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Bee Lawns and Pollinator Gardens

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Bee Lawns and Pollinator Gardens Bee Lawns and Pollinator Gardens Creation, Design, Plant Choice and Sustainability Mary Hockenberry Meyer University of Minnesota Professor And Extension Horticulturist [email protected] 1 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. IAN LANE, GRAD STUDENT • Establishment, seedi ng rates, and bee numbers • Arboretum demonstration plots in 2015 • Long term demonstration plots at new Arboretum Bee Center Sam Bauer photo 2 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. BEE LAWNS • Fine fescues, especially hard fescue • Kentucky bluegrass • Dutch white clover (Trifolium repens) • Selfheal, healall Native (Prunella vulgaris) • Creeping Thyme (Thymus serphyllum) • Bird‟s foot trefoil 3 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Most pollinator plants need to grow more than 3” tall to flower. 4 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Can homeowners accept this look in their lawns? Do we value ecological landscapes or even know them when we see them? 5 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Accepting forbs in a lawn requires a shift in thinking about “good neighbors and good citizens”. 6 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Hampton Court Flower Show, England, July 2011 7 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Bug hotels; nesting boxes for bees and other insects. 8 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Bug Hotel in London 9 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. COMPONENTS OF A POLLINATOR GARDEN . Native plants . Non-native plants . Weeds . Native bunch grasses . No pesticides . Open sunny location . Open soil nesting sites . Minimum of 8 species overall . Minimum of 3 species in bloom at any one time . Early March through late October blooms 10 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. BEES ARE COMMON IN URBAN LANDSCAPES Author No. Species City Matteson 50 New York suburbs Ascher/ Matteson 100+ New York City Frankie 70 Berkeley, CA Fenter/LeBuhn 70 San Francisco, CA Cane/Minckley 62 Tucson, AZ Tonietto (green roofs) 21 Chicago, IL 11 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. BRONX AND EAST HARLEM, NYC . Matteson, K. and G. Langellotto.2010. Determinates of inner city butterfly and bee species richness. Urban Ecosyst (2010)13:333–347 DOI10.1007/s11252-010-0122-y. “Bees are central place foragers that may nest within or near gardens, bee species richness also included total garden area, canopy cover, and the presence of wild/unmanaged area in the garden. Generally, our findings indicate that sunlight and floral abundance are the major factors limiting local pollinator diversity in this setting. This suggests that rooftop and other “open” urban habitats might be managed to increase local pollinator diversity, even if seemingly “isolated” within heavily developed neighborhoods.” 12 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND • Native or Exotic? Double or Single? Evaluating Plants for Pollinator-friendly Gardens Sarah A. Corbet et al., 2001. Annals of Botany. • Examined British native plant species Salvia pratensis, Stachys palustris, S. officinalis, Lythrum salicaria, Linaria vulgaris, the non-native Calendula officinalis, Petunia × hybrida, Salvia splendens, and the possibly introduced Saponaria officinalis. • All the British species studied were nectar-rich and recommended for pollinator- friendly gardens. The exotic Salvia splendens, presumably coevolved with hummingbirds in the Neotropics, has such deep flowers that British bees cannot reach the nectar except by crawling down the corolla. With a secretion rate approaching 300 μg sugar per flower h−1and little depletion by insects, Salvia splendens accumulated high standing crops of nectar. Salvia splendens, and single and double flowers of the two probably moth-pollinated species Petunia × hybrida and Saponaria officinalis, received few daytime visits despite abundant nectar. 13 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. CAMBRIDGE ENGLAND • Compared single with double variants of Lotus corniculatus, Saponaria officinalis, Petunia × hybrida and Calendula officinalis. • “Except in Calendula, exotic or double flowers were little exploited by insect visitors. probably due to the absence or scarcity of coevolved pollinators, coupled, in double flowers, with the absence of nectar. In calendula where doubling involved a change in the proportion of disc and ray florets rather than modification of individual flower structure, double and single capitula had similar standing crops of nectar.” 14 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. SPINDLETOP RESEARCH FARM NEAR LEXINGTON, KY. Yeargan, K. and S. Colvin. 2009. Butterfly Feeding Preferences for Four Zinnia Cultivars. “We compared numbers and species of butterflies that visited four widely available zinnia cultivars: Zinnia violacea Cav. (Zinnia elegans) „Lilliput‟, „Oklahoma‟, „State Fair‟, and Zinnia marylandica „Pinwheel‟. Mixed colors were used for all cultivars. Based on a total count of 2355 butterflies, representing 30 species, more than twice as many total butterflies visited „Lilliput‟ than visited any of the other cultivars. Also, a greater number of butterfly species visited „Lilliput‟ than visited any of the other cultivars.“ 1870‟s introduction 15 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. DAVIS, YOLO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA . Shapiro, A. 2002. The California urban butterfly fauna is dependent on alien plants. Biodiversity and Distributions. 8:31-40. “the mainly native (butterfly) species commonly observed in gardens breed mostly or entirely on alien plants, especially naturalized weeds. Over 40% of the fauna has no known native hosts in the urban–suburban environment. Were certain alien weeds to be eradicated or their abundance greatly reduced, the urban-suburban butterfly fauna would disappear. This might be regarded as an unfortunate, and perhaps intolerable, side-effect of such programs.” . “32 breeding butterfly species in the city appears rich; Twenty-nine of the 32 butterflies known to breed in Davis do so at least in part on alien plants,” 16 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. DAVIS, CA SHAPIRO, 2002 Non-native host: Anise swallowtail fennel . “Papilio zelicaon, anise swallowtail, vies with the Monarch, Danaus plexippus, as the butterfly most often reared for the education and edification of children in California. If its weedy host Foeniculum, fennel, is eradicated from urban areas, as is contemplated for San Francisco, the butterfly will go away. Is this a price we are willing to pay?” 17 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. GRASSLANDS IN BOULDER COUNTY, COLORADO . Kearns, C.A. and D.M. Oliveras. 2009. Environmental factors affecting bee diversity in urban and remote grassland plots in Boulder, Colorado. Journal of Insect Conservation 13:655–665. • Urbanization did not determine bee abundance or number of species over 5 years in grassland plots. • Grazing regime and number of flowering plants were the most important factors affecting bee abundance, especially for ground nesting bees. 18 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. REVIEW OF 59 PUBLICATIONS . Hernandez, J. ,G. Frankie, and R.Thorp. 2009. Ecology of Urban Bees: A Review of Current Knowledge and Directions for Future Study. Cities and the Environment. 2:1, article 3, 15 pp. http://escholarship.bc.edu/cate/vol2/iss1/. Three Findings: . Negative correlation between bee species richness and urban development . Increase in abundance of cavity-nesters in urban habitats . Scarcity of floral specialists 19 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. EIGHT TALLGRASS PRAIRIES IN IOWA . Hines, H. and S. Hendrix. 2005. Bumble Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Diversity and Abundance in Tallgrass Prairie Patches: Effects of Local and Landscape Floral Resources. Environmental Entomology, 34(6):1477-1484. Assessed the influence of local and landscape floral resource diversity and abundance on bumble bee (Bombus) diversity and abundance. “Our results indicate that the floral and, perhaps, nesting resources of grasslands within and surrounding tallgrass prairie habitat patches are important for maintaining local bumble bee diversity and abundance.” . The more variety and abundance of flowering plants the more bumble bees and the more diverse were the bees. 20 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. SOUTHERN ENGLAND . Hanley, M., M. Franco, S. Pichon, B. Darvill and D. Goulson. 2008. Breeding system, pollinator choice and variation in pollen quality in British herbaceous plants. Functional Ecology 2008, 22, 592–598 doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2435.2008.01415.x . We quantified the pollen protein and amino acid content for 23 NW European plant species. Pollen quality was compared with breeding system (facultative- vs. obligate insect-pollinated). A subset of 18 plants was sampled from a single habitat. For these we compared the proportion of pollen collection visits made by bumblebees with the quality of pollen offered. We found a significant association between pollen quality and reproductive system; pollen of obligate insect-pollinated species contained higher protein content. We also found a significant relationship with pollinator use; plants
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