Factors Affecting the Severity of European Winter Windstorms
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The Future of Midlatitude Cyclones
Current Climate Change Reports https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00149-4 MID-LATITUDE PROCESSES AND CLIMATE CHANGE (I SIMPSON, SECTION EDITOR) The Future of Midlatitude Cyclones Jennifer L. Catto1 & Duncan Ackerley2 & James F. Booth3 & Adrian J. Champion1 & Brian A. Colle4 & Stephan Pfahl5 & Joaquim G. Pinto6 & Julian F. Quinting6 & Christian Seiler7 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Purpose of Review This review brings together recent research on the structure, characteristics, dynamics, and impacts of extratropical cyclones in the future. It draws on research using idealized models and complex climate simulations, to evaluate what is known and unknown about these future changes. Recent Findings There are interacting processes that contribute to the uncertainties in future extratropical cyclone changes, e.g., changes in the horizontal and vertical structure of the atmosphere and increasing moisture content due to rising temperatures. Summary While precipitation intensity will most likely increase, along with associated increased latent heating, it is unclear to what extent and for which particular climate conditions this will feedback to increase the intensity of the cyclones. Future research could focus on bridging the gap between idealized models and complex climate models, as well as better understanding of the regional impacts of future changes in extratropical cyclones. Keywords Extratropical cyclones . Climate change . Windstorms . Idealized model . CMIP models Introduction These features are a vital part of the global circulation and bring a large proportion of precipitation to the midlatitudes, The way in which most people will experience climate change including very heavy precipitation events [1–5], which can is via changes to the weather where they live. -
Chapter 9 : Air Mass Air Masses Source Regions
4/29/2011 Chapter 9 : Air Mass • Air masses Contain uniform temperature and humidity characteristics. • Fronts Boundaries between unlike air • Air Masses masses. • Fronts • Fronts on Weather Maps ESS124 ESS124 Prof. Jin-Jin-YiYi Yu Prof. Jin-Jin-YiYi Yu Air Masses • Air masses have fairly uniform temperature and moisture Source Regions content in horizontal direction (but not uniform in vertical). • Air masses are characterized by their temperature and humidity • The areas of the globe where air masses from are properties. called source regions. • The properties of air masses are determined by the underlying • A source region must have certain temperature surface properties where they originate. and humidity properties that can remain fixed for a • Once formed, air masses migrate within the general circulation. substantial length of time to affect air masses • UidilidliliUpon movement, air masses displace residual air over locations above it. thus changing temperature and humidity characteristics. • Air mass source regions occur only in the high or • Further, the air masses themselves moderate from surface low latitudes; middle latitudes are too variable. influences. ESS124 ESS124 Prof. Jin-Jin-YiYi Yu Prof. Jin-Jin-YiYi Yu 1 4/29/2011 Cold Air Masses Warm Air Masses January July January July • The cent ers of cold ai r masses are associ at ed with hi gh pressure on surf ace weath er • The cen ters o f very warm a ir masses appear as sem i-permanentit regions o flf low maps. pressure on surface weather maps. • In summer, when the oceans are cooler than the landmasses, large high-pressure • In summer, low-pressure areas appear over desert areas such as American centers appear over North Atlantic (Bermuda high) and Pacific (Pacific high). -
Intra‐Annual Variability in Responses of a Canopy Forming Kelp to Cumulative Low Tide Heat Stress
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336155330 Intra-Annual Variability in Responses of a Canopy Forming Kelp to Cumulative Low Tide Heat Stress: Implications for Populations at the Trailing Range Edge Article in Journal of Phycology · September 2019 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12927 CITATIONS READS 5 210 3 authors: Hannah F. R. Hereward Nathan G King Cardiff University Bangor University 5 PUBLICATIONS 23 CITATIONS 15 PUBLICATIONS 179 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Dan A Smale Marine Biological Association of the UK 123 PUBLICATIONS 7,729 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Examining the ecological consequences of climatedriven shifts in the structure of NE Atlantic kelp forests View project All content following this page was uploaded by Nathan G King on 06 January 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. J. Phycol. *, ***–*** (2019) © 2019 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12927 INTRA-ANNUAL VARIABILITY IN RESPONSES OF A CANOPY FORMING KELP TO CUMULATIVE LOW TIDE HEAT STRESS: IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATIONS AT THE TRAILING RANGE EDGE1 Hannah F. R. Hereward Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK Nathan G. King School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, UK and Dan A. Smale2 Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK Anthropogenic climate change is driving the Key index words: climate change; Kelp forests; Ocean redistribution of species at a global scale. -
Weather Numbers Multiple Choices I
Weather Numbers Answer Bank A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 F. 25 G. 35 H. 36 I. 40 J. 46 K. 54 L. 58 M. 72 N. 74 O. 75 P. 80 Q. 100 R. 910 S. 1000 T. 1010 U. 1013 V. ½ W. ¾ 1. Minimum wind speed for a hurricane in mph N 74 mph 2. Flash-to-bang ratio. For every 10 second between lightning flash and thunder, the storm is this many miles away B 2 miles as flash to bang ratio is 5 seconds per mile 3. Minimum diameter of a hailstone in a severe storm (in inches) A 1 inch (formerly ¾ inches) 4. Standard sea level pressure in millibars U 1013.25 millibars 5. Minimum wind speed for a severe storm in mph L 58 mph 6. Minimum wind speed for a blizzard in mph G 35 mph 7. 22 degrees Celsius converted to Fahrenheit M 72 22 x 9/5 + 32 8. Increments between isobars in millibars D 4mb 9. Minimum water temperature in Fahrenheit for hurricane development P 80 F 10. Station model reports pressure as 100, what is the actual pressure in millibars T 1010 (remember to move decimal to left and then add either 10 or 9 100 become 10.0 910.0mb would be extreme low so logic would tell you it would be 1010.0mb) Multiple Choices I 1. A dry line front is also known as a: a. dew point front b. squall line front c. trough front d. Lemon front e. Kelvin front 2. -
The Role of Serial European Windstorm Clustering for Extreme Seasonal
The role of serial European windstorm clustering for extreme seasonal losses as determined from multi-centennial simulations of high resolution global climate model data Matthew D. K. Priestley, Helen F. Dacre, Len C. Shaffrey, Kevin I. Hodges, Joaquim G. Pinto Response to reviewer 1 Dear Reviewer, We thank you for the comments and suggestions that you have made to our manuscript, which have helped improve its quality. Please find below a response to all of your comments and questions raised. Any page and line numbers refer to the initial NHESSD document. The italicised black text are the comments to the manuscript. Our responses are in red with any changes described. An amended version of the manuscript has also been uploaded to highlight the changes. In the marked version, text which has been removed has been struck through, with new additions being in red. This paper presents an analysis of temporal clustering of extratropical cyclones in the North Atlantic and the associated windstorm losses over central Europe. The studies shows the seasonally aggregated losses are substantially underestimated if temporal clustering is not taken into consideration. Also the relative contribution of the cyclone resulting in the highest losses per season to the overall seasonal losses is investigated. This contribution is very variable and ranges between 25 to 50%. The study makes use of decadal hindcasts to analyze hundreds of years of present day simulations and statistics based on this large sample are very robust. The quality of the text, the figures and the science is high. The only point that should be scrutinized is the GPD fit to the ERA- interim data. -
Catastrophic Weather Perils in the United States Climate Drivers Catastrophic Weather Perils in the United States Climate Drivers
Catastrophic Weather Perils in the United States Climate Drivers Catastrophic Weather Perils in the United States Climate Drivers Table of Contents 2 Introduction 2 Atlantic Hurricanes –2 Formation –3 Climate Impacts •3 Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures •4 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) •6 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) •7 Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) –Summary8 8 Severe Thunderstorms –8 Formation –9 Climate Impacts •9 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 10• Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 10– Other Climate Impacts 10–Summary 11 Wild Fire 11– Formation 11– Climate Impacts 11• El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) & Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 12– Other Climate / Weather Variables 12–Summary May 2012 The information contained in this document is strictly proprietary and confidential. 1 Catastrophic Weather Perils in the United States Climate Drivers INTRODUCTION The last 10 years have seen a variety of weather perils cause significant insured losses in the United States. From the wild fires of 2003, hurricanes of 2004 and 2005, to the severe thunderstorm events in 2011, extreme weather has the appearance of being the norm. The industry has experienced over $200B in combined losses from catastrophic weather events in the US since 2002. While the weather is often seen as a random, chaotic thing, there are relatively predictable patterns (so called “climate states”) in the weather which can be used to inform our expectations of extreme weather events. An oft quoted adage is that “climate is what you expect; weather is what you actually observe.” A more useful way to think about the relationship between weather and climate is that the climate is the mean state of the atmosphere (either locally or globally) which changes over time, and weather is the variation around that mean. -
Development of a Nationwide Real-Time 3-D Wind and Reflectivity Radar Composite in France Olivier Bousquet, Pierre Tabary
Development of a Nationwide Real-Time 3-D Wind and Reflectivity Radar Composite in France Olivier Bousquet, Pierre Tabary To cite this version: Olivier Bousquet, Pierre Tabary. Development of a Nationwide Real-Time 3-D Wind and Reflectivity Radar Composite in France. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Wiley, 2014, 140 (611-625), pp.qj.2163. hal-00955745 HAL Id: hal-00955745 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00955745 Submitted on 5 Mar 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Development of a Nationwide Real-Time 3-D Wind and Reflectivity Radar Composite in France Olivier Bousquet1 and Pierre Tabary Météo France and CNRM-GAME, Toulouse, France Submitted to Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society August 2012 Revised December 2012 & February 2013 Abstract The ability to perform multiple-Doppler wind synthesis from operational weather radar systems on an operational basis has been investigated by the French Weather Service since 2006 using a (sub) network of 6 Doppler radars covering the greater Paris area. This analysis has been recently extended to the entire French radar network so as to implement a nationwide, three-dimensional reflectivity and wind field mosaic to be eventually delivered to forecasters and modelers, as well as automatic nowcasting systems for air traffic management purposes. -
Covariance of Storm Hazards in the Atlantic Basin Michael Angus, Gregor C
Covariance of Storm Hazards in the Atlantic Basin Michael Angus, Gregor C. Leckebusch & Ivan Kuhnel Royal Meteorological Society Atmospheric Science Conference 2019 Are Regional Climate Perils Related? Risk of Global Weather Connections, Lloyd’s and Met Office 2016 2 Hypothesis The Atlantic Hurricane Season and European winter windstorm season are not independent from one another A pathway exists between the two through a climate teleconnection 3 Hypothesised pathways Gray 1984 Scaife et al. 2017 4 Hypothesised pathways Fan and Schneider 2012 Hallam et al. 2019 Wild et al. 2015, Dunstone et al. 2016 5 Data Limitations Atlantic Basin Reliable count data for both Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones only in the satellite era (1979-present) Extend by building event climatology from Pearson Correlation coefficient: -0.2 Ensemble Prediction Not significant at the 95th percent confidence level Tropical Cyclone count: IBTrACS best Track data System Extratropical Cyclone count: Cyclone Tracking in ERA-interim 6 Methodology Repurpose a forecast ensemble to treat each ensemble member as a different climate realization National Hurricane Center, Hurricane Katrina Uncertainty August 25th 7 Ensemble Prediction System European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) System 5 EPS (SEAS5) 51 ensemble members over 36 years (1981-2016), total of 1836 model years Initialised 1st of each month, run for 7 months. Selected 1st of August initialisation to cover peak Atlantic Hurricane Season (Aug-Oct) and peak European Windstorm season (Dec-Feb) Horizontal grid spacing TCo319 (~35km, cubic grid) 8 Event Tracking Methodology Find Clusters of 98th percentile Hurricane Floyd Hurricane Sandy windspeed exceedance (Leckebusch et al. 2008) Track storms over time using nearest neighbour approach (WiTRACK; Kruschke 2015) Focus on area of damaging winds, rather than central core pressure 9 Event Tracking Methodology EUMETSAT storm track, from Meteo Sat-9 Air Mass Product. -
Future Changes in European Windstorm Severities and Impacts Jennifer L Catto Alex Little* Matthew Priestley
Future changes in European windstorm severities and impacts Jennifer L Catto Alex Little* Matthew Priestley University of Exeter *Now at JBA Risk. EGU 2021 Session AS1.6 - Fri, 30 Apr, 13:30–15:00 (CEST) Introduction Motivation Research Questions • Future climate changes will be felt through changes in the weather systems. • How will the severity of European windstorms change in the future? • In Europe one of the most important weather systems is extratropical cyclones. • How will the impacts of European • There are currently a lot of uncertainties windstorms change in the future? around how the frequency and intensity of extratropical cyclones will change over • What will be the role of adaptation to Europe, associated with competing storm severity for decreasing the impacts? dynamical effects, and global climate model uncertainties. • How will future population changes • Another aspect of uncertainty comes from influence the impacts of European the different ways in which intensity is windstorms? defined. • Using models from the latest suite of CMIP, and applying a storm severity index, we investigate future changes in characteristics of windstorms over Europe. December 2020 Alex Little II. POPULATION DENSITY PROJECTIONS Methods and Data December 2020 Alex Little H SSP5 Lagrangian Feature Tracking - Using TRACK (HodgesII. PopulationPOPULATION data DENSITY1980 – 2010 PROJECTIONS 1994,1995) applied to 6-hourly 850hPa relative SSP2 Population data are vorticity (truncated to T42 resolution) from ERA5 taken from the (1980-2010) and 8 CMIP6 models. Socioeconomic data Models and applications ACCESS-CM2 MIROC6 center (SEDAC) at https://sedac.ciesin.co BCC-CSM2-MR MPI-ESM1.2-HR H lumbia.edu/data/set/pSSP5 SSP2 1980 – 2010 EC-Earth3 MPI-ESM1.2-LR opdynamics-1-8th- pop-base-year- KIOST-ESM MRI-ESM2-0 F1 F1 2040 – 2070 2040 – 2070projection-ssp-2000- Present day: Historical simulations for 1980-2010. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. -
Planting 2.0 Time Friday Afternoon
Search for The Westfield News Westfield350.comTheThe Westfield WestfieldNews News Serving Westfield, Southwick, and surrounding Hilltowns “TIME IS THE ONLY WEATHER CRITIC WITHOUT TONIGHT AMBITION.” Partly Cloudy. JOHN STEINBECK Low of 55. www.thewestfieldnews.com VOL. 86 NO. 151 TUESDAY, JUNE 27, 2017 75 cents $1.00 SATURDAY, JULY 25, 2020 VOL. 89 NO. 178 High-speed New Westfield internet could be coming COVID to Southwick By HOPE E. TREMBLAY cases drop Editor By PETER CURRIER SOUTHWICK – The High- Staff Writer Speed Internet Subcommittee WESTFIELD- The rate of coronavirus spread in reported its findings July 21 to the Westfield continues to slow down after a couple of weeks Southwick Select Board. of slightly elevated growth. The group formed in 2019 to The city recorded just five new cases of COVID-19 in research the town’s options regard- the past week, bringing the total number of confirmed ing internet service after being cases to 482 as of Friday afternoon. This is the lowest approached by Whip City Fiber, weekly number of new cases in more than a month in part of Westfield Gas & Electric, Westfield. Health Director Joseph Rouse said that there are on bringing the service to a new eight active cases in the city. development on College Highway. Fifty-five Westfield residents have died due to COVID- Select Board Chairman Douglas 19 since the beginning of the pandemic. Moglin, who served on the sub- The Town of Southwick had not released its weekly committee, said right now the only report on the number of new COVID-19 cases as of press real choice is Comcast/Xfinity. -
Downloaded 10/05/21 02:25 PM UTC 3568 JOURNAL of the ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES VOLUME 74
NOVEMBER 2017 B Ü ELER AND PFAHL 3567 Potential Vorticity Diagnostics to Quantify Effects of Latent Heating in Extratropical Cyclones. Part I: Methodology DOMINIK BÜELER AND STEPHAN PFAHL Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich,€ Zurich, Switzerland (Manuscript received 9 February 2017, in final form 31 July 2017) ABSTRACT Extratropical cyclones develop because of baroclinic instability, but their intensification is often sub- stantially amplified by diabatic processes, most importantly, latent heating (LH) through cloud formation. Although this amplification is well understood for individual cyclones, there is still need for a systematic and quantitative investigation of how LH affects cyclone intensification in different, particularly warmer and moister, climates. For this purpose, the authors introduce a simple diagnostic to quantify the contribution of LH to cyclone intensification within the potential vorticity (PV) framework. The two leading terms in the PV tendency equation, diabatic PV modification and vertical advection, are used to derive a diagnostic equation to explicitly calculate the fraction of a cyclone’s positive lower-tropospheric PV anomaly caused by LH. The strength of this anomaly is strongly coupled to cyclone intensity and the associated impacts in terms of surface weather. To evaluate the performance of the diagnostic, sensitivity simulations of 12 Northern Hemisphere cyclones with artificially modified LH are carried out with a numerical weather prediction model. Based on these simulations, it is demonstrated that the PV diagnostic captures the mean sensitivity of the cyclones’ PV structure to LH as well as parts of the strong case-to-case variability. The simple and versatile PV diagnostic will be the basis for future climatological studies of LH effects on cyclone intensification.