Updates of Water Environment Governance in

Madhav Dev Acharya Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) Singhadurbar, , Nepal

The 15th WEPA Annual Meeting 7 February 2020 Bangkok Nepal in General  Bordered by China in the North and India in the East, West and South  Mountainous Country: Himal/Mountain = 43%, Hills = 30% and Plain = 27% Federal Structure of Democratic Republic of Nepal

Seven Provinces Province No. 1, Province No. 2, , , Province No. 5, Karnali Province and Sudurpashchim Province

Districts (77 District Coordination Committees )

Local Units 6 Metropolitan cities, 11 Submetropolitan cities, 276 Municipalities 460 Rural municipalites and 6743 Wards Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Bagmati River at various location (Upper-inlet to Lower-outlet) in Kathmandu Valley

Taudaha Lake at various locations laying in southern part of the in Kathmandu Valley Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Seti River at various locations (Upper-inlet to Lower-outlet) in (West Nepal)

Phewa Lake at various locations laying in city area of Pokhara (West Nepal) Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Narayani River at various locations around Narayanghat Area (Chitawan Nepal)

Sirsiya River at various locations around Birgunj Area (Parsa Nepal) Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal Tinau River at various locations around Area (Rupandehi Nepal)

Comparison of Water Qualities of Sundarijal Water Supply Reservoir , Kathmandu measured in two different periods Temperature TDS EC Alkalinity BOD DO COD Nitrogen Parameters PH Hardness (0C) (mgL-1) (μs/cm) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) 6.5- NDWQS - 1000 1500 - 500 - - - - 8.5 2008 11 40 15.48 5.9 50 7 - 8.4 11 0 2018 8.2 22.4 33.2 7.27 24.5 20 2 7.9 5.5 7 TC FC Phosphorus Iron Manganese Zinc Lead Chromium Parameters (colonies/ (colonies/ Copper (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) 100ml) 100ml) NDWQS - Nil Nil 0.3 0.2 3 0.01 0.05 1 2008 0 112 58 0.04 < .01 < .01 < .01 < .01 < .01 2018 0.04 200 60 0.05 <.01 0.32 <.01 <.05 <.01 Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal Physico-chemical Status of Groundwater of Kathmandu Valley.

Ground Temperature Conductivity Turbidity Hardness Chloride Alkalinity Iron Arsenic Fluoride Water pH (0 C) (µS/cm) (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) Source Shallow 18.6 7.1 874.5 45.9 230.7 81.8 366.0 1.47 0.004 0.43 Well Tube Well 17.9 7.0 576.8 54.8 218.8 61.1 258.0 1.90 0.003 0.27 Deep Tube 20.3 7.0 704.2 33.2 251.2 59.0 302.7 1.80 0.009 0.74 Well WHO 6.5 – NA 500 5 500 250 NA 0.3 0.01 1.5 Guidelines 8.5

Generalized Physico-chemical Status of Spring and Groundwater supply in Rural Area of Nepal

Source pH Turb EC TDS Temp TA Cl N03 NH3 TH CaH MgH Iron Mn FC type (NTU) (μS/c (mg/L) (0C) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (CFU/ m) 100ml) Gravity 7.85 0.87 205 82 20.4 99 12 8 1.0 83 64 19 0.15 0.05 110 water Ground 7.3 1.4 286 146 25.6 84 9 12 0.9 120 104 16 0.83 0.20 63 water Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal Bagmati River at various location (Upper-inlet to Lower-outlet) in Kathmandu Valley

Sampling Date: 29.06.2076 (16 October, 2019) and 26.06.2076 (13 October, 2019) Sampling site Turbidity TSS TDS DO BOD COD Fecal Total Fe Mn Cd Cr Cu (NTU) mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l coliform phosphate mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l CFU/100ml mg/l

Sundarijal 20 12 27 7.8 2 10 140 0.09 0.03 0.01 ND ND ND Gokarna 37 25 68 6.8 6 54 82x103 0.55 0.3 0.04 ND ND ND Jorpati 43 30 82 5.4 19 64 44x104 0.7 0.36 0.04 ND ND ND Guheswori 35 15 62 6 10 41 37x103 0.7 0.4 0.03 ND ND ND Aryaghat 30 23 78 5.7 6 51 42x103 0.57 0.36 0.04 ND ND ND Minbhuban 400 386 255 0 150 381 87x105 0.31 2.18 0.41 ND ND 0.05 Manohara 456 441 208 0 78 153 51x105 2.18 2.07 0.27 ND ND 0.03 and Bagmati confluence Thapathali 220 243 230 0 81 172 66x106 1.3 2.22 0.29 ND ND 0.03 Bagmati and 200 208 198 0 99 184 92x106 1.19 1.86 0.25 ND ND 0.02 Bishnumati confluence Sundarighat 152 191 252 0 130 278 11x106 3.5 1.47 0.24 ND ND 0.07 Chovar 244 234 202 0 122 300 54x105 2.44 1.02 0.07 ND ND 0.01 Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Monthly Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water Supply by KUKL in Kathmandu for December 2019 Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management

Availability and Their Uses of Water in General: Available S.No. Sources amount 1 Annual Renewable Surface Water (billion m3) 225 2 Annual Renewable Ground Water (billion m3) 12 Per Capita Renewable Surface and Ground 3 9 Water (000 m3 / year) 4 Total Annual Withdrawal (billion m3 / year) 24 5 Per Capita Annual Withdrawal (000 m3 / year) 1 Sectorial withdrawal as % Total withdrawal Domestic 3.43 6 Industrial 0.41 Agricultural 96.16 Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management

Waste Water Production and Treatment in major urban areas of Nepal As of 2011:

Waste Water Production (MLD) Collected for Treatment S.No. Urban Centers Domestic Industrial Total (MLD) 1 Kathmandu 64.497 4.515 69.012 34.506 2 Lalitpur (Patan) 15.647 1.095 16.742 8.371 3 Bhaktapur 5.971 .418 6.389 3.195 4 Kathmandu (Kirtipur) 3.92 .274 4.194 2.097 Bhaktapur (Madhyapur 5 3.069 .215 1.642 Thimi) 3.284 4 Kaski (Pokhara) NA NA 13.42 NA 5 Morang () NA NA 12.15 NA 6 Parsa (Birgunj) NA NA 8.68 NA 7 Chitawan (Bharatpur) NA NA 6.84 NA 8 Dhanusa () NA NA 5.41 NA 9 Kailali () NA NA 5.37 NA 10 Rupandehi (Butwal) NA NA 6.01 NA Total 93.104 6.517 157.501 49.811 Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management Generalized Waste Water Management in Nepal As of 2017:

Some of the tested parameters among different sources of waste water: Source Type Parameters Domestic Industrial Hospital pH 7.04 6.67 7.1 TSS (mg/L) 356 429 195 DO (mg/L) 1 - 4 BOD (mg/L) 420 411 166 COD(mg/L) 640 766 329 Ammonia (mg/L) 118 17 48 Nitrate (mg/L) 6 - 4 TP (mg/L) 16 2 - O&G (mg/L) 18 37 2 Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants in Kathmandu Valley and Other Urban Areas of Nepal Policy and Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance Water and Environment Related Provisions in The Constitution of Nepal: SN Articles & Schedules Provisions 1 Article 30 (1) Every citizen shall have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment. 2 Article (30 (2) Victim of environmental pollution or degradation shall be entitled the right to compensation from the polluter as provided in the law. 3 Article 35 (4) Every citizen shall have the right to access to basic clean drinking waterand sanitation services. 4 Article 56 (2) The exercise of Nepal’s State power shall be used by Federation, States and Local units as mentioned in the Constitution. 5 Schedule 5: List of Federal Power 5.1 No. 11 Policies relating to conservation and multiple uses of water resources 5,2 No. 14 Central level large electricity, irrigation and other projects 5,3 No. 35 Any matter not enumerated in the Lists of Federal Power, State Power and Local Level Power or in the Concurrent List and any matter not specified in this Constitution and in the Federal laws 6 Schedule 6: List of State Power 6.1 No. 7 State level electricity, irrigation and water supply service, Navigation 6.2 No. 19 Use of forests and waters and management of environment within the State 7 Schedule 7: List of Concurrent Powers of Federation and State 7.1 No. 18 Tourism, water supply and sanitation 8 Schedule 8: List of Local Level Power 8.1 No. 7 Local level development plans and projects 8.2 No. 9 Basic health and sanitation 8.3 No. 19 Water supply, small hydropower projects, alternative energy 9 Schedule 9: List of Concurrent Powers of Federation, State and Local Level 9.1 No. 5 Services such as electricity, water supply, irrigation 9.2 No. 14 Royalty from natural resources Policy and Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance Water and Environment Related Legislations, Policy and Strategies and Guidelines Policy and Legal Framework for Water Environmental Governance Policy and Legislative Frameworks:

Name Category Year Purpose The umbrella Act governing water resource management and Water Resources Act Act 1992 declares the order of priority of water use . The umbrella Rules governing water resource management, Water Resources Rules Rule 1993 Sets out the procedure to register a Water User Association and to obtain a license. Drinking Water Service Details the procedures for Tap connection and hole change Rule 1994 Charge Rules and ownership of Taps and its transfer. National Solid Waste Waste management by Local Bodies; mobilize wastes as Policy 1996 Management Policy resources and reduce wastes at sources. Environment Protection 1997 The umbrella Act governing over all environmental protection Act Act of the country. Environment Protection The umbrella Rule governing over all environmental Rule 1997 Rules protection of the country and further elaborates the Act. Regulates the use of drinking water; provides for the Drinking Water Rules Rules 1998 formation of Drinking Water User Associations and sets out the procedure for registration. Sets out sectoral and cross cutting short, medium and long Water Resources Strategy Strategy 2002 term strategies to optimize the sustainable benefits from the resource. Policy and Legal Framework for Water Environmental Governance Policy and Legislative Frameworks:

Name Category Year Purpose Drinking Water Quality Sets standards for water quality; Service Providers Standards 2005 Standards responsible for monitoring; Local level offices.

Environment Protection The umbrella Act governing over all environmental Act 2019 Act protection of the country.

Water Supply and Under The umbrella Act governing over all environmental Act Sanitation Bill Act Parliament protection of the country.

Environment Protection Under The umbrella Rule governing over all environmental Rule Rules drafting protection of the country and further elaborates the Act.

The draft policy is aimed to cover all aspects of water Integrated National Under resources development and management based on the Water Resources Policy Policy drafting Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principle (Draft) and newly restructured three tires of government. Integrated National The draft Act will be the new water resources act for the Under Water Resources Act Act execution of new policy which covers all aspects of water drafting (Draft) resources development and management. Institutional Framework for Water Environmental Governance Key Institutions and their Mandates on Water Environment Governance

Name of the Institution Level Mandated Working Area Ministry of Energy, Water Over all Energy, Hydropower, Irrigation and Water Resources development of Central Resources and Irrigation the country. Water supply, sanitation and hygeine development and Ministry of Water Supply Central management of the country. Ministry of Urban Over all urban planning, development and Management for the Central Development development of municipalities in the country. Ministry of Forest and Forest resources and environmental development and Central Environment management and enforcement environmental mandates. Policy and planning regarding energy and water resources Water and Energy Central development and management covering all sectors. Advisory role Commission Secretariat on critical issues related to large water resources projects. Responsible for the implementation and the compliance of Department of Central Environmental Protection Act , and Rule (EPR), and pollution Environment control standard as promulgated by the Government of Nepal. Ministry of Physical Provincial level policy planning formulation and development of all Infrastructure Provincial sorts of physical infrastructures and their environmental Development management. The Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management Department of Water (DWSSM) is responsible for planning, implementing, operating and Supply and Sewerage Central their maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems through

Institutional Framework for Water Environmental Governance Key Institutions and their Mandates on Water Environment Name of the Level Mandated Working Area Institution Ministry of Industry, Provincial level policy planning formulation and development of Tourism, Forest and Provincial all sorts of forest, environment, conservation of biodiversity, Environment adaptation to climate change and science and technology related. Department of Water Resources and Irrigation is responsible for Department of Water planning, developing, implementing and monitoring of all sorts of Resources and Central central level surface and groundwater irrigation systems by Irrigation utilizing the available surface and ground water resources. DHM is responsible to collect , process , publish and disseminate hydrological and meteorological data and monitors river Department of Central hydrology, water quality, sediment, limnology, snow hydrology, Hydrology and glaciology, weather, climate, agro-meteorology, air quality and Meteorology (DHM) solar energy in the country. NWSC is a public utility organization; an autonomous government Nepal Water Supply Autonomous body and provides drinking water supply services to the 20 cities Corporation (NWSC) Government within the country. KUKL is responsible for the operation and management of water Kathmandu Upatyaka Kathmandu and wastewater services in the Valley. The company will also take Khanepani Limited Valley over the responsibility for infrastructure built by the Melamchi (KUKL) Water Supply Project. Local level planning and development in close coordination with Local Units Local

Water Quality Monitoring and Enforcement Framework Water Quality Monitoring Parameters and Monitoring Institutions S. No. Category Parameters Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Institutions Surveillance Agency 1 Physical Turbidity Daily Water Supply Providers 2 pH Daily Water Supply Providers 3 Color Daily Water Supply Providers 4 Taste and Odor Daily Water Supply Providers 5 EC Monthly Water Supply Providers 6 TDS Quarterly Water Supply Providers 7 Chemical Residual Chlorine Daily Water Supply Providers 8 Ammonia Monthly Water Supply Providers 9 Chloride Monthly Water Supply Providers Ministry of 11 Nitrate Monthly Water Supply Providers 12 Total Hardness Monthly Water Supply Providers Population and 13 Calcium Monthly Water Supply Providers Health and its line 14 Iron Yearly Water Supply Providers agencies are 15 Manganese Yearly Water Supply Providers 16 Sulphate Yearly Water Supply Providers responsible for 17 Arsenic Yearly Water Supply Providers surveillance of 18 Cadmium Yearly Water Supply Providers 19 Copper Yearly Water Supply Providers drinking water 20 Fluoride Yearly Water Supply Providers quality 21 Cyanide Yearly Water Supply Providers 22 Lead Yearly Water Supply Providers 23 Chromium Yearly Water Supply Providers 24 Zinc Yearly Water Supply Providers 25 Mercury Yearly Water Supply Providers 26 Aluminum Yearly Water Supply Providers 27 Microbio E. coli Monthly Water Supply Providers 28 logical Total coliform Monthly Water Supply Providers Water Quality Monitoring and Enforcement Framework Water Quality Hoarding Board for General Public by DHM Water Quality Monitoring and Enforcement Framework Framework of Responsible Institutions for Water Quality Surveillance Water Quality Monitoring and Enforcement Framework Water Quality Monitoring Parameters and Monitoring Institutions  Institutional Monitoring: Besides the monitoring by the Water Supply Provider, the responsibility of Government agencies lies with the concerned ministries and line agencies under the ministries. The monitoring and surveillance responsibility however lies with the Ministry of Population and Health and concerned offices under the ministry  Execution of Monitoring and Surveillance Report: The report with comments and suggestions provided by the Ministry of Population and Health and its line agencies should be followed up/corrected by the concerned ministries and line agencies depending upon the Water Supply Provider”. Water Quality Monitoring and Enforcement Framework

Enforcement of Law and Penalty Decision for some of the Industry/Company

S. No. Name of the Details of the Penalties Decision Remarks industry Date /company 1 Sukraraj Tropical Penalty of NRs. 40000.00 has been Sept By Ministry of & Infectious made by the ministerial decision for not 2019 Forest and Disease Hospital meeting the environmental standards. Environment 2 Nepal Eye Penalty of NRs. 40000.00 has been Sept By Ministry of Hospital, made by the ministerial decision for not 2019 Forest and Tripureshwor meeting the environmental standards. Environment 3 Paropakar Penalty of NRs. 40000.00 has been Sept By Ministry of maternity & made by the ministerial decision for not 2019 Forest and women's meeting the environmental standards. Environment hospital 4 Norvic Penalty of NRs. 90000.00 has been Sept By Ministry of International made by the ministerial decision for not 2019 Forest and Hospital meeting the environmental standards. Environment 5 Kathmandu Penalty of NRs. 90000.00 has been Sept By Ministry of Medical College made by the ministerial decision for not 2019 Forest and meeting the environmental standards. Environment Future plans/targets, issues and challenges of water environment governance

Targets and Planned Activities on Water and Environment

 Rehabilitation and expansion of sewerage network including property connections  Rehabilitation and construction of interceptors along the streams  Rehabilitation and construction of five wastewater treatment plants of 90.5 MLD capacity  Energy generation of approximately 910 KW through sludge digestion and gasification

Kathmandu Lalitpur Metropolitan Bhaktapur Kirtipur Municipality Metropolitan Municipality • The cleaning of •The cleaning of • The cleaning of • Cleaning of existing existing sewers existing sewers existing sewers sewers • New sanitary sewer • Rehabilitation of • Rehabilitation of • Rehabilitation of and storm water existing combined existing combined existing combined drain sewer sewer sewer •New laying replacing • The separation by • New storm water • The separation by brick sewer laying new sanitary drain in Bhaktapur laying new storm sewer Industrial area water drain Future plans/targets, issues and challenges of water environment governance Wastewater Treatment Plan in Kathmandu Valley in 2020-2030 Future plans/targets, issues and challenges of water environment governance

Global Targets and National Indicators for Goals 6 of SDG Future plans/targets, issues and challenges of water environment governance

Global Targets and National Indicators for Goals 6 of SDG References:

 Some of the materials used in this presentation has been referenced from their internet websites and hence sincerely acknowledged.  Various other resources.

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