Updates of Water Environment Governance in Nepal Madhav Dev Acharya Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) Singhadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal The 15th WEPA Annual Meeting 7 February 2020 Bangkok Nepal in General Bordered by China in the North and India in the East, West and South Mountainous Country: Himal/Mountain = 43%, Hills = 30% and Terai Plain = 27% Federal Structure of Democratic Republic of Nepal Seven Provinces Province No. 1, Province No. 2, Bagmati Province, Gandaki Province , Province No. 5, Karnali Province and Sudurpashchim Province Districts (77 District Coordination Committees ) Local Units 6 Metropolitan cities, 11 Submetropolitan cities, 276 Municipalities 460 Rural municipalites and 6743 Wards Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal Bagmati River at various location (Upper-inlet to Lower-outlet) in Kathmandu Valley Taudaha Lake at various locations laying in southern part of the in Kathmandu Valley Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal Seti River at various locations (Upper-inlet to Lower-outlet) in Pokhara (West Nepal) Phewa Lake at various locations laying in city area of Pokhara (West Nepal) Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal Narayani River at various locations around Narayanghat Area (Chitawan Nepal) Sirsiya River at various locations around Birgunj Area (Parsa Nepal) Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal Tinau River at various locations around Butwal Area (Rupandehi Nepal) Comparison of Water Qualities of Sundarijal Water Supply Reservoir , Kathmandu measured in two different periods Temperature TDS EC Alkalinity BOD DO COD Nitrogen Parameters PH Hardness (0C) (mgL-1) (μs/cm) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) 6.5- NDWQS - 1000 1500 - 500 - - - - 8.5 2008 11 40 15.48 5.9 50 7 - 8.4 11 0 2018 8.2 22.4 33.2 7.27 24.5 20 2 7.9 5.5 7 TC FC Phosphorus Iron Manganese Zinc Lead Chromium Parameters (colonies/ (colonies/ Copper (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) (mgL-1) 100ml) 100ml) NDWQS - Nil Nil 0.3 0.2 3 0.01 0.05 1 2008 0 112 58 0.04 < .01 < .01 < .01 < .01 < .01 2018 0.04 200 60 0.05 <.01 0.32 <.01 <.05 <.01 Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal Physico-chemical Status of Groundwater of Kathmandu Valley. Ground Temperature Conductivity Turbidity Hardness Chloride Alkalinity Iron Arsenic Fluoride Water pH (0 C) (µS/cm) (NTU) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) Source Shallow 18.6 7.1 874.5 45.9 230.7 81.8 366.0 1.47 0.004 0.43 Well Tube Well 17.9 7.0 576.8 54.8 218.8 61.1 258.0 1.90 0.003 0.27 Deep Tube 20.3 7.0 704.2 33.2 251.2 59.0 302.7 1.80 0.009 0.74 Well WHO 6.5 – NA 500 5 500 250 NA 0.3 0.01 1.5 Guidelines 8.5 Generalized Physico-chemical Status of Spring and Groundwater supply in Rural Area of Nepal Source pH Turb EC TDS Temp TA Cl N03 NH3 TH CaH MgH Iron Mn FC type (NTU) (μS/c (mg/L) (0C) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (CFU/ m) 100ml) Gravity 7.85 0.87 205 82 20.4 99 12 8 1.0 83 64 19 0.15 0.05 110 water Ground 7.3 1.4 286 146 25.6 84 9 12 0.9 120 104 16 0.83 0.20 63 water Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal Bagmati River at various location (Upper-inlet to Lower-outlet) in Kathmandu Valley Sampling Date: 29.06.2076 (16 October, 2019) and 26.06.2076 (13 October, 2019) Sampling site Turbidity TSS TDS DO BOD COD Fecal Total Fe Mn Cd Cr Cu (NTU) mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l coliform phosphate mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l CFU/100ml mg/l Sundarijal 20 12 27 7.8 2 10 140 0.09 0.03 0.01 ND ND ND Gokarna 37 25 68 6.8 6 54 82x103 0.55 0.3 0.04 ND ND ND Jorpati 43 30 82 5.4 19 64 44x104 0.7 0.36 0.04 ND ND ND Guheswori 35 15 62 6 10 41 37x103 0.7 0.4 0.03 ND ND ND Aryaghat 30 23 78 5.7 6 51 42x103 0.57 0.36 0.04 ND ND ND Minbhuban 400 386 255 0 150 381 87x105 0.31 2.18 0.41 ND ND 0.05 Manohara 456 441 208 0 78 153 51x105 2.18 2.07 0.27 ND ND 0.03 and Bagmati confluence Thapathali 220 243 230 0 81 172 66x106 1.3 2.22 0.29 ND ND 0.03 Bagmati and 200 208 198 0 99 184 92x106 1.19 1.86 0.25 ND ND 0.02 Bishnumati confluence Sundarighat 152 191 252 0 130 278 11x106 3.5 1.47 0.24 ND ND 0.07 Chovar 244 234 202 0 122 300 54x105 2.44 1.02 0.07 ND ND 0.01 Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal Monthly Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water Supply by KUKL in Kathmandu for December 2019 Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management Availability and Their Uses of Water in General: Available S.No. Sources amount 1 Annual Renewable Surface Water (billion m3) 225 2 Annual Renewable Ground Water (billion m3) 12 Per Capita Renewable Surface and Ground 3 9 Water (000 m3 / year) 4 Total Annual Withdrawal (billion m3 / year) 24 5 Per Capita Annual Withdrawal (000 m3 / year) 1 Sectorial withdrawal as % Total withdrawal Domestic 3.43 6 Industrial 0.41 Agricultural 96.16 Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management Waste Water Production and Treatment in major urban areas of Nepal As of 2011: Waste Water Production (MLD) Collected for Treatment S.No. Urban Centers Domestic Industrial Total (MLD) 1 Kathmandu 64.497 4.515 69.012 34.506 2 Lalitpur (Patan) 15.647 1.095 16.742 8.371 3 Bhaktapur 5.971 .418 6.389 3.195 4 Kathmandu (Kirtipur) 3.92 .274 4.194 2.097 Bhaktapur (Madhyapur 5 3.069 .215 1.642 Thimi) 3.284 4 Kaski (Pokhara) NA NA 13.42 NA 5 Morang (Biratnagar) NA NA 12.15 NA 6 Parsa (Birgunj) NA NA 8.68 NA 7 Chitawan (Bharatpur) NA NA 6.84 NA 8 Dhanusa (Janakpur) NA NA 5.41 NA 9 Kailali (Dhangadhi) NA NA 5.37 NA 10 Rupandehi (Butwal) NA NA 6.01 NA Total 93.104 6.517 157.501 49.811 Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management Generalized Waste Water Management in Nepal As of 2017: Some of the tested parameters among different sources of waste water: Source Type Parameters Domestic Industrial Hospital pH 7.04 6.67 7.1 TSS (mg/L) 356 429 195 DO (mg/L) 1 - 4 BOD (mg/L) 420 411 166 COD(mg/L) 640 766 329 Ammonia (mg/L) 118 17 48 Nitrate (mg/L) 6 - 4 TP (mg/L) 16 2 - O&G (mg/L) 18 37 2 Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants in Kathmandu Valley and Other Urban Areas of Nepal Policy and Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance Water and Environment Related Provisions in The Constitution of Nepal: SN Articles & Schedules Provisions 1 Article 30 (1) Every citizen shall have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment. 2 Article (30 (2) Victim of environmental pollution or degradation shall be entitled the right to compensation from the polluter as provided in the law. 3 Article 35 (4) Every citizen shall have the right to access to basic clean drinking waterand sanitation services. 4 Article 56 (2) The exercise of Nepal’s State power shall be used by Federation, States and Local units as mentioned in the Constitution. 5 Schedule 5: List of Federal Power 5.1 No. 11 Policies relating to conservation and multiple uses of water resources 5,2 No. 14 Central level large electricity, irrigation and other projects 5,3 No. 35 Any matter not enumerated in the Lists of Federal Power, State Power and Local Level Power or in the Concurrent List and any matter not specified in this Constitution and in the Federal laws 6 Schedule 6: List of State Power 6.1 No. 7 State level electricity, irrigation and water supply service, Navigation 6.2 No. 19 Use of forests and waters and management of environment within the State 7 Schedule 7: List of Concurrent Powers of Federation and State 7.1 No. 18 Tourism, water supply and sanitation 8 Schedule 8: List of Local Level Power 8.1 No. 7 Local level development plans and projects 8.2 No. 9 Basic health and sanitation 8.3 No. 19 Water supply, small hydropower projects, alternative energy 9 Schedule 9: List of Concurrent Powers of Federation, State and Local Level 9.1 No. 5 Services such as electricity, water supply, irrigation 9.2 No. 14 Royalty from natural resources Policy and Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance Water and Environment Related Legislations, Policy and Strategies and Guidelines Policy and Legal Framework for Water Environmental Governance Policy and Legislative Frameworks: Name Category Year Purpose The umbrella Act governing water resource management and Water Resources Act Act 1992 declares the order of priority of water use .