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Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Annual Report 2006 from Choice, a World of Possibilities

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Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Annual Report 2006 from Choice, a World of Possibilities From choice, a world of possibilities December 2008 BRIEFING PAper Female genital mutilation (FGM) Annual Report 2006 From choice, a world of possibilities IPPF’s suite of policy Contents resources includes • What is female genital mutilation? factsheets, briefing • IPPF and female genital mutilation papers and discussion • Origins of FGM and common justifications papers that provide • Consequences: Poor health, emotional suffering and lost evidence-based opportunities throughout life information, analysis • Extent of the problem and guidance on key From choice, a world of possibilities issues related to sexual • FGM is a violation of women’s rights, children’s rights, human rights and reproductive • Progress in the campaign to end FGM health and rights. • Recommendations and statements on the elimination of FGM • Future directions • A note on terminology • References creating a covering seal through the cutting and apposition of What is female the labia. This may be done with genital mutilation? or without the removal of all or part of the clitoris. This type of Female genital mutilation (FGM) is FGM – often called infibulation “the partial or total removal of the – constitutes 15 per cent of all external female genitalia or other procedures. injury to the female genital organs iv. The final type involves all other for non-medical reasons.”1 harmful procedures done to female genitalia for non-medical There are four different types of FGM: purposes, including pricking, piercing, incision, burning, i. The partial or total removal of the branding and scraping.2 clitoris and/or the area surrounding and protecting the clitoris. Traditionally, the procedure is carried out by women with no medical ii. The partial or total removal of the training. Anesthetics and antiseptic clitoris and the removal of the treatment are not often used and labia. This is the most common the practice may be carried out using type of FGM and accounts for up basic tools such as scissors, knives, to 80 per cent of cases. scalpels, pieces of glass and razor iii. The third type involves the blades. Iodine or a mixture of herbs is narrowing of the vaginal orifice by often placed on the wound to tighten 02 Briefing Paper – Female genital mutilation (FGM) the skin in and around the vagina and Female genital mutilation is a direct entrenched in social, economic, stop the bleeding. In recent years, the violation of a number of sexual cultural and political structures, procedure has been medicalized in rights, which have been identified in and the procedure is often accepted some regions and it is carried out in Sexual Rights: An IPPF Declaration. without question. Some social health care facilities by trained health These include: article one – the right justifications that are held by groups care personnel. to equality, equal protection of the that defend the practice include: law and freedom from all forms of - Preservation of virginity and The age at which female genital discrimination based on sex, sexuality ensuring fidelity mutilation is carried out varies or gender; article three – the rights to from one region to another. It is life, liberty, security of the person and - Identification with cultural heritage carried out on infants just a few bodily integrity; article five – the right - To mark the transition of girls days old, children, adolescents and, to personal autonomy and recognition into womanhood occasionally, on mature women. before the law; article seven – - Social integration and acceptance, In some cultures that practise FGM, the right to health and to the benefits particularly for marriage and women are re-infibulated (re-stitched) of scientific progress; and article ten – family honour following childbirth. 3 the right to accountability and redress. - Hygiene and cleanliness FGM as a violation of human rights is - Enhancing fertility and discussed in detail below. infant survival IPPF is driven to achieve its vision - Increasing sexual pleasure for IPPF and female through sustained efforts to eliminate the male (the husband) FGM. It does this work in close - Religion genital mutilation partnership with stakeholders including other service providers and advocates, IPPF views female genital mutilation While religious justifications across international organizations, donors, (FGM) as a harmful practice Christian, Jewish, Muslim and certain governments, non-governmental that negates IPPF’s vision of indigenous African groups are often organizations and the women, men a world in which all women, men used, it must be noted that none of and young people that we serve. and young people have access to the the holy scriptures of Christianity, 6,7 information and services they need; Judaism or Islam advocate for FGM. a world in which sexuality is recognized El-Saadawi, author of The Hidden as a natural and precious aspect of Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World, writes: life and as a fundamental human Origins of FGM and right; a world in which choices are Religion, if authentic in the fully respected and where stigma and common justifications principles it stands for, aims at discrimination have no place. truth, equality, justice, love and Evidence from Egyptian mummies a healthy wholesome life for all FGM is a crime against the human suggests that a form of FGM was people, whether men or women. rights of women. By denying women routinely practised some 5000 years There can be no true religion that and girls equal sexual expression and 4 ago. In ancient Rome, metal rings aims at disease, mutilation of the pleasure, it reinforces the subordination were passed through the labia of bodies of female children, and and victimization of girls and women, female slaves to prevent them from amputation of an essential part and is directly linked to poor sexual and procreating. The United Kingdom of their reproductive organs.8 reproductive health. FGM raises the in the 19th century allowed the question of basic rights of women and surgical removal of the clitoris as A complex interaction of socio-cultural girls, such as equality of opportunity, an accepted technique for the factors exerts pressure on mothers full citizenship and the right to health, management of epilepsy, sterilization and families not to break the custom including sexual and reproductive and masturbation.5 In Africa and the of passing the tradition of FGM from choice. FGM is an act of violence that, Middle East, FGM is thought to have generation to generation. Even when while often justified by tradition, culture taken root centuries ago. Yet even parents know the harm that FGM or religion, serves only to support in those regions, there are some will cause to their child, they feel patriarchal dominance and structures countries where the practice began pressured to keep with tradition as within society and undermines the role relatively recently. the individual harm (often considered of women. FGM ignores a woman’s limited and of short duration) is seen or girl’s right to privacy and bodily Reasons that have been offered to as less damaging than the ostracism integrity, and directly contradicts the justify FGM are complex and vary and social stigma a girl may face principle of non-discrimination. according to tribal roots and ethnic within the community if she does not traditions. Explanations regarding the undergo FGM. In communities where utility and purpose of FGM are usually FGM is the norm, a girl that has not Briefing Paper – Female genital mutilation (FGM) 03 undergone FGM may have no chance Recurring infections can cause chronic at social acceptance or marriage. pelvic and back pain. FGM increases As such, she may pose a lifelong Consequences: the risk of urinary tract infections burden to her parents and the choices Poor health, emotional which can affect the bladder and that are open to her to pursue her kidneys, and may lead to fatal aspirations and/or to form her own suffering and lost complications. FGM may also result in family will be limited. incontinence, sexual dysfunction and opportunities infertility. Irritation and inflammation In some areas where FGM is practised, throughout life may result in retention of urine and it has been integrated into the health menstrual blood. Women who have care arena. This medicalization of The immediate and long-term undergone FGM are at higher risk of the practice is likely a result of the health consequences of FGM vary complications during childbirth, such emphasis that campaigners have according to the type and severity as obstructed labour, perennial tears, placed on the negative health of the procedure performed. Even if the need for a caesarean section or implications of FGM. This has occurred no complications arise, once tissue haemorrhage after giving birth. in several countries, including Egypt, is removed it can never be replaced, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and Senegal. resulting in life-long physical change. Adverse physical consequences are Medicalization of the procedure Complications are common as many only part of the damage that a girl is particularly common in Egypt, of the procedures are performed or woman may suffer as a result of where up to three quarters of FGM by untrained practitioners or family being mutilated. A wide variety of procedures are performed by trained members, without anaesthesia, and psychological and psychosomatic medical personnel. Even in rural Upper using non-surgical and unsterilized disorders have been attributed to Egypt, where FGM is performed implements including razors, knives the practice, including depression more commonly by traditional health or broken glass. and symptoms of impaired cognition attendants, the majority are still that include sleeplessness, recurring carried out by health care providers.9 Immediate complications include nightmares, loss of appetite, weight While it may reduce the physical shock, severe pain and haemorrhage, loss or excessive weight gain, health impact, the medicalization which can lead to death. Swelling can and panic attacks.11 The extent of of FGM ignores the human rights make urination and defecation painful.
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