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Prussianisme Et Nazisme:Le Regard Des Intellectuels Français Sur L Prussianisme et nazisme :le Regard des Intellectuels Français sur l’Identité nazie de 1933 à 1940 Georges Bulit To cite this version: Georges Bulit. Prussianisme et nazisme :le Regard des Intellectuels Français sur l’Identité nazie de 1933 à 1940. Histoire. Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2006. Français. tel-00263887v2 HAL Id: tel-00263887 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00263887v2 Submitted on 9 Apr 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. HISTOIRE CONTEMPORAINE DE L‘ALLEMAGNE Prussianisme et nazisme : le Regard des Intelle tuels Fran"ais sur l‘Identit# nazie de 1933 ' 1940 Par M. Georges ,-LIT DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS IV A mon père, A mon frère Louis, 2 AVANT-PROPOS Le sujet de la thèse Prussianisme Nazisme avec le regard des intellectuels français sur l‘identité nazie (1933 1940) ‘a été inspiré par le désir d‘approfondir es connaissances d‘une part, par des otivations personnelles d‘autre part. Mes études juridiques et es quarante années de vie professionnelle de agistrat ne e prédisposaient pas, faute de te ps, ' entreprendre des études approfondies en (istoire. L‘arrivée de la retraite ‘a per is de satisfaire es a bitions. Je ne peux que re ercier es parents et grands parents d‘avoir développé en oi une véritable passion pour cette discipline. ,n contexte fa ilial a contribué ' ‘investir dans l‘histoire conte poraine et aborder nota ent le problè e alle and. Mon père, officier, ancien co battant de la guerre 1914-191., décoré de la Légion d‘(onneur ' titre ilitaire et croix de guerre avec citation, avait déj' captivé on attention d‘adolescent sur les faits de guerre. J‘ai souvenance de ses juge ents sans appel sur la responsabilité de l‘Alle agne i périale et de la 0russe dans le déclenche ent du pre ier conflit ondial. 1ans le cadre des rapports franco-alle ands après la pre ière guerre ondiale, on grand oncle, (enri 2aston, polytechnicien, officier supérieur, en occupation dans l‘Ar ée du Rhin, a été pour oi un exe ple. 1ipl5 é du Centre d‘Etudes ger aniques de Mayence, il a contribué ' l‘a élioration et ' la co préhension de nos deux peuples en collaborant de 1929 ' 1930 ' la Revue Rhénane1. Sous la rubrique : Littérature et Histoire ;, on lui doit des articles divers, que j‘ai retrouvé gr<ce au Centre d‘Etudes ger aniques de Strasbourg, : Méthodes d‘histoire ; : F?rst Y. A?low, (. 1elbrucC, D. Fr. EovaC, Marx et AaCounine, Mada e de Stael et le : Ro antiC ;, Liszt et Fagner. 1 Henri Gaston sous le pseudonyme d‘Henryk de Leliwa La Revue Rhénane décembre 1929 / janvier 1930 (BN Fol ) 114 ) 3 Toujours sous le pseudony e de (enryC de Leliwa, il a écrit dans : la Revue catholique d‘Alsace ; en février 1932, ai juin 1932, divers articles intitulés : Les ori ines hébra"ques dans la lan ue allemande 2. Le pseudony e pris par on oncle s‘explique par le fait qu‘étant tenu par un désir de réserve résultant de sa qualité d‘officier, il n‘entendait pas que son ouvrage soit publié sous sa véritable identité. L‘autre otivation tient au fait que on épouse de père alle and ‘a égale ent incité ' ‘investir dans des études ger aniques. Son père, ingénieur de l‘Ecole polytechnique de Aerlin a été interné co e ressortissant alle and en Egypte dès 1939, alors qu‘il exerçait depuis 1929 les fonctions de prospecteur ' la Société Shell. Huant ' oi, j‘ai affronté on adolescence avec la déclaration de guerre, la défaite de 1940, l‘occupation nazie, la victoire des alliés, événe ents qui ont i prégné forte ent on esprit. 0lusieurs voyages outre-Rhin et lectures ont contribué ' une approche plus inti e de l‘Alle agne. 0assant de l‘intention ' l‘acte, j‘ai entrepris des études ger aniques en aItrise sous l‘autorité de Monsieur le 0rofesseur Jacques Aariety avec un sujet de é oire sur : André Fran%ois-Poncet ;, ancien A bassadeur de France ' Aerlin (de 1933 ' 1940), et les rapports franco-alle ands durant la période de 1945 ' 1949. Les réflexions de ce diplo ate ger aniste confir é ont poussé a curiosité ' approfondir le passé de l‘Alle agne ' travers la 0russe et plus près de nous ses répercussions sur l‘Alle agne nazie. 1ans la K e optique, le 1ipl5 e d‘Etudes Approfondies avec pour sujet : l‘ima e de la Prusse dans la presse fran%aise de 1933 + 19,0 ; ‘a été délivré. C‘est dans un tel contexte que M. Aled ‘a proposé co e sujet de thèse le thè e : Prussianisme et nazisme. le re ard des intellectuels fran%ais de 1933 + 19,0 sur l‘identité nazie. 1ans l‘élaboration de on ouvrage, Monsieur le professeur Jean-0aul Aled a accepté de diriger les travaux, dont je présente aujourd‘hui le bilan. Henri Gaston sous le pseudonyme d‘Henryk de Leliwa Revue catholi,ue d‘Alsace .évrier 193 / mai / juin 193 (BN 01 49 2 10 bis) 4 Je le re ercie très sincère ent des conseils si pertinents qu‘il ‘a prodigués, pour les corrections qu‘il ‘a de andées, pour ‘avoir beaucoup aidé et pour l‘avoir fait avec bonne gr<ce. Je tiens égale ent ' re ercier tous ceux anony es ou non qui ‘ont rendu la t<che plus aisée, nota ent Christiane Falbisaner du Centre d‘Etudes 2er aniques de Strasbourg, les conservateurs de la Aibliothèque de France, de l‘Institut 2oethe de 0aris, des Archives Eationales, de la Aibliothèque de la Sorbonne, de la Fondation des Sciences politiques, de la Aibliothèque Cujas et de l‘Institut catholique de 0aris. Je ne veux pas oublier dans es re ercie ents M e C.Roquet, qui a assuré avec beaucoup de aItrise la t<che atérielle de cet ouvrage et sans laquelle il n‘aurait pu voir le jour. Hu‘il e soit per is de souligner que cet ouvrage ne prétend pas ' une érudition scientifique. Tout spécialiste, en parcourant ces quelques pages, ne trouvera que bien peu de renseigne ents qu‘il ne connaisse déj' et il sera vraise blable ent en désaccord avec certaines opinions qu‘elle expri e. Les années d‘apprentissage de la langue alle ande ne ‘ont pas per is de lire les textes alle ands de référence sans l‘aide d‘un dictionnaire. Cela n‘a pas freiné a t<che, en raison de l‘abondance de es sources. La difficulté résida non dans l‘obtention d‘infor ations ais dans leur triage. Je ne prétends pas avoir éclairé le dualis e prussianis e-nazis e d‘un regard nouveau. Ma odeste a bition a été de chercher ' ro pre la conspiration du silence qui aurait pu laissé les intéressés dans l‘ignorance des opinions expri ées par les intellectuels français sur les rapports entre la 0russe et le nazis e. J‘espère que le lecteur pourra y trouver atière ' réflexion et qu‘on ‘accordera que cette étude éritait d‘Ktre entreprise. G.B. 5 INTRODUCTION Le thème choisi est une étude sur la perception que les intellectuels français, pendant la période 1933 à 1940, ont eu ou non des liens entre les deux phénomènes prussianisme et nazisme. 1. PRÉSENTATION DU SUJET Il s$agit de savoir si ces intellectuels voient dans le nazisme un prolongement du prussianisme ? En fait, c$est un problème d$image. Trois réponses sont envisageables : une réponse affirmative, une réponse négative, une réponse nuancée ou un silence. ,remier point : quelle représentation se faisaient-ils du prussianisme avant l$année l$arrivée du nazisme ? .utour des thèmes qui le composent : aristocratie, bureaucratie et armée, sur le plan des structures sociales et sur le plan moral avec les valeurs traditionnelles. Nous observons s$il y a dans ces images des réponses ou des silences. 1euxième point : quelle représentation se faisaient ces m2mes intellectuels à l$arrivée du nazisme ? 3 vo0aient-ils un rapport possible avec le prussianisme ? Il importera alors de constater et de dégager les points de contact et de rupture en procédant à une anal0se sans pour cela en déduire obligatoirement le nazisme. 2. DELIMITATION DE L‘ETUDE Il s$agit d‘une étude sur la perception que les intellectuels français ont eu ou non des liens entre le prussianisme et le nazisme. Ce regard constitue le corps central de la thèse. En raison de l$étendue du su5et, il convenait de prévoir des limitations : 6 , une limitation quant au champs social et géographique, la ,russe et l$.llemagne unifiée ; , une limitation quant à la période traitée, encadrée par deux faits historiques ma5eurs, 1933 année de la prise du pouvoir par 8itler ; 1940 année de l$armistice franco-allemand et qui a donné naissance à deux politiques opposées, la politique de collaboration suivie par le gouvernement de 9ich0 et la politique de résistance prônée par le Général de Gaulle ; , une limitation quant au domaine théorique couvert, dès lors qu$il met en relief deux phénomènes, le prussianisme et le nazisme qui méritent d$2tre définis dans leur ensemble ; , enfin une limitation quant au t0pe et au groupe d$intellectuels, qui nous fournira la documentation nécessaire à la construction de cet ouvrage.
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