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Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft Downloaded by RMIT UNIV BUNDOORA on June 4, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org DOI: 10.2514/4.862465 Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft: Theory and Practice Downloaded by RMIT UNIV BUNDOORA on June 4, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org DOI: 10.2514/4.862465 Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by RMIT UNIV BUNDOORA on June 4, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org DOI: 10.2514/4.862465 Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft: Theory and Practice Ted L. Lomax Downloaded by RMIT UNIV BUNDOORA on June 4, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org DOI: 10.2514/4.862465 &AIAA EDUCATION SERIES J. S. Przemieniecki Series Editor-in-Chief Air Force Institute of Technology Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 22091 Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Reston, Virginia Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lomax, Ted L. Structural loads analysis for commercial transport aircraft: theory and practice / Ted L. Lomax. p. cm. — (AIAA education series) Includes bibliographical references and index. Downloaded by RMIT UNIV BUNDOORA on June 4, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org DOI: 10.2514/4.862465 1. Airframes—Design and construction. 2. Structural dynamics. 3. Transport planes—Design and construction. I. Title. II. Series. TL671.6.L597 1995 629.134/31—dc20 95-22159 ISBN 1-56347-114-0 Second Printing Copyright © 1996 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Data and information appearing in this book are for informational purposes only. AIAA is not responsible for any injury or damage resulting from use or reliance, nor does AIAA warrant that use or reliance will be free from privately owned rights. Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Texts Published in the AIAA Education Series Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft: Theory and Practice TedL. Lomax, 1996 Spacecraft Propulsion Charles D. Brown, 1996 Helicopter Flight Dynamics: The Theory and Application of Rying Qualities and Simulation Modeling Gareth Padfield, 1996 Flying Qualities and Right Testing of the Airplane Darrol Stinton, 1996 Flight Performance of Aircraft S. K. Ojha, 1995 Operations Research Analysis in Test and Evaluation Donald L. Giadrosich, 1995 Radar and Laser Cross Section Engineering David C.Jenn, 1995 Introduction to the Control of Dynamic Systems Frederick O. Smetana, 1994 Tailless Aircraft in Theory and Practice Karl Nickel and Michael Wohlfahrt, 1994 Mathematical Methods in Defense Analyses Second Edition J. S. Przemieniecki, 1994 Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics John J. Bertin, 1994 Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion William H. Heiser and David T. Pratt, 1994 Practical Intake Aerodynamic Design E. L. Goldsmith and J. Seddon, Editors, 1993 Acquisition of Defense Systems J. S. Przemieniecki, Editor, 1993 Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry Frank J. Regan and Satya M. Anandakrishnan, 1993 Introduction to Dynamics and Control of Flexible Structures John L. Junkins and Youdan Kirn, 1993 Spacecraft Mission Design Charles D. Brown, 1992 Rotary Wing Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity Richard L. Bielawa, 1992 Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Downloaded by RMIT UNIV BUNDOORA on June 4, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org DOI: 10.2514/4.862465 Second Edition Daniel P. Raymer, 1992 Optimization of Observation and Control Processes Veniamin V. Malyshev, Mihkail N. Krasilshikov, and Valeri I. Karlov, 1992 Nonlinear Analysis of Shell Structures Anthony N. Palazotto and Scott T Dennis, 1992 Orbital Mechanics Vladimir A. Chobotov, 1991 Critical Technologies for National Defense Air Force Institute of Technology, 1991 Defense Analyses Software J. S. Przemieniecki, 1991 Inlets for Supersonic Missiles John J. Mahoney, 1991 Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Texts Published in the AIAA Education Series (continued) Space Vehicle Design Michael D. Griffin and James R. French, 1991 Introduction to Mathematical Methods in Defense Analyses J. S. Przemieniecki, 1990 Basic Helicopter Aerodynamics J. Seddon, 1990 Aircraft Propulsion Systems Technology and Design Gordon C. Gates, Editor, 1989 Boundary Layers A. D. Young, 1989 Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Daniel P. Raymer, 1989 Gust Loads on Aircraft: Concepts and Applications Frederic M. Hoblit, 1988 Aircraft Landing Gear Design: Principles and Practices Norman S. Currey, 1988 Mechanical Reliability: Theory, Models and Applications B. S. Dhillon, 1988 Re-Entry Aerodynamics WilburL. Hankey, 1988 Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbine and Rocket Propulsion, Revised and Enlarged Gordon C. Gates, 1988 Advanced Classical Thermodynamics George Emanuel, 1988 Radar Electronic Warfare August Golden Jr., 1988 An Introduction to the Mathematics and Methods of Astrodynamics Richard H. Battin, 1987 Aircraft Engine Design Jack D. Mattingly, William H. Reiser, and Daniel H. Daley, 1987 Gasdynamics: Theory and Applications George Emanuel, 1986 Composite Materials for Aircraft Structures Brian C. Hoskins and Alan A. Baker, Editors, 1986 Intake Aerodynamics J. Seddon and E. L. Goldsmith, 1985 Fundamentals of Aircraft Combat Survivability Analysis and Design Robert E. Ball, 1985 Downloaded by RMIT UNIV BUNDOORA on June 4, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org DOI: 10.2514/4.862465 Aerothermodynamics of Aircraft Engine Components Gordon C. Gates, Editor, 1985 Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbine and Rocket Propulsion Gordon C. Gates, 1984 Re-Entry Vehicle Dynamics Frank J. Regan, 1984 Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Reston, Virginia Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Foreword As one of its major objectives, the AIAA Education Series is creating a compre- hensive library of the established practices in aerospace design. Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft: Theory and Practice, by Ted L. Lomax, provides an authoritative exposition of load analysis theories and practice as applied to structural design and certification. In writing this text, the author has captured years of experience in the field as a structural loads engineer and manager at the Boeing Company on several different types of commercial transport aircraft. The 16 chapters in this text are arranged into topics dealing with maneuvering and steady flight loads (symmetrical flight, rolling, yawing, turbulence), landing and gust loads, aircraft component loads (horizontal and vertical tail, wing, body, control surfaces, and high-lift devices), aeroelastic considerations (flutter, diver- gence, and control reversal), structural design considerations, and design airspeeds. Each chapter provides some simplified approaches to verify computer-generated analyses, thereby providing additional confidence that the work is correct. These approaches also add to a better understanding of the various parameters influencing modern designs. The AIAA Education Series embraces a broad spectrum of theory and appli- cation of different disciplines in aeronautics and astronautics, including aerospace design practice. The series also includes texts on defense science, engineering, and technology. It provides both teaching texts for students and reference materials for practicing engineers and scientists. Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft: Theory and Practice will be a valuable resource for aircraft design teams. It complements several other texts on aircraft design previously published in the series. J. S. Przemieniecki Editor-in-Chief AIAA Education Series Downloaded by RMIT UNIV BUNDOORA on June 4, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org DOI: 10.2514/4.862465 Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by RMIT UNIV BUNDOORA on June 4, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org DOI: 10.2514/4.862465 Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Table of Contents Preface ............................................... xiii Nomenclature .......................................... xv Chapter 1. Introduction ................................... 1 1.1 Applicability of the Analysis ........................... 1 1.2 Criteria .......................................... 1 1.3 Methodogy ....................................... 1 1.4 Static Aeroelastic Phenomena .......................... 2 1.5 Sign Convention .................................... 2 Chapter 2. Symmetrical Maneuvering Flight.................... 5 2.1 Symmetrical Maneuvering Flight Definition ................. 5 2.2 Symmetrical Maneuver Load Factors ..................... 5 2.3 Steady-State Symmetrical Maneuvers ..................... 7 2.4 Abrupt Pitching Maneuvers ........................... 14 2.5 Abrupt Unchecked Pitch Maneuvers ..................... 16 2.6 Abrupt Checked Maneuvers (Commercial Requirements) ....... 20 2.7 Abrupt Checked Maneuvers (Military Requirements).......... 22 2.8 Minimum Pitch Acceleration Requirements ................ 24 Chapter
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