Geo 302D: Age of Dinosaurs
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The Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs
Biol. Rev. (2010), 85, pp. 55–110. 55 doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00094.x The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs Max C. Langer1∗,MartinD.Ezcurra2, Jonathas S. Bittencourt1 and Fernando E. Novas2,3 1Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de S˜ao Paulo; Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeir˜ao Preto-SP, Brazil 2Laboratorio de Anatomia Comparada y Evoluci´on de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘‘Bernardino Rivadavia’’, Avda. Angel Gallardo 470, Cdad. de Buenos Aires, Argentina 3CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas y T´ecnicas); Avda. Rivadavia 1917 - Cdad. de Buenos Aires, Argentina (Received 28 November 2008; revised 09 July 2009; accepted 14 July 2009) ABSTRACT The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis,andPanphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as ‘‘all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops’’. -
A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Basal Ornithischia (Reptilia, Dinosauria)
A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE BASAL ORNITHISCHIA (REPTILIA, DINOSAURIA) Marc Richard Spencer A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2007 Committee: Margaret M. Yacobucci, Advisor Don C. Steinker Daniel M. Pavuk © 2007 Marc Richard Spencer All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Margaret M. Yacobucci, Advisor The placement of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus and the Heterodontosauridae within the Ornithischia has been problematic. Historically, Lesothosaurus has been regarded as a basal ornithischian dinosaur, the sister taxon to the Genasauria. Recent phylogenetic analyses, however, have placed Lesothosaurus as a more derived ornithischian within the Genasauria. The Fabrosauridae, of which Lesothosaurus was considered a member, has never been phylogenetically corroborated and has been considered a paraphyletic assemblage. Prior to recent phylogenetic analyses, the problematic Heterodontosauridae was placed within the Ornithopoda as the sister taxon to the Euornithopoda. The heterodontosaurids have also been considered as the basal member of the Cerapoda (Ornithopoda + Marginocephalia), the sister taxon to the Marginocephalia, and as the sister taxon to the Genasauria. To reevaluate the placement of these taxa, along with other basal ornithischians and more derived subclades, a phylogenetic analysis of 19 taxonomic units, including two outgroup taxa, was performed. Analysis of 97 characters and their associated character states culled, modified, and/or rescored from published literature based on published descriptions, produced four most parsimonious trees. Consistency and retention indices were calculated and a bootstrap analysis was performed to determine the relative support for the resultant phylogeny. The Ornithischia was recovered with Pisanosaurus as its basalmost member. -
Early Ornithischian Dinosaurs: the Triassic Record
Historical Biology An International Journal of Paleobiology ISSN: 0891-2963 (Print) 1029-2381 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ghbi20 Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record Randall B. Irmis , William G. Parker , Sterling J. Nesbitt & Jun Liu To cite this article: Randall B. Irmis , William G. Parker , Sterling J. Nesbitt & Jun Liu (2007) Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record, Historical Biology, 19:1, 3-22, DOI: 10.1080/08912960600719988 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960600719988 Published online: 10 Oct 2011. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 291 View related articles Citing articles: 70 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ghbi20 Historical Biology, 2007; 19(1): 3–22 Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record RANDALL B. IRMIS1, WILLIAM G. PARKER2, STERLING J. NESBITT3,4, & JUN LIU3,4 1Museum of Paleontology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720-4780, USA, 2Division of Resource Management, Petrified Forest National Park, P.O. Box 2217, Petrified Forest, AZ, 86028, USA, 3Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA, and 4Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA Abstract Ornithischian dinosaurs are one of the most taxonomically diverse dinosaur clades during the Mesozoic, yet their origin and early diversification remain virtually unknown. In recent years, several new Triassic ornithischian taxa have been proposed, mostly based upon isolated teeth. -
Body-Size Evolution in the Dinosauria
8 Body-Size Evolution in the Dinosauria Matthew T. Carrano Introduction The evolution of body size and its influence on organismal biology have received scientific attention since the earliest decades of evolutionary study (e.g., Cope, 1887, 1896; Thompson, 1917). Both paleontologists and neontologists have attempted to determine correlations between body size and numerous aspects of life history, with the ultimate goal of docu- menting both the predictive and causal connections involved (LaBarbera, 1986, 1989). These studies have generated an appreciation for the thor- oughgoing interrelationships between body size and nearly every sig- nificant facet of organismal biology, including metabolism (Lindstedt & Calder, 1981; Schmidt-Nielsen, 1984; McNab, 1989), population ecology (Damuth, 1981; Juanes, 1986; Gittleman & Purvis, 1998), locomotion (Mc- Mahon, 1975; Biewener, 1989; Alexander, 1996), and reproduction (Alex- ander, 1996). An enduring focus of these studies has been Cope’s Rule, the notion that body size tends to increase over time within lineages (Kurtén, 1953; Stanley, 1973; Polly, 1998). Such an observation has been made regarding many different clades but has been examined specifically in only a few (MacFadden, 1986; Arnold et al., 1995; Jablonski, 1996, 1997; Trammer & Kaim, 1997, 1999; Alroy, 1998). The discordant results of such analyses have underscored two points: (1) Cope’s Rule does not apply universally to all groups; and (2) even when present, size increases in different clades may reflect very different underlying processes. Thus, the question, “does Cope’s Rule exist?” is better parsed into two questions: “to which groups does Cope’s Rule apply?” and “what process is responsible for it in each?” Several recent works (McShea, 1994, 2000; Jablonski, 1997; Alroy, 1998, 2000a, 2000b) have begun to address these more specific questions, attempting to quantify patterns of body-size evolution in a phylogenetic (rather than strictly temporal) context, as well as developing methods for interpreting the resultant patterns. -
Lesothosaurus, "Fabrosaurids," and the Early Evolution of Ornithischia Author(S): Paul C
Lesothosaurus, "Fabrosaurids," and the Early Evolution of Ornithischia Author(s): Paul C. Sereno Source: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Jun. 20, 1991), pp. 168-197 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4523370 Accessed: 28-01-2019 13:42 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Taylor & Francis, Ltd. are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology This content downloaded from 69.80.65.67 on Mon, 28 Jan 2019 13:42:40 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11(2): 168-197, June 1991 © 1991 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology LESOTHOSAURUS, "FABROSAURIDS," AND THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF ORNITHISCHIA PAUL C. SERENO Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1025 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637 ABSTRACT -New materials of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus permit a detailed understanding of one of the earliest and most primitive ornithischians. Skull proportions and sutural relations can be discerned from several articulated and disarticulated skulls. The snout is proportionately long with a vascularized, horn-covered tip. -
Dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) at Museo De La Plata, Argentina: Annotated Catalogue of the Type Material and Antarctic Specimens
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) at Museo de La Plata, Argentina: annotated catalogue of the type material and Antarctic specimens Alejandro Otero and Marcelo Reguero ABSTRACT A commented-illustrated catalogue of non-avian dinosaurs housed at Museo de La Plata, Argentina is presented. This represents the first commented catalogue of the La Plata Museum dinosaurs to be published. This includes the type material as well as Antarctic specimens. The arrangement of the material was made in a phylogenetic fashion, including systematic rank, type material, referred specimens, geographic and stratigraphic location, and comments/remarks, when necessary. A total of 13 type specimens of non-avian dinosaurs are housed at the collection of Museo de La Plata, including eight sauropods, one theropod, one ornithischian, and three ichnotaxa. There are four Antarctic specimens, one of which is a holotype, whereas other corresponds to the first sauropod dinosaur registered for that continent. Alejandro Otero. División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n (1900), La Plata, Argentina. [email protected] Marcelo Reguero. División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n (1900), La Plata, Argentina. [email protected] Keywords: Saurischia; Ornithischia; Holotype; Lectotype; Patagonia; Antarctica INTRODUCTION housed at the DPV collection, reaching more than 600 individual bones. These include 13 type mate- The Museo de La Plata (MLP), constructed in rial and otherwise important dinosaur specimens, 1884, is one of the oldest museums of natural his- which include ornithischians (e.g., ornithopods, tory of South America. The collection of the ankylosaurs), saurischians (e.g., theropods, sau- División Paleontología de Vertebrados (DPV) was ropodomorphs), as well as three ichnospecies created in 1877 when the museum’s future Direc- included (see Table 1 for a summary of the taxa tor, Dr. -
The Enamel Microstructure of Manidens Condorensis: New Hypotheses on the Ancestral State and Evolution of Enamel in Ornithischia
The enamel microstructure of Manidens condorensis: New hypotheses on the ancestral state and evolution of enamel in Ornithischia MARCOS G. BECERRA and DIEGO POL Becerra, M.G. and Pol, D. 2020. The enamel microstructure of Manidens condorensis: New hypotheses on the ancestral state and evolution of enamel in Ornithischia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 65 (1): 59–70. Previous studies on enamel microstructure in Ornithischia have focused on derived lineages of this clade based on species from the northern hemisphere. Here we describe the enamel microstructure of Manidens condorensis from the late Early Jurassic of Argentina that belongs to Heterodontosauridae (interpreted as the basal-most clade of Ornithischia). Enamel microstructure in the cheek teeth lacks a basal unit layer, presents incipient divergent crystallite as the dominant enamel type and parallel crystallite enamel type (with or without incrementing lines). Enamel of maxillary and dentary teeth differs from each other in enamel distribution (asymmetric vs. symmetric), structure (presence vs. absence of tubules, and less vs. more abundant parallel crystallite enamel with incrementing lines) and ordering (regular ordering of enamel types vs. in patches). The enamel microstructure of Manidens is the simplest of all known Ornithischia, and is more similar to that of the sauropodomorph Plateosaurus than to the one reported for the basal theropod Coelophysis. Similarities within Ornithischia are present with pachycephalosaurids and, to a lesser extent, with ankylosaurs. Phylogenetic -
A New Basal Ornithopod Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China
A new basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China Yuqing Yang1,2,3, Wenhao Wu4,5, Paul-Emile Dieudonné6 and Pascal Godefroit7 1 College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2 College of Paleontology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 3 Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Change of Environment, Province of Liaoning, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 4 Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Environment in Northeast Asia, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 5 Research Center of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 6 Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Rio Negro, Argentina 7 Directorate ‘Earth and History of Life’, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium ABSTRACT A new basal ornithopod dinosaur, based on two nearly complete articulated skeletons, is reported from the Lujiatun Beds (Yixian Fm, Lower Cretaceous) of western Liaoning Province (China). Some of the diagnostic features of Changmiania liaoningensis nov. gen., nov. sp. are tentatively interpreted as adaptations to a fossorial behavior, including: fused premaxillae; nasal laterally expanded, overhanging the maxilla; shortened neck formed by only six cervical vertebrae; neural spines of the sacral vertebrae completely fused together, forming a craniocaudally-elongated continuous bar; fused scapulocoracoid with prominent -
T Riassic Jurassic Cretaceous
Millions of Years Ago 252.17 247.2 237.0 201.3 174.1 163.5 145.0 100.5 66.0 Avemetatarsalia Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Early Middle Late Early Middle Late Early Late Scleromochlus Pterosauria Ornithodira Lagerpetidae Marasuchus Dinosauromorpha Genasauria Silesauridae Neornithsichia Nyasasaurus Dinosauriformes Thyreophora Ornithischia Eocursor ? Heterodontosauridae Pisanosaurus Dinosauria Sauropodomorpha Herrerasauria Saurischia Eodromaeus Theropoda Daemonosaurus Tawa Neotheropoda Millions of Years Ago 252.17 247.2 237.0 201.3 174.1 163.5 145.0 100.5 66.0 Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Early Middle Late Early Middle Late Early Late Cerapoda Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Eocursor Parksosauridae Laquintasaura Kulindadromeus Othnielosaurus Jeholosauridae Neornithischia Leaellynasaura Hexinlusaurus Agilisaurus Stegosauridae Lesothosaurus Stegosaurinae Stegosauria Dacentrurinae Kentrosaurus Tuojiangosaurus Thyreophoroidea Struthiosaurinae Genasauria Huayangosauridae Eurypoda Gigantspinosaurus Panoplosaurinae Nodosauridae Sauropelta Polacanthinae Scelidosaurus Gargoyleosaurus Ankylosauridae Thyreophora Scutellosaurus Kunbarrasaurus Ankylosauria Hylaeosurus Shamosaurinae Ankylosaurinae Pinacosaurus Tianchiasaurus Ankylosaurini Millions of Years Ago 252.17 247.2 237.0 201.3 174.1 163.5 145.0 100.5 66.0 Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Euhadrosauria Early Middle Late Early Middle Late Early Late Hadrosaurinae Hadrosauridae Hadrosauromorpha Lambeosaurinae Eotrachodon Tethyshadros Hadrosauriformes Hadrosauria Telmatosaurus Bactrosaurus Protohadros Styracosterna -
A New Primitive Neornithischian Dinosaur from the Jurassic of Patagonia with Gut Contents Received: 02 March 2016 Leonardo Salgado1, José I
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A new primitive Neornithischian dinosaur from the Jurassic of Patagonia with gut contents Received: 02 March 2016 Leonardo Salgado1, José I. Canudo2, Alberto C. Garrido3,4, Miguel Moreno-Azanza5, Accepted: 16 January 2017 Leandro C. A. Martínez6,7, Rodolfo A. Coria7,8 & José M. Gasca3,7 Published: 16 February 2017 We describe a new species of an ornithischian dinosaur, Isaberrysaura mollensis gen. et sp. nov. The specimen, consisting in an almost complete skull and incomplete postcranium was collected from the marine-deltaic deposits of the Los Molles Formation (Toarcian-Bajocian), being the first reported dinosaur for this unit, one of the oldest from Neuquén Basin, and the first neornithischian dinosaur known from the Jurassic of South America. Despite showing a general stegosaurian appearance, the extensive phylogenetic analysis carried out depicts Isaberrysaura mollensis gen. et sp. nov. as a basal ornithopod, suggesting that both Thyreophora and neornithischians could have achieved significant convergent features. The specimen was preserved articulated and with some of its gut content place in the middle-posterior part of the thoracic cavity. Such stomach content was identified as seeds, most of them belonging to the Cycadales group. This finding reveals a possible and unexpected role of this ornithischian species as seed-dispersal agent. Dinosaurs were present in most terrestrial ecosystems for 185 million years, interacting with their physical envi- ronment and other living organisms, including plants. As in modern ecosystems, there were complex ecological relations between plants and plant-eating organisms. However, there is little evidence of the type and the parts of plants on which different phytophagous dinosaurs fed1–4. -
Ornithischia Intro, Stegosauria
1 Ornithischia Intro, Stegosauria I. ORNITHISCHIA - highly derived (appeared after Saurischia) & highly diverse A. Shared derived characters: 1. back-prong on pubis 2. long, thin forward process on ilium 3. at least five sacral vertebrae 4. ossified tendons around sacrum Tendon is connective tissue that connects muscle to bone (aka sinew) for further strengthening. Why would this group need further strengthening in its sacrum? 5. all herbivores 6. predentary = unpaired, scoop-shaped bone at front of lower jaw 7. toothless tip of snout with "beak" 8. small, triangular teeth 9. jaw joint set below level of the upper tooth row B. Main Groups of Ornithischians 1. Fabrosaurids: most primitive ornithischians a. Pisanosaurus: upper Triassic: poorly known, lacks clear ornithischian characters b. Lesothosaurus: lower Jurassic: least derived, well known ornithischian 2. Genasauria Shared derived characters: Reduced mandibular foramen, muscular cheeks a. Cerapoda ("horned foot") Have a gap (diastema) between premaxilla and maxilla 5 or fewer teeth on premaxilla i. Ornithopoda ii. Marginocephalia: skull bone shelf extends behind the skull Two main groups - Pachycephalosaurs and Ceratopsians b. Thyreophora ("shield bearer") - named by Baron Franz Nopsca in 1915 Shared derived characters: Dermal armor (rows of keeled scutes on dorsal surface) i. Several less derived taxa: Scutellosaurus (small biped), Scelidosaurus (larger quadruped) ii. Eurypoda ("broad foot") Shared derived characters: enlarged anterior ilium, short ilium behind hip socket stocky -
(Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Mid-Cretaceous (Late Albian–Cenomanian) Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia Lucy G
This article was downloaded by: [Steven Salisbury] On: 07 June 2013, At: 16:18 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/talc20 First evidence of ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian–Cenomanian) Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia Lucy G. Leahey & Steven W. Salisbury Published online: 07 Jun 2013. To cite this article: Lucy G. Leahey & Steven W. Salisbury (2013): First evidence of ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian–Cenomanian) Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 37:2, 249-257 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2013.743703 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.