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Chapter 17: the Renaissance and Reformation

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Chapter 17: the Renaissance and Reformation 604-607 CH17 CO-824133 3/23/04 11:39 AM Page 604 The 604–605 Bill Ross/CORBIS Renaissance Reformationand The Duomo, or Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, in Florence, Italy 1350 1450 1550 1650 c. 1350 1434 1517 1648 Renaissance Medici family Martin Luther Thirty Years’ begins in Italy begins rule of writes Ninety- War ends Florence Five Theses 604-607 CH17 CO-824133 3/23/04 11:41 AM Page 605 Chapter Overview Visit Chapter Preview jat.glencoe.com for a preview New ideas brought the Middle Ages to an end. Read this of Chapter 17. chapter to find out how advances in the arts and learning and dramatic changes to Christianity led to the beginning of modern times in Europe. View the Chapter 17 video in the World History: Journey Across Time Video Program. The Renaissance Begins During the Renaissance, new values and new art developed in wealthy Italian city-states. New Ideas and Art Wealthy leaders in Italian city-states supported talented artists and writers, and Renaissance art and ideas spread from Italy to northern Europe. The Reformation Begins Martin Luther and other reformers, such as John Calvin, broke from the Catholic Church and began a new Christian movement that came to be called Protestantism. Catholics and Protestants While the Catholic Church attempted to carry out reforms, Catholics and Protestants fought bloody religious wars across Europe. Compare-Contrast Make this foldable to help you compare and contrast what you learn about the Renaissance and Reformation. Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper in half from Reading and Writing side to side. As you read the sections on the Renaissance and Fold it so the left Step 2 Turn the paper edge lies about Reformation, record and fold it into thirds. 1 important concepts and 2 inch from the right edge. events under the appropriate tabs. Then Step 3 Unfold and cut the top record ideas similar to layer only along both folds. Step 4 Label as shown. both under the middle tab. This will make Refor- three tabs. Renais- Both sance mation 605 604-607 CH17 CO-824133 3/23/04 11:42 AM Page 606 Analyze and Clarify Go Beyond the Words Analyzing a passage means going beyond the definition of the words. It is a way of reading for deep understanding, not just memorizing or studying to pass a test. Read the following paragraph from Section 2. Renaissance painters also used new techniques. The most important was perspective, a method that makes a drawing or painting look three-dimensional. Artists had tried to use perspective before, but Renaissance artists per- fected it. Using perspective, objects in a scene appear to be at different distances from the viewer. The result is a more realistic image. —from page 623 How can you analyze this passage? Here are some suggestions: 1. Look at the drawing on page 626. Is the drawing realistic as described by the paragraph? 2. Look at another painting or drawing in this book. Compare the perspective to the drawing on page 626. Which is more realistic? Why? When reading, break 3. With a partner, sketch a view of your classroom. the text into smaller Exchange sketches and see if you can tell where parts to help you under- your partner was standing when he or she made stand the whole. the sketch. Based on your experience, what are some difficulties an artist might encounter in trying to draw a large area realistically? 606 604-607 CH17 CO-824133 3/23/04 11:44 AM Page 607 Analyze as You Read Read to Write Choose any painting or Read this paragraph from Section 2. drawing in this book and analyze, in writing, Musee du Louvre, Paris/Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock what is taking place. Use the questions who, To make their paintings more what, when, or how to realistic, Renaissance artists also help you get started. used a technique called chiaroscuro. Chiaroscuro softened edges by using light and shadows instead of stiff outlines to separate objects. In Italian, chiaro means “clear or light,” and oscuro means “dark.” Chiaro- scuro created more drama and emo- tion in a painting. —from page 623 Analyze the above paragraph by doing the following: 1. Look at the painting of Mona Lisa from page 622. Do you see the use of chiaroscuro? If so, in what way does it create drama or emotion? 2. Choose another painting in this or a dif- ferent text. Look at it carefully to see if the technique of chiaroscuro was used. Describe to a partner the light and dark The Mona Lisa areas that you see. 3. Try your hand at drawing an object or scene using the tech- nique of chiaroscuro. As you read this chapter, choose at least one section to study and ana- lyze for deeper meaning. Exchange your analysis with a classmate who has analyzed a different passage. 607 608-615 CH17 S1-824133 7/16/04 4:05 PM Page 608 The Renaissance Begins What’s the Connection? Locating Places Previously, you learned about life Florence (FLAWR•uhns) in medieval Europe. In this section, Venice (VEH•nuhs) you will see how Europeans began to look to the ideals of the ancient Meeting People Greeks and Romans as they left the Marco Polo (MAHR•koh POH•loh) Middle Ages behind. Medici (MEH•duh•chee) Niccolò Machiavelli (NEE•koh•LOH Focusing on the MA•kee•uh•VEH•lee) • The wealthy urban society of the Italian city-states brought a rebirth of Building Your Vocabulary learning and art to Europe. (page 609) Renaissance (REH•nuh•SAHNS) • Italy’s location helped its city-states secular (SEH•kyuh•luhr) grow wealthy from trade and banking, diplomacy (duh•PLOH•muh•see) but many of the cities fell under the control of strong rulers. (page 611) Reading Strategy • Unlike medieval nobles, the nobles of Summarizing Information Complete the Italian city-states lived in cities a chart like the one below showing the and were active in trade, banking, reasons Italian city-states grew wealthy. and public life. (page 614) Wealth Grows in City-States 13501350 1450 1450 1550 1550 Genoa Venice Florence c. 1350 1434 1513 Renaissance Medici family begins Machiavelli writes Rome begins in Italy rule of Florence The Prince 608 CHAPTER 17 The Renaissance and Reformation 608-615 CH17 S1-824133 3/23/04 11:55 AM Page 609 The Italian Renaissance Greeks and Romans had studied. After the horrible years of the Black Death, Europeans The wealthy urban society of the began looking to the past when times Italian city-states brought a rebirth of learning and seemed better. They wanted to learn how to art to Europe. make their own society better. Reading Focus Hollywood makes many of the During the Renaissance, Europeans also world’s movies. Why is it the center of the movie indus- began to stress the importance of the indi- try? Read to learn why the city-states of Italy became vidual. They began to believe that people the center of art during the Renaissance. could make a difference and change the world for the better. Renaissance (REH • nuh • SAHNS) means People were still very religious during “rebirth.” The years from about 1350 to the Renaissance, but they also began to cel- 1550 in European history are called the ebrate human achievements. People Renaissance because there was a rebirth of became more secular (SEH•kyuh •luhr). This interest in art and learning. means they were more interested in this In some ways the Renaissance was a world than in religion and getting to rebirth of interest in the same subjects the heaven. Italy c. 1500 P S L A KEY Milan Ferrara Venice Florence Po R. Genoa Genoa Mantua 45°N Lucca Mantua Pisa Florence Milan A A d Modena Siena P r 0 200 mi. E ia Two Sicilies N t ic 0 200 km Papal States Corsica N S Chamberlin Trimetric projection I ea Siena Rome N Venice E S Naples °N N Sardinia 40 Tyrrhenian W E Sea S M e d i t e r r a n e Many Italian city-states prospered a Sicily n during the Renaissance. S e 1. In which territory was Rome a located? 2. Why do you think the city-state 5°E 10°E 15°E 25°E of Venice spread out along the coastline? Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps 609 608-615 CH17 S1-824133 3/23/04 11:58 AM Page 610 Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? Renaissance. Wealthy nobles and mer- First of all, Italy had been the center of the chants wanted artists to produce works that akg-images Roman Empire. Ruins and art surrounded increased the fame of their cities. the Italians and reminded them of their In most of Europe, the vast majority of past. It was only natural that they became people lived in the country, including the interested in Greek and Roman art and knights and nobles who owned estates. In tried to make their own art as good. Italy’s city-states, the population was Another reason the Renaissance began becoming more urban. That means more in Italy was because by the 1300s, Italy’s people were living in the city, rather than in cities had become very wealthy. They the country. So many people living together could afford to pay painters, sculptors, in a city meant more customers for artists architects, and other artists to produce and more money for art. new works. The large number of people living in A third reason was because the region cities also led to more discussion and shar- was still divided into many small city-states.
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