Geothermal Development in East Africa – Site List and Database

Development Aid and Activity in the East African Nations of Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia with a List of Institutions and Companies Involved in Geothermal Work

Ragnar Ásmundsson Árni Ragnarsson Sigrún Gunnarsdóttir

Prepared for ICEIDA

ÍSOR-2011/019

ICELAND GEOSURVEY Reykjavík: Orkugardur, Grensásvegur 9, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland - Tel.: 528 1500 - Fax: 528 1699 Akureyri: Rangárvellir, P.O. Box 30, 602 Akureyri, Iceland - Tel.: 528 1500 - Fax: 528 1599 [email protected] - www.isor.is

Report Project no.: 590113

Geothermal Development in East Africa – Site List and Database Development Aid and Activity in the East African Nations of Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia with a List of Institutions and Companies Involved in Geothermal Work

Ragnar Ásmundsson Árni Ragnarsson Sigrún Gunnarsdóttir

Prepared for ICEIDA

ÍSOR-2011/019 August 2011

Key page

Report no. Date Distribution ÍSOR-2011/019 August 2011 Open Closed

Report name / Main and subheadings Number of copies Geothermal Development in East Africa – Site List and Database. 7 Development Aid and Activity in the East African Nations of Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Number of pages Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia with a List of Institutions and Companies Involved in Geothermal Work 63

Authors Project manager Ragnar Ásmundsson, Árni Ragnarsson and Sigrún Gunnarsdóttir Benedikt Steingrímsson

Classification of report Project no. 590113

Prepared for ICEIDA Cooperators ICEIDA

Abstract Internationally supported geothermal projects and collaboration initiatives in the African nations of Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia are identified along with their funding agencies and the project participants. The geothermal sites in the above countries are briefly reviewed, most of them within the East African Rift Zone, listing both utilized and estimated geothermal potential for electric power production, when known. A brief description of the partner companies and institutions is given, along with their geothermal tasks in Africa.

Key words ISBN-number East Africa, Rift Zone, geothermal, electricity, power, international, funding, Burundi, Djibouti, Project manager’s signature Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Reviewed by HÁ, KÁ, GG, MTZ

Table of contents

1 Introduction ...... 9 2 Geothermal projects in East Africa ...... 9 2.1 Development funding agencies ...... 9 2.2 Project list and funding agencies ...... 10 2.3 International projects ...... 17 2.3.1 ARGeo ...... 17 2.3.2 Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility ...... 19 2.3.3 UNU-GTP ...... 20 2.3.4 GEOTHERM ...... 20 2.3.5 ICS-UNIDO ...... 21 2.3.6 African Union Commission...... 22 2.4 Companies and institutions with activity in East Africa ...... 23 3 ICEIDA Geothermal Database ...... 32 4 Project structure and motivation ...... 36 5 ICEIDA target countries for geothermal development ...... 38 5.1 Burundi ...... 41 5.2 Djibouti ...... 41 5.3 Eritrea ...... 44 5.4 Ethiopia ...... 45 5.5 Kenya ...... 48 5.6 Malawi ...... 53 5.7 Mozambique ...... 54 5.8 Rwanda ...... 55 5.9 Tanzania ...... 57 5.10 Uganda ...... 60 5.11 Zambia ...... 62 6 References ...... 63

List of tables

Table 1. A list of geothermal related projects and their funding agencies...... 11 Table 2. The joint implementation between WB and UNEP...... 18 Table 3. ‘In-kind’ contributions to ARGeo, as explained below...... 18 Table 4. Other co-financing to ARGeo...... 19 Table 5. East African Fellows of the UNU Geothermal Training Programme in Iceland ...... 20 Table 6. List of companies and institutions involved in geothermal development in selected East African countries...... 23 Table 7. List of geothermal prospect areas within the East African Rift system ...... 40

- 5 - Table 8. Kenyan prospect geothermal regions ...... 50 Table 9. Current and immediate future power production at Olkaria...... 52 Table 10. Geothermal projects carried out in Tanzania ...... 59

List of figures

Figure 1. A hierarchic table diagram showing the tables along with their relations and primary keys...... 34 Figure 2. A circular table diagram showing the tables along with their relations and primary keys...... 35 Figure 3. Stages of a complete geothermal project...... 36 Figure 4. A possible funding scheme that fits with the geothermal project stages...... 36 Figure 5. A descriptive figure taken from BGR‘s geothermal brochure ...... 37 Figure 6. Map of identified geothermal prospects within the East African rift system ...... 39 Figure 7. Map of the Asal geothermal area, showing fumaroles and springs along with the location of both gradient and exploration wells ...... 43 Figure 8. Maps of Ethiopia showing the rift extending from Yemen, Eritrea and Djibouti and reaching SSW across Ethiopia to Kenya and Uganda...... 45 Figure 9. Simplified map of the locations of the main geothermal prospect areas in Kenya. .... 49 Figure 10. Olkaria geothermal area with field locations ...... 51 Figure 12. Location of Bugarama, Gisenyi, Karisimbi and Kinigi geothermal prospects in Rwanda ...... 56 Figure 11. Geothermal springs and fault systems in Tanzania ...... 58 Figure 13. Geothermal prospects in Uganda ...... 61

- 6 - Acronym glossary of institutions and companies

ADF African Development Fund AfDB African Development Bank AFD French Agency for Development AGIL African Geothermal International Ltd ARGeo African Rift Geothermal Development Facility AUC African Union Commission BGR Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe BGS British Geological Survey BMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development BRGM Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières CEBEDEAU Centre d’expertise en traitement et gestion de l’eau CERD Centre d’Etude et de Recherche de Djibouti CNRS Centre National du la Recherche Scientifique DECON Deutsche Energie-Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH DED Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst DEG Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH DGSM Department of Geological Survey and Mines EDD Electricity of Djibouti EDFI European Development Finance Institutions EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Corporation EIB European Investment Bank EIGS Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys ESCOM Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program GDC Geothermal Development Company GDA Geothermal Development Associates GEF Global Environment Facility GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GSD Geological Survey Department (Malawi) GSDZ Geological Survey Department of Zambia GSE Geological Survey of Eritrea GSE Geological Survey of Ethiopia GST Geological Survey of Tanzania GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GWDC Great Wall Drilling Company IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICEIDA Icelandic International Development Agency ICS-UNIDO International Centre for Science and High Technology – United Nations Industrial Development Organization IDA International Development Association IFC International Finance Corporation IGA International Geothermal Association Inwent Capacity Building International, Germany ÍSOR Íslenskar orkurannsóknir JETRO Japan External Trade Organization JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

- 7 - KfW Kreditanstalt Für Wiederaufbau KPLC Kenya Power and Lighting Company MEM Ministry of Energy and Minerals in Tanzania MEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (Uganda) MEMWR Ministry of Energy, Mines and Water Resources (Eritrea) MININFRA Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda) NDF Nordic Development Fund NEA National Energy Authority NIB Nordic Investment Bank ODLC Oserian Development Company Ltd. OGMR Geology and Mines Authority (Rwanda) OPEC Organization of the Petrolium Exporting Countries (here, OPEC refers to their Fund for International Development) PROPARCO Société de Promotion et de Participation pour la Coopération Economique REI Reykjavík Energy Invest SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SKM Sinclear Knight Merz TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNU-GTP The United Nations University - Geothermal Training Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development USGS United States Geological Survey USTDA United States Trade and Development Agency WB World Bank

- 8 - 1 Introduction

Geothermal energy is reliable, indigenous, renewable and environmentally friendly. It is expected that countries in the East African Rift Region will be able to develop their geothermal resources, possibly as their sole indigenous energy resource and most definitely to provide base load in electricity supply mixes (e.g. with hydro and solar power). For this reason, and for general economic development, it is of importance to support geothermal power production. In this report, previous geothermal efforts in East Africa are briefly reviewed while simultaneously accounting for institutions and companies that have proven to be qualified for success in bringing geothermal energy to utilization. A list is presented of international companies, countries and institutions that support and/or work on geothermal exploration and development in Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia (additional countries are included as required in a dedicated database, outlined below). The contribution and previous efforts of these institutions and companies are evaluated with the purpose of identifying potentially fruitful development funding opportunities. Information for this report was gathered from several local resources and contacts working on geothermal development. Country geothermal updates from the latest World Geothermal Congress, held in Bali in 2010, were used together with more recent information from several institutions and companies both directly and via websites. The objective and purpose of this report is to provide an overview of funded geothermal projects in East Africa and the funding agencies along with a list of companies that have performed geothermal work in that region.

2 Geothermal projects in East Africa, their funding agencies and work participants

In East African countries, geothermal resource exploration studies started several decades ago. These studies took place under various geothermal projects. The projects were supported by a number of national, regional and international development funding agencies.

2.1 Development funding agencies Geothermal has been supported by a number of European, Japanese and USA national funds, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund managed by the European Investment Bank (EIB), the European Development Finance Institutions (EDFI), Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), KfW Bankengruppe (primarily through the Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH (DEG)), the Emerging Africa Infrastructure Fund, African Development Fund (ADF), OPEC, USAID, the

- 9 - International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB, including the Nordic Development Fund (NDF), the Nordic Environment Finance Corporation (NEFCO) and the Nordic Project Fund (NOPEF)), and finally the World Bank (WB, split into two funds, the International Development Association (IDA) and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and contributing to additional funding instruments such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC)). The additional national funds include: Africa: The African Development Bank (AfDB) France: Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, de la Coopération has supported research and development in Djibouti, Rwanda and Ethiopia while the French Agency for Development (AFD), which is a main stakeholder in Société de Promotion et de Participation pour la Coopération Economique (PROPARCO) that has participated in geothermal development in Kenya. Germany: Kreditanstalt Für Wiederaufbau (KfW) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ, that combined former DED1, GTZ2 and Inwent3 in 2011). Japan: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). Iceland: Icelandic International Development Agency (ICEIDA). Sweden: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). United Kingdom: Overseas Development Administration. United States Trade and Development Agency (USTDA)

2.2 Project list and funding agencies Detailed list of geothermal projects in East African countries and related funding agencies are depicted below in Table 1.

1 Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst 2 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit 3 Capacity Building International, Germany

- 10 - Table 1. A list of geothermal related projects and their funding agencies.

Companies and Detail on institutions Project funding Funding Country Project name geothermal Activity involved in support (million agencies activity geothermal US$) development

Malawi IDA Energy Project No direct activity 14-Mar-1989 ESCOM 46.7 (P001635) to 28-Feb- 1996

Tanzania SIDA 50 hot springs 1976-1979 Sweco, Virkir sampled. Studies in Lake Natron, Manyara, Utete, Mbeya and Musoma

UNDP Studies in south 1983 Mbeya

Water-rock Hydrogeology, 1986-1988 University of Oslo, interactions in geochemistry (incl. Norway the Rukwa- geothermometry) Nyasa Basin of in Rukwa-Nyasa the East African Rift System

AfDB, Tanzanian Rural Supporting 2004-2005 DECON4 and implemented Electrification geothermal Sweco by TANESCO Study (TRES) development in e.g. Lake Natron, Manyara and Mbeya (Songwe Kasumolo, Mampulo)

BMZ with BGR GEOTHERM Field surveys, 2006-2012 BGR, MEM5, GST6 management geological, geochemical and geophysical (TEM/MT/VES) in Songwe within Mbeya in the first phase and shallow drilling support expected

KfW/AUC, Geothermal Risk Risk Mitigation 2011-2015 AUC, private, and 20 M€ committed BMZ, EU-ITF Mitigation Scheme for public developers, by the German Facility exploration drilling PPP Government in eastern Africa through BMZ and 30 M€ expected from EU-ITF (total is 50 M€)

4 Deutsche Energie-Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH 5 Ministry of Energy and Minerals of Tanzania 6 Geological Survey of Tanzania

- 11 - Burundi UNDP Geology and 1968 mapping of geothermal sites

UNDP Les sources Geology, 1972 Universities of thermo- geochemistry Antwerpen and minérales au Bujumbura Burundi

Belgian Etude des eaux Hydrology, 1981 CEBEDEAU government thermominerales geochemistry du Burundi

ICEIDA Geothermal Geology, chemical 1982 NEA7 resources of sampling and Burundi thermometry

Rwanda BRGM Reconnaissance Geothermal 1983 BRGM Géothermique Reconnaissance de la République project with du Rwanda volcanologic and hydrogeological studies

Chevron Preliminary Assessment of 2006 Chevron Assessment of Rwanda’s Rwanda’s geothermal Geothermal potential and Energy electricity market, Development and how best to Potential explore and develop its geothermal resources.

Rwanda Geothermal Surface 2008-2010 KenGen 0.25 Government feasibility studies exploration and in Rwanda consultancy

GEF and Sustainable Only general 15-Oct-2009 Electrogaz 4.5 (8.3 is total ESMAP (both Energy comments to 31-Jan- cost). No specific are WB Development 2014 attention to instruments) Project geothermal (P097818)

BMZ with BGR GEOTHERM Structural geology, 2007-2009 BGR, KenGen, management TEM/MT and MININFRA, ÍSOR geochemistry

Uganda IBRD/IDA Power Project Feasibility studies 13-Jun-1991 125 (335 was (P002929) in the western rift to 31-Dec- total cost) valley 2001

UNDP, Geothermal Geochemistry and 1993 DGSM8, NEA OPEC: 0.09 Government of Exploration geology in Kibiro Iceland, OPEC UGA/92/002 & UGA/92/E01

7 National Energy Authority, Iceland 8 Department of Geological Survey and Mines, Uganda

- 12 - Uganda IAEA Isotope Hydrological 1999-2003 DGSM Hydrology for studies in Kibiro and 2005- Exploring and Katwe 2007 Geothermal Resources UGA/8/003 and Phase II UGA/8/005

ICEIDA, ADF Support to TEM, gravity and 2004-2005 MEMD 0.26 geothermal magnetic survey development completion in UGA/04/02 Katwe, Buranga and Kibiro

WB, ICEIDA Exploration wells Drilling of 4-8” 2006 Sumadhura gradient wells in Drilling, DGSM, Kibiro and Katwe ÍSOR

BMZ with BGR GEOTHERM Detailed surface 2004- BGR, MEMD management analysis of the Buranga geothermal prospect, West- Uganda

Kenya EIB, French Electricity Add 280 MW in 27-May-2010 Government of 389 (28% of total Agency for Expansion Naivasha (Olkaria to 30-Sept- Kenya, GDC9, cost) 73% of total Development, (P103037) I&IV) 2016 KenGen10 cost is on IBRD/IDA, KfW, geothermal JICA development

IDA/AFD Energy Sector Compensate price 2009- KenGen IDA: 5 M$ Recovery Project escalation of AFD: 20 M$ Additional Olkaria II 3rd Financing geothermal generating unit

IBRD/IDA Emergency Helped in 26-Oct-2000 Government of 54 Power Supply financing Olkaria II to 31-Dec- Kenya, KenGen, Project 2001 KPLC11 (P071196)

IBRD/IDA Geothermal 33 wells drilled in 22-Dec-1988 Government of 40.7 (total cost Development Olkaria North East, to 30-Apr- Kenya, KPC (now came to 71) and Energy providing available 1996 KPLC) Preinvestment 64 MW Project (P001314)

IBRD/IDA Geothermal Drilling operations 29-May-1984 KPC (now KPLC) 24.5 Exploration in Olkaria field and to 31-Dec- Project Eburru 1989 (P001290)

9 Geothermal Development Company 10 Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd. 11 Kenya Power and Lighting Company

- 13 - Kenya IBRD/IDA Olkaria Resulted in 22-Jan-1980 KPC (now KPLC) 61, delivered in Geothermal installed 45 MW to 31-Dec- three payments in

Power Project geothermal power 1985 1978-1983 (P001275) in Olkaria

IBRD/IDA Olkaria 08-Feb-1983 Geothermal to 31-Mar- Power Expansion 1986 Project (P001287)

UNEP/GEF Joint Locating fracture 2002-2006 0.979 Geophysical zones (PhD work Imaging of Stephen Methodology for Onacha) Geothermal Reservoir Assessment

JICA Eburru, -1985 JICA exploration

UNDP Exploration for Surface 1983-1988 DTCD Geotermica 0.945 Geothermal exploration Italiana, Ministry Energy. Project (geology, of Energy KEN/82/002 geochemistry and preparation for geophysics) in Suswa, Longonot (incl. Olkaria/Domes, Meengai and Bogoria

ODA Geological, 1985-1988 MoE, ODA, BGS12 volcanological and hydrological controls on occurrence of geothermal activity in the area surrounding Lake Naivasha, Kenya

ODA The geothermal 1988-1992 MoE, ODA, BGS activity and geology of the northern sector of the Kenyan Rift

BGS Exploration for Surface 1985-1988 BGS Geothermal exploration in and 1988- Energy Olkaria, 1995? Hydrological studies over the whole country and surface exploration in Silali, Paka , Korosi and Emuruangogolak

12 British Geological Survey

- 14 - Kenya BMZ with BGR GEOTHERM Thermal imaging 2004-2006 KenGen, BGR management in Menengai

BMZ with KfW Olkaria II Financing of 2000-2005 KenGen 12,78 M€ management power plant Status: completed

BMZ with KfW Olkaria IV Financing of 2003-2011 GDC 11,62 M€ management steamfield Status: ongoing development wells and a transaction adviser

BMZ with KfW Olkaria I&IV Co-Financing of 2010-2014 KenGen, AFD, EIB, 60 M€ management the power plant World Bank, `JICA Financial closure expected in 1st quarter 2011

GEF with IFC Ormat Olkaria III Risk mitigation 2001 Ormat 5 management Geothermal during Power development Development phase

KfW and DEG Olkaria III Co- financing of 2008-2009 IPP ORPOWER 4 40 the Power plant, Consortium of DEG as lead public and private arranger financiers.

Ethiopia UNDP Investigations of Geology, 1973 geothermal geochemistry and resources for hydrology of hot power springs development

IDA/ EIB/ Energy Access Aluto Langano, 4 Active until EEPCo13, GSE14 245, of which ca. Japan national Project, with new wells and well 2013 drill rig 10 in geothermal fund/ OPEC Additional testing (35 MW development Financing potential)

IDA Energy Project Strengthening Closed in 62 institutions, no 1995 specific geothermal involvement

IDA Petroleum Most promising Closed in EIGS15 7 Exploration geothermal areas 1991 Promotion and identified and Geothermal geophysical Reconnaissance instruments Project acquired

13 Ethiopia Electric Power Corporation 14 Geological Survey of Ethiopia 15 Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys

- 15 - Ethiopia USTDA Aluto Langano Aluto Langano 2004 0.04 Geothermal Plant Plant rehabilitation technical assitance

USTDA Feasibility Feasibility study 2007-2008 Energy Market studies of the and technical Group, Intratech Tendaho assistance with Inc geothermal field tender process.

IAEA Groundwater Technical 2001-2007 GSE, Ethiopian Part of EGRAP16 and Geothermal Cooperation Ministry of Water funding of IAEA Resource Project on and Energy and projects ETH/8 Exploration in applying isotope Addis Ababa 006/08 and /10 the Ethiopian techniques in University (co-funded by Rift Valley and hydrology WB, Government Adjacent Areas (groundwater and of Netherlands, ETH/8/007 geothermal) DFID17 and UNICEF18)

BMZ with BGR GEOTHERM Geo-scientific 2006-2012 GSE, BGR management Exploration for Development of the Tendaho Geothermal System (TEM/MT)

Djibouti UNDP Djibouti Resistivity survey 1988 ISERST19, OS-JHD Geothermal in the Asal Rift Project

UNDP/WB/ Djibouti Cofunding of the 1986 UNDP: 1 M$ AfDB/OPEC/ Geothermal “Geothermal WB/AfDB/ Italian Project Exploration OPEC/It.gov.: 15.5 government (Exploration and Project” described M$ Development) below

IBRD/IDA Geothermal 1984-1988 Exploration Project (P000609)

IBRD/IDA Geothermal Scaling studies, 1989-1992 EDD, Virkir-Orkint, 9.2 Development drilling (5 wells) , ENEL-UNG and Project steam field ISERST supervision (P000612) development, power plant and transmission lines

UNDP/GEF Assal 1999 0.287 Geothermal Exploration (DJI/99/G41)

16 Ethiopian Ground Water Resources Assessment Programme 17 UK aid: The Department for International Development 18 United Nations Children’s Fund 19 Institut Supérieur d'Etudes et de Recherches Scientifiques et Techniques (Djibouti)

- 16 - Eritrea USAID A Geological and 1995-1997 USGS, MEMWR Geochemical Reconnaissance of the Alid Volcanic Center, Eritrea, East Africa

ICEIDA Resistivity survey Indication of a 2008 ÍSOR, GSE20 in Alid southwest to geothermal area, northeast oriented Eritrea geothermal source

BMZ with BGR GEOTHERM Two scientists sent 2004 UNU-GTP management to UNU-GTP for training

Mozambique

Zambia MAE21 Zambian-Italian Two binary power 1984-1988 Turboden, GSDZ 2 Geothermal 100 kW units from Project Turboden installed

ARGeo GEF, African Rift Support ARGeo Started in 17.75 from GEF countries implemented Geothermal countries to 2003 but was (WB managing 13 (Eritrea, by WB and Development implement 5 year and UNEP 4.75), Ethiopia, UNEP Facility geothermal funded by from 2007 Djibouti, (P100203) projects for GEF in 2007. 7.9 co-financing Kenya, electricity Country

Tanzania and production. commitment 3.96 (in-kind from Uganda) in 2009. 2009) (total is 29.61)

GEOTHERM BMZ, managed GEOTHERM Reconnaissance First phase BGR and Phase I: 3.18 M€. supported by BGR phase I and and surface 2003-2009 institutions in the Phase II: 3.07 M€ countries phase II studies in Ethiopia and second different countries (Ethiopia, (Tendaho), , phase 2009- (listed in more (total is 6.25 M€) Rwanda, Rwanda (Virunga), 2013 detail above) Tanzania, Tanzania (Mbeya) Uganda) and Uganda (Buranga)

2.3 International projects The following chapters list a number of international projects that are being implemented in the Eastern Africa countries with a view to accelerate development of geothermal energy resources in the region. These include: (i) ARGeo; (ii) AUC/KfW GRMF; (iii) UNU-GTP; (iv) BGR –GEOTHERM and (v) ICS-UNIDO.

2.3.1 ARGeo Funding of geothermal work in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda are meant to be directed through the African Rift Geothermal Development Facility (ARGeo), supported by GEF (implemented by WB and UNEP), ICEIDA, IAEA and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) – the latter funding is handled by BGR. The programme has two components ready for

20 Geological Survey of Eritrea 21 Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

- 17 - implementation: a) The Risk Mitigation Fund and b) Regional Networking and Technical Assistance (these two components are listed and clarified in Table 2). BGR supports ARGeo through the GEOTHERM project and ICEIDA through projects in Eritrea (Alid) and Uganda (Katwe, Buranga and Kibiro). Since ARGeo’s initiation in 2003 the hopes to make an impact in geothermal exploitation culminated in the exploration work carried out in the Assal geothermal prospect in Djibouti, which then could not be financed further by REI in the development phase. Currently (in January 2011), the situation in Djibouti is being revised and decisions from WB are to be expected soon. ARGeo has estimated that the East African Rift Valley geothermal exploitable power could be in the range up to and even exceed 15 GW with the largest identified sources in Kenya.

Table 2. The joint implementation between WB and UNEP. WB UNEP -Technical Assistance (Cap. Building, Surface -Investments & Technical Assistance Exploration) -Risk Mitigation Fund -Regional Network -Supported by IGA22 -Supported by UNEP/DTIE23 GEF 13,000,000 USD GEF 4,750,000 USD

The ARGeo funding support, as presented by Peerke de Bakker from UNEP/DGEF24 at the Geothermal Stakeholder’s Workshop in March 15–17 2010:

Table 3. ‘In-kind’ contributions to ARGeo, as explained below. ARGeo countries USD Djibouti 250,000 Ethiopia 1,400,000 (RMF component) + 250,000 Eritrea 250,000 Kenya 1,000,000 Tanzania 60,000 Uganda 1,000,000 Total 3,960,000

All of the funding above has been termed ‘in-kind’, which is taken to mean that these countries will commit their existing budgets as well as human and material resources to support ARGeo in their respective countries, up to the ‘in-kind’ amount. The commitment’s initiation was in 2009 and is valid from that time onwards.

22 International Geothermal Association 23 UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and Economics 24 UNEP Division of Global Environment Facility Coordination

- 18 - Table 4. Other co-financing to ARGeo.

Other Co-Financing entities USD

ICEIDA (Iceland) 1,581,000 (Eritrea and Uganda exploration)

BGR (Germany) 1,800,000 (Technical Assistance)

IAEA 316,100 (Environmental Impact Analysis)

UNEP/DTIE25 250,000 (Project Management)

Total 3,947,000

Johnathan Duwyn from UNEP is the current program officer of ARGeo, located in France. The ARGeo project manager is Dr Meseret Teklemariam, located from 1st of May 2011 in Nairobi.

2.3.2 Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility GRMF: The German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), through the German Development Bank (kfW), initiated the “Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility for Eastern Africa” with work base in Addis Ababa to overcome the challenges and mitigate the risks to develop geothermal resources in Eastern Africa countries by providing grants. The African Union Commission (AUC) is hosting, managing and administering this Facility. The objective of the Facility is to encourage public and private sector investors to accelerate the development of geothermal resources of the East African countries for power generation by providing grants for surface exploration and drilling. The Facility’s vision is to support all the East Africa Rift System countries. However, initially the Facility is focusing on geothermal prospects in Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Rwanda. The GRMF builds on technical assistance projects, training measures and surface studies carried out by ÍSOR, BGR the UNU-GTP and ARGeo. Private entities, or public organisations and public-private partnerships (PPP) will be eligible to apply for the Facility. They will receive pre-application training. Projects will be selected in a transparent process according to pre-defined selection criteria. The GRMF will evaluate the proposed projects, taking into account available geoscientific evidence, environmental issues as well as technical and financial capability of the applicant. Funding of GRMF’s projects are secured by the German government with 20 M€ and another 30 M€ have been applied to the EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund. This new Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility is meant to mitigate the financial risk involved with first drilling in a selected geothermal area, by providing grant contributions for up to two wells in each site. A novelty in this new German-European risk mitigation

25 Division of Technology, Industry and Economics

- 19 - fund is the inherent reward mechanism, where successful drilling can lead to further funding to aid in the power production process. The management position of GRMF will be advertised in early 2011.

2.3.3 UNU-GTP UNU-GTP: The United Nations Geothermal Training Programme has supported geothermal training of a total of 117 fellows in 31 years from all the East African nations discussed in this report apart from Malawi and Mozambique, as detailed in Table 5 below provided by Lúdvík S. Georgsson, the Deputy Director of UNU-GTP.

Table 5. East African Fellows of the UNU Geothermal Training Programme in Iceland over the period of 1979–2010.

geology

Borehole Borehole

Geological Geological

exploration

Country Geophysical exploration Borehole geophysics Reservoir engineering of Chemistry therm. Environmental studies Geothermal utilization Drilling technology Total Burundi 1 1 Djibouti 2 2 1 1 6 Eritrea 2 2 1 2 7 Ethiopia 3 5 1 5 4 1 6 2 27 Kenya 1 6 11 7 9 9 3 7 53 Rwanda 1 1 1 1 4 Tanzania 3 1 1 5 Uganda 4 1 2 1 4 1 13 Zambia 1 1 Total 12 12 22 1 17 21 11 12 9 117

Almost half of the trainees come from Kenya with Ethiopia in second place. All these countries continue to be interested in sending more students to the Geothermal Training Program, with a large increase expected from Kenya over the next few years. Most of the Fellowships given by the UNU-GTP are funded through the Icelandic Government and the support given through training of the Fellows listed in Table 2 is an addition to the ARGeo support already accounted for. Over all years 2003–2010 the support of the UNU-GTP to the region through UNU Fellowships for 6 months training in Iceland, MSc and PhD Fellowships and the UN Millennium Development Goals Short Courses can be estimated to be close to 4 M$.

2.3.4 GEOTHERM GEOTHERM: The BMZ/KfW funded GEOTHERM project is now in its second phase, after reconnaissance studies by BGR in the first phase (2003–2009), worth 3.18 M€. The studies already conducted include geochemical and geophysical surface exploration in Ethiopia (Tendaho), Rwanda (Virunga), Tanzania (Mbeya) and Uganda (Buranga).

- 20 - Within the current second phase, active until the end of 2012 and valued at 3.07 M€, GEOTHERM will be focusing on providing incentives for private and public investors, primarily in the countries with bilateral agreements with Germany. The East African countries with a bilateral agreement with Germany are currently Ethiopia and Tanzania. The management of GEOTHERM’s phase I was handled by Katrin Kessels and Marietta Sander who is currently taking over the IGA26 secretariat. The advertised management position has a closing date of March 24th, 2011.

2.3.5 ICS-UNIDO ICS-UNIDO (International Centre for Science and High Technology – United Nations Industrial Development Organization) started a geothermal initiative through the African Union Commission in 2008 with a view to assist developing countries in capacity building of geothermal resource and exploration activities. The activity includes: (i) in-house research and training programme; (ii) Networking Center of Excellence; (iii) Organizations of conferences, workshops and training course; and (iv) E-learning where all scientific events are recorded and distributed to all over the world. In this context, the ICS-UNIDO organized a series of conferences and workshops with a view to create awareness, and share ideas and experiences with various geothermal experts of the world. These included: (i) Organization of the Decision Makers workshop on Geothermal Energy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in collaboration with the AUC, BGR, IGA and the Ethiopian Government. At the workshop, a Declaration on Geothermal Energy was signed by Ministers of Energy from Burundi, Comoros Union, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia on June 10th, 2009 in Addis Ababa.

(ii) School on Geothermics training programme in collaboration with the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, Italy, October- November 2009. This training program was set up at ICS-UNIDO’s AREA Science Park in Trieste in collaboration with the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) and an ‘in-kind’ contribution was dedicated to geothermal teaching, valued at around 1.13 M$. Around 60 participants27 attended the training program at the Conference Hall in the ICTP facility on October-November 2009, receiving geothermal education from high-level educators in geothermal techniques and science, from exploration through drilling and legal framework, ending in a site visit to the Larderello geothermal field.

26 International Geothermal Association 27 17 participants were from the East African nations of Burundi, Comoros, DRC, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania.

- 21 - Activity in ICS-UNIDO was on hold for almost a year. Nevertheless, ICS-UNIDO restarted its program recently by organizing a one day geothermal meeting, in collaboration with UNIDO, in Trieste, Italy, April 8, 2011. The meeting was organized with a view to continue developing the initiated Regional geothermal project (according to the Addis Ababa Declaration mentioned above) and submit an application to EU for financial support. The workshop was linked to a study tour in the framework of Africa-Mexico Cooperation Programme on geothermal area for productive uses. The study tour was organized by UNIDO.

2.3.6 African Union Commission AUC: After the initiative together with ICS-UNIDO, described above, the African Union Commission has continued to work on geothermal energy issues through their Infrastructure and Energy Department with the concept of establishing an integrated Regional Geothermal Development Program. Two workshops have been held and organized by AUC to promote that concept, the first one on 15–17 March 2010 in Nairobi, Kenya and the second one on 7–11 December 2010 in Kigali, Rwanda. The meeting in Nairobi focused coordination and harmonization of various geothermal support programmes in the region with a view to create synergy and comple- mentarities, while the second meeting provided recommendations on the way forward. On both occasions, the importance of regional initiatives in contact with a geothermal coordination unit under the umbrella of AUC was emphasised. The eleven countries included as geothermal nations within the rift system28 are Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. After these meetings, the main recommendation on the way forward, after receiving input from funding institutions and eleven country representatives included emphasis on collaboration between countries to achieve maximum efficiency, while providing geothermal education at universities and make the necessary regulatory changes in each country, mostly to attract private capital. A regional database management system for data collection and analysis was proposed. The first step in the collaborative effort is the establishment of a Geothermal Coordination Unit (GCU) under the umbrella of AUC. This unit can be expected to interact with the Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility. AUC intends to continue support to geothermal development by a continued recruitment of a geothermal consultant, who has to date been Meseret Teklemariam (to be assigned to ARGeo project management in Nairobi, as stated above). Support amount summary Iceland’s support to geothermal work, both for training and reconnaissance amounts to over 5.5 M$29 since the year 2003, which marks the pipe-line entry of ARGeo. The German support through GEOTHERM is around 4 M$ over the same period.

28 An acronym for this area is sometimes EARS=East African Rift System 29 Around 1.5 M$ spent on exploration in Eritrea and Uganda. Around 4 M$ spent through UNU-GTP and millennium courses.

- 22 - 2.4 Companies and institutions with activity in East Africa Below is a list of international companies, countries and institutions that are supporting geothermal exploration and development in selected African countries. The nature of their support and support outcome is indicated.

Table 6. List of companies and institutions involved in geothermal development in selected East African countries.

Geothermal work Company/institution Work base Geothermal site experience performed in EA country

11 East Identifying development gaps and strategy African building of the African geothermal African Union Commission (AUC) Ethiopia countries in resource. A Road Map and Action Plan ARGeo adopted to accelerate development.

Ministry of Energy and Natural Djibouti Djibouti Administration Resources

Electricity of Djibouti (EDD) Djibouti Djibouti Power producer and distributor.

Centre d’Etude et de Recherche Djibouti geothermal expertise since former Djibouti Djibouti de Djibouti (CERD) ISERST since the 1970-ies.

Djibouti, Hydrological studies, including fluid Ethiopia, Aquater (ENI Group) Italy performance and well testing. Mozam- Geothermometry in Mozambique. bique

Providing engineering expertise and CFG Services France Djibouti analysis of existing data.

Scaling and corrosion study in Asal. Djibouti, Virkir Orkint Consulting Group Iceland Renewed reservoir model in Olkaria Kenya (Kenya).

National Energy Authority (NEA) Iceland Djibouti TEM resistivity survey in Asal.

Former license owner in Asal and funding Reykjavík Energy Invest (REI) Iceland Djibouti TEM/MT measurements in Asal.

Joint venture with the Djibouti Ministry of Earth Heat Resources Australia Djibouti Energy and EDD to develop the Fiale field up to 150 MW.

Collaborating with REI on application to Sithe Global USA Djibouti geothermal development in Asal.

Centre National du la Recherche Geological, geochemical and geophysical France Djibouti Scientifique (CNRS) surveys.

Geophysical interpretation and feasibility Enel Italy Djibouti studies

- 23 - Ministry of Energy, Mines and Eritrea Eritrea Overseeing geothermal activities. Water Resources (MEMWR)

Geological Survey of Eritrea (GSE) Eritrea Eritrea Surveys in Alid, in collaboration with ÍSOR.

US Geological Survey (USGS) USA Eritrea Geological and geochemical studies in Alid.

Assessment of geothermal resources in southern Afar. ELC Electroconsult S.p.A. Italy Ethiopia Feasibility study in the Aluto-Langano geothermal Field.

Geological Survey of Ethiopia Collect and analyse geothermal data and Ethiopia Ethiopia (GSE) manage geothermal projects.

Aluto Langano power plant and Ethiopian Electric Corporation distribution. Ethiopia Ethiopia (EEPCo) Expansion of the Aluto-Langano geothermal field in collaboration with GSE.

Issue licenses, approve power purchase Ethiopian Energy Agency Ethiopia Ethiopia agreements and recommend feed in tariffs.

Ministry of Mines/Mining works Provides licenses for geothermal resource Ethiopia Ethiopia Department prospection and exploration (concessions).

Geothermal Exploration and development Reykjavik Geothermal P.L.C Iceland Ethiopia in Corbetti and Abaya geothermal prospect areas

Feasibility study in Tendaho (Dubti) Energy Market Group USA Ethiopia geothermal field

Expansion of Aluto Langano generation to Ethiopia, WestJec Japan 35 MW. Kenya Studies in Olkaria.

Aluto Langano, rehabilitation of Ormat’s 4 MW binary installation. Ethiopia, Geothermal Development Wellhead installation for Oserian. USA Kenya, Associates (GDA) Feasibility study in the Assal Geothermal Djibouti field.

Civil engineering company working with Howard Humphreys Kenya Kenya SKM in supervision of Olkaria II and Olkaria IV and Olkaria units 4 and 5.

Main engineering contractor involved with Kingston Morrison New Zealand Kenya the Olkaria II power plant. Later merged into SKM.

Involved in environmental and social Gibb Africa Ltd. Kenya Kenya impact studies (resettlement) at Olkaria IV for KenGen.

- 24 - All Kenyan energy project regulation and Ministry of Energy (Kenya) Kenya Kenya financing exploration.

WalAm inc. Kenya Suswa exploration drilling in 2011.

Current Longonot exploration drilling. Will African Geothermal International Kenya drill and operate steam field including Ltd (AGIL) power station operation.

Overall engineering and project management during the final phases of Australia, Olkaria II development in 1998, then New Olkaria I steam field expansion and Olkaria Zealand, Kenya IV (Domes) new development. Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) Malaysia, UK, Regional Design of the AUC/KfW GRMF, contracted Singapore, by KfW. Chile

Olkaria I, II and IV. Exploration, field Kenya development, drilling and power station operation. Rwanda KenGen Kenya Surface exploration and feasibility studies Comoros in Rwanda and Comoros. Zambia Assistance with the refurbishing concept at Kapisya, Zambia.

Drilling in Olkaria I steam field. Menengai exploration drilling in 2011 and several other prospects. Steam owner and sale of Kenya steam to future power companies. Geothermal Development Possible operator of well head generators Kenya Malawi Company (GDC) (see Green Energy Group). Rwanda Reconnaissance studies in Malawi. Tailor made geothermal trainings for scientists and engineers from Rwanda.

Oserian Development Company Green house heating and power for rose Kenya Kenya Ltd. (ODCL) production, 4 MW.

Kenya Power and Lighting Kenya Kenya Power transmission and retailing. Company (KPLC)

Consulting services in geothermal exploration and development and Geosteam Services Ltd. Kenya Kenya materials supply. Mainly working in conjunction with others.

Ketraco Kenya Kenya Transmission line owner

Norway, Green Energy Group Iceland, Kenya Installation of wellhead units in Olkaria. India

- 25 - Naivasha, Olkaria III 55 MW, plans to add Orpower (Ormat Technologies) USA/ Israel Kenya 50 MW. Drilling and power station operator.

Great Wall Drilling Company 3 rigs in operation in Olkaria I&IV, with 6 China Kenya (GWDC) wells already drilled since June 2007.

Marine Power Generation Kenya Kenya License area between Longonot and Suswa

Longonot and Suswa geo-volcanological studies important for geothermal Kenya exploration. Geotermica Italiana Srl. Italy Ethiopia Geothermal exploration studies in the Southern Afar geothermal prospect Areas, Ethiopia, in the 1980’s.

Geothermal and volcanological studies in areas surrounding Lake Naivasha and the British Geological Survey (BGS) Britain Kenya northern sector of the Kenyan Rift. Surface exploration in Olkaria, Silali, Paka, Korosi and Emuruangogolak.

Kenya, Research and prospect evaluation in Uganda, Uganda (Kibiro), Djibouti (Asal) and Eritrea ÍSOR (Íslenskar orkurannsóknir) Iceland Djibouti, (Alid). Geothermal courses in Kenya (UNU- Eritrea GTP funded).

The United Nations University - Kenya, Geothermal courses in Kenya and other Geothermal Training Programme Iceland Regional African countries. (UNU-GTP) Financing of exploration in Uganda (Kibiro) and a resistivity survey in Eritrea (Alid). Also financing of an inventory in the ARGeo countries on human capacity and Icelandic International Uganda, Iceland equipment ownership and needs for Development Agency (ICEIDA) Eritrea geothermal exploration. Supports other East African countries through training and organization of regional workshops (ARGeo). Geological Survey Department Malawi Malawi Mapping of geothermal springs in Malawi. (GSD)

University of Malawi, Participation in the “Lake Malawi Drilling Department of Geography and Malawi Malawi Project” sponsored by ICDP30. Earth Sciences

Malawi Energy Regulatory Malawi Malawi Energy regulator, established in 2008. Authority (MERA)

Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi Malawi Electric power distributor. Malawi (ESCOM)

30 International Continental Scientific Drilling Program

- 26 - Ministry of Infrastructure Rwanda Rwanda Overseeing geothermal activities. (MININFRA)

Geology and Mines Authority Rwanda Rwanda Collaborating in GEOTHERM project. (OGMR)

Rwanda, Djibouti, Western and southern part of Rwanda. Burundi, Geological and tectonic mapping of BRGM France Ethiopia, Djibouti with gravity and aeromagnetic Mozam- studies. Geothermometry in Mozambique. bique

Chevron Rwanda Gisenyi and Mashyuza in Rwanda

Seismic surveys in the Buranga field in Uganda, TEM/MT and geochemistry in Tanzania, northern part of Rwanda and Tendaho in BGR – Bundesanstalt für Uganda, Ethiopia. Mbeya in Tanzania. Geowissenschaften und Germany Rwanda, Rohstoffe Ethiopia, Supports other East African countries and Regional involved in the organization of Regional Geothermal Conferences/workshops, e.g. ARGeo-C1, C2, C3 etc..

Tanzania, Funding studies conducted by BGR within Uganda, Federal Ministry for Economic GEOTHERM. Cooperation and Development Germany Rwanda, (BMZ) Ethiopia Source of the 20 M€ funding for AUC/KfW GRMF. Kenya

Ministry of Energy and Minerals Collaboration with GST and BGR on Mbeya Tanzania Tanzania in Tanzania (MEM) studies.

Reconnaissance studies of geothermal Tanzania, Virkir Iceland prospects in Tanzania. Conceptual Kenya reservoir model of Olkaria (Kenya).

Geological Survey of Tanzania Collaboration with GST and BGR on Mbeya Tanzania Tanzania (GST) studies.

First Energy Company Ltd. Tanzania Tanzania Studies on their prospect area Luhoi/Rufiji.

Tanzania Electric Supply Potential power provider from Songwe Tanzania Tanzania Company (TANESCO) river (Mbeya area).

Reconnaissance studies of geothermal Sweco Sweden Tanzania prospects in Tanzania.

Department of Geological Survey Studies at Kibiro, Katwe and Buranga Uganda Uganda and Mines (DGSM) geothermal fields.

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Studies at Kibiro, Katwe and Buranga Uganda Uganda Development (MEMD) geothermal prospects.

Power generation and transmission with Zesco Limited Zambia Zambia interests in geothermal development at Kapisya.

- 27 - Geological Survey Department of Conducts standard geological surveys and Zambia Zambia Zambia (GSDZ) manages geothermal licenses.

Manufactured and installed a binary Turboden Italy Zambia power station in Kapisya.

CEBEDEAU Belgium Burundi Geological and geochemical studies.

Aquater (ENI Group): Aquater conducted several important hydrological studies in Djibouti and Ethiopia. Aquater has been incorporated into the environmental department of ENI Group S.p.A., which is an Italian company specialising in providing service to oil and gas companies. Their work in Africa has been funded by the Italian government but also World Bank and UNDP. http://www.eni.com/ BGR: The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) is based in Hannover, providing advice to the German government on all geo-relevant issues and is subordinate to the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. It advises, instructs and supports the federal ministries and their subordinate authorities, the institutions of the EU and the private sector on issues relating to the extractive industries, applied geosciences, and environmental and resource protection. Other key tasks of the BGR are representing Germany on international geosciences committees, and task-related research and development work in the field of applied geosciences. http://www.bgr.bund.de BRGM (Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières): France’s leading public institution in earth science applications for the management of surface and subsurface resources and risks. BRGM has geothermal experience in several African countries, with much work done on geothermometry. Their research in Djibouti, Rwanda and Ethiopia was funded by the French government through Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, de la Coopération. http://www.brgm.fr British Geological Survey (BGS): The United Kingdom’s premier provider of geoscientific data with extensive geothermal research conducted in Kenya. Several related studies in other East African countries. http://www.bgs.ac.uk CEBEDEAU (Centre d’expertise en traitement et gestion de l’eau): An organization, currently independent, specializing in providing scientific studies on water and consulting on water treatment. CEBEDEAU has participated in many development projects, including geothermal studies in Burundi. http://www.cebedeau.be/ CERD (Centre d’Etude et de Recherche de Djibouti): A public administrative agency linked to the Presidency of the Republic of Djibouti. CERD is responsible for five research institutions conducting the sciences of life, earth, sociology, languages and new technology. The current general director of CERD is Dr. Jalludin Mohamed who was the main organiser of the Third African Rift Geothermal Conference (ARGeo-C3) in Djibouti, 2010. http://www.cerd.dj/ Centre National du la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS): The French national centre for scientific research and the largest basic research organisation in Europe is controlled by the French Ministry of Research and has seven sub-institutions. Geothermal studies

- 28 - have been conducted within several CNRS institutions and laboratories, most recently at Géosciences Montpellier. http://www.cnrs.fr/ CFG Services: An engineering company specialising in geothermal energy, in particular chemical solutions for the geothermal industry. CFG Services is a subsidiary of the French BRGM. http://www.cfgservices.fr/ Chevron: Global power provider and the largest producer of geothermal power in the world, with installed geothermal capacity in Indonesia and Philippines. Chevron conducted geochemical studies in Rwanda (Gisenyi). http://www.chevron.com Earth Heat Resources Ltd: An Australian company registered in Adelaide focussed on acquisition and development of sustainable power. Currently, 150 MW are to be developed in Fiale, Asal area in Djibouti. http://www.earthheat.com.au/ ELC Electroconsult: Hydropower engineering firm and plant designer with experience in other water-based activities, including geothermal installations. Large experience gained in Indonesia. ELC carried out an assessment of geothermal resources in southern Afar and a feasibility study of the Aluto-Langano geothermal field for the Ethiopian Ministry of Mines and Energy. http://www.elc-electroconsult.com/ Electricity of Djibouti (EDD): Provides and distributes electricity in Djibouti. Installed power is 100 MW. EDD has interests in distributing the expected power produced at Asal using the existing 63 kV power transmission line that connects to central Djibouti and power lines leading to Ethiopia. http://www.edd.dj/ Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM): Public utility dedicated to the generation, transmission, distribution and retailing of electric power nationwide. The power supply industry is currently being liberalised and ESCOM is being reformed to accommodate this. http://www.escommw.com/ Enel: Electric power and gas provider with installed capacity of 95 GW in 23 countries from a variety of sources, including nuclear, wind and geothermal. Their Enel Green Power unit operates Europe’s largest geothermal installation in Tuscany, Italy (695 MW). Enel Green Power’s greatest expansion plans are in Chile, but they have also conducted feasibility studies in Djibouti. http://www.enelgreenpower.com/en-GB/ Ethiopian Electric Corporation (EEPCo): A power provider responsible for 1.8 GW electric power production, including construction, generation and transmission. In particular, EEPCo generates electricity from the Aluto Langano geothermal field. http://www.eepco.gov.et/ First Energy Company Limited (FEC): FEC is located in Dar es Salaam and owns the license for detailed geothermal exploration and development of the geothermal prospect Luhoi in the Lower Rufiji Basin in Tanzania. FEC compiled studies, which are mainly based on results and data from petroleum exploration, to assess the prospect. FEC estimated the geothermal potential at Luhoi to be in the order of 100 MW. Geological Survey Department of Zambia (GSDZ): One of the departments of the Republic of Zambia’s Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development. The survey maintains geothermal information and manages mining licenses, including geothermal. http://www.zambiageosurvey.gov.zm/

- 29 - Geological Survey of Eritrea (GSE): Eritrea’s centre of geosciences operated under the Ministry of Energy and Mines. The Alid geothermal area was studied by GSE in collaboration with ÍSOR and previously the geology of that area was studied together with the US Geological Survey. Ermias Yohannes is the current head of GSE, formally a student at UNU-GTP with funding support from BGR within the GEOTHERM project. Geological Survey of Tanzania (GST): A government agency responsible for the acquisition and storage of geoscientific data, including maps with mineral, seismic and energy information. http://www.gst.go.tz/ GeoSteam Services Ltd. provides consultancy services, materials and equipment for geothermal exploration, drilling and development. GeoSteam is owned by Martin Mwangi, formerly at KenGen and with current development interests in East Africa. http://geosteam.web.officelive.com Geothermal Development Associates (GDA): A USA company that completed the rehabilitation of the Aluto plant in Ethiopia, which has been put into operation after several years of shutdown. EEPCo personnel at Aluto Langano were given on-site and off-site (overseas) training in basic geothermal plant operation and maintenance. In addition GDA is finalizing the design & supply of a small (2.4 MW) wellhead generating set for the Eburru site in Kenya. http://www.gdareno.com/ Geothermal Development Company (GDC): GDC is a 100% state owned company that was formed from KenGen and is meant to speed up geothermal development in Kenya and other East African countries by conducting geoscientific studies, performing exploration drilling and provide steam to power plants. GDC currently owns three drill rigs and plans to own more than 10 rigs operating with their own crew. In this way, cost of drilling is expected to be halved when compared to foreign contracted drilling. http://www.gdc.co.ke/ Great Wall Drilling Company (GWDC): A drilling subcontractor owned by CNPC, China’s largest oil and gas producer and supplier. GWDC is currently drilling in Olkaria, Kenya, and training GDC crews. Green Energy Group AS: A company located in Norway (Norwegian and Icelandic ownership) with turbine manufacturing in India. Their KAPS small geothermal power plants is a patented solution that was introduced a few years ago and a contract with Kenya’s KenGen was signed in December 2009 to deliver the first 5 MW KAPS steam flush condensing turbines to KenGen that was installed in January 2011 and is expected to provide power in March/April. Manufacturing of the units is carried out by Hindustan Turbomachinery in India. The indicative price for their turbines, generator, condenser and cooling tower is 1.35 $/W (without well and pipe connections) with a delivery time of 7–9 months from order. http://www.greenenergyas.com/ Howard Humphreys East Africa Ltd.: Engineering firm with offices in Nairobi (Kenya) and Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) providing design and management services in various projects. Geothermal experience has been gained at Olkaria II, designing the geothermal plant configuration and steam field infrastructure for the 64 MW station constructed in 1998–2002. http://www.howardhumphreys.com/

- 30 - KenGen (Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd.): The leading electric power generating company in Kenya, operating geothermal plants in Olkaria I, II and IV with further development taking place in Eburru. http://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php Kingston Morrison: Engineering firm with geothermal specialisation and experience from New Zealand. Kingston Morrison was joined with SKM in 1999. Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority (MERA): Corporate body established to regulate the activities of the energy industry in accordance with Malawi legislations. http://www.meramalawi.mw/ Marine Power Generation Company Ltd: Prospecting between Longonot and Suswa. Contact is Anthony M’barine. http://mpgeneration.com/ Ministry of Energy and Minerals in Tanzania (MEM): MEM sets and monitors implementation of policies, strategies and laws for sustainability of energy and mineral resources to enhance growth and development of the Tanzanian economy. http://www.mem.go.tz/ National Energy Authority (Iceland): A government agency under the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism. Its main responsibilities have been to advise the Government of Iceland on energy issues and related topics, promote energy research and administrate development and exploitation of the energy resources. http://www.nea.is/ Reykjavík Energy Invest (REI): Reykjavík’s Energy’s international geothermal development arm. Funded surface studies in Fiale, Asal region with goals to become the first geothermal power producer in Djibouti, now in collaboration with Sithe Global. http://www.rei.is/ Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) - Have been providing engineering and project management support to KenGen over the past decade or so in the development of Olkaria II project (3x35 MW units - first two units commissioned in 2003 and the third in 2010) and currently with the development of additional 280 MW in Olkaria I & Olkaria IV (Domes area). In Olkaria II (northeast region), SKM is currently designing and supervising the 64 MW power plant expansion and steam engineering. SKM was hired by KfW to develop the operational guidelines of GFMF. http://www.skmconsulting.com/ Sithe Global: An investment company focusing on large scale power generation development through linked companies such as Sithe Energies Inc. and financially backed by the much larger Blackstone Group. http://www.sitheglobal.com/ Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO): A parastatal31 organisation under the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM), responsible for the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power within the Tanzanian Mainland and distributes also to the islands of Unguja and Pemba through the Zanzibar Electricity Corporation (ZECO). http://www.tanesco.co.tz/

31 Parastatal: Normally fully owned by the government.

- 31 - Turboden: An Italian manufacturer of binary turbine units, since 2009 a part of Pratt & Whitney Power Systems (UTC Group). Turboden installed the Kapisya 2x100 kW units in 1988 (Zambia). http://www.turboden.eu/ US Geological Survey (USGS): The largest water, earth and life science and civilian mapping agency in the United States, performing diverse scientific studies of natural phenomena. USGS has studied the geothermal potential of the Alid volcanic center in Eritrea. http://www.usgs.gov/ Virkir Orkint Ltd.: A consulting group that performed geothermal resource assessment in several locations, including a scaling and corrosion study in Asal. Virkir Orkint Ltd. later became Enex Ltd and was formerly called Virkir (which later joined Orkint), e.g. in reconnaissance work in Tanzania. Virkir conducted the first conceptual model of the reservoir in Olkaria, Kenya, in 1976 and provided an update in 1989. Another Olkaria revision was published in 1993 under the name of Virkir Orkint. WestJec: WestJec is currently involved with the planned expansion to 35 MW at Aluto Langano, Ethiopia. http://www.wjec.co.jp/ WestJec: - West Japan Engineering Consultants Inc. provides engineering service to power producers, including environmental impact assessment, geothermal resource survey, architecture and civil, mechanical and electrical engineering. Branches are located in Indonesia, Philippines and Guatemala. WestJec is currently involved with the expansion of generation at Aluto Langano in Ethiopia up to 35 MW, with support funding from JICA, WB and the Ethiopian government. The work involves the initial appraisal of 4–5 exploration wells to be drilled. WestJec has carried out scientific review of existing data and also performed an MT (magnetotelluric) survey and have come to the same conclusion as reached by Electro Consult of Italy (who conducted the feasibility study at the end of the exploration work) in 1986 regarding the reservoir and its potential. http://www.wjec.co.jp/ Zesco: A parastatal company in Zambia specialising in the generation and transmission of power but also involved in communication services and power generation. Zesco has investigated the feasibility of refurbishing the Kapisya geothermal units. http://www.zesco.co.zm/

3 ICEIDA Geothermal Database

ICEIDA asked ÍSOR to construct a database containing the information provided in this report and other relevant East African geothermal information termed to be useful when estimating if the funding provided can be expected to speed up geothermal development. The database also lists available staff and research equipment in the same countries, gathered from existing information extracted on request from ICEIDA and a recent update provided through the African Union Commission (AUC Geothermal Report 2010). The first draft of this database is structured with 16 tables, listed below. The final number of tables and user functions will be decided in collaboration with ICEIDA.

- 32 - COUNTRY Information on countries concerning geothermal development in East Africa. EDITOR List of users/editors and their level of access to the database. EQUIPMENT List of various equipment required or owned/rented on a team basis or country basis. FUNDING Information of project funding and concerning agencies. JOBTITLE List of job titles regarding the geothermal work (job titles of staff in table manpower). LABORATORY List of laboratories. LABTYPE Types of laboratories. MANPOWER List of manpower working at geothermal development in East Africa. MAP List of maps that have been made regarding geothermal work in East Africa. MAPTYPE Types of maps. POWERPLANT List of geothermal powerplants in East Africa. PROGRESS Information of progress of various geothermal projects in East Africa. PROJECT List of geothermal projects in East Africa. SITE List of East African sites concerned in geothermal development. A site can be up to a whole country. TEAM List of companies/institutions/governments taking part in geothermal development in East Africa. TOPIC List of how geothermal work and investigation is categorized (geological ..., geophysical ..., etc.).

Most of the tables are directly or indirectly dependent on the Country table. Those directly depending on Country are: Site, Team, Laboratory, Funding and Editor (for users or editors and their level of database access). When some data has been put in the Country table, it becomes possible to put data into linked tables like Site and Team. After that it will be possible to place data into the Project table, then the Funding table and finally the Progress table. Any single project will have one or more records attached to it in the Funding table, depending on how many countries that particular project is spanning. The Funding table will have the same number of records per project and per country as there are funding agencies involved. The table interconnections are shown graphically in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

- 33 -

Figure 1. A hierarchic table diagram showing the tables along with their relations and primary keys.

- 34 -

Figure 2. A circular table diagram showing the tables along with their relations and primary keys.

Currency type can be standardized either in US dollars or Euros (in SQL32 outputs it will be easy to convert to some desired currency). Those SQL queries can be reused to create outputs in form of text files, Excel files, html files and more. A web interface for data review and input has been designed, allowing easy user access from any location, at different administration levels.

32 SQL=Standard Query Language, used in various interfaces for input/output of databases

- 35 - 4 Project structure and motivation

Geothermal projects are traditionally split into two phases, starting with an exploration stage that contains a reconnaissance study and feasibility studies. The second phase involves exploitation that includes field development and power production (see Figure 3). The funding of projects can follow the same structure and/or split into even more sub- categories, including capacity building, legal framework and regulatory considerations and additional scientific and technical assistance. Given the current available funding schemes in East Africa, it can be suggested to construct a similar diagram for the support phases, as indicated in Figure 4. The first phase would involve capacity building, e.g. by UNU-GTP, in which local expertise is established, possibly while conducting some of the reconnaissance and feasibility studies. A well could then be sited based on the geoscientific evidence and drilled using risk mitigation funding. If the drilling turns out to be successful, private and public power providers can be encouraged to invest in development receiving payments from World Bank instruments, which traditionally support that type of ‘downstream’ exploitation development.

Figure 3. Stages of a complete geothermal project. From OLADE, 1978, Geothermal Explora- tion Methodology: Reconnaissance and Prefeasibility Stages. This image was taken from the most recent ARGeo guidelines.

Capacity building Risk Mitigation Exploitation (utilization) development and exploration GRMF (KfW ICEIDA, GEF, BGR and EU) (World Bank instruments)

Figure 4. A possible funding scheme that fits with the geothermal project stages.

- 36 -

The funding approach outlined here has the main benefit of containing relatively independent phases, where the geothermal project can be planned as usual and receive complementary funding support from various sources to help with the different tasks within the project. The funding institutions could either collaborate or communicate directly with the project owners, normally government institutions in the respective countries. Both risk and cost of a traditional geothermal project during its expected lifetime is depicted in Figure 5, showing that when the project’s cost starts to take off during the feasibility phase (exploration drilling), the risk is still relatively high. Since this phase generates no revenue, it is a critical moment in any geothermal project and therefore of high importance for the developer to have access to a risk mitigation fund. The main parameter a field developer has to be aware of is the feed-in tariff of electricity, i.e. the amount per electric energy unit the power provider can be expected to receive. This amount will determine how large the investment can be if it is supposed to turn a profit within a given number of years. Therefore, it is of importance to all stakeholders, investors, power distributor, funding institutions and the general public.

Figure 5. A descriptive figure taken from BGR‘s geothermal brochure, showing the risk of failure of a 100 MW installation during all geothermal development phases and the associated cost over a five year period.

- 37 - Normally, plant revenue in terms of sales of electric energy, does not start until in the final phase of a geothermal project, as it is depicted in Figure 5. However, the so-called wellhead generators are now available to developers, allowing power to be provided from a small number of wells, even a single well, significantly reducing the pay-back time of the investment. A wellhead generator has been installed in Olkaria by Green Energy Group (in January 2011) and another one is being installed in Eburru by GDA – both requested by Kenya’s KenGen. Evaluation of this approach will have to wait until power has been produced for a reasonable time (e.g. a couple of years).

5 ICEIDA target countries for geothermal development

The East African Rifts consist of several complex geothermal systems, many of which contain surface geothermal activity. As its name implies, the rift runs along the eastern part of Africa, extending from Jordan in the north and stretching all the way to Mozambique in the south, intersecting e.g. Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. Opportunities for geothermal utilization within the rift system are pronounced and estimated at several thousand MW, with 480 MW identified within the ARGeo program, supported by the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

- 38 -

Figure 6. Map of identified geothermal prospects within the East African rift system. The area names are numbered and listed in the table below. From G. Demissie (2010), Proceedings WGC, Bali, Indonesia.

- 39 - Table 7. List of geothermal prospect areas within the East African Rift system corresponding to the numbering in the figure above. The asterix (*) corresponds to drilled fields.

No. Prospect/Field No. Prospect/Field Eritrea Ethiopia (contd.) 1 Jalua 28 Alutu (Langano)* 2 Alid 29 Corbetti 3 Nabro 30 Duguna 4 Dubbi 31 Korke 5 Girale Dubbi Kenya Djibouti 32 Barrier 6 Fiale 33 Namarunu 7 Gale Le Koma* 34 Emuruangogolak 8 Hanle-Gagadde 35 Silali Ethiopia 36 Paka 9 Borawli (Northern) 37 Korosi 10 Ma'Alalta 38 Baringo 11 Malahale 39 Bogoria (Arus) 12 Debahu 40 Menengai* 13 Ayrobera 41 Eburru* 14 Dubti (Tendaho)* 42 Olkaria* 15 Allalobeda 43 Longonot 16 Borawli (Souhern) 44 Suswa 17 Teo 45 L. Magadi 18 Danab Uganda33 19 Gabilema 46 Kibiro 20 Yangudi 47 Buranga 21 Gewane Rwanda34 22 Amoissa 48 Gisenyi -Karisimbi 23 Dofen D. R. Congo 24 Tedecha 49 Mai ya Moto 25 Boseti 50 Thibinda 26 Boku Tanzania35 27 Tulu Moye 51 Rungwe

33 Unlisted geothermal sites in Uganda include Panyamur and Katwe. 34 Unlisted geothermal sites in Rwanda include Kinigi east of Karisimbi and Bugarama in the southern part of the country. 35 Unlisted geothermal sites in Tanzania include Lake Natron (Arusha) and Luhoi (Rufiji).

- 40 - An overview of geothermal research and development in the East African nations of Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda is given below.

5.1 Burundi Burundi contains several geothermal areas with the most promising ones in the western part of the country, along the rift. Measured temperature is highest at 68°C at Ruhwa and chemical thermometric studies indicate subsurface temperatures in the 130–160°C range at Ruhwa, Ruhanga and Gasenyi in the Rusizi valley. The geothermal sites of most current interest are in the northern part of the country, bordering Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This northern reservoir system is believed to be connected to the Tshibinda volcanic area south of Lake Kivu and probably extends cross-border to DRC and into the Bugarama area in Rwanda. The first description of geothermal manifestations was given by Henry M. Stanley in 1878, in his book “Through the Dark Continent”. However, the first specific investigation of geothermal activity in the country was carried out in 1968, funded by UNDP on request from the Burundian government and reported by James R. McNitt in 1969. Eight geothermal locations were at that time identified and studied. In 1972, a total of 15 hot springs were identified by Deelstra et al. and in 1981 Edeline et al. reported chemical analysis of fluid from 13 geothermal locations out of 14 described in their paper. Halldór Ármannsson and Gestur Gíslason from Icelandic NEA visited Burundi in 1982 and collected 15 samples of geothermal waters from 14 geothermal locations and in addition, two cold water samples and one gas sample. The study was funded by ICEIDA and describes six locations within the western branch of the Rift Valley and eight outside it.

5.2 Djibouti Djibouti is located on the northeast coast of the Horn of Africa, within the Afar depression, with good coastal connections to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Numerous hydrothermal areas are identified in the central and western part of the country. Electricity demand for currently identified industrial activity in Djibouti exceeds 70 MW and is rapidly growing. The geothermal studies conducted in Djibouti include:  1970: Geological, geochemical and geophysical studies by BRGM.  1975: Drilling of wells Asal A1 and A2 (1554 m and 1147 m depth).  1977: Aeromagnetic survey, executed by CGG (Compagnie General de Geophysique, France).  1979: High frequency Magnetotelluric sounding survey (AMT) research conducted in Ardoukoba area by CNRS (Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifiques, France).  1979, 1983: Gravimetric surveys of Asal rift and North Ghoubbet areas by BRGM.

- 41 -  1981: 40 soundings by a five-component Magnetotelluric survey by BEICIP, France.  1981: 139 AMT soundings in the area between Asal and North Ghoubbet carried out by BRGM and CNRS.  1983: 49 AMT soundings in the area of North Ghoubbet and 21 soundings along a profile between Gale Le Koma and Fialle volcano by BRGM and CNRS.  1983: A rectangular electrical resistivity survey with a 15 km current electrode separation covering the interior parts of the Asal rift carried out by BRGM.  19XX: Low frequency Magnetotelluric soundings, covering the southwestern part of the rift but leaving out the Fialle volcano area was carried out by CNRS and BRGM.  1988: Transient Electromagnetic sounding in the central part of Asal rift, Orkustofnun (Iceland) under contract by UNDP.  1988: Microseismic monitoring research project over 3.5 months using 30 sensors installed in the area of wells A3 and A4 and integrated with seismic record data from the Arta seismological observatory by IPG (Institut de Physique de Globe, France).  1987–1992: Drilling of six wells, two in Hanlé and four in Asal in 1987–1988. Production tests and scaling studies in Asal.  2007–2008 TEM and MT studies in Asal carried out by ÍSOR for REI.

- 42 -

Figure 7. Map of the Asal geothermal area, showing fumaroles and springs along with the location of both gradient and exploration wells. Map from Dr. Jalludin Mohamed, General Director of CERD, Djibouti-Republic of Djibouti.

Asal The Asal geothermal area extends southeast from Lake Asal to the Gulf of Tadjourah, which is further connected to the Gulf of Aden, just south of its passage into the Red Sea. The geology of the Asal rift is dominated by intensively fractured lava flows and black consolidated volcanic ash and hyaloclastites. Underground brine (salt water) flow occurs from the sea in the west direction towards Lake Asal, highly influencing the chemical content of the Asal hydrothermal system. Six wells have been drilled in the area in the depth range 1100–2100 m with temperatures of 230–360°C. The first exploration wells drilled in 1975 revealed a substantial reservoir at 1000 m depth with temperatures reaching 260°C. However, scaling problems occurred due to the high mineral content of the fluid. In 1981, a renewed focus was put on development at Asal after unsuccessful exploration southwest of Asal, in Hanlé-Gaggadé, where only low permeability and low temperatures were encountered in two deep exploration wells. The Asal region was then readdressed, with four additional wells drilled, confirming a very productive high

- 43 - temperature reservoir but again with severe scaling problems. In addition to the deep reservoir all the wells encountered a shallower (at around 600 m depth) productive reservoir at lower salinity and at temperatures ranging from 130°C to 190°C. Surface exploration conducted in 1988 indicated that the Fiale crater in the central Asal rift might be better suited for development than the already drilled outer rift. 50–100 MW generation is currently planned in the Asal region (Fiale), following recent research results, locating drill sites with less difficult scaling problems. REI, the investment arm of Reykjavík Energy possesses research licenses in the area. Both surface fracturing analysis (tectonic studies) and electromagnetic soundings (TEM and MT) with correlation to natural seismic activity was studied and reported by ÍSOR in 2007–2008 to REI (confidential reports).

Lake Abhé Lake Abhé is located in southwest Djibouti, on the border to Ethiopia. Fractured basalt is visible in a region southeast of the lake, with fumaroles and springs at temperatures generally higher than 90°C. A single temperature gradient well was drilled about 30 years ago at As Bahalto on the north eastern shore of Lake Abhé and underground temperatures ranging from 137°C to 176°C have been interpreted there. Gas geothermometry however gives 250°C (Aquater 1981).

Nord-Goubhet Nord-Goubhet is located immediately east of the Asal field, on the north bank of Gulf of Tadjourah, facing the volcanic island of Goubhet-Al-Kharab (Devil’s island). The area is characterized by numerous fumaroles and boiling springs. It is within the concession area of REI (Reykjavík Energy Invest).

Baba-Alou The Baba-Alou volcanic area is located southwest of the Asal rift includes the geothermal areas of Gaggade and Hanle. Fumaroles at 100°C exist in these areas and subsurface temperature estimated up to 127°C. Gas geothermometry indicates a deeper source at 230–260°C.

5.3 Eritrea Currently there is no production of electricity from geothermal energy in Eritrea. High- temperature sites exist in the country, the most promising one at the base of the Alid volcano. In 2005, the Department of Mines (DOM) of the Eritrean Ministry of Energy and Mines, submitted a proposal to ARGeo, to facilitate the utilization of the geothermal resource by supporting its exploration and promoting its development in Eritrea. The proposal’s goal was to locate 30 MW of electric power from each of the geothermal sites of Alid and Nabbro-Dubbi. The current 4-year proposal plan for geothermal development in Alid involves exploration drilling of at least three deep wells (1500–2000 m) with all the associated research prior to drilling and subsequent work on power plant preparations at an estimated cost of 17 M€, with 0.7 M€ on the first year of tender preparation and company selection.

- 44 - Alid Alid is a volcanic area in the centre of the country near the Red Sea shoreline approx. 120 km south of Massawa, Eritrea’s dominant port city. The estimated reservoir temperatures are above 220°C, expected to be utilizable at 1.5–2.0 km depth. Geochemical studies and geological mapping was by USGS in 1996 and funded by USAID. A geophysical TEM resistivity and MT magnetic survey was conducted in 2008 (ÍSOR and GSE with ICEIDA funding) and although not covering sufficiently large area it might indicate geothermal features along a NE-SW direction with a possible fault system that cuts under the southern part of Mt. Alid. Further studies that would include geological mapping, additional MT and TEM measurements with 3D mapping and seismic studies are recommended before exploration wells can be sited.

Nabbro-Dubbi Nabbro-Dubbi is located in the southeast part of Eritrea in the Danakil block, hosting Africa’s largest volcanic eruption in historic times (Dubbi volcano, 1861). The prospect´s geothermal locations are aligned along the so-called Kod Ali transverse fault line and remain to be estimated for power potential, but it can be expected to be large.

5.4 Ethiopia The East African Rift System runs SSW across Ethiopia from Eritrea and Djibouti to Kenya. A number of geothermal prospect areas have been identified along the Ethiopian rift path which covers an area of 150,000 km2 (close to 12% of the country’s total land area). Figure 8 shows the Rift topography and its path crossing the country.

Figure 8. Maps of Ethiopia showing the rift extending from Yemen, Eritrea and Djibouti and reaching SSW across Ethiopia to Kenya and Uganda.

- 45 - Lakes District Aluto-Langano, Corbetti and Abaya areas have been identified in the south part of Ethiopia, with 8.5 MW installed capacity in Aluto-Langano, fed by 4 wells out of the 8 exploration wells that have been drilled and one of the wells is used for reinjection. The production at Aluto-Langano has for a number of reasons not reached full output power, while the region has been estimated to be able to produce at least 35 MW of geothermal steam power, where reservoir temperatures up to 335°C have been encountered in wells reaching 2500 m depth. Recent rehabilitation work on the 4 MW Ormat binary system was conducted over a three year period at Aluto-Langano to restore power capacity from the operating 3 MW backpressure turbines to the current 7 MW and an expansion target has been set at 35 MW in two 15 MW phases, supported by several funding mechanisms (see Table 1). The rehabilitation work was carried out by Geothermal Development Associates (GDA) in close collaboration with the Ethiopian Electric Corporation (EEPCo). At Corbetti, shallow wells have been drilled and indicate a deep reservoir system with temperature in excess of 250°C. At a hot spring region in Abaya, the deep reservoir system has been estimated at 260°C. Studies in Corbetti include six temperature gradient wells drilled to depths in the 93– 178 m depth range. Measured maximum temperature is 94°C and a probable deeper resource has been estimated at 250°C. A 132 kV power transmission line passes by within 15 km away from the Corbetti prospect.

Southern Afar Tulu-Moye, Gedemsa, Dofan, Fantale, Meteka, Teo and Danab are located near the centre of Ethiopia, with feasible power connections to the capital city, Addis Ababa. At the Tulu Moye-Gedemsa areas, the reservoir temperature has been estimated at 200°C, but no exploration wells have been drilled to confirm this. At Dofan, several geothermal manifestations can be seen at the lava rich surface (fumaroles and hot springs) and the area is being explored by the Geological Survey of Ethiopia, since the reservoir temperature is believed to be greater than 200°C. At Fantale, the existence of a shallow magma chamber is believed to be evident and the need for deep exploration wells has been identified.

Northern Afar Tendaho and Dallol (the latter one in the Danakil Depression below sea level) are located near the borders to Djibouti and Eritrea, respectively. Dallol is in the same mountain range as Alid volcano in Eritrea and the world-famous Ethiopian Erta Ale volcano that has molten lava inside the caldera, sometimes called the ‘gateway to hell’. In Tendaho (containing Dubti and Ayrobera geothermal manifestations), six exploration wells have been drilled, identifying a resource of over 250°C, capable of supplying 20 MW generation. Four of those six wells are productive (wells TD2, TD4, TD5 and TD6). Ministry of Mines and Energy has current development plans for Tendaho, with plans to the country’s main 230 kV transmission line to Semera, which is within ten km of the drilled wells at Dubti. The geothermal studies in Northern Afar include:

- 46 -  1971: MT survey, reported by Berktold in 1975 indicated a magma body at 15 km depth and a temperature gradient of 60°C/km.

 1971: Gravity survey in a 1000 m2 Tendaho area conducted by Searle and Gouin.

 1971: Hunting Geology and Geophysics Ltd. conducted an airborne survey of the geothermal prospects in Ethiopia, e.g. detecting previously unknown hot- spots at Tendaho.

 1972: Seismic refraction profiles reported by Berkhemer and Bayer in 1975 indicate crustal thinning and upwelling of hot upper-mantle material.

 1979: Aeromagnetic map produced by Aquater.

 1980: Vertical electric sounding to 1 km depth, gravity studies and total magnetic field measurements were conducted by Aquater

 1980–1995: Aquater drills nine gradient temperature wells in a depth range of 77–174 m and provides confirmation with microseismic studies of a NW-SE oriented fault system at a depth of 5–10 km.

 1993–1998: Six wells are drilled: Wells TD1, TD2 and TD3 are deep wells with depth of 1550, 1881 and 1989 m respectively. Wells TD4, TD5, and TD6 are shallow wells with depth of 466, 516 and 505 m respectively.

 1996: Oluma et al. perform Schlumberger traversing, head-on resistivity profiling, gravity survey and vertical electric sounding at the three well sites of TD1, TD2 and TD4.

 2006: Gravity survey by Lemma and Hailu might indicate an ENE-WSW trending fault.

 2007: TEM/MT measurements by BGR and Ethiopian Geological Survey seems to confirm a basaltic layer at 1000 meters below sea level, beneath a sedimentary reservoir at 200 meters below sea level.

Five geothermal exploration permits were recently sold to a Canadian mining company that continues to have interests in potash exploration in northern Afar. These concessions are Corbetti, Abaya and Tulu Moye which are generally considered to be easily exploitable geothermal systems. The fourth system is associated with the Erta Ale mountain range (with e.g. Dallol in the Danakil Depression described above). The fifth area is also in Afar but it is believed that relatively low conductive heating can be expected there.

- 47 - 5.5 Kenya Kenya is the African geothermal utilization leader with 209 MW installed. At least fifteen geothermal prospect areas have been identified in the Kenyan Rift valley, extending south across the country from Ethiopia to Tanzania. These areas have not been ranked in order of importance and only Olkaria remains the best explored and utilized region. The overall potential for electric power production from geothermal steam in Kenya is estimated from 2000 MW to 7000 MW. An example of high estimates for a number of Kenyan sites is given in Table 8. Geologically, the Kenyan Rift is an intracontinental divergence zone where rift tectonics accompanied by intense volcanism, have taken place for millions of years. Most of the volcanic centres had one or more explosive phases including caldera collapse. The centres have various hydrothermal manifestations and are envisaged to host extensive geothermal systems. The prospects from south to north are Lake Magadi, Suswa, Longonot, Olkaria, Eburru, Badlands, Menengai, Lakes Bogoria and Baringo, volcanic areas Korosi and Paka, Silali, Emuruangogolak, Namarunu and Barrier. Between 1988 and 1990, six exploration wells were drilled in the Eburru geothermal prospect. Only one well produces steam sufficient for power generation while the other wells produce primarily hot water. Detailed surface exploration work has been completed at Suswa, Longonot, Menengai, Arus Bogoria, Lake Baringo and Korosi. Surface exploration is currently going on at Paka. Exploration wells have been sited in all these prospects and some drilling activity has started (see below).

- 48 -

Figure 9. Simplified map of the locations of the main geothermal prospect areas in Kenya. From Silas M. Simiyu, 2010.

- 49 - Table 8. Kenyan prospect geothermal regions, with status information and estimated potential for electricity production. Reconn. Surface Exploration Estimated Prospect Developed Exploration exploration drilling potential, MW Olkaria Yes Yes Yes 500 Yes Eburru Yes Yes Yes 60 No Longonot Yes Yes No 700 No Suswa Yes Yes No 600 No Menengai Yes Yes Yes 1000 No Arus-Bogoria Yes Yes No 100 No Korosi-Chepchuk Yes Yes No 200 No Paka Yes Yes No 60 No Silali Yes No No 1000 No Emuruangogolak Yes No No 500 No Namarunu Yes No No 200 No Barrier Yes No No 500 No

Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd (KenGen) and Geothermal Development Company Ltd (GDC) in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy (MoE) have undertaken detailed surface studies of most of the prospects in the Kenya rift. In order to meet the anticipated growth in demand, The Kenya Government through the newly formed utility (GDC) has embarked on an ambitious generation expansion plan to install additional 1500 MW and 4000 MW of electric power by the year 2018 and 2030 from geothermal sources respectively. The planned geothermal developments require over 1000 wells to be drilled and about 30 large power stations of about 140 MW each to be built at a total cost of over US$16 billion inclusive of wells and steam gathering system. According to the on-going Least Cost Power Development Plan (2008–2028) put in action by the Government of Kenya, geothermal power has the countries’ lowest unit cost and therefore most suitable for base load and further expansion.

Olkaria Exploration for geothermal energy started in the fifties when two wells were drilled at Olkaria, located about 120 km North West of Nairobi in the south part of Kenya. The first wells were drilled in 1959–1960, funded by UNDP. Drilling started again in 1970, also funded by UNDP and exploration drilling funded by WB started in 1973. Wells drilled in 1975–1981 were jointly funded by GoK and WB. Currently, all Kenya’s 174 MW are located in Olkaria. Three power plants are installed, Olkaria I in the eastern section of Olkaria (45 MW), Olkaria II in the northeast section (70 MW) operated by Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd. (KenGen) and finally Olkaria III, an Ormat operated station producing 48 MW. KenGen is currently funding drilling for a new 140 MW power plant, Olkaria IV (Olkaria Domes field), while also adding another 35 MW to Olkaria II. At Olkaria (Oserian), geothermal energy is used to provide thermal energy and electric power (4 MW) to rose greenhouses and related

- 50 - facilities, while also using geothermal CO2 to maintain a high concentration of carbon dioxide within the greenhouses, critical for optimal rose growth. This is a big industry in Kenya, providing valuable rose export to Europe.

Figure 10. Olkaria geothermal area with field locations. From Silas M. Simiyu, 2010.

The current target expansion for 140 MW Olkaria IV (Domes) power station in 2012/13 is funded by KenGen, World Bank, JICA, KfW, EIB and AfD. Appraisal drilling has been funded since 2007 by GoK, China Exim Bank, KfW and executed by GDC. The Olkaria II 35 MW expansion installed in 2010 was funded by IDA, EIB and KenGen. The previous 70 MW installation (2x35 MW) was commissioned in 2003 and funded by WB, EIB, KfW and KenGen. The previous feasibility study was funded by WB and drilling of 33 production, reinjection and monitoring wells was completed by 1993 with support funding from WB/IDA. Production drilling is in progress at Olkaria I after new studies indicated high potential in the western part of Olkaria I. Support is provided by GoK and executed by GDC. Commissioning is planned in 2012/13. The 45 MW installation at Olkaria I has reached full lifetime (25 years) and performed very well during that time. WB has supported work on the feasibility of lifetime extension. The original installation was funded by WB, IBRD, EIB, CDC and GoK. A 2.5 MW pilot plant is being installed by KenGen in collaboration with Green Energy Group, directly at the wellhead of OW-37A (See text on Green Energy Group).

- 51 - Table 9. Current and immediate future power production at Olkaria. Project Existing Planned Total Operator (MW) (MW) Olkaria I 45 140 185 KenGen Olkaria II 105 - 105 KenGen Olkaria III 55 50 105 Orpower Olkaria IV - 140 140 KenGen Oserian 4 - 4 ODCL Total 209 330 539

Eburru The Eburru field to the north of Olkaria was explored between 1987 and 1991. 6 exploration wells were drilled using IDA funds and a MT study from 2006 indicated at least 60 MW exploitable power at source temperatures exceeding 300 °C. Estimated resource is 20–40 MW. KenGen is now working on the installation of the first 2.5 MW using existing steam and is receiving consultancy from GDA.

Longonot Longonot is a Quaternary caldera volcano located in the southern part of the Kenya rift and to the east of Olkaria. Magmatism directly associated with the development of the volcano started about some 400 thousand years ago. These activities were succeeded by caldera collapse and resurgence within the caldera floor, which resulted in the present day high rising volcano with a crater at the top. The latest eruption took place 200 years ago. The volcanic history points to the presence of a localized heat source, supported with surface exploration that was carried out in 1998 and followed up with some MT studies in 2005. Geothermometric analysis of water samples indicates temperatures in excess of 300 °C. The subsurface geology is similar to that of Olkaria where a resource has already been proven. Its proximity to Olkaria where service lines (e.g. water line and high voltage transmission lines) are already in place is of consideration for this site’s development. Longonot’s electricity generation estimate is at 700 MW, with a 70 MW plant already proposed. African Geothermal International Ltd (AGIL) holds the geothermal development license in Longonot and plans to develop and operate the steam field.

Menengai Menengai volcano is a large lava shield with a caldera formed in association with the eruption of ash flow tuff. The continued eruptions which include the fresh young lavas (ca 200 years old) in the caldera, suggest that the magma body could still be active. Integrated results of the studies indicate the existence of a hot, ductile, and dense body centred under Menengai caldera. It is assumed that the hot magmatic body resulted in the development of a geothermal system beneath Menengai caldera with the up flow

- 52 - being within Menengai caldera and outflow towards the north. Exploration wells have been sited and drilling is currently being conducted by GDC, with 72 million USD allocated to the drilling of at least 3 exploration wells, 6 appraisal wells and 27 production wells. A 140 MW plant has been proposed for commission in 2012–2014 and the area has been estimated to be able to provide up to 1000 MW. Drilling started in February 2011, using one of three GDC rigs with a Chinese crew collaborating with Kenyan GDC staff that will take over operations.

Suswa Suswa is a large Quaternary caldera volcano with two calderas. The inner (younger) one has a resurgent block in the middle, thus creating an annular trench around the block. The outer caldera measures about 12 km in diameter and the inner caldera has a diameter of about 4 km and the central resurgent block measures about 3 km in diameter. The young lavas are estimated to be more than 1000 year old. Results from studies done in the area indicate that a geothermal reservoir exists within the caldera. The hydrogeology of the Suswa area is mainly controlled by the rift flanks faults, the grid faulting along the rift floor and the tectonovolcanic axes. Fluids are recharged laterally from the rift flanks to the east and to the west and axially along the rift floor southwards. A 70 MW power plant has been proposed at Suswa, while the estimated potential is 300 MW. The concession for this has been granted to WalAm Geopower Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Exploration wells are expected to be drilled in 2011.

Silali Silali is the largest caldera volcano in the axis of the northern Kenya Rift. The young activity associated with the volcano indicates that the magmatic body under the volcano could still be hot and able to sustain a geothermal system. Studies indicate subsurface temperature range of 238–325°C. The Kapedo hot springs on the western slopes of the volcano discharge hot water at 45–55°C with a combined estimated flow rate of around 1000 L/s. The groundwater flow is a combination of northerly axial flow along the rift and lateral flow from the eastern and western rift flanks. Detailed geoscientific studies in this prospect are ongoing, and exploration drilling is to be carried out in 2010–2011. The estimated electricity output is more than 800 MW.

5.6 Malawi On the order of 20 major geothermal springs have since been reported in the Chitipa- Karonga area in the north down to Chipudze in the southern region and some chemical sampling from these regions has been conducted. The springs are often described as luke-warm to boiling and usually associated with sulphur smell. Boiling temperatures are in the Chiweta field in the northern part of Malawi and on the shore of Lake Malawi. A recent geothermometric study indicates temperatures close to 200°C at Chinuka in the northern part of the country and Liwonde in the southern part. The Geography and Earth Science Department of Malawi has current interest in further geothermal studies and the Malawian Ministry of Mines has recently issued a permit to

- 53 - a local company named Geothermal Malawi Projects Inc. to look at some sites and select which one(s) they would want to develop. GDC in Kenya has announced collaboration with that Malawian company on geothermal consultancy and reconnaissance. The government’s Geological Survey Department is responsible for all geological investigations, including geothermal resources, which are believed to be able to sustain 200 MW electric power. Other relevant authorities include the Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority (MERA) and the Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM). Northern region: Five hot springs are reported in the Chitipa-Karonga area. These include Chinuka, two at Mwankenja, Vungu, Mpata, Chiwondo and Ngala. One hotspring is found in the Rumphi area (Chiweta), with a strong sulfur smell. Recorded temperature at Chiweta is 78°C and a geothermometric study indicates a source temperature of around 160°C there. Central region: Eleven hotsprings are known in this area and some are being tapped for water supply in townships of the region. These include Kasitu, Chombo, Mawira, Ling’ona and Chipwidzi. Muller and Forstner reported in 1973 several springs at the western shore of Lake Malawi and in the central region, these springs were recorded at temperatures ranging between 52°C and 78°C. The corresponding geothermometric temperatures are close to 100°C. Across the borders to Mozambique on each side of this region, studies reveal some of Mozambique’s hottest springs. Southern region: Springs are located in Buche, Manondo and Chipudze. Most of these springs, with temperature measurements and brief descriptions, have been located with GPS coordinates.

5.7 Mozambique At least 38 thermal springs have been located in Mozambique. Boiling water has been identified at the edge of Lake Malawi (known as Lake Nyasa in Mozambique), just north of the shore town of Metangula and close to the border to Tanzania. The largest concentration of thermal springs is however located in the central and western part of Mozambique near the border with Zimbabwe (the Manica-Sofala region), but the temperatures there do not exceed 60°C. Recorded geothermal temperatures in the whole country range between 20°C and 80°C, with the hottest spring in the Tete region (Niaondive, in the northwest part of Mozambique) and almost equally hot in Zambesia (e.g. Morrumbala, Namacurra and Maganja da Costa in the northeast part of the country), all in the 70–80°C range. Just across the border in Zimbabwe, geothermal sites have been identified, including a boiling spring. Several deep wells drilled for oil and gas exploitation exist in Mozambique and a cluster of 35 such wells, mostly on the eastern central shore, have been used by Martinelli et al. in 1995 to evaluate the average thermal gradient at 21 °C/km, which is too low to indicate a shallow heat source. Geothermometric studies indicate reservoir temperatures up to 130°C. McNitt was first to evaluate the geothermal potential of Mozambique at 25 MW, based on studies by Koenig, reported in 1981. Other geothermal studies include work

- 54 - conducted independently by BRGM and Aquater in 1980, Direcção Nacional de Geologia in 1981 and Salman et al. in 1985. A more recent overview of the geology and mineral resources of Mozambique, containing geothermal information, was given by Lächelt in 2004.

5.8 Rwanda The western branch of the East African Rift extends into the western part of Rwanda, with associated volcanism that was last observed in 2002; the eruption of the Nyiragongo volcano. Using e.g. existing geochemical studies from the geothermal areas of Gisenyi and Mashyuza, Rwanda’s potential has been estimated at 170–320 MW from low enthalpy sources (temperatures less than 150 °C, suitable for binary power stations). The Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) has been responsible for the development of the country’s geothermal resources and has received support from Germany’s BGR that conducted geophysical exploration in the northwest part of the country within the GEOTHERM program in 2008, using TEM and MT methods (resistive and magnetic). The study revealed a low resistivity anomaly in the vicinity of the Karisimbi volcano, indicating geothermal activity, further supported by geochemical analyses. In late 2010, MININFRA opened an appeal to the geothermal community to express in a Letter of Interest their potential capabilities in Rwanda. The scope of the geothermal work is defined within the call:  Review available information and choose a geothermal resource target area/areas.  Provide a plan for detailed surface exploration studies.  Provide a plan for exploration and production drilling.  Provide well designs for drilling exploration and production wells. This should include plans to use new technology to lower the costs and time for drilling exploration wells. The well designs should include briefs on well profiles and casing program.  Provide evidence of drilling capability of up to 3 km.  Demonstrate capacity to use low rig foot-print in an environmentally sensitive environment.  Provide a plan for early generation using well head generating units that can be synchronized to the grid to facilitate a large power output.  Provide a least cost plan to develop, construct and operate a 20 MW power plant in the shortest time possible. This plan should take into account carbon credits to ensure that the Government of Rwanda gets the best option of utilizing the geothermal resources.  Provide a plan to develop more than 100 MW of electricity from geothermal resources.  Demonstrate capacity to mobilize funds to explore and develop the geothermal resources.

- 55 -  Provide a commitment to develop the geothermal resources and not use them for speculative purposes.  Enter into negations with the Government of Rwanda to ensure that the offers are attractive to all parties.  Suggest other options that might fast track the development of geothermal resources in Rwanda.  Provide evidence of work on similar projects

Figure 11. Location of Bugarama, Gisenyi, Karisimbi and Kinigi geothermal prospects in Rwanda. The boundaries are arbitrary (figure and figure text from MININFRA EoI appeal letter).

The call for Expression of Interest letters was answered in November 2010 by several companies and discussions meant to lead to drilling of at least three wells are ongoing. A cost analysis of all required steps in the exploration leading up to development of 310 MW has already been made, valued close to 1000 M$. The regulatory system in Rwanda is currently considered to be very favourable for investors, with a single government portal or a so-called ‘one-stop shop for all investors’ managed by the Rwanda Development Board (RDB) and reports directly to the President. The government has a target of 90% renewable electric power and the power grid is currently being expanded to two thirds of the country in 2012, already funded with 311 M$. Total electric power production peaks at 60 MW (mostly thermal) and only 6% of the total population of Rwanda are provided with electricity. The current government plan is to increase electric power production to 130 MW with long-

- 56 - term interest to produce at least 1000 MW, out of which 310 MW are supposed to come from geothermal energy. As an additional observation, common in a majority of the countries discussed in this report, it is noted that electric power production from thermal sources (oil) has increased in recent years, due to draught issues experienced with the hydropower installations.

5.9 Tanzania Both the western and eastern branches of the African Rift System extend through Tanzania and meet in the Mbeya area, north of Lake Malawi in the southern part of the country. Volcanic activity is found at Mbeya and in the north, where the eastern branch stretches south from Kenya. Geothermal resource assessment in Tanzania is mostly limited to preliminary reconnaissance studies, conducted by various Tanzanian and international agencies. Numerous thermal areas have been mapped, mainly in the volcanic provinces but also in the Rufiji sedimentary basin in the SE. Such areas include the Rungwe volcano in the Mbeya region, selected prospects in the Rufiji basin and Lake Natron in the northern volcanic zone. A rough estimate, based on a number of studies, indicates that the geothermal potential of Tanzania could be as high as 650 MW and the exploitable potential could be in the range of 140 to 380 MW.

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Figure 12. Geothermal springs and fault systems in Tanzania, with a circle around the Mbeya study area.

Geothermal studies were first conducted in Tanzania in 1949 and in 1976–1979 by the Swedish engineering consultancy Sweco in cooperation with Virkir, Iceland and funded by SIDA. This first country wide study identifies approximately 50 hot springs associated with block faulting and recent volcanism (see Figure 12). A list of geothermal projects not found in Table 1(i.e. without international funding) is presented in Table 10 but with the exception that more detail on the GEOTHERM studies is listed.

- 58 - Table 10. Geothermal projects carried out in Tanzania (from Jacob W.M. Mayalla, MEM and Tom Johansson, University of Oslo).

Year Institution or company Study Results Area

University of Oslo Research Project, e.g Samples of river Rukwa-Nyasa Basin Cand. Scient Thesis by water, lake water, hot Tom Johansson 1988 spring water and well water collected and analysed, 34 of which were from hot springs. Geothermometers suggest 85–148°C.

1997–2004 First Energy Company Reconnaissance Samples collected and Luhoi - Coast Ltd Exploration, Power analyzed, good results, region project pre feasibility (promising site) study

2004–2005 Regional Consultant for Status of geothermal Recommended further Lake Natron, Geothermal in East resource development studies on Songwe, Songwe river,

Africa in Tanzania Luhoi and Lake Natron Luhoi

(Coast region)

2006 MEM collaboration Reconnaissance study One site for detailed Songwe river with Geological Survey on geological, assessment identified in Mbeya Tanzania and Federal geochemistry and region Institute for geophysics method of Geosciences and exploration by using Natural Resources Transient Electro (BGR) Germany Magnetic (TEM) and Vertical Electric Sounding (VES)

June and July, 2007 MEM collaboration Detailed exploration One site for detailed Songwe river with Geological Survey study on geological, exploration in Mbeya

of Tanzania, TANESCO, geochemistry and region (Results of the detailed Federal Institute for geophysics methods exploration will be Geosciences and by using Transient available in May or Natural Resources Electro Magnetic June, 2008) (BGR) Germany (TEM) and Magnetotellurics (MT) Samples are sent in Germany for further analysis

July – August, 2010 MEM collaboration Geochemical and MT and TEM methods with Geological Survey geophysical (MT) field are used in detail in the of Tanzania, TANESCO, work field. Water samples, Federal Institute for gases and isotopes are Geosciences and collected. Also Natural Resources geophysical data are (BGR) Germany collected and sent to Germany for

interpretation and analysis.

- 59 - Mbeya Mbeya is located in the southwest part of Tanzania. It has the most spectacular thermal spring activity in the country. There are a number of surface hydrothermal manifestations on the western and southern fringes of the area of interest that show association with the young Rungwe volcanic complex situated on the southeast side of Mbeya town. Past volcanological studies indicate the existence of a magma body that is still at a high temperature, the last instance of volcanic activity being about 200 years ago. This relationship between volcanic rocks and hydrothermal activity is believed to indicate the existence of a magmatic geothermal system. Previous studies at Mbeya include:  1993: Gravity studies indicate a magma body between Rungwe and Ngosi volcanoes.

2010: BGR and Geological Survey of Tanzania interpret TEM/MT data leading to a possible well design to 2200 m depth (associated with the last entry in Table 10.

Lower Rufiji Basin This area is located in the southern part of the Indian Ocean coast about 150 km to the south of Dar es Salaam. Four widely separated areas of hydrothermal activity exhibit medium temperature thermal springs associated with long lived but periodically reactivated rift forming faults. Petroleum exploration well log data are reported to show a temperature gradient of two to four times the global average temperature gradient. These show that the zone is one of abnormal heat flow. Strong aeromagnetic anomalies delineated during petroleum exploration are thought to indicate a buried magmatic regime, which, if confirmed, would further enhance the exploration potential of the area.

Lake Natron Lake Natron is located near the Kenyan border within the southern extension of the Eastern Rift from Kenya. Of the numerous areas of hydrothermal activity in the northern sector of the eastern rift, those of the Lake Natron basin are located within the area of young volcanism while others are found outside it in the south. No information exists beyond chemical analysis data, spring temperature measurements of about 50°C and a large discharge estimation. Because of the close proximity of the springs on the southern lakeshore to the active volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, the southern part of Lake Natron area has been considered as having a development potential. The area extending from the lakeshore toward the volcano was thus subjected to reconnaissance geophysical surveys during July 2004, as a part of an inventory of energy resources for rural electrification.

5.10 Uganda The most promising geothermal areas in Uganda are Buranga, Katwe and Kibiro which are situated in West-Uganda in the Albertine Rift, a part of the western branch of the East African Rift System. Recent findings indicate that the geothermal systems in

- 60 - Uganda may be deep, based on a measured temperature gradient that is too low for a shallow geothermal system.

Figure 13. Geothermal prospects in Uganda (from Knútur Árnason et al. ÍSOR-2009/068).

Kibiro The Kibiro geothermal prospect in western Uganda on the eastern shore of Lake Albert was recently evaluated by ÍSOR (funded by ICEIDA) using temperature surveys from wells that were drilled with World Bank funding. The findings indicate that there is no shallow geothermal source in the area, despite the predicted 200–220°C temperatures achieved with geothermometry. An application to ARGeo on research in Kibiro is being prepared, in collaboration with Getahun Demissie and Knútur Árnason.

Buranga The Buranga hot springs are situated in the Albertine Rift (western branch of the East African Rift) in the Semliki National Park in Bundibugyo district to the west of the Rwenzori Massif. The national park ex-tends to the north and west of the Semliki River, which marks the borderline to the Democratic Republic of Congo. The springs are situated in a swamp in tropical rain forest a few hundred meters westerly of the Bwamba fault, which forms the western flank of the Rwenzori and the eastern scarp of the rift respectively. At the Bwamba fault the Precambrian base-ment rocks of the Rwenzori Massif dip 60–65° west and strike 20–40° NNE. The Buranga hot springs

- 61 - consist of 37 springs with an overall flow rate of 30 L/s and temperatures up to 98.4°C. BGR is proposing a 10 MW plant at Buranga within the second phase of GEOTHERM.

Katwe The Katwe-Kikorongo prospect is estimated to be able to provide geothermal fluids at 140–200°C, with the highest measured temperatures at around 70°C in Lake Kitagata crater. TEM and gravimetric studies have been conducted, indicating a N-S lying fault east of Lake Katwe and a NNE-SSW fault in the lakes of Kitagata and Kikorongo. The Katwe region is on hold in international discussions, but continues to be of interest in Uganda.

5.11 Zambia In Zambia, over 80 hot springs have been located along fault zones. Wallace first described some salt-producing springs in 1889 near the south shores of Lake Mweru Wantipa and Lake Chishi. Fluid chemical studies were reported by Ferguson in 1902 in the Zambezi Valley and by Guernsey in 1941 from the Luangwa concession area. A comprehensive geochemical study of the hot springs was reported by Legg in 1974. Seven springs estimated with the largest geothermal utilization potential have been identified: Spring name Temperature Kapisya 85°C Lupiamanzi 73°C Lubingu 77°C Chongo 87°C Chikowa 64°C Chinyunyu 73°C Kasho 72°C

In 1984–1988 the Italian government supported the so-called ‘Zambian-Italian Geothermal Project’ which started with a geothermal exploration phase in early 1986 and included geological, geochemical and geophysical studies with exploration drilling. The project finished with the installation of a 200 kW binary plant in Kapisya on the shores of Lake Tanganyika at the northern border to DRC. The plant was supposed to use up to 15 shallow exploration wells in the area, with four submersible pumps installed, but the flow rate was never sufficient and temperature only 85°C, which was less than required for the plant (estimated to provide 50 kW at those poorer conditions). The plant was never connected to the electricity grid. Plans to revive the station by the current owner Zesco have not been realised and the manufacturer, Turboden, believes that such plans may not be realistic after over 20 years of neglect.

- 62 - Acknowledgements The final draft of this report was reviewed by Knútur Árnason and Halldór Ármannsson at ÍSOR, Gestur Gíslason from Reykjavík Geothermal, and finally but not least Meseret Teklemariam Zemedkun at ARGeo who improved the final manuscript greatly. All of them have practical geothermal knowledge and experience in several East African locations. The authors thank their contribution.

6 References

The site description and status of geothermal development is mostly taken from literature published at geothermal conferences and stored in the “IGA Geothermal Conference Database” and references in that literature. Direct information has been provided by the following main contacts in each country:

Name Country

Gédéon Nizeye Burundi

Jalludin Mohamed Djibouti

Ermias Yohannes Eritrea

Solomon Kebede Ethiopia

Getahun Demissie Ethiopia

Martin Mwangi Kenya

Geoffrey Muchemi Kenya

Peter Omenda Kenya

Zuze Dulanya Malawi

Joshua Chisambi Malawi

Leonard Kalindekafe Malawi

Uwera Rutagarama Rwanda

William Jacob Mayalla Tanzania

Godfrey Bahati Uganda

Clint Kombe Zambia

Other information sources include Katrin Kessels from KfW, Jonathan Duwyn from ARGeo, Marietta Sander from IGA, Peerke de Bakker from UNEP/DGEF, Magnus Gehringer from the World Bank and Árni Helgason and Gísli Pálsson, both from ICEIDA

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