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Ttu Gs0001 000303.Pdf (4.737Mb) EXCITING NEW USES FOR LITHIUM In thermonuclear power generation Ultimately lithium will be required in the elec­ LITHIUM trical power generating plant of the future-the thermonuclear (fusion) powerplant. In a controlled Nature's Lightest Metal thermonuclear reaction the two heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, react to produce Lithium is the lightest of all metals, and has very large amounts of energy. Deuterium can be the highest electrical potential when used in bat­ recovered from natural waters, but tritium is ob­ teries. Furthermore, it can be split to form tritium, tained only by the neutron bombardment of lithium. an essential fuel element in the generation of power Thus, tritium is obtained as a byproduct of the by fusion reaction. Because these new uses may deuterium-tritium reaction if lithium is present in play a major role in solving our energy problems, the thermal blanket surrounding the fusion reaction the U.S. Geological Survey has begun to search for chamber. Although only a small amount of lithium sources of lithium. is actually spent to form tritium, the thermal blanket The discovery of lithium is attributed to Swed­ may contain a large reserve of lithium so that it ish chemist, J. A. Arfvedson, who noted in 1817 can serve the added functions of absorbing neutrons that the mineral petalite contained an alkali metal and providing a heat transfer agent to power a con­ with properties unlike either sodium or potassium. ventional steam generating plant. More than 30 years elapsed, however, before the element was isolated by Bunsen and Mattiessen (1855). PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Chemical classification-Group I, alkali metal, high­ ly reactive Atomic number .. ...... 3 Atomic Weight ........ 6.94 (Only the light gases, hydrogen and helium, have lower atomic weights and numbers.) Density ........... ............ ... 0.534 g/cm3 (Lighter than most wood, it floats.) Oxidation potential ........ .. .. .... u~u + E-3.045 volts Melting point .......... .............. 180.5°C Ionic radius .......... .. ........ ....... 0.68 'A Isotopic abundance ........ 6 li, 7.4 percent; 7 Li, 92.6 percent Electron configuration .. .. 2 electrons in inner orbit; 1 electron in outer orbit Thermonuclear reaction .. .. 6 li + n ~ T + He (Lithium-6 plus a neutron forms tri­ tium plus hel'ium.) Cover: Aerial view of Silver Peak, Nevada, showing a portion of the brine evaporating ponds in the foreground, the town of Silver Peak and the Silver Peak Range in 3 the background. In batteries for electric cars In batteries for storage of off-peak electrical power Lithium metal and lithium salts have the great­ Part of the electrica I power produced each day est potential of any element for the manufacture of by generating plants is wasted because the plants lightweight vehicle batteries capable of providing operate continuously at the capacity required to performance equal to that of the internal combus­ supply power for periods of peak demand. Lithium tion engine. Prototype lithium batteries and fuel batteries are being considered as a way to store cells deliver more power per pound of battery be­ the excess power produced during periods of low cause of lithium's high electrical potential and light power demand. The power stored by such batteries weight. Various estimates of the number of electric during hours of low consumption could be returned vehicles that will be on the roads of the United to the system during hours of high consumption, States by the year 2000 range from 18 to 100 mil­ thereby providing a significant saving in the amount lion. Besides the obvious advantages of being clean of fuel consumed for electrical power generation. and convenient to recharge using a standard house­ In refrigeration and air conditioning systems hold electrical outlet, electric vehicles have the A significant saving in energy could be made advantage for urban use that they do not pollute if refrigeration and air conditioning systems were the air. True, the power must be provided by an designed and manufactured to utilize the absorp­ electric power plant that may be a source of pollu­ tion refrigeration principle, which uses lithium bro­ tion, but it will be much easier and more efficient to mide as the absorbent because of its low vapor control emissions from a few large power plants pressure. than from millions of vehicles. CONVENTIONAL USES FOR LITHIUM Isometric view of Oak In heat resistant glass and ceramics Ridge National Laboratory When added to other ingredients in proper pro­ (ORNL) Tokamak reactor. portions, lithium compounds produce glass and (U .S. Atomic Energy Commission report ceramic products that have high strength and re­ WASH -1239, p. 11). sistance to breaking when heated. Corning Ware is a typical example of heat resistant glass. In special lubricants Lithium-based greases are superior to greases based on other meta Is especially at temperature ex­ tremes and in water resistance. Line diagram of a Mo POSITIVE LEAD lithium/sulfur cell FEED THROUGH of the type that SULFUR might be used in ELECTRODE a battery to power electric vehicles. (Argonne National Laboratory report ANL-8075, p. 13) . FABRIC SEPARATOR LOWER Li -AI ELECTRODE 4 5 In aluminum manufacture Lithium also occurs in clay minerals and shales as Lithium carbonate, when added to the elec­ well as in desert lakes and underground brines of trolitic cells used in the reduction of aluminum ore dry desert lakes. Common rocks, minerals, and to metallic aluminum, decreases the electric power sediments contain only trace quantities of lithium, requirements and hence results in a significant eco­ generally less than 100 parts per million (ppm). nomic saving. Freshwaters generally contain less than 1 ppm; In treating mental illness seawater contains an average of less than 0.2 ppm Lithium carbonate is administered orally in the lithium. treatment and prevention of a variety of mental dis­ Three lithium silicate minerals-spodumene, orders, including manic-depression. lepidolite, and petalite-as well as the lithium phos­ In cosmetics and paints phate mineral, amblygonite, have been commercial The lithium clay mineral, hectorite, is highly sources. These lithium-bearing minerals occur in prized as a base in cosmetics, a thickener in oil­ rocks where they are mixed in varying proportions base paints, and as a clarifier in the brewing in­ with other minerals. To be of commercial value as dustry. lithium ore, they must be separated, in some cases by hand picking, from other minerals in the rock. In air purification for submarines and spacecraft In the United States, only spodumene is being Anhydrous lithium hydroxide is used aboard submarines and spacecraft to absorb carbon dioxide Map of the United States showing areas of from the air required to support life. anomalous lithium in waters and sedimentary In primary batteries rocks and lithium-bearing pegmatite mines. Lithium batteries for flashlights and small electronic equipment provide long life plus small - ·-··-- size or twice the voltage of conventional cells. rr··--·- --.... ____ .JI \\ -·-----~------,-I t OCCURRENCE OF LITHIUM ) L1 I \ ': \_ _,__ r-----------;1 Although many lithium-bearing minerals are - ! -~®7---------j ) known, most are found only in certain rare pegma­ ~ ------r---. I 1•12 :~ 17 i () I ---.:.._ : I L tites (coarse-grained igneous rocks) and in altera­ ' ---..,..---.../ r-·----··- r tion zones of igneous rocks known as greisen. -!! 0 II :I ®1'• L .. / "\ 2 ~- few -,;--------..l __ l ®· ' 1. Great Salt Lake, Utah. 0 2. Mono Lake, California. 0 \\!)s I I r----------· \ 14 I I ' 3. Searles Lake, California subsurface brines. m..,... 3 4. Imperial Valley, California geothermal wells. ® •\ ~i3·-------l I -z. 9 ' I ' ------- I 5. Clayton Valley, Nevada subsurface brines. • 8 '-y I --r-----------· • l •11 : r·-.. -, 6. Smackover Formation oil field formation waters. ,.> I I I 4@ I , : , 7. Yellowstone National Park geyser field. 8. Hector clay pit, Hector, California. ·t., I ! ~ .... ~,·-..--...·· 9. Kramer borate district, California. ' '.. !' :I ..._J. r---1\·-----.J 10. Spor Mountain beryllium deposit, Utah. "\\ 11. Kirkland, Arizona lithium clay deposit. - 12. Teewinot Formation clays, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. ~-.....J-\ 13. West End and White Basin borate districts, Nevada. ® Water 14. Amargosa Desert clay deposits, Nevada. e Rock or Sediment 15. Oil field formation waters in Devonian age rocks. ~ Pegmatite Mine 16. Kings Mountain pegmatite district. \{ 17. Black Hills of South Dakota pegmatite district. 6 7 mined as a source of lithium at present. Spodu­ large deposits of the same type in other parts of mene is especially desirable because of its high the United States seems rather poor. Hence, if we lithium content (about 3.75 percent), because it are to increase the resources and production of can be separated by a flotation process from other lithium from the United States it will be necessary minerals in the rock, and because it can be treated to search for other types of deposits. A brine de­ to remove impurities and used directly in ceramics. posit at Clayton Valley near Silver Peak, Nevada, Large pegmatite deposits of spodumene ore occur containing commercial amounts of lithium provides near Kings Mountain, North Carolina; near Bernie a clue to the search for new sources of supplies in Lake in Manitoba, Canada; near Bikita in southern brines and in sedimentary rocks. Rhodesia, Africa; and on other continents. Spodu­ SELECTED LITHIUM-BEARING MINERALS mene ore at Kings Mountain is estimated to con­ tain about 0.7 percent lithium. In pegmatites (primary igneous rock minerals) Twenty-five years ago, large crystals of spodu­ Silicates mene were hand picked and separated from other Spodumene (pyroxene group) associated minerals in the small pegmatite bodies LiAlSi20a , in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Now at two Lepidolite (mica group) large mechanized mines in North Carolina the ore K(Li,Al)3 (Si,Al),010(F,OHL is crushed and the spodumene is concentrated by Petalite LiAlSi4010 flotation.
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