DOCSLIB.ORG

Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire for Assessing Women’S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire for Assessing Women’S Journal of Caring Sciences, 2017, 6(2), 183-186 doi:10.15171/jcs.2017.018 http:// journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/ JCS Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire for Assessing Women’s Reproductive History in Azar Cohort Study Mohammad Zakaria Pezeshki1,2, Atefeh Shadman3*, Mahasti Alizadeh1,2, Sevil Hakimi4, Fariba Heidari1 1Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 3Boo Ali children’s Hospital, Clinical Research Development Center, Ardebil University of Medical Sciences, Ardebil, Iran 4Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article Type: This study was done to evaluate the validity and reliability of women’s reproductive Short Communication history questionnaire which will be used in Azar Cohort study; a cohort that is conducted by Tabriz University of Medical Science in Shabestar county for identifying Article History: risk factors of no communicable diseases. Content and face validity were evaluated by Received: 10 Jun. 2016 ten experts in the field and quantified as content validity index (CVI) and content Accepted: 23 Nov. 2016 validity ratio (CVR). To assess the reliability, using test-retest approach, kappa statistic ePublished: 1 Jun. 2017 was calculated for categorical variables and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for the quantitative items. The calculated CVI and CVR were 0.91and 0.94, respectively. Reliability for all items was high. The ICC was 0.99 and kappa statistic was equal to 1. The final version of questionnaire was redesigned in 26 items with 7 subscales. Please cite this paper as: Zakaria Pezshki M, Shadman A, Alizadeh M, Hakimi S, Heidari F. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire for assessing women’s reproductive history in Azar cohort study. J Caring Sci 2017; 6 (2): 185-88. doi:10.15171/jcs.2017.018. Introduction been designed in Tehran cohort3 to measure As a developing country, Iran is experiencing reproductive history of female participants. rapid epidemiological transition. The regional cohort studies in Iran such as Tehran Lipid Materials and methods and Glucose Study1 and Golestan Cohort Study2 were conducted to identify the The original questionnaire of woman's incidence and the risk factors of reproductive history included 18 items Noncommunicable disease (NCDs). including 6 subscales. It contains questions Following these regional studies, a about menstruation and menopause, nationwide cohort study, the prospective pregnancy, history of breast feeding, history of epidemiological research studies of the Iranian reproductive system problems, history of drug Adults (PERSIAN), was launched in the 2014 consumption associated with infertility and to identify risk factors of NCDs in different contraception, history of breast or cervical regions of Iran.3 Persian Cohort study includes cancer screening. ten cohorts in ten different regions of Iran. One We measured the face and content validity of these regions is East Azarbaijan province. of the questionnaire. Nine gynecologists from The cohort in this province, which was Alzahra hospital and three reproductive health nominated as Azar Cohort, is conducted by professionals from nursing faculty of Tabriz Tabriz University of Medical Science in University of Medical Sciences were selected Shabestar county.4 Our study was designed to by convenience sampling. For assessing the validate the original questionnaire that had face validity of questionnaire, we requested *Corresponding Author: Atefeh Shadman, (MD), email: [email protected]. This study was approved and funded by the deputy of research of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Project number: 93/3-6/1). © 2017 The Author(s). This work is published by Journal of Caring Sciences as an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited. Pezeshki et al. from experts to write their comments about the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Code location of items, correct scaling and Number 5/4/6323). grammatical structure of each item, and the necessity of adding new items or removing Results existing items. Regarding content validity, we The mean age of women was 46.6 years and requested from experts to review the the mean age at menarche was 13.6 years. questionnaire and assess each item based on 4 About 26.6% of the study population was criteria including relevancy, clarity, simplicity, postmenopausal. The mean age of menopause and necessity. CVR was calculated based on was 45.5 years for them. On average, each the responses to the necessity of questions (nE) woman gave a birth to 2.73 children, and and the formula of CVR= (nE-N/2)/ (N/2) was totally each woman had 21.8 months of used. To determine the cut-off point for CVR, breastfeeding. Thirty percent of women have 5 Law she’s table was used. According to Law ever had mammography and 93.33% of she, for 10 professionals, minimum required females had a history of Pap smear test. CVR for each item is 0.62. Content Validity Among contraceptive methods, 73.33% of Index (CVI) was used based on Waltz and women have been used oral contraceptives, 6 Basel content validity index. CVI for each item and 3.3 % relied on vasectomy. The CVI and was obtained by dividing the number of CVR were calculated for each item. Minimum professionals who ranked the items as and maximum CVR were 0.80 and 1, compatible or full compatible for each criterion respectively and for all items, so CVR was (relevancy, clarity, and simplicity) to the total higher than acceptance level (0.62). Total CVR number of professionals. The average value of for whole questionnaire (average of CVRs of three criteria was used as the total CVI for each all items) was 0.94. Minimum and maximum item. Minimal required amount of CVI for CVI (average of CVIs for relevancy, clarity and 7 each item was 0.79. simplicity criteria) were 0.80 and 0.96, To assess reliability of the questionnaire, 30 respectively. All items were satisfactory in females (35-70 years old), participating in the terms of CVI (higher than 0.79) and no items Azar cohort pilot project who met the were removed. Total CVI (average of CVIs of inclusion criteria (the permanent resident of all items) was 0.91. For all items of the this city, ability to response to the questions, questionnaire Kappa statistic and ICC were 1, and Iranian nationality) and exclusion criteria except for “duration of breastfeeding”, (refusal to participate in the study, having any “duration of consuming contraceptive drugs”, chronic disease history such as cardiovascular and “frequency of Pap smears”, in which the and pulmonary disease) were selected by ICC was 0.99. convenience sampling method. Necessary According to opinion of experts, the item of information obtained in their first visit and “menopause following surgery” was added to other follow ups were done by phone call. To the subscales of “history of menstruation and assess the reliability of questionnaire, we used menopause”, Moreover, three items were test–retest and intra-class correlation added to the subscales of “history of coefficient (ICC) for quantitative variables and reproductive problems” including “causes of Cohen's Kappa coefficient for qualitative uterus removal”, “age at uterus removal”, and variables. An intra-class correlation coefficient “causes of ovaries removal”. Items of or Kappa higher than 0.6 were considered as “Infertility causes” and “history of assisted 8 acceptable. Full description about the reproductive treatment” were placed in a new questionnaire and the study objectives was subscale of “Infertility and its treatments”. given to the participants and informed consent Also, subscale of “history of consumption of was obtained from them. The study protocol drug related to infertility and contraception” was approved by the ethics committee of was converted into two separate subscales of “history of infertility and its treatments” and 184 | Journal of Caring Sciences, June 2017; 6 (2), 183-186 Validity and reliability of the questionnaire “history of contraception”. Moreover, the item researchers of Azar Cohort study to use the of “history of consumption of drugs related to modified version of this validated infertility treatment” was replaced in “history questionnaire in their cohort study. of infertility and its treatments” subscale. Additionally, the item of “hormone Conclusion replacement therapies” was moved to the subscale of “history of menstruation and According to findings of this study, it seems menopause”. In the subscale of “contraceptive that the modifided questionnaire for methods”, four items were added including reproductive history of woman is a valid and “intrauterine device (IUD)”, “tubal ligation reliable measure. It may be used in Azar (TL)”, “vasectomy” and “condom”. Besides, cohort study by researchers. according to the comments of professionals, to improve face validity, “hysterectomy” was Acknowledgments replaced by “uterus removal”. Finally, This article is results of residency thesis questionnaire was restructured in 7 subscales supported by Tabriz University of Medical and 26 items. Sciences. The authors would like to express Discussion their gratitude to all individuals who participated in our study. Our results showed the need for modification of some items in the questionnaire. According Ethical issues to the comments of experts, several important questions were lacking in the initial tool. The None to be declared. items which were added to the questionnaire included the contraceptive methods, reason for Conflict of interest ovaries removal and uterus removal. Then, The authors declare no conflict of interest in modified questions were organized in suitable this study. subscale. The phrases containing medical terminology were replaced with the more References appropriate words. Regarding reliability, as it was expected, there was not much difference 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geodetic Observation and Analysis of Land Deformation in Northwest of Iran
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-17817-8, 2019 EGU General Assembly 2019 © Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Geodetic Observation and Analysis of Land Deformation in Northwest of Iran Mohammad Mohseni Aref (1,2) and Ergin Tari (1) (1) Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Geomatics Engineering Department, Istanbul, Turkey ([email protected]), (2) Potsdam University,Institute of Geosciences, Potsdam,Germany([email protected]) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a powerful geodetic technique to produce a relatively high spatial and temporal resolution of ground deformation measurement for the hydrologic application. In this study, We use integration of ground-based observations obtained from precise leveling and GPS techniques and Satellite- based observation from InSAR time series to determine land uplift and subsidence in Northwest of Iran. The C-band SAR data includes Sentinel 1 A/B images acquired between 2014 and 2018 and ENVISAT ASAR im- ages acquired between 2004 and 2010 for both ascending and descending orbits. The L-band dataset consists of ascending ALOS1 PALSAR images between 2006 and 2011. We map the InSAR time series using persistent Scat- terer (PS-InSAR) and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) approach by StaMPS Software to overcome the temporal or spatial decorrelation over a very large area including Urmia lake basin. The increasing demands of groundwater consumption due to anthropogenic activity affect most of the aquifers in Northwest of Iran including Salmas, Khoy, Tasuj, Shabestar and Tabriz basins, and lake Urmia. Lake Urmia, one of the largest permanent hypersaline lake in the world plays important roles in the environment and socio-economic life of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Rodent Fauna of Rural Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Reservoir in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran During 2018-2019
    IJMPES International Journal of http://ijmpes.com Medical Parasitology & doi 10.34172/ijmpes.2020.13 Vol. 1, No. 2, 2020, 42–45 Epidemiology Sciences eISSN 2766-6492 Original Article Evaluation of Rodent Fauna of Rural Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Reservoir in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran During 2018-2019 Yagoob Garedaghi1* ID , Saeid Heidarinejad2, Behrang Esfandiyari3 Mohsen Amirfazli4 1Department of Parasitology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran 2Department of biomedical sciences, United States of America, William Carey International University, USA 3Postgraduate Student of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M), Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran 4Postgraduate Student of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M), Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Abstract Introduction: Leishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases that represents a serious health problem worldwide. This disease exists in three forms: cutaneous (rural, urban), visceral, and mucocutaneous. In the rural type, some rodents play the role of a reservoir. In our country, many people are infected with this disease every year. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is now common in some parts of East Azerbaijan province. Considering that no comprehensive study on the general condition of cutaneous Leishmaniasis reservoirs in this province has been done so far, this research was very necessary. This study was conducted to investigate the fauna, distribution, and frequency of rodents in East Azerbaijan province from 2018 to 2019. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Cluster sampling was performed on rodents. Rodents were caught each week by 30 live traps from different parts of East Azerbaijan province and were determined in the laboratory after examining their morphological characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • JBES-Vol-11-No-6-P-1
    J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2017 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 11, No. 6, p. 1-8, 2017 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Trend of groundwater quality change in two basins in North Lake Urmia (Case Study: Shabestarand Tasuj Plain) Mahnaz Ranjpishe1, Majid Karimpour Rayhan*1, Gholamreza Zehtabian2, Hassan Khosravi2 1International Desert Research Center, University of Tehran, Iran 2Department of Arid and Mountainous Regions Reclamation, University of Tehran, Iran Article published on December 27, 2017 Key words: Groundwater, North of Lake Urmia, Water quality, Simple kiriging, Geostatistics Abstract Nowadays, water resources scarcity has become one of the most important issues in arid and semi-arid regions including Iran which makes it necessary to optimize the utilization of the limited resources. The present study investigates the changes in the quality of groundwater using geostatistical methods in the Shabestar and Tasuj plain during a 10-year period. In this study, after selecting the appropriate spatial interpolation method to draw water quality parameters such as Total dissolved solids, Sodium absorption ratio, Chlorine and Electrical conductivity, zoning maps of two plain were provided for three periods of time: the first period (2002-2005), an intermediate period (2006-2009) and the final period (2010-2012) using ArcGIS 10.1. The best model (simple kiriging) with the lowest estimated error was selected for zoning water quality parameter. Comparison of quality parameters of spatial zoning maps showed that the in Tasuj rate of TDS had an increasing trend in plain Southern boundaries (Lake Urmia adjoining) for a 10 -year period, and also the rate of EC was developing in the core shape to the Southeast and Western Region But there were no significant changes in the region for SAR parameter.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Stigmaeid Mites from East Azarbaijan, Iran (Acari: Prostigmata: Stigmaeidae)
    _____________Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, No. 2, June 2010__________ 369 A NEW SPECIES OF STIGMAEID MITES FROM EAST AZARBAIJAN, IRAN (ACARI: PROSTIGMATA: STIGMAEIDAE) Karim Haddad Irani-Nejad*, Parisa Lotfollahi*, Ali Akbari*, Mohammad Bagheri** and Edward A. Ueckermann*** & **** * Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IRAN. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] ** Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected] *** ARC-PPRI, Private Bagx134, Queenswood, Pretoria 0121, SOUTH AFRICA. E-mail: [email protected] **** School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus 2520, SOUTH AFRICA. [Irani-Nejad, K. H., Lotfollahi, P., Akbari, A., Bagheri, M. & Ueckermann, E. A. 2010. A new species of stigmaeid mites from East Azarbaijan, Iran (Acari: Prostigmata: Stigmaeidae).Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5 (2): 369-373] ABSTRACT: A new species, Stigmaeus shabestariensis n. sp., is described and illustrated from specimens collected from soil of an apple orchard at Shabestar (Shendabad), East Azarbaijan, Iran. This species is distinct from similar species of Stigmaeus in having two extra isolated shields. KEY WORDS: Acari, East Azarbaijan, new species, Stigmaeidae, Stigmaeus, Iran. Stigmaeidae is the second most frequent and abundant group of predatory mites on plant leaves, after Phytoseiidae which feed on a variety of arthropods. These mites are generally orange,
    [Show full text]
  • 14 Physical Geography Research Quarterly, Vol
    Physical Geography Research Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 1, Spring 2016 13 Active Faulting and Its Effects on Quaternary Landform Deformation in North-East Lake Urmia, Iran Vahid Mohammadnejad Arooq Assistant Professor, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Received: 6 July 2015 Accepted: 1 January 2016 Extended Abstract Introduction Iran forms a relatively compact zone of active continental deformation resulted from the northward collision of Arabia with Eurasia during late Cenozoic times, which is continuing to the present-day at a rate of 25 mm/yrs (from GPS data). Evidences of active tectonic in different parts of Iran, has been studied and identified. The arid climate, low rates of erosion, and minimal vegetation cover across the majority of the country result in excellent preservation and exposure of surface deformation produced by active faults. Geomorphic indices are useful tools for evaluation of active tectonics because they can provide rapid insight concerning specific areas within a region which is undergoing adjustment to relatively rapid and even slow rates of active tectonics. Alluvial fans, river terraces, runoff anomaly and horizontal and vertical displacement of faults are the most important landforms that indicate active tectonics and active faults. Active tectonics play a very important role in deformations of the alluvial fans. Without continued tectonics, fans may become minor or short-lived features. Morphological evidence of different types of faults such as thrust faults and strike-slip faults can be determined in surface of quaternary landforms.Archive For example, Late Quaternary of activi ty SIDon strike-slip faults can be determined from the lateral displacement of young landforms such as river terraces and alluvial fans, or from scarps introduced by slight dip-slip components of motion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Salmas (Iran) Earthquake of May 6Th, 1930
    The Salmas (Iran) earthquake of May 6th, 1930 J. S. TCHALENKO (*) - M. BERBERIAN (**) Received on March 20th, 1974 SUMMARY. — Field investigations and bibliographical research into the little-known but important Salmas earthquake in Northwest Azar- baijan (Iran) provided the following results. The morning before the earth- quake, a foreshock (Mb — 5.4) centered, as the main shock, in the Salmas Plain, killed about 25 people and incited a great part of the population to spend the following night out of doors. The main shock (Mb = 7.3) occurred the following night, on 6 May 1930 at 22h34m27s GMT and destroyed about 60 villages and 40 churches, killing about 2514 people, both in the Salmas Plain and in the surrounding mountains. Its macroseismic epicentre was at approximately 3S.15N 44.70E. The main shock was associated with 2 surface faults, with a maximum horizontal displacement of 4 m and ver- tical displacement of over 5 m; the combined action of these faults was a relative lowering, and a displacement to the east, of the Salmas Plain. Two days later, the strongest aftershock destroyed one village at the northern edge of the Salmas Plain. RIASSUNTO. — Gli studi fatti e le ricerche bibliografiche hanno dato sul poco conosciuto ma importante terremoto di Salmas (Azarbaijan, nord- occidentale, Iran) le seguenti informazioni. La mattina prima del terremoto, nella Piana di Salmas una scossa premonitoria (Mb = 5.4), ritenuta la principale, causò circa 25 morti co- stringendo una gran parte della popolazione a trascorrere la notte all'aperto. La notte seguente, 6 Maggio 1930 alle 221i34m27s GMT, avvenne la scossa principale che distrusse, nella Piana di Salmas e nelle montagne circostanti, circa 60 villaggi e 40 chiese provocando la.
    [Show full text]
  • Suitability Assessment of Saffron Cultivation Using GIS Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach; Study Area: East- Azerbaijan Province
    Archive of SID DESERT Desert Online at http://desert.ut.ac.ir Desert 21-2 (2016) 115-131 Suitability assessment of Saffron cultivation using GIS based multi-criteria decision analysis approach; study area: East- Azerbaijan province B. Shokatia*, M.R. Asgharipoura, A. Ghanbaria, B. Feizizadehb a Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran b Department of Physical Geography, Centre for Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Received: 2 February 2016; Received in revised form: 22 March 2016; Accepted: 24 August 2016 Abstract In the way of finding economic and tolerable plant to the arid and semi-arid climatic conditions and prevent desertification in these areas, this study aims to assess Agro-climatic suitability for producing Saffron in East- Azerbaijan province based on Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis technique. For this goal, several criteria including soil conditions, climatological indicators, topography situation and agro-climatology criteria were taken into account of modeling process. For this to happen, standardization process was performed on criteria and weighting process was done by using of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. GIS based Multi- criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) was employed for weighted overlapping of indicators and results were achieved based on GIS-MCDA method. Initial results indicated that East-Azerbaijan province has potential for cultivating of Saffron. Our research results indicated that about 42.7 percentage (1954416.9 ha) of this province has high suitability for Saffron producing. While, about 55.4 percentage (2537492.0 ha) of the study area has moderate suitability. In addition, about 1.8 percentage (84643.2 ha) of the study area represents low suitability.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Architecture Analyses of Walls in Miyaneh
    World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:6, No:7, 2012 Sustainable Architecture Analyses of Walls in Miyaneh Village Houses, Iran Zohreh Salavatizadeh, Feridoun NahidiAzar, Sara Salavatizadeh, Seyyed Hossein Salehi, Ahadollah Azami Abstract—Even though so many efforts have been taken to II.TYPES OF WALLS renovate and renew the architecture of Miyaneh villages in cold and dry regions of Iran’s northwest, these efforts failed due to lack of Soil and stone are the main local construction materials in significant study and ignoring the past and sustainable history of building walls in the villages of Miyaneh (north-west of Iran), those villages. Considering the overpopulation of Iran’s villages as concerning its location in mountainous base areas. However, well as the importance in preventing their immigration to cities, along with the development of roads and transportation recognizing village architecture and its construction technology is of facilities, the implementation of new materials has, gradually, great significance to attain sustainable residence in villages. As the become common in recent decades in bigger villages, only vertical surface in the space, wall possesses its unique special characteristics, and it is also a very important architectural element especially those located near main roads. able to provide the immunity and comfort space for the residents. This article analyzes the characteristics of this vertical element, main types of adobe and stone walls, locally constructed technologies, implementation, the elements forming the walls in the frame of village house typology of Miyaneh, which has the most villages in East Azerbaijan, based on sustainable architectural construction materials of walls.
    [Show full text]
  • Report and Opinion 2014;6(7)
    Report and Opinion 2014;6(7) http://www.sciencepub.net/report Under-over ground Biomass characteristic of perennial Species (Eremostachys laciniata) in northwest Iran (Till area of shabestar) Ghassem Habibi bibalani2 ,٭Hamideh Shadkami1 1. M.Sc. On Plant Systematic-Ecology, Department of Plant biology, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran 2. Department of Agriculture, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran [email protected] ABSTRACT: Studies on assessment biomass variation in selected populations of Eremostachys laciniata were in northwest Iran (Till area of shabestar). Research aimed to investigate how root and shoot biomass production varies across a range of bulk densities and soil strengths. The research also sought to determine whether there is a threshold bulk density and/or soil strength that limit biomass production of roots and or shoots for perennial grasses. Root and shoot in these species were sampled in one stage from Mar to Aug. roots of plants stable soils on slope and provide resistance against the forces that improve slope instability. We studied: Eremostachys laciniata to determine its characteristics. Data were collected with random sampling in this aria with 1m2 in 64 quadrate plots. Mean, Max and Min over ground biomass of this plant is 0.66, 7.33, 3.27 g-2, respectively. [Hamideh Shadkami, Ghassem Habibi bibalani. Under-over ground Biomass characteristic of perennial Species (Eremostachys laciniata) in northwest Iran (Till area of shabestar). Rep Opinion 2014;6(7):55-58]. (ISSN: 1553- 9873). http://www.sciencepub.net/report. 8 Key words: Eremostachys laciniata, soil, under-over ground biomass and rangeland. 1. Introduction important to determine how the functions of Eremostachys, an important genus of family individual plant species change in mixed plant Labiatae, is distributed in the mountains of tropical communities and how plant functions vary in Asia, Talesh, Torcamenshan and Pacestan.
    [Show full text]
  • Research of Root Biomass of Lappula Microcarpa in Shanjan Ran- Gelands, East Azerbaijan, Iran
    Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (1) : 237-240 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0976-1233 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW Research of Root Biomass of Lappula microcarpa in Shanjan Ran- gelands, East Azerbaijan, Iran Ghassem HABIBI BIBALANI, Leila JOUDI, Hamideh SHADKAMI Islamic Azad University - Shabestar Branch, Shabestar, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Roots of plants stable soils on slope and provide resistance against the forces that improve slope instability. In NW of Iran (East Azerbaijan Province), rangelands was Utilized with animal graz- ing and changed to agricultural land use; this vegetation is unsuitable vegetation on slope to stable them. We studied Lappula microcarpa to determine its root biomass characteristics. Data were collected with accidental sampling method (1*1 m) with 10-cm-diameter core in this aria. In total of 20 plots were collected and 100 samples were studied in this research. Minimum, maximum and mean root biomasses of this plant were 1.20, 3.00 and 2.1 gr, respectively. Key word: Lappula microcarpa, Iran, landslide, soil protection. ______________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Range Ecosystem stabling, optimum and continuum utilization of range without studding and knowing effective factors on its segments and animal pasturage have special importance [6, 10, 11]. There are different methods for evaluating range position, that all of them have special ad- vantages and disadvantages and each of them have different factors such as Species composition percentage, production, coverage, density, Soil position (Soil surface coverage and Erosion), ca- daver, birthing, constitution, and succulence Plants were used [5, 2, 9].but estimation of these Pa- rameters are time consuming and expensive.
    [Show full text]
  • The Situation Information Bulletin Iran: Earthquake
    1 Information bulletin Iran: Earthquake Information Bulletin n° 07 GLIDE n° EQ-2012-000136-IRN 27 August 2012 This bulletin is being issued for information of the earthquake took place in West Azerbaijan Text box for brief photo caption. Example: In February 2007, the province of Islamic Republic of Iran and reflects the current situation and details available at this Colombian Red Cross Society distributed urgently needed time. Although international appeal has not been launched for this disaster, direct international materials after the floods and slides in Cochabamba. IFRC (Arial 8/black colour) donations to IRCS are welcomed to support the ongoing operation. <click here to view the map of the affected area, or here for detailed contact information> Summary: A twin Earthquakes measuring 6.2 and 6 on the Richter scale shook north-western Iran, East Azerbaijan province on 11 August 2012. As per Tehran University’s Seismological Centre, The epicentre of the first earthquake was Owrang village located in Ahar city and epicentre of the second one was between Ali Abad and Zang Abad villages in Varzaghan city. Number of aftershocks: More than 1,400 (based on International Institute for Seismology) Number of cities affected: 5 (Varzaghan, Haris, Ahar, Tabri, caliber) Number of villages affected: 399 Damage percentage: . 356 villages between 30- 100% . 46 villages 100% Number of the destroyed houses above 60%: 11,908 Death toll: 306 persons Number of the supportive provinces: 15 Iranian Red Crescent volunteers geared with sniffer dogs during rescue operations following the earthquake. Source: IRCS The situation Two Earthquakes with the magnitude of 6.2 and 6.3 on the Richter scale rocked north-western Iran, East Azerbaijan province on 11 August 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • ۱ Full Name Esmaeil Asadi Scientific Position Assistant Professor E-Mail
    Full Name Esmaeil Asadi Scientific Position assistant professor E-Mail [email protected] Department Irrigation Work phone 33392772-041 Fax 33392772-041 Web Site --- Educations 1) B.Sc, ---, Water Engineering, Tehran 2) M.Sc, ---, Irrigation and drainage Engineering, University of Tabriz 3) Ph.D, ---, Water Resources Engineering, University of Tabriz Teaching Course 1) , B.Sc 2) , M.Sc 3) , Ph.D Compilation Books 1) IRRIGATION PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS, compilation, AMIDI, 2013/04/21 Papers in International Journals 1) Majnooni-Heris Abolfazl, Rashid Niaghi Ali, Asadi Esmaeil, Zare Hagghi Davoud, 2013/10/01, Calibrating Net Solar Radiation of FAO56 Penman-Monteith Method toEstimate Reference Evapotranspiration, Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 3, 1-7 2) Rashid Niaghi Ali, Hajivand Razieh, Asadi Esmaeil, Majnooni-Heris Abolfazl, 2015/02/01, Evaluation of Single and Dual Crop Coefficient Methods for Estimation of Wheat and Maize Evapotranspiration, Advances in Environmental Biology, (3)9, 963-971 3) Samadianfard Saeed, Asadi Esmaeil, Jrehan Salar, Kazemi Hanieh, Kheshtgar Salar, Kisi Ozgur, Sajjadi Shahin, Abdul Manaf Azizah, 2017/01/05, Wavelet neural networks and gene expression programming models to predict short-term soil temperature at different depths, SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH, 175, 37-50 4) Jahani Babak, Asadi Esmaeil, 2017/01/15, Comparison between the Temporal Variations of Ground and Surface Water Quality Parameters (Case Study: Ajichai Basin), World Rural Observations, (1) 9, 16-21 5) narimani neda, Fakheri
    [Show full text]