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HTML5 and the Mobile Web 40 International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy, 3(2), 40-56, April-June 2012 HTML5 and the Mobile Web Kevin Curran, University of Ulster, UK Aaron Bond, University of Ulster, UK Gavin Fisher, University of Ulster, UK ABSTRACT Accessing the Web from mobile devices is a popular practice. Trends show that the mobile space is becoming the method through which many consumers access content – both through native and web applications. These applications have expanded the browsing experience, but have also complicated the development process. A need exists for a simple, uniform solution which HTML5 is attempting to address. HTML is a mark-up lan- guage, now on its fifth edition, used for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web. Because of the large increase in users of mobile devices, internet access on these devices is widely used. The creation of web sites, web documents, and applications are done with HTML5, as it is compatible with both PC and mobile device browsers. However, with its lengthy development process, it is not yet apparent if HTML5 can incorporate the demands of developers in a changing environment. This paper provides an overview of the use of HTML5 in structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web and compatibility issues on mobile browsers, key features, tool’s, and the advantages and disadvantages on the mobile web devices as well as the state of the mobile web. Keywords: HTML, Mark-Up languages, Mobile Browsers, Mobile Devices, Mobile Web, Web Access 1. INTRODUCTION diverse as the devices themselves. The mobile web is now rivaling desktop usage for total time In North America, three-quarters (75%) of teens spent on the Internet. Total time spent online has and 93% of adults ages 18-29 now have a cell almost doubled in mobile devices (Ozks, 2011). phone (Lenhart et al., 2010). With the use of The proliferation of web-enabled mobile mobile platforms to access multimedia, social devices has had the effect of diversifying the networks and the internet becoming almost ubiq- hardware and platform architecture of devices uitous, many opinions on the most appropriate available to developers. This is both an advan- forms of development are emerging. With the tage to prospective developers and the biggest growing popularity of Android-based devices restriction: It is very unlikely that any applica- and the already popular Apple iPhone and iOS tion developed would have a single development platform, the options for developers (each with run due to the nature of the different hardware restrictions and unique abilities) are almost as and the different approaches necessary to de- velop software for them. HTML5 is becoming the new standard for web-development and DOI: 10.4018/jide.2012040104 is already being adopted all across the web. Copyright © 2012, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy, 3(2), 40-56, April-June 2012 41 34% of the web’s most visited sites conform their purpose exactly: “<section>”, “<article>” to HTML5 standards (Maine, 2011). One of and “<footer>” are examples of this. These the reasons for this adoption is the shift to the examples highlight the ability of HTML5 to Web and supporting applications. This means afford the developer a more efficient way of that the use of proprietary technologies to cre- designing the web content. Furthermore, the ate applications for the web is being subsumed efficiency of the standard is helped because it into the HTML5 standard, allowing developers allows the developer conform to DRY principles to create rich, platform-agnostic applications. (Don’t Repeat Yourself). Specifying HTML5 HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language) is the is providing developers the opportunity of authoring language used to create documents on creating a standard which conforms to their the World Wide Web. HTML is used to define specific needs. With the specification being the structure and layout of a web page, how it is constructed by “people on the ground” who supposed to look and other special functions to are working with the technology all the time, be displayed. HTML achieves this by the use of the structure and content of HTML5 is being adding tags which have attributes. For example: suited to exactly what the industry is requir- <p> would be used in HTML to create a para- ing. For example, anyone who wishes to can graph break. When a user views a web page, have their say on what the important issues they would not see the HTML as it is hidden surrounding the HTML5 standard are; through from view, but they do see the results. HTML5 open forums and submission forms built right is the newest edition of this Mark-up Language into the specification (Hickson, 2011). which is widely used today and is supported by Approaching with this standardisation is many browsers in both PC and Mobile Devices. the ability for developers to create rich web Because of the rise in the quantity of mobile sites and applications which can be viewed devices users, more and more internet activity is many platforms – including mobile. HTML5 is on these devices. HTML5 offers many new and allowing the web to be uniform; offering similar improved features and is looking set to become and custom user experiences across platforms. the standard mark-up language in the very near It is overcoming obstacles set by hardware future. HTML5 is still a work in progress and manufacturers: different screen resolutions, has its compatibility issues that are being solved capabilities, sensor options, etc. By innovat- and supported as time goes on. HTML5 works ing and restructuring how content is created well on supported mobile browsers and offers for the web, the impact of these restrictions is many new features and advantages, so it is a minimised. When it comes to mobile web de- good choice in creating web sites, web pages velopment “our objective will be to make only and mobile applications. one product” (Firtman, 2010). This sentiment is In specifying the technology behind reflected in many publications and essentially HTML5, the specification is absorbing tech- boils down to the fact that the development of nologies like XHTML and by extension, XML any web content should consist of one develop- (as well as specifying important elements of ment period, with the content itself deciding how JavaScript). HTML5 is being specified because it should be presented to the user depending on the old standards of HTML have become laden viewing platform - an objective greatly assisted with convoluted functions and utilities which by the development of HTML5. are unnecessary and inefficient; HTML’s vo- cabulary has not kept up with the times (Lerner, 2011). HTML5 offers developers new methods 2. HTML5 of producing semantically expressive elements Vannevar Bush first proposed the basics of on web pages; such as replacing “div” tags Hypertext in 1945. Tim Berners-Lee popular- (commonly used to divide up a page into header, ised the World Wide Web, HTML (Hypertext navigation, footer, etc.) with tags which express Copyright © 2012, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. 42 International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy, 3(2), 40-56, April-June 2012 Markup Language), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer while allowing humans, computers and devices Protocol) and URLs (Universal Resource Loca- to easily read and understand it. HTML5 is not ters) in 1990. HTML is basically the building only intended to succeed HTML 4 but XHTML, blocks of web pages. HTML was created origi- DOM2HTML and JavaScript as well. HTML5 nally so web browsers could read and compose attempts to define a single markup language to text, images and other materials into viewable avoid syntax errors that occur in existing web and readable web pages. The first version of documents and avoid the need to use various HTML was compatible with and worked well specifications to achieve complex web applica- in the NCSAs Mosaic Browser. As time went tions. HTML5 improves the markup available on new versions of HTML were published for documents and introduces markup and by a group which was set up and called the Application Programming Interfaces (API) s HTML Working Group. They went on to cre- for complex web applications. HTML5 has ate newer versions of HTML with HTML 2.0 a number of new elements and attributes that created in 1995 which was intended to be the have been developed with modern websites and first HTML specification to be a standard for there features in mind. With the rise of internet future implementation to be based on. In Janu- users accessing the web via mobile devices, ary 1997 HTML 3.0 was published as a W3C HTML5 has become the prime candidate for Recommendation which had dropped its maths cross-platform mobile applications. Many key formulas completely and did not succeed due to features of HTML5 have been created with a the draft being too large at 150 pages and due big consideration of being able to run on low to the pace of the browser development at the powered devices such as smart phones and time. Companies like Microsoft and Netscape tablet devices. chose to implement different subsets of HTML 3’s draft features as well as to introduce their own 2.1. HTML5 Features extensions to it. In December of 1997 HTML 4.0 was published which offered three new HTML5 provides users of mobile devices im- variations or rules which were Strict – in which proved usability and richer web applications. depreciated elements were forbidden for use, HTML5 adds many new syntactical features Transitional – in which depreciated elements which include <video>, <audio>, <header> were allowed for use and Framesets – where and <canvas> elements.
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