DOCSLIB.ORG

Redalyc. a Historical and Situational Summary of Relations Between

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Redalyc. a Historical and Situational Summary of Relations Between Revista Mexicana de Estudios Canadienses (nueva época) Asociación Mexicana de Estudios sobre Canadá, A.C. [email protected] ISSN (Versión impresa): 1405-8251 MÉXICO 2007 Jorge Virchez / Ronald Brisbois A HISTORICAL AND SITUATIONAL SUMMARY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN CANADA AND THE FIRST NATIONS: THE CASE OF THE COMMUNITY OF KASHECHEWAN IN NORTHERN ONTARIO Revista Mexicana de Estudios Canadienses (nueva época), otoño-invierno, número 014 Asociación Mexicana de Estudios sobre Canadá, A.C. Culiacán, México pp. 87-100 Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México http://redalyc.uaemex.mx A HISTORICAL AND SITUATIONAL SUMMARY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN CANADA AND THE FIRST NATIONS: THE CASE OF THE COMMUNITY OF KASHECHEWAN IN NORTHERN ONTARIO JORGE VIRCHEZ Y RONALD BRISBOIS Abstract It is very difficult to imagine that in Canada, which is a distinguished member of the G-8, G-10, a country that was considered by the United Nations for several years as having the best quality of living in the world, there are some aboriginal communities that have the conditions of the poorest countries in the planet. The lack of running water in the community and the presence of constant flooding is the reality of an aboriginal community in Northern Ontario - Kashechewan. The objective of this article is to discuss the conditions that prompt such a contradictory situation for First Nations in Canada. Key Words: First Nations, running water, flooding, Northern Ontario. INTRODUCTION - HISTORICAL anada’s first inhabitants, the First Nations, represent the Amerindians, the CInuit and the Métis. Five hundred years ago, a mass migration mainly from Europe would change the face of this country forever. As Natives noticed the increasing number of Europeans, they realized that their way of living would change forever (Boal et al., 1999). The Europeans were looking for more and more land and in order to justify their needs of land they forced the aboriginal people to sign treaties (Green, 1995). Most early treaties were military in na- ture, for example the Peace treaty of Montreal between the French and the Iroquois, yet as the British took control of the land, their relationship would change (Lacoursière et al., 1978). RMEC / núm. 14 / otoño-invierno / 2007 REVISTA MEXICANA DE ESTUDIOS CANADIENSES The Royal Proclamation of 1763 had the intention to delimitate large pieces of land for First Nations’ sole use and occupation. It also declared two basic principles that would govern the negotiation of treaties. The first principle was the binding respect of territorial rights for the First Nations, and the second implied that any renouncing of lands by the First Nations would involve finan- cial compensation. Without necessarily recounting the full history of the evolu- tion of treaties, negotiations started with the parcelling out of small units of land, and continued until many larger parcels had been surrendered, several unjustly (Montgomery, 2003). With this Royal Proclamation, the First Nations surrendered their rights to land in return of gifts, annual monetary subventions and financial compensations (Asch, 1988; Bartlett, 1990). After the Confederation in 1867, the need to link the country “a mare usque ad mare” by means of railroad superseded the need to respect the lands of the First Nations. This was the era of the better-known numbered treaties. During this period, the government also adopted the Indian Act of 1876 to ensure the development of the country. Under this act, all kinds of gifts were promised: annual monetary subventions and annuities, financial compensations, and most of all, the traditional right to hunt and fish, allowing them to preserve their 88 traditional way of life. This act also defined the status of “Indian”, giving them the right to remain on reserves. It also determined that a band was the governing body of a group of Aboriginals living on a reserve. Certain policies were also used so that Aboriginals lost or renounced their reserves (Clark & Wallace, 2000). THE PRESENT SITUATION OF THE FIRST NATIONS AND THE BROKEN PROMISE The lands that now remain amount to a broken promise. Most of the reserves given to the Amerindians, Inuit and Métis were far too small, and often cut them off their traditional hunting and fishing grounds. We count today 2360 reserva- tions in Canada, claiming merely 27 500 km², which is less than 0.3% of Canada’s total area. With a population nearing 800 000 (3%), Aboriginals are often faced with inadequate agricultural space, lacking forests, fish, game and other resources that push them toward difficult choices. Their choices are simple, either stay with their families and friends, facing the hardships of unemployment and pov- erty, or move to an urban centre with the hopes of building a better economic future, abandoning their traditional way of life (Clark & Wallace, 2000). The First Nations’ situation on several reserves is precarious and their prob- lems have their roots in three major recurring themes: A HISTORICAL AND SITUATIONAL SUMMARY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN... a) Territorial land claims and self-government. Traditionally, Aboriginals governed their own land before the coming of Europeans. Their system of gov- ernment was quite different and often misunderstood, leading to a paternal style of government making them “dependents” on the state, which removed their sense of control and human dignity (Montgomery, 2003). While many treaties and territories remain unresolved today, development projects on these parcels of Aboriginal sacred land provoked several recent conflicts such as: - Oka crisis in Québec (1990) - Ipperwash crisis in Ontario (1995) - Gustafsen Lake Standoff in British-Columbia (1995) - Caledonia conflict in Ontario (since February of 2006) b) Traditional way of life (right to fish and hunt). Aboriginals’ right to land is inseparable to maintaining their right to a traditional way of life, encompassed by the right to fish and hunt on traditional grounds. This lack of recognition has at times resulted in new conflicts that found different factions battling issues of territorial rights along with fishing rights of Aboriginals as demonstrated in the case of the Burnt Church Crisis in New Brunswick between 1999 and 2001. c) Access to quality water (equal services). The dawn of the 21st Century will probably become synonymous to the Aboriginal people of Canada as the time of 89 the great awakening. Plagued with multiple problems ranging from high rates of unemployment, suicide, drug and alcohol abuse, coupled with limited means of transportation and services such as health, education, among others, we could somehow find solace to the similarity of these problems with other Canadians (although rates have been recognized several times higher in some instances than the national average). The following is a unique situation comparable only to those of Third World countries: access to quality drinking water (Montgomery, 2003). THE WATER PROBLEM IN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES IN CANADA Canada boasts the largest supply of freshwater in the world, holding about 20% of this precious resource within its boundaries. However, its ability to provide quality drinking water was shaken in May of 2000 with the Escherichia coli (E. coli) outbreak in Walkerton, Ontario. Canada’s ability to provide quality drink- ing water resurfaced in October of 2005, where a mass emergency evacuation in the Aboriginal community of Kashechewan, Ontario, was issued. The following study incorporates a deplorable situation existing within a large proportion of Aboriginal communities throughout the country, where their access to water poses serious safety and health risks. In February 2006, CBC made available, REVISTA MEXICANA DE ESTUDIOS CANADIENSES through access to information, an investigative report “Slowboil” where water audits of over 400 Aboriginal communities throughout the country were ranked or analysed between 2001 and 2002 with shocking results. The extensive study of water audit questionnaires and reports throughout the participating provinces and territory showed that the lack of a nationally recog- nized and standardized method of ranking water quality could in part contribute to a level of confusion resulting in improper assessment of water quality in Aboriginal communities. The problem of non-standardization has also been rec- ognized by the auditor general who outlines his greatest concerns by stating ‘there are still no laws or regulatory standards like those for non native commu- nities when it comes to drinking water in Canada’s First Nations’ (Seglins, 2006). The absence of laws and regulations in Aboriginal communities to ensure qual- ity drinking water suggests a second-class system marginalizing Aboriginal people. The non-standardization effect is especially prevalent when considering its rank- ing system and water boil advisories. In order to understand the various problems regarding drinking water in Aboriginal communities, Public Works and Government Services of Canada (PWGSC) established a ranking system in the form of a water audit questionnaire. 90 Although Ontario adopted this format, the provinces of Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, and Alberta would adopt comparable methods of ranking. The provinces of British Columbia and Saskatchewan and the territory of Yukon would omit the ranking system entirely from their water audit survey, relying on reports and various chemical, physical and biological analyses. The technical nature of this kind of information pro- vided is less accessible due to its more complicated and technical format. Non-standardization was also present with great variability when water boil advisories were considered in function of time. Consider for example Ontario where water boil advisories are noted for a period of one year, while Québec considers them for a period of five years. In other provinces and territories, no element of time is indicated except in the rare occasion when an advisory was permanent or long-standing. It was therefore difficult to establish the number of water boil advisories in function of time if the period lacked standardization.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • " What Indians Are We Talking About?": a Discourse Analysis Of
    "What indians Are We Talking About?": A Discourse Analysis of Intercultural Dialogues in an Ojibway Setting Jordan Davidson A Thesis in The Department of Sociology and Anthropology Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Social and Cultural Anthropology) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada June 2008 © Jordan Davidson, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-42480-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-42480-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • POPULATION PROFILE 2006 Census Porcupine Health Unit
    POPULATION PROFILE 2006 Census Porcupine Health Unit Kapuskasing Iroquois Falls Hearst Timmins Porcupine Cochrane Moosonee Hornepayne Matheson Smooth Rock Falls Population Profile Foyez Haque, MBBS, MHSc Public Health Epidemiologist published by: Th e Porcupine Health Unit Timmins, Ontario October 2009 ©2009 Population Profile - 2006 Census Acknowledgements I would like to express gratitude to those without whose support this Population Profile would not be published. First of all, I would like to thank the management committee of the Porcupine Health Unit for their continuous support of and enthusiasm for this publication. Dr. Dennis Hong deserves a special thank you for his thorough revision. Thanks go to Amanda Belisle for her support with editing, creating such a wonderful cover page, layout and promotion of the findings of this publication. I acknowledge the support of the Statistics Canada for history and description of the 2006 Census and also the definitions of the variables. Porcupine Health Unit – 1 Population Profile - 2006 Census 2 – Porcupine Health Unit Population Profile - 2006 Census Table of Contents Acknowledgements . 1 Preface . 5 Executive Summary . 7 A Brief History of the Census in Canada . 9 A Brief Description of the 2006 Census . 11 Population Pyramid. 15 Appendix . 31 Definitions . 35 Table of Charts Table 1: Population distribution . 12 Table 2: Age and gender characteristics. 14 Figure 3: Aboriginal status population . 16 Figure 4: Visible minority . 17 Figure 5: Legal married status. 18 Figure 6: Family characteristics in Ontario . 19 Figure 7: Family characteristics in Porcupine Health Unit area . 19 Figure 8: Low income cut-offs . 20 Figure 11: Mother tongue .
    [Show full text]
  • (De Beers, Or the Proponent) Has Identified a Diamond
    VICTOR DIAMOND PROJECT Comprehensive Study Report 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Overview and Background De Beers Canada Inc. (De Beers, or the Proponent) has identified a diamond resource, approximately 90 km west of the First Nation community of Attawapiskat, within the James Bay Lowlands of Ontario, (Figure 1-1). The resource consists of two kimberlite (diamond bearing ore) pipes, referred to as Victor Main and Victor Southwest. The proposed development is called the Victor Diamond Project. Appendix A is a corporate profile of De Beers, provided by the Proponent. Advanced exploration activities were carried out at the Victor site during 2000 and 2001, during which time approximately 10,000 tonnes of kimberlite were recovered from surface trenching and large diameter drilling, for on-site testing. An 80-person camp was established, along with a sample processing plant, and a winter airstrip to support the program. Desktop (2001), Prefeasibility (2002) and Feasibility (2003) engineering studies have been carried out, indicating to De Beers that the Victor Diamond Project (VDP) is technically feasible and economically viable. The resource is valued at 28.5 Mt, containing an estimated 6.5 million carats of diamonds. De Beers’ current mineral claims in the vicinity of the Victor site are shown on Figure 1-2. The Proponent’s project plan provides for the development of an open pit mine with on-site ore processing. Mining and processing will be carried out at an approximate ore throughput of 2.5 million tonnes/year (2.5 Mt/a), or about 7,000 tonnes/day. Associated project infrastructure linking the Victor site to Attawapiskat include the existing south winter road and a proposed 115 kV transmission line, and possibly a small barge landing area to be constructed in Attawapiskat for use during the project construction phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report on Facilitated Community Sessions March 2020
    FINAL REPORT ON FACILITATED COMMUNITY SESSIONS MARCH 2020 MCLEOD WOOD ASSOCIATES INC. #201-160 St David St. S., Fergus, ON N1M 2L3 phone: 519 787 5119 Selection of a Preferred Location for the New Community Table Summarizing Comments from Focus Groups Contents The New Community – a Five Step Process .................................................................................... 2 Background: ................................................................................................................................ 2 Steps Leading to Relocation: ................................................................................................... 3 Summary of Steps Two and Three .......................................................................................... 4 Summary of the Focus Group Discussions: ............................................................................. 5 Appendix One: Notes from Moose Factory Meeting held November 26 2019…………………………17 Appendix Two: Notes from Moosonee Meeting held November 28 2019………………………………23 1 Selection of a Preferred Location for the New Community Table Summarizing Comments from Focus Groups The New Community – a Five Step Process Background: The MoCreebec Council of the Cree Nation was formed on February 6, 1980 to contend with economic and health concerns and the social housing conditions facing the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA) beneficiaries that lived in Moose Factory and Moosonee. The JBNQA beneficiaries were mainly registered with three principal bands
    [Show full text]
  • TOXIC WATER: the KASHECHEWAN STORY Introduction It Was the Straw That Broke the Prover- Had Been Under a Boil-Water Alert on and Focus Bial Camel’S Back
    TOXIC WATER: THE KASHECHEWAN STORY Introduction It was the straw that broke the prover- had been under a boil-water alert on and Focus bial camel’s back. A fax arrived from off for years. In fall 2005, Canadi- Health Canada (www.hc-sc.gc.ca) at the A week after the water tested positive ans were stunned to hear of the Kashechewan First Nations council for E. coli, Indian Affairs Minister appalling living office, revealing that E. coli had been Andy Scott arrived in Kashechewan. He conditions on the detected in the reserve’s drinking water. offered to provide the people with more Kashechewan First Enough was enough. A community bottled water but little else. Incensed by Nations Reserve in already plagued by poverty and unem- Scott’s apparent indifference, the Northern Ontario. ployment was now being poisoned by community redoubled their efforts, Initial reports documented the its own water supply. Something putting pressure on the provincial and presence of E. coli needed to be done, and some members federal governments to evacuate those in the reserve’s of the reserve had a plan. First they who were suffering from the effects of drinking water. closed down the schools. Next, they the contaminated water. The Ontario This was followed called a meeting of concerned members government pointed the finger at Ot- by news of poverty and despair, a of the community. Then they launched tawa because the federal government is reflection of a a media campaign that shifted the responsible for Canada’s First Nations. standard of living national spotlight onto the horrendous Ottawa pointed the finger back at the that many thought conditions in this remote, Northern province, saying that water safety and unimaginable in Ontario reserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Five Nations Energy Inc
    Five Nations Energy Inc. Presented by: Edward Chilton Secretary/Treasurer And Lucie Edwards Chief Executive Officer Where we are James Bay area of Ontario Some History • Treaty 9 signed in 1905 • Treaty Organization Nishnawbe Aski Nation formed early 1970’s • Mushkegowuk (Tribal) Council formed late 1980’s • 7 First Nations including Attawapiskat, Kashechewan, Fort Albany • Fort Albany very early trading post early 1800’s-Hudson Bay Co. • Attawapiskat historical summer gathering place-permanent community late 1950’s • Kashechewan-some Albany families moved late 1950’s History of Electricity Supply • First energization occurred in Fort Albany- late 1950’s Department of Defense Mid- Canada radar base as part of the Distant Early Warning system installed diesel generators. • Transferred to Catholic Mission mid 1960’s • Distribution system extended to community residents early 1970’s and operated by Ontario Hydro • Low Voltage (8132volts) line built to Kashechewan mid 1970’s, distribution system built and operated by Ontario Hydro • Early 1970’s diesel generation and distribution system built and operated by Ontario Hydro • All based on Electrification agreement between Federal Government and Ontario Provincial Crown Corporation Ontario Hydro Issues with Diesel-Fort Albany Issues with Diesel-Attawapiskat • Fuel Spill on River From Diesel To Grid Based Supply • Early 1970’s - Ontario Hydro Remote Community Systems operated diesel generators in the communities • Federal Government (Indian and Northern Affairs Canada-INAC) covered the cost for
    [Show full text]
  • CP's North American Rail
    2020_CP_NetworkMap_Large_Front_1.6_Final_LowRes.pdf 1 6/5/2020 8:24:47 AM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Lake CP Railway Mileage Between Cities Rail Industry Index Legend Athabasca AGR Alabama & Gulf Coast Railway ETR Essex Terminal Railway MNRR Minnesota Commercial Railway TCWR Twin Cities & Western Railroad CP Average scale y y y a AMTK Amtrak EXO EXO MRL Montana Rail Link Inc TPLC Toronto Port Lands Company t t y i i er e C on C r v APD Albany Port Railroad FEC Florida East Coast Railway NBR Northern & Bergen Railroad TPW Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway t oon y o ork éal t y t r 0 100 200 300 km r er Y a n t APM Montreal Port Authority FLR Fife Lake Railway NBSR New Brunswick Southern Railway TRR Torch River Rail CP trackage, haulage and commercial rights oit ago r k tland c ding on xico w r r r uébec innipeg Fort Nelson é APNC Appanoose County Community Railroad FMR Forty Mile Railroad NCR Nipissing Central Railway UP Union Pacic e ansas hi alga ancou egina as o dmon hunder B o o Q Det E F K M Minneapolis Mon Mont N Alba Buffalo C C P R Saint John S T T V W APR Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions GEXR Goderich-Exeter Railway NECR New England Central Railroad VAEX Vale Railway CP principal shortline connections Albany 689 2622 1092 792 2636 2702 1574 3518 1517 2965 234 147 3528 412 2150 691 2272 1373 552 3253 1792 BCR The British Columbia Railway Company GFR Grand Forks Railway NJT New Jersey Transit Rail Operations VIA Via Rail A BCRY Barrie-Collingwood Railway GJR Guelph Junction Railway NLR Northern Light Rail VTR
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing Life Safety Risks to the Kashechewan First Nation Community Canadian Consulting Engineering Awards
    Reducing Life Safety Risks to the Kashechewan First Nation Community Canadian Consulting Engineering Awards • • • • • • Figure 1: Dam Safety Risk Assessment Tool Figure 2: Flood Forecast Tool De : Lamirande-Gauvin, Gabrielle A : Ducharme, Sophie Objet : FW: Canadian Consulting Engineer Awards - your entry Date : Friday, April 20, 2018 2:25:39 PM FYI Gabrielle Lamirande-Gauvin Global Marketing Manager, Energy Marketing Lead, Eastern North America From: Canadian Consulting Engineer [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: April 20, 2018 2:24 PM To: Lamirande-Gauvin, Gabrielle <[email protected]> Subject: Canadian Consulting Engineer Awards - your entry DO NOT REPLY Project Information Project Name Reducing Life Safety Risks to the Kashechewan First Nation Community Location of Project Not applicable Kashechewan First Nation, Ontario Canada Map It Completed by 2017 To be entered in Category C. Water Resources Entering Firms Firm Name(s) Hatch/FHR Inc. Firm Address 2800 Speakman Drive Mississauga, Ontario L5K 2R7 Canada Map It Role in the Project Research and Studies to quantify the flooding risks associated with an ageing dam to a remote First Nations Community and develop solutions to reduce these risks. Member of the Association of Consulting Engineering Companies of Canada (ACEC)? Yes Contact #1 (Communications/Marketing/Public Relations) Gabrielle Lamirande-Gauvin Phone for Contact #1 (514) 864-5500 Email for Contact #1 [email protected] Contact #2 (Management/Administration) Gabrielle Lamirande-Gauvin Phone for Contact #2 (514) 864-5500 Email for Contact #2 [email protected] Contact #3 (Project Engineer) C. Richard Donnelly Phone for Contact #3 (905) 357-6970 Email for Contact #3 [email protected] P.Eng? Yes Project Outline Project Summary The Kashechewan Ring Dyke protects over 2000 residents of a remote community from flooding that occurs during spring break up.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Development in Rainy River First Nations: a Study of Self
    Community Development in Rainy River First Nations: A Study of Self- Sufficiency and Land-Culture by Gordon Lyle Blackburde A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Native Studies University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2013 by Gordon Lyle Blackburde Abstract Due to government intervention the inhabitants of Rainy River First Nations were deprived of the material resources available to many Canadians. In 1914, the federal government established a community reserve that consisted of peoples from eight separate and distinct communities, which directly contravened Treaty Three. The paper (through interviews, observation and textual analysis) provides a critical overview of the community's land claims settlement and reclamation process, and struggle for sustainability in the twenty-first century. In addition, it examines the manner that land- culture, human resources and capital resources may be applied to revitalize the community through community development and economic strategies. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the Centre for Creative Writing and Oral Culture for their generous award, the Manitoba Research Alliance grant I received for my work, and the Faculty of Arts, J.G. Fletcher Award, which assisted my field research. Gichi miigwech to my committee, peter kulchyski, Wanda Wuttunee and John Loxley. Dedication This paper is dedicated to knowledge seekers, diviners of faith and the ever
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Basin of Moose River and Adjacent Country Belonging To
    REPORT ON THE BASIN OF MOOSE RIVER AND ADJACENT COUNTRY BELONGING TO THE PROVI1TGE QIF OI^TTj^JRXO. By E. B. BORRON, Esq. Stipendiary Magistrate. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. TORONTO: PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST. 1890. RE POTT ON THE BASIN OF MOOSE RIVER AND ADJACENT COUNTRY BELONGING TO THE PRCVI1TOE OW OHTABIO. By E. B. BORRO N, Esq.. Stipendiary Magistrate PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. TORONTO : PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST 1890. , — CONTENTS PAGE. Introductory remarks 3 Boundaries and area of Provincial Territory north of the water-parting on the Height-of-Land Plateau 3,4,5 Topography. Naturally divided into three belts 5 ] st, the Southerly or Height-of-Land Plateau 5 2nd, the Intermediate Plateau or Belt 5 3rd, the Northerly or Coast-Belt 5 The fundamental rocks in each 5 Explanations of possible discrepancies in the statements contained in reports for different years in regard of the same or of different sections of the territory 5 Routes followed in lb79 6 Extracts from Report or 1879. Description of the Height-of-Land Flateau from repoit for that year 6 The Northerly or Flat Coast Belt 7 The Intermediate Plateau or Belt 7 James' Bay exceedingly shallow 7 The Albany River and Abittibi, Mattagami and Missinaibi branches of Moose River navigable by boats for some distance in spring 7 Few if any mountains in the two northerly divisions 8 Shallowness of rivers, and slight depth below the general surface of the country 8 Ice jams at or near the mouths of Moose and Albany Rivers 8 Moose Factory, the principal trading post and settlement in the territory 8 Extracts from Reports of 1880.
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Discrimination Against Indigenous Peoples in Canada: Summary
    REPORT ON RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN CANADA: SUMMARY To: United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Re: Canada’s Violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) affecting Aboriginal Peoples in Canada Date: July 30, 2002 SUBMITTERS: CONTACT INFORMATION: Turtle Island Support Group CERD Report Ad Hoc National Network Coalition for a Public Inquiry into Ipperwash c/o PO Box 111 Friends of the Lubicon Postal Station C Skwelkwek’welt Protection Centre Toronto, Ontario Sutikalh Camp Canada, M6J 3M7 House of Smayusta, Nuxalk Nation [email protected] This report has been prepared by an ad hoc group of community-based Indigenous Peoples and Canadian human rights organizations that share a common concern about the ongoing racial discrimination experienced by Indigenous Peoples in Canada. It demonstrates that Indigenous Peoples in Canada experience racism in all aspects of their lives, first and foremost as a result of their dispossession from their land and resources. In so doing, this report connects matters already well known to your committee and to other UN treaty bodies—such as the “fourth” world economic, social and cultural realities of Indigenous Peoples within Canada—with the repressive and oppressive treatment of Indigenous persons by state authorities and institutions. Canada’s failure to “recognize and protect the rights of indigenous peoples to own, develop, control, and use their communal lands, territories, and resources” contravenes the Convention’s General Recommendation #23. Overall, the report makes the argument that racial tension and conflict between Indigenous Peoples, governments, and settlers in Canada arise from the state-party’s systemic and institutional discrimination against Indigenous proprietary interests in land and resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Perspectives Collection Bora Laskin Law Library
    fintFenvir Indigenous Perspectives Collection Bora Laskin Law Library 2009-2019 B O R A L A S K I N L A W L IBRARY , U NIVERSITY OF T O R O N T O F A C U L T Y O F L A W 21 things you may not know about the Indian Act / Bob Joseph KE7709.2 .J67 2018. Course Reserves More Information Aboriginal law / Thomas Isaac. KE7709 .I823 2016 More Information The... annotated Indian Act and aboriginal constitutional provisions. KE7704.5 .A66 Most Recent in Course Reserves More Information Aboriginal autonomy and development in northern Quebec and Labrador / Colin H. Scott, [editor]. E78 .C2 A24 2001 More Information Aboriginal business : alliances in a remote Australian town / Kimberly Christen. GN667 .N6 C47 2009 More Information Aboriginal Canada revisited / Kerstin Knopf, editor. E78 .C2 A2422 2008 More Information Aboriginal child welfare, self-government and the rights of indigenous children : protecting the vulnerable under international law / by Sonia Harris-Short. K3248 .C55 H37 2012 More Information Aboriginal conditions : research as a foundation for public policy / edited by Jerry P. White, Paul S. Maxim, and Dan Beavon. E78 .C2 A2425 2003 More Information Aboriginal customary law : a source of common law title to land / Ulla Secher. KU659 .S43 2014 More Information Aboriginal education : current crisis and future alternatives / edited by Jerry P. White ... [et al.]. E96.2 .A24 2009 More Information Aboriginal education : fulfilling the promise / edited by Marlene Brant Castellano, Lynne Davis, and Louise Lahache. E96.2 .A25 2000 More Information Aboriginal health : a constitutional rights analysis / Yvonne Boyer.
    [Show full text]