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Chapter 6 Review

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Chapter 6 Review Chapter 14 Main Ideas U. S. History Vocabulary Strike – refusal to work as a protest against specific conditions Discrimination – is a policy or attitude that denies rights to a group of people Famine – severe shortage of food Artisan – skilled worker Nativist – group that wanted laws to limit immigration Trade union – organization of workers New Inventions: Southern planters and workers were able to boost their profits after 1793 because workers cleaned more cotton in the same amount of time because of the invention of the cotton gin. The new inventions of the 1800’s changed farming; for example, McCormick’s reaper did the work of five people using hand tools. First Railroads: During the 1850’s, new railroads opened new markets for the northern economy by linking many towns with cities and factories. Early American railroads threw off sparks that sometimes set buildings on fire. Because of the competition of the railroads canal investors lost money. Wagon drivers would have likely objected to the new railroads because of the competition they presented. In the 1840s’workers suffered from extreme temperatures and unsafe equipment in the nation’s factories. Southerners bought largely manufactured goods from the North. States limited the rights of free African Americans during the 1800’s. Yankee Clippers: Clipper ships helped the United States gain a large share of the world’s sea trade. Northern Economy Expands: Steam-powered machinery used in manufacturing enabled factory owners to build factories anywhere. Factory Conditions Become Worse: Laborers were working longer hours for lower wages. Entire families were often employed in the nation’s factories in the 1840’s.. Workers Join Together: By forming trade unions factory workers hoped to improve working conditions. In 1842 organized factory workers gained a victory: the right to strike. Irish Immigrants New Wave of Immigrants: German Immigrants Year 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 The immigrants shown in the graph came from Ireland and Germany. The number of Irish immigrants in 1850 was more than twice that of German immigrants. The length of time shown on the graph is 40 years. Irish and German immigration first increased and then fell between 1840 and 1860. Agricultural Economy: In the South the land and climate were ideal for cotton, rice and livestock; consequently, the South developed an agricultural economy. Economically Dependent: Southern planters borrowing money from northern banks to buy farm tools illustrates the dependence of the South upon the northern economy. White Southerners: Small farmers made up about 75 percent of the white population in the South. The majority of Southerners were small farmers who might own one or two slaves and work alongside their slaves in the fields. The wealthiest group of white southerners was the cottoncracy; then further down were the small farmers and poor whites. African American Southerners: By 1860 free African Americans in the South faced harsh discrimination. Life without Freedom: The primary purpose of the slave codes was to prevent slaves from running away. Owners needed to keep their slaves healthy and productive; this was overall the BEST protection for enslaved African Americans against mistreatment. The practice of slavery hurt the development of southern industry; slaves had no money to buy manufactured goods. Resistance against Slavery: Nat Turner led a major slave revolt in the South. To resist slavery African Americans tried to escape to the North, participated in slave revolts, and broke tools and destroyed crops. From the memoir of the free African American living in the North: “We went every day . with our books wrapped in paper to prevent the police or white persons from seeing them.” The author of the quotation MOST likely was going to a school. To achieve success in a job was the MOST likely reason the speaker continued to go each day. The word We most likely represents African American workers. The speaker probably wanted to hide the books because African Americans were not permitted to go to school. .
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