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Transferir Download 20 Comunicação e Sociedade A RÁDIO NA FREQUÊNCIA DA WEB Comunicação e Sociedade Comunicação e Sociedade REVISTA 20 REVISTA REVISTA 20 | 2011 | A RÁDIO NA FREQUÊNCIA DA WEB Numa sociedade que procura a sua identidade numa entrega cada vez mais obsessiva ao paradigma comunicacional, o | itinerário que traçamos para Comunicação e Sociedade é o de 2011 Do ar para a Web. Reconfiguração das produções radiofónicas | respondermos o melhor que pudermos à inquietação de A RÁDIO NA FREQUÊNCIA DA sabermos o que é que se passa hoje entre nós: nas conversas Web-radio. Ciber-rádio. R@dio. Modelos e tendências de negócio diárias e nos gestos de convivialidade; na projecção colectiva r, Sonosfera digital. Novos contextos de recepção de rádio ornamentar e modelar os corpos; nas narrativas míticas, que os média não se cansam de ampliar; nas interacções formais e informais dos contextos organizacionais; na multiplicidade dos entrançados de redes de informação movidas pela electrónica WEB praças e jardins. Firmamos entretanto um compromisso com a crítica dialógica, nos vários níveis de comunicação em que situamos as nossas preocupações, agindo em favor de uma comunicação essencial, múltipla, irredutível e comunitária, desalojando dos seus nichos a comunicação pontual, funcional, potente e performante. 2 Comunicação e Sociedade | Vol. 20 | 2011 Título: COMUNICAÇÃO E SOCIEDADE 20 Director: Moisés de Lemos Martins Director-adjunto: Manuel Pinto Conselho Consultivo Paul Beaud (revista Réseaux, Universidade de Lausana), André Berten (Universidade Católica de Lovaina), Daniel Bougnoux (Cahiers de Médiologie/ Universidade Stendhal de Grenoble), Manuel Chaparro (Universidade de São Paulo), Paolo Fabbri (Universidade de Bolonha), António Fidalgo (Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã), Xosé López García (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), Jill Hills (International Institute for Regulators of Telecommunications/Centre for Communication and Information Studies, Universidade de Westminster, Londres), Michel Maffesoli (Centre d’Études sur l’Actuel et le Quotidien/Universidade de Paris V, Sorbonne), Denis McQuail (Universidade de Amesterdão), José Bragança de Miranda (Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens/ Universidade Nova de Lisboa), Vincent Mosco (School of Journalism and Communication, Universidade Carleton, Otava), José Augusto Mourão (Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Linguagens/Universidade Nova de Lisboa), Marcial Murciano (Universidade Autónoma de Barcelona), José Manuel Paquete de Oliveira (ISCTE, Lisboa), Colin Sparks (Centre for Communication and Information Studies, Universidade de Westminster, Londres), Teun van Dijk (Universidade Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona) Conselho Científico Albertino Gonçalves, Alexandra Lázaro, Anabela Carvalho, Aníbal Alves, Bernardo Pinto de Almeida, Felisbela Lopes, Helena Pires, Helena Sousa, Jean Martin Rabot, Joaquim Fidalgo, José Pinheiro Neves, Madalena Oliveira, Manuel Pinto, Moisés de Lemos Martins (Presidente), Nelson Zagalo, Rosa Cabecinhas, Sara Pereira, Zara Pinto Coelho Conselho de Redacção Alberto Sá, Ana Melo, Elsa Costa e Silva, Gabriela Gama, Helena Gonçalves, Luísa Magalhães, Luís António Santos, Maria da Luz Abreu, Pedro Portela, Sandra Marinho, Sara Moutinho, Sara Balonas, Silvana Mota Ribeiro, Teresa Ruão Coordenação do volume: Madalena Oliveira e Pedro Portela Apoios: A edição deste número foi apoiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Edição: Comunicação e Sociedade é editada semestralmente (2 números/ano ou 1 número duplo) pelo Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Sociedade (CECS), Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, em colaboração com as Edições Húmus, Lda., Rua Rua de Paradas, 139 – Vilarinho das Cambas, Apartado 7097 – 4764-908 Ribeirão. Tel. 252 301 382/ Fax. 252 317 555/ E-mail: [email protected] Assinatura anual: Portugal, países de expressão portuguesa e Espanha: 20 euros. Outros países: 25 euros. Preço deste número: 12 euros. Artigos e recensões: Os autores que desejem publicar artigos ou recensões devem enviar os originais em formato electrónico para [email protected] Deverão ainda enviar três cópias em papel para CECS – Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Sociedade, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga. Ver normas para publicação no final desta revista. Grafismo: António Modesto Tiragem: 750 exemplares Redacção e Administração: CECS – Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Sociedade, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga. Tels. 253 60 42 14 / 253 60 42 80. Fax 253 67 88 50 / 253 67 69 66 Impressão: Papelmunde SMG, Lda. ISSN: 1645-2089 Depósito legal: 166740/01 Solicita-se permuta. Echange wanted. On prie l’échange. Sollicitamo scambio. 3 Índice A rádio na frequência da Web 5 Madalena Oliveira e Pedro Portela I. A rádio na frequência da Web Reinventar narrativas tradicionais 11 A reconfiguração da temporalidade da rádio na era da Internet 13 Isabel Reis Jornalismo radiofónico e Internet – Um estudo da evolução 29 do uso das potencialidades online nas notícias dos sites da rádio Luís Bonixe Bem-vindos ao pod-drama-cast e a uma nova experiência de escuta: 43 a comunidade virtual de The Archers Emma Rodero Antón Redescobrir os ouvintes 61 A rádio no contexto da sonosfera digital: 63 perspectivas sobre um novo cenário de recepção sonora Juan José Perona Paez A geração iPod e a rádio: de Brecht aos novos utilizadores activos 77 João Paulo Meneses Potencialidades de uma web-rádio universitária: 95 um estudo exploratório das percepções e preferências dos estudantes Teresa Piñeiro-Otero e Fernando Ramos Adaptar o negócio 113 A rádio como um meio social: tendências de consumo e modelos de negócio 115 Paula Cordeiro A web-rádio como business 129 Nair Prata e Henrique Cordeiro Martins O modelo francês de ‘rádio auto-estrada’. Da isofrequência FM à Internet a bordo 141 Charles Dargent comunicação e sociedade 20.indd 3 31-01-2012 16:09:21 4 Comunicação e Sociedade | Vol. 20 | 2011 Directo e local nunca mais? As comunidades de ouvintes 157 e as tendências de globalização na propriedade e produção de rádios locais Guy Starkey II. Vária Em segredo: a confissão como relação interdiscursiva 175 Maria Augusta Babo Cienciometria das interfaces e intrafaces comunicacionais 191 na revista portuguesa Comunicação e Sociedade Roseméri Laurindo e Thalita Bruck III. Leituras Rádio na Internet em Portugal. A Abertura à participação 203 num meio em mudança, de Pedro Portela Rita Araújo Abstracts 205 Normas para apresentação de originais 211 Editorial information 213 Agradecimento aos revisores 215 comunicação e sociedade 20.indd 4 31-01-2012 16:09:21 5 Comunicação e Sociedade, vol. 20, 2011, pp. 5-8 A rádio na frequência da Web Madalena Oliveira e Pedro Portela Ao longo da sua história, a rádio tem atravessado constantes transformações, que pas- saram pela digitalização das estações emissoras e pelo convívio com outros meios de comunicação, também eles em permanente ajustamento face aos progressos tecnoló- gicos que animaram o século XX. Talvez por esta razão se compreenda que ela tenha sobrevivido aos reptos dos chamados novos média, tirando partido da tecnologia e das novas potencialidades técnicas e tendo-se aparentemente adaptado aos novos “modos de ouvir”. Ainda assim, o futuro da rádio, um pouco como o de todos os média clássicos, é encarado com algumas reservas, dada, por exemplo, a sua fragilidade diante dos meios de natureza visual. Nos últimos anos, assistimos inclusive a debates que anunciam a morte da rádio e a sua definitiva inviabilidade do ponto de vista económico. Sob o signo do que se poderá eventualmente chamar post-radio, os discursos contemporâneos em torno deste meio de comunicação têm, no entanto, procurado contrariar, em boa medida, o tom apocalíptico dos que dizem intuir o fim de um meio, por definição, de natureza exclusivamente sonora. Com designações que variam entre ciber-rádio e web- -rádio, passando também por r@dio, os autores que têm problematizado o futuro da rádio, fazem-no habitualmente com a confiança dos que vêem no ambiente web novas oportunidades para a sua reinvenção. Seria ingénuo ignorar que a rádio é um meio de comunicação em crise. Como o são hoje todos os média ditos tradicionais. Porque a crise é o que resulta sempre do confronto com o que desafia a natureza, a nossa e a das coisas. Sabemos que a rádio se debate hoje com um embaraço que se funda na sua contingente falência económica, na perda de energia dos seus públicos e na própria concorrência com regimes significativos quiçá mais apelativos. Mas isso talvez não seja propriamente novidade num meio que sempre lutou pelo seu lugar na paisagem mediática, ao acompanhar toda a história do visual no século XX. O que hoje é inteiramente novo é que, pela primeira vez na sua história, a rádio muda de lugar. Mantendo-se ainda no ar, migra progressivamente para habitar um outro espaço, a web. Até agora, transformando-se por reacção às mudanças comunicação e sociedade 20.indd 5 31-01-2012 16:09:21 6 Comunicação e Sociedade | Vol. 20 | 2011 do sistema mediático, ela mantinha-se flutuando nas ondas hertzianas, conservando intacta a sua natureza mais profunda. Agora, porém, mudando de espaço, a rádio está também submetida ao desafio de uma transfiguração profunda da sua essência. Pode dizer-se que, do ponto de vista tecnológico, o meio radiofónico mantém uma certa versatilidade, mas na frequência da web a rádio enfrenta também os requisitos da conversão aos desafios da cibercultura em que se inscreve. Com efeito, reconfigurando as noções de tempo e espaço e abrindo-se à interacção, a Internet e a possibilidade de audio-on-demand estão, por um lado, a dispersar as práticas das audiências e, por outro, a impor a reconfiguração das próprias narrativas sonoras como performances discursivas que consistem em contar um acontecimento ou uma série de acontecimentos. Oitava arte, no dizer de Rudolf Arnheim (1980), a rádio dedicou-se sempre a dar visibilidade ao que não se vê. Informando, entretendo, musicando… a história da rádio centrou o seu contrato de escuta numa estética do ouvir que procura a estimulação da sensibilidade acústica, a incitação do aparelho emotivo à imaginação e a satisfação do ouvido pela oferta de uma experiência intimista de sons, enfim, o elogio do invisível (Meditsh, 2005).
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