, meaning the Land of the Khuzi refers to the original Etymology: inhabitants of this province, the Susian people, Old Persian Huza or Huja (as in the inscription at the tomb of Khouzi is referred to as people who make raw King Darius I at Naqsh-e Rostam, (the Shushan of the sugar from sugar cane fields of northern Sassanian Hebrew sources) where it is recorded as inscription as planes up to Dez River side in Dezful. Khouzhestan has Hauja or Huja. This is in conformity with the same been the land of Khouzhies who used to cultivate sugar evolutionary process where the Old Persian changed the cane even to day in .The name Khuzestan name Sindh into Hind /Hindustan. In Middle Persian the means "The Land of the Khuzi", refers to the original term evolves into Khuz and Kuzi The pre-Islamic inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Partho-Sassanid Inscriptions gives the name of the Persian "Huza", Middle Persian "Khuzi" (the Shushan of province as Khwuzestan. the Hebrew sources) in the same evolutionary manner The Persians settlers had by the 6th century BC, that Old Persian changed the name Sindh into Hind"). mixed with the native Elamite population. The The name of the city of Ahwaz also has the same origin assimilation, however, does not seem to have concluded as the name Khuzestan., being an Arabic broken plural until after the Islamic invasion of the 7th century, when from the compound name, "Suq al-Ahwaz" (Market of the Muslim writers still mention Khuzi to be the primary the Huzis)--the medieval name of the town, that replaced language of the inhabitant of the province. the Sasanian Persian name of the pre-Islamic times. The seat of the province has for the most of its The southern half of the province (south of the history been in the northern reaches of the land, first at Ahwaz Ridge) was still known as "The Khudhi or The Susa (Shush) and then at Shushtar. During a short spell khooji" until the reign of the Safavid king Tahmasp I and in the Sasanian era, the capital of the province was the 16th century. By the 17th century, it had come to be moved to its geographical center, where the river town known—at least to the imperial Safavid chancery as of Hormuz-Ardasher, founded over the foundation of the Arabistan. The great history of Alamara-i Abbasi by ancient Hoorpahir by Ardashir I, the founder of the Iskandar Beg Munshi, written during the reign of Shah Sassanid Dynasty in 3rd century AD. This town is now Abbas I the Great, regularly refers to the southern half of known as Ahwaz. However, later in the Sasanian time the province as "Arabistan" and its ruler as the "wali of and throughout the Islamic era, the provincial seat Arabistan," from whence Shah Abbas received troops. returned and stayed at Shushter, until the late Qajar Some tribes from as far away as Yemen had settled the period. With the increase in the international sea southern half of the province since the 7th century AD, commerce arriving on the shores of Khuzistan, Ahwaz giving rise to some of the most prominent Arab poets became a more suitable location for the provincial such as Abu Nuwas Ahwazi. They remain an integral capital. The River is navigable all the way to part of Khuzistan up to now. Ahwaz (above which, it flows through rapids). The town There has been many attempts at finding other was thus refurbished by the order of the Qajar king, sources for the name, none however being tenable. Naser al-Din Shah and renamed after him, Naseri. Shushtar quickly declined, while Ahwaz/Naseri Geography And Climate: prospered to the present day. The province of Khuzestan can be basically divided into two regions, the rolling hills and mountainous

2797 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011 regions north of the Ahwaz Ridge, and the plains and anywhere in the world. Many sandstorms and dust marsh lands to its south. The area is irrigated by the storms are frequent with the arid and dessert style Karoun, Karkheh, Jarahi and Maroun rivers. The terrains. northern section maintains a Persian (Lur, Bakhtiari, Khuzi) majority, while the southern section had an History: Arabic speaking majority until the great flood of job Pre-Islamic History: seekers from all over Iran inundated the oil and commerce centers on the coasts of the Persian Gulf since The province of Khuzestan is one of the centers of the 1940s. Presently, Khouzestan has several minority ancient civilization, based around Susa. The first large and ethnic groups of Lors-Bakhtiyaris-ghashghayee- scale empire based here was that of the powerful 4th Arabs and Persians from periods of history that arabs millennium BC Elamites. were not mentioned anywhere. Archeological ruins verify the entire province of Khuzestan has great potentials for agricultural Khuzestan to be home to the Elamite civilization, a non- expansion, which is almost unrivaled by the country's Semitic, and non-Indo-European-speaking kingdom, and other provinces. Large and permanent rivers flow over "the earliest civilization of Persia". the entire territory contributing to the fertility of the As was stated in the preceding section, the name land. Karun, Iran's most effluent river, 850 kilometers Khuzestan is derived from the Elamites (Ūvja). long, flows into the Persian Gulf through this province. In fact, in the words of Elton L. Daniel, the The agricultural potential of most of these rivers, Elamites were "the founders of the first Iranian empire in however, and particularly in their lower reaches, is the geographic sense." Hence the central geopolitical hampered by the fact that their waters carry salt, the significance of Khuzestan, the seat of Iran's first empire. amount of which increases as the rivers flow away from In 640 BC, the Elamites were defeated by the source mountains and hills. In case of the Karun, a Ashurbanipal coming under the rule of the Assyrians single tributary river, Rud-i Shur ("Salty River") that who brought destruction upon Susa and . flows into the Karun above Shushtar contributes most of But in 538 BC Cyrus the Great was able to re-conquer the salt that the river carries. As such, the freshness of the Elamite lands. The city of Susa was then proclaimed the Karun waters can be greatly enhanced if the Rud-i as one of the Achaemenid capitals. Darius the Great then Shur could be diverted away from the Karun. The same erected a grand palace known as Apadana there in 521 applies to the Jarahi and Karkheh in their lower reaches. BC. But this astonishing period of glory and splendor of Only the Marun is exempt from this. the Achaemenian dynasty came to an end by the The climate of Khuzestan is generally hot and conquests of Alexander of Macedon. And after occasionally humid, particularly in the south, while Alexander, the Seleucid dynasty ruled the area. Figure 3 winters are much more pleasant and dry. Summertime and 4 show some historical places in Khozestan. temperatures routinely exceed 50 degrees Celsius As the Seleucid dynasty weakened, Mehrdad I the (record striking temperatures of over 60 degrees air Parthian (171-137 BC), gained ascendency over the temperature also occur with up to 90 degrees surface region. During the Sassanid dynasty this area thrived temperature) and in the winter it can drop below tremendously and flourished, and this dynasty was freezing, with occasional snowfall, all the way south to responsible for the many constructions that were erected Ahwaz. is known to master the in Ahwaz, Shushtar, and the north of Andimeshk. hottest temperatures on record for a populated city

Fig. 3: Daniel's shrine, located in Khuzestan

2798 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

Fig. 4: The ziggurat of Choqa Zanbil

During the early years of the reign of Shapyyyur II P  C. . wH (1) (A.D. 309 or 310-379), Arabs crossed the Persian Gulf h from Bahrain to "Ardashir-Khora" of Fars and raided the interior. In retaliation, Shapur II led an expedition where αh is the maximum horizontal acceleration of through Bahrain, defeated the combined forces of the the earthquake, γw is water mass density , H is the water Arab tribes of "Taghleb", "Bakr bin Wael", and "Abd depth and C is a coefficient which is given by: Al-Qays" and advanced temporarily into Yamama in Cm Z Z Z Z central Najd. The Sassanids resettled these tribes in C  ( (2  )  (2  ) (2) Kerman and Ahwaz. Arabs named Shapur II, as "Shabur 2 H H H H Dhul-aktāf" after this battle. The existence of prominent scientific and cultural where Z is the depth of the point from the water centers such as Academy of Gundishapur which surface and Cm is a coefficient which is given by: gathered distinguished medical scientists from Egypt, 90   India, and Rome, shows the importance and prosperity Cm  0.73( ) (3) 90 of this region during this era. The Jondi-Shapur Medical

School was founded by the order of Shapur I. It was where is the upstream slope. repaired and restored by Shapur II (a.k.a. Zol-Aktaf: The inertia load due to the vertical acceleration of "The Possessor of Shoulder Blades") and was completed the earthquake can be also given by and expanded during the reign of Anushirvan. E  v.W (4) Earthquake and ZENGAR Method: where αv is the maximum vertical acceleration of Earthquake as a special and challengeable load the earthquake and W is the weight of the dam. condition is one of the most significant loads that is considered in the dam designing and its effects could not In this study, a sample earthquake condition be negligible. In this paper, ZENGAR method is used to properties have been taken as shown in Table 1 (Omran model the earthquake loading condition (Omran and and Tokmechi, 2008). Also, eight different loading Tokmechi, 2008). According to this method, conditions, mentioned in Table 2, have been considered hydrodynamic pressure of water can be derived by the to study the seismic response of the dam (Omran and equation 1. Tokmechi, 2008).

Table 1. Earthquake Condition Earthquake Level Maximum Horizontal Acc. (g) Maximum Vertical Acc. (g) DBL 0.28 0.20 MDL 0.34 0.25 MCL 0.67 0.55

Table 2. Loading Conditions Loading Condition Body Weight Hydrostatic Pressure Uplift Pressure Earthquake LC1 * - * - LC2 * * * - LC3 * * * DBL (1st mode I) LC4 * * * DBL (2nd mode II) LC5 * * * MDL (1st mode) LC6 * * * MDL (2nd mode) LC7 * * * MCL (1st mode) LC8 * * * MCL (2nd mode) I: Earthquake inertia loading and dam body weight act in the same direction. II: Earthquake inertia loading and dam body weight act in the apposite direction.

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Finite Element Method: Global displacements vector Q is given by Equation 9. In this study, Constant Strain Triangle element is KQ  F (9 ) used (Chandrupatla, 1997). Equation 5 is used to In which, K and F are modified stiffness matrix and calculate the element stresses. The calculated stress is force vector, respectively. The global stiffness matrix K used as the value at the center of each element. is formed using element stiffness matrix ke which is   DBq (5 ) given by Equation 10. Where D is material property matrix, B is element e T k  te Ae B DB strain displacement matrix, and q is element nodal (10 ) displacement from the global displacements vector Q. In which, te and Ae are element thickness and For plane strain conditions, the material property element area, respectively. matrix is given by Equation 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSION 1  0  E   D    1 0  Seismic Response: (1 )(1 2 )  0 0 1 2   2 (6 ) Using Finite Element, ZENGAR and probability studies methods, study of the probability of Element strain-displacement matrix is given by environmental pollution due to Karkheh dam failure has Equation 7. been done and different loading conditions were considered. Fig. 5 to Fig. 15 show the probability of y23 0 y31 0 y12 0  1 environmental pollution due to failure (Named PEP) B   0 x 0 x 0 x  det J  32 13 21  caused by maximum compressive stress values in different cross sections. The PEP due to maximum x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12  (7) tensile stress values are also shown in Fig. 16 to Fig. 26. The PEP due to vertical stress distribution across dam In which, J is Jacobian matrix, and the points 5, 6, basement due to different loading conditions are the and 7 are ordered in a counterclockwise manner. other key factors for controlling dam safety, and they are Jacobian matrix is given by Equation 8. shown in Fig. 27 to Fig. 37. In all Figures Sx, Sy and Sz x13 y13  are stand for PEP due to stress along X, Y, and Z axis, J  x y  respectively.  23 23  (8 )

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (1st section)

100 80 60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 5: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (1st section)

2800 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (2nd section)

50 40 30 Sx 20 Sy Sz 10 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 6: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (2nd section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (3rd section)

100 80 60 Sx 40 Sy Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 7: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (3rd section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (4th section)

100 80 60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 8: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (4th section)

2801 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (5th section)

100.00 80.00 60.00 Sx 40.00 Sy Sz 20.00 0.00 12345678 LC

Fig. 9: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (5th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (6th section)

100 80 60 Sx 40 Sy Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 10: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (6th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (7th section)

100 80 60 Sx 40 Sy Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 11: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (7th section)

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PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (8th section) 100 80 60 Sx 40 Sy Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 12: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (8th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (9thsection) 100 80 60 Sx 40 Sy Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 13: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (9th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (10th section) 80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz

0 12345678 LC

Fig. 14: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (10th section)

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PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (11th section) 100 80 60 Sx 40 Sy Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 15: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (11th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (1st section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 16: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (1st section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (2nd section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 17: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (2nd section)

2804 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (3rd section)

120 100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 18: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (3rd section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (4th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 19: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (4th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (5th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 20: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (5th section)

2805 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (6th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 21: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (6th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (7th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 22: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (7th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (8th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 23: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (8th section)

2806 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (9th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 24: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (9th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (10th section)

60 50 40 Sx 30 Sy 20 Sz 10 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 25: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (10th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (11th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 26: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (11th section)

2807 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

PEP due to basement stress (1st section)

60.00 40.00 LC1

20.00 LC2 LC3 0.00 LC4 -20.00 Probability LC5 -40.00 LC6 -60.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 27: PEP Due To Basement Stress (1st section)

PEP due to basement stress (2nd section)

80.00 60.00 LC1 40.00 LC2 20.00 LC3 0.00 LC4 -20.00

Probability LC5 -40.00 -60.00 LC6 -80.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 28: PEP Due To Basement Stress (2nd section)

PEP due to basement stress (3rd section)

100.00 80.00 60.00 LC1 40.00 LC2 20.00 LC3 0.00 -20.00 LC4

Probability -40.00 LC5 -60.00 LC6 -80.00 -100.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam

Fig. 29: PEP Due To Basement Stress (3rd section)

2808 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

PEp due to basement stress (4th section)

40.00 20.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 -20.00 LC3 -40.00 LC4 -60.00

Probability LC5 -80.00 -100.00 LC6 -120.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 30: PEP Due To Basement Stress (4th section)

PEP due to basement stress (5th section)

40.00

20.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 -20.00 LC3 -40.00 LC4

Probability -60.00 LC5 -80.00 LC6 -100.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 31: PEP Due To Basement Stress (5th section)

PEP due basement stress (6th section)

40.00 20.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 -20.00 LC3 -40.00 LC4

Probability -60.00 LC5 -80.00 LC6 -100.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 32: PEP Due To Basement Stress (6th section)

2809 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

PEP due to basement stress (7th section)

80.00 60.00 LC1 40.00 LC2 20.00 LC3 0.00 LC4 -20.00

Probability LC5 -40.00 -60.00 LC6 -80.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 33: PEP Due To Basement Stress (7th section)

PEP due to basement stress (8th section)

40.00

20.00 LC1 LC2 0.00 LC3 -20.00 LC4

Probability LC5 -40.00 LC6

-60.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 34: PEP Due To Basement Stress (8th section)

PEP due to basement stress (9th section)

15.00 10.00 LC1 5.00 0.00 LC2 -5.00 LC3 -10.00 LC4 -15.00 Probability LC5 -20.00 LC6 -25.00 -30.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the da (km)

Fig. 35: PEP Due To Basement Stress (9th section)

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PEP due to basement stress (10th section)

10.00 5.00 LC1

0.00 LC2 LC3 -5.00 LC4 -10.00 Probability LC5 -15.00 LC6 -20.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 36: PEP Due To Basement Stress (10th section)

PEP due to basement stress (11th section)

5.00

0.00 LC1 LC2 -5.00 LC3

-10.00 LC4

Probability LC5 -15.00 LC6 -20.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 37: PEP Due To Basement Stress (11th section)

As it can be seen from Fig. 5 to Fig. 15, the PEP comparing Fig. 20 and Fig. 22, it is clear that the PEP due to maximum compressive stress changes due to due to maximum tensile stress develops in D-D section different loading conditions are similar for different which is smaller than E-E section. Thus, the highest cross sections. While, comparing Fig. 20, Fig. 22 and cross section of the dam is not the most significant cross Fig. 25 there is no response similarity for different cross section for analyzing. sections and the PEP due to maximum tensile stress Moreover, Fig. 15 and Fig. 18 show that the PEP changes are vary from a cross section to another. due to maximum compressive and the maximum tensile It is clear from Fig. 5 to Fig. 26 that the first modes stress are not developed in the same cross section. That's of the earthquake, LC3, LC5 and LC7, develop PEP due why, as it is mentioned previously, all cross sections to bigger compressive stress. While, the second modes should be analyzed to determine the dam PEP due to of the earthquake, LC4, LC6 and LC8, develop bigger seismic response. PEP due to tensile stress. That means for the safety study According to the findings, Sy is always the of RCC dams both modes of earthquake should be determinant PEP due to compressive stress. In the other analyzed. In addition, Fig. 5 to Fig. 26 show that when word, PEP due to stress along Y axis is the biggest the earthquake accelerations are bigger, both PEP due to compressive stress and it is bigger than both Sx and Sz. maximum tensile and compressive stress of dam body While, the determinant PEP due to tensile stress depends are increased. on the cross section geometry and loading condition Comparing Fig. 9 and Fig. 15, it is obvious that the (Fig. 16 and Fig. 20). However, in all sections Sx and Sy PEP due to maximum compressive stress is not are normally bigger than Sz. And, Sz can never be a developed in the highest cross section of the dam. Also, determinant. In normal loading condition, when there is

2811 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2794-2812, 2011

no earthquake loading, the determinant PEP due to (5) PEP due to stress along Y axis (Sy) is always the tensile stress is Sx, and Sy can be ignored. determinant PEP due to compressive stress. While, The PEP due to stress distribution across the dam in all sections Sx and Sy are the determinant PEP basement under different loading conditions for all cross due to tensile stresses and normally they are bigger sections are shown in Fig. 27 to Fig. 37. Even though the than Sz. And, Sz which can never be a determinant. PEP due to stress distribution for different conditions (6) In normal loading condition, when there is no extremely depend on the cross section geometry and earthquake loading, the determinant PEP due to loading condition but, they can be divided into the tensile stress is Sx, and Sy can be ignored. groups for similar cross section. For example, as it can (7) Even though the PEP due to stress distribution for be seen from Fig. 30 to Fig. 32, there are some different conditions extremely depend on the cross similarities between PEP due to stress distribution section geometry and loading condition but, they changes for sections E-E to I-I. can be divided into the groups for similar cross In general, results show that when the earthquake section. accelerations are bigger, PEP due to maximum tensile (8) Results show that when the earthquake stress at dam basement is increased. While, PEP due to accelerations are bigger, PEP due to maximum the maximum compressive stress at dam basement tensile stress at dam basement is increased. While, depends on both earthquake acceleration and loading PEP due to the maximum compressive stress at condition. dam basement depends on both earthquake Fig. 29 shows that the PEP due to maximum tensile acceleration and loading condition. and compressive stress at dam basement develop at section D-D. Thus, the highest cross section is not the References most important cross section and all sections of a inharmonic glen located RCC dam should be analyzed. 1. Allahyari Pour, F., K. Mohsenifar and E. Pazira, 2011. Affect of Drought on Pollution of Lenj Conclusions: Station of Zayandehrood River by Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Advances in Environmental In this paper, the probability of environmental Biology, 5(7): 1461-1464. pollution caused by Karkheh dam failure is studied. 2. Arbabian, S. and M. Entezarei, 2011. Effects of Air Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to Pollution on Allergic Properties of Wheat Pollens analyze the probability of pollution at dam downstream. 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Analysis and Response of Concrete Gravity Dams: (2) The first modes of the earthquake, when Report UCB/EERC-84/10. California University earthquake inertia loading and the dam body press. weight act in the same direction, develop bigger 6. Hosseini, S.J. and M. Sadegh Sabouri, 2011. PEP due to compressive stress. In addition, the Adoption of Sustainable Soil Management by second modes of the earthquake, when earthquake Farmers in Iran. Advances in Environmental inertia loading and the dam body weight act in the Biology, 5(6): 1429-1432. opposite direction, develop bigger PEP due to 7. Jianping, Zh., Y. Zeyan and Ch. Guanfu, 2006. tensile stress. Thus, for the environmental safety Discussions on construction and type selection of study of dams both modes of earthquake should be China high dams. International Conference analyzed. Hydropower 2006, pp: 4-12. (3) When the earthquake accelerations are bigger, both 8. Mohsenifar, N., N. Mohsenifar and K. 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