Desarrollo Del Capitalismo En Salta. La Conformación Del Complejo Agroindustrial Tabacalero En El Valle De Lerma, Provincia De Salta En La Segunda Mitad Del Siglo XX

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Desarrollo Del Capitalismo En Salta. La Conformación Del Complejo Agroindustrial Tabacalero En El Valle De Lerma, Provincia De Salta En La Segunda Mitad Del Siglo XX Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Centro de Estudios Avanzados Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Doctorado en Estudios Sociales Agrarios Autor: Ing. Agr. Marcelo Rodríguez Faraldo Título: Desarrollo del Capitalismo en Salta. La conformación del Complejo Agroindustrial Tabacalero en el Valle de Lerma, provincia de Salta en la segunda mitad del siglo XX Tesis para optar al título de Doctor en Estudios Sociales Agrarios Centro de Estudios Avanzados Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Director de Tesis: Dr. Carlos León Vice Director de Tesis: Dr. Guillermo Neiman Volumen I Córdoba Año 2014 DEDICATORIA Dedico esta tesis a mi amada familia, a quienes les resté tiempo de atención durante estos años de estudio. Les agradezco profundamente por su inmensa paciencia, apoyo y comprensión. AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco entrañablemente la guía y acompañamiento permanente por parte de los doctores Carlos León y Guillermo Neiman, quienes fueron mis directores para la realización de esta tesis. Así también, quisiera expresar mi reconocimiento y profunda admiración por la Dra. Sonia Álvarez Leguizamón, por sus cualidades excepcionales como profesional y ser humano ejemplar. Tuve la dicha de contarla como directora de mis tesis de Maestría y Especialización en Políticas Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Salta. Le debo a ella gran parte de lo que aprendí en mi vida académica. Mi más sincera gratitud a todas aquellas personas que cooperaron con su información, consejos o sugerencias. En especial, quisiera resaltar el trabajo de investigación que realizamos de manera conjunta con las familias de Guillermo Álzaga y de Felipe Burgos, quienes fueran asesinados por seguir sus ideales de solidaridad y justicia. Al amigo entrañable, Gregorio Caro Figueroa y a su Señora esposa, Lucía Solís, quienes me acogieron en las mañanas de invierno en su hermosa biblioteca de Cerrillos. A todas aquellas personas que fueron una fuente riquísima de información, tales como Pedro Villagrán, Benjamín Figueroa, Arturo D’Andrea, Emilio Viñuales, Mario López, Julieta D’Andrea, Miguel Cheda, Custodio Aramayo, Paulino Aramayo, Eladio Guantay, Federico Araya, Armando Caro Figueroa y tantos otros, quienes me brindaron generosamente sus valiosos conocimientos sobre el sector tabacalero y sus principales actores. A los campesinos, que hicieron una pausa en su trabajo diario, para brindarme sus relatos y recordarme sus añejos pesares. Agradezco particularmente al programa de Doctorado en Estudios Sociales Agrarios del CEA, en la figura de su Director, Dr. Luis Daniel Hocsmann y a todo su cuerpo académico por la oportunidad que me brindaron de incursionar en los saberes de las diversas disciplinas que conforman este extraordinario ámbito. También a cada uno de los compañeros y compañeras de la carrera por las instancias compartidas y los aprendizajes conjuntos. Por último, también deseo expresar mi gratitud a las siguientes instituciones que aportaron su valiosa información para la realización de este trabajo: Biblioteca Armando Caro de Cerrillos. Cooperativa de Productores Tabacaleros de Salta. Cámara del Tabaco de Salta. Sociedad Rural Salteña. 1 Sindicato Único de Empleados del Tabaco de la República Argentina (SUETRA). Cámara Regional de la Producción. Fondo Especial del Tabaco 2 RESUMEN El presente trabajo analiza las principales tendencias en la evolución del capitalismo en la provincia de Salta, a partir del estudio del desarrollo del Complejo Agroindustrial Tabacalero, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Este estudio, se realiza bajo tres perspectivas teóricas fundamentales: la histórica, que resalta los principales hitos que marcaron los principales cambios en la estructura agraria del Valle de Lerma. La sociológica, que estudia a los grupos de poder, sus intereses y su vinculación con las políticas implementadas en el ámbito rural salteño; y por último, la mirada de la economía política, que rescata la reflexión iniciada por otros autores a comienzos de la década de 1970 sobre los modelos de desarrollo vigentes en el escenario socioeconómico de las provincias del NOA. Para la caracterización del Complejo Agroindustrial Tabacalero (CAT), se priorizó como enfoque teórico y metodológico, el basado en las Global Production Networks (GPNs), analizando a los diferentes actores del CAT, su dinámica interna, los circuitos de valor y los flujos de poder y control del conjunto del sistema. Se aporta además a esta discusión, un modelo interpretativo alternativo que expresa las consecuencias que surgen a partir del ingreso de la provincia de Salta en general y del Valle de Lerma y del Complejo Agroindustrial Tabacalero (CAT) en particular, en los circuitos globales del capitalismo actual. A este modelo alternativo se lo denomina “Desarrollo capitalista dependiente con comando transnacional”. ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the main trends in the development of capitalism in the province of Salta, from the study of the development of the Tobacco Agroindustrial Complex (TAC), during the second half of the twentieth century. This study is performed under three main theoretical perspectives: historical, highlighting the major milestones that marked the principal changes in the agrarian structure of the Lerma Valley. The sociological, who studies the power groups, their interests and their links with the policies implemented in the rural area in Salta; and finally, the political economy view, which rescues the reflection initiated by other authors in the early 70’s on the models of socioeconomic development of the provinces of NOA. To characterize the Tobacco Agroindustrial Complex, was prioritized as a theoretical and methodological view, the Global Production Networks (GPNS) aproach, analyzing the 3 different actors of the CAT, internal dynamics, circuits of value and flows of power and control of the whole system. This paper also contributes to this discussion, with an alternative model to study the consequences in the province of Salta in general, and the Lerma Valley in particular, because of the insertion of the Agroindustrial Complex Tabacalero (ACT) in global circuits of the contemporary capitalism. 4 INDICE: VOLUMEN I PÁG. CAPÍTULO 1: INTRODUCCIÓN 14 1.1. Plan general de la obra 16 1.2. El desarrollo del capitalismo en la provincia de Salta, una continuidad del análisis regional 19 1.3. Un marco teórico para el análisis 21 1.4. Descripción general del Valle de Lerma 38 CAPÍTULO 2: EL COMPLEJO AGROINDUSTRIAL TABACALERO (CAT) 46 2.1. Aspectos generales del Complejo Agroindustrial Tabacalero (CAT) 47 2.2. “The Big Tobacco” 50 2.3. La producción mundial de tabaco 58 2.4. La producción de tabaco en Argentina 61 2.5. La producción tabacalera en Salta 71 2.6. Caracterización del CAT 77 2.6.1. Categorías conceptuales de las GPN 78 2.6.2. Mapa de actores del CAT 80 2.6.3. Flujo de poder en el CAT 84 2.6.3.1. Control de los ambientes donde operan las ETNs 85 2.6.3.2. Control de los mecanismos de “governance” del sistema 90 2.6.3.3. Control de la información y el conocimiento 92 2.6.3.4. Control de los insumos estratégicos 93 2.6.3.5. Control de la calidad 94 2.6.3.6. Control de los mecanismos de regulación 95 2.6.3.7. Control de los sistemas de comercialización 96 2.6.3.8. Control de los flujos financieros 101 2.6.3.9. Control de la distribución territorial de la economía del tabaco a nivel global 103 CAPÍTULO 3: LA PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICA 107 3.1. Etapa de la ganadería mular 112 3.2. Etapa de la ganadería bovina 115 3.2.1. Medio siglo de prosperidad (1884-1929) 115 3.2.2. Crisis y decadencia. El Valle de Lerma en búsqueda de un rumbo productivo (1930-1945) 121 3.3. Etapa tabacalera 132 3.3.1. Una nueva inserción productiva en el capitalismo mundial: El cultivo del tabaco (1945- 133 1955) 3.3.2. La institucionalización y concentración del CAT (1955-1975) 140 3.3.2.1. La institucionalización del CAT 140 3.3.2.2. La concentración del CAT 151 3.3.3. La centralización del CAT (1975-1983) 161 5 3.3.4. La globalización del CAT (1989-Actualidad) 166 CAPÍTULO 4: LA PERSPECTIVA SOCIAL 179 4.1. Los grupos sociales, sus intereses y las políticas sociales 181 4.2. Análisis de las principales dinámicas sociales previas a la etapa tabacalera 183 4.3. Análisis de los 6 casos de estudio de la etapa tabacalera, durante la segunda mitad del siglo 190 XX 4.3.1. Una nueva inserción productiva en el capitalismo mundial: El cultivo del tabaco (1945- 191 1955) Caso Nº1: Las reacciones en el agro salteño a la implementación del Estatuto del peón de 192 campo 4.3.2. La institucionalización y concentración del CAT (1955-1975) 203 Caso Nº2: Conflictos institucionales. El nacimiento de las instituciones madres del CAT 204 Caso Nº3: La trama social detrás de la creación del Fondo Especial del Tabaco 212 4.3.3. La centralización del CAT, (1975-1983) 218 Caso Nº4: La violencia política en el sindicalismo salteño. Guillermo Álzaga y el SUETRA 219 Caso Nº5: Agudización de las luchas en el ámbito rural salteño. Felipe Burgos y la 223 experiencia de la FUSTCA 4.3.4. La globalización del CAT, (1989-Actualidad) 228 Caso Nº6: La Industria tabacalera y su influencia en la formulación de las políticas nacionales 229 sobre el control del tabaco CAPÍTULO 5: LA PERSPECTIVA DE LA ECONOMÍA POLÍTICA 239 5.1. Intercambio mercantil equilibrado con las economías de enclave del centro-oeste 241 sudamericano 5.2. Desarrollo capitalista incipiente en el marco del colonialismo interno 243 5.3. Desarrollo capitalista en el marco del colonialismo interno con reflujo de capitales 247 5.4. Desarrollo capitalista dependiente con comando transnacional 251 5.4.1. Flujos de valor al interno del CAT. 251 5.4.1.1. Flujo de fracciones de trabajo no pago, desde los trabajadores a los empresarios 252 tabacaleros. 5.4.1.2.
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