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Pharmacognostical Studies on Changeri Oxalis Corniculata Linn

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Pharmacognostical Studies on Changeri Oxalis Corniculata Linn View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central Ancient Science of Life Vol. No. XXI (2) October 2001 Pages 120 - 127 PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES ON CHANGERI OXALIS CORNICULATA LINN. (OXALIDACEAE): Z.MARY, K.G. VASANTHA KUMAR, SARASWATHY PASUPATHY AND T. BIKSHAPATHI Regional Research Institute (Ay.) Govt. Central Pharmacy Annexe, Jayanagar, Bangalore – 560 011 Received: 14/3/2000 Accepted: 18/3/2001 ABSTRACT: Pharmacognostical studies on Oxalis corniculate (Changeri) stem and leaves along with pre-liminary phytochemical studies are presented in this paper. INTRODUCTION: Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae) Known as extractive values, tests for inorganic and Puliyarai in Tamil, Changeri in Sanskrit is organic constituents. T.L.C. and U.V. an annual growing through out India, fluorescence studies. cultivated in waste lands (Gamble 1947). Changeri possesses Amlakashaya rasa, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Leghu rooksha guna, Ushna veerya and Amla Vipaka as therapeutic properties. Fresh plants of Oxalis corniculata was (Sharma P.V. 1983). Changeri is Kapha collected from Bangalore. Free hand vata haram, Deepanam. It is used in diseases sections of stem and leaves were stained and like Grahani, Atisara, Arsa (piles) and mounted., Cell structures were studied Kushta (Skin diseases). Changeri is used in according to kay (1938) Johansen (1940). Ayurvedic preparations like changerigrita Quantitative analysis of the leaf were carried which is used in diseases like Arsa, the physico chemical studied of the dried Grahanidosha, Anaha Mutrakrichara, plant material were carried out according to Pravahika and Gudabramsha. (K. standard procedure (Anonymous 1966)). All Raghunathan and V.N.K. Ramdas 1976). It the reagents used were of GPR Grade. The is used in Siddha preparations like fluorescence studied of the powdered drug Uppuchenduram which is used in the under ultra violet light were carried out treatment of pitta disorder colic, burning according to chase and pratt (1949). T.L.C. sensation of the chest, hyper acidity, Studied were carried out following Igon indigestion and menstrual disorders Stahl (1969) (Anonymous 1972). Leaves of changeri are good source of vitamin C and carotene. The MORPHOLOGY: are rich in calcium and potassium oxalates, citric and tartaric acids, on a perusal of Small procembent herb, stems rooting at literature it is found that no nodes, leaves palmately trifoliate, leaflets pharmacognostical studies of this drug have obcordate, subsessile, flowers yellow and been carried out. Hence the present study is solitary , capsules long linear, five angeled, carried out, the present paper deals with seeds broadly avoid. Plate I. macroscopic and microscopical characters of MACRISCIOUC CGARACTERS: stem and leaves, physico chemical studies, 1 pages 120 - 127 STEM: The stem is slender, terete and mesophy all consists of palisade and spongy pubescent, 0.4 to 1.5 cm long. The parenchyma cells. Vascular bundle small internodes vary form 4.5 to 8.5 cm in length. collateral and surrounded by endodermis. Acidic odour, taste sour when fresh. Lower epidermis consists of thin walled barrel shaped cells. (Fig 9) Epidermal cells LEAF: Leaves plamately trifoliate, in surface view are broad, slightly irregfular obcordate Leaflets 0.5 to 1 cm long with and thin walled showing stomata and reticulate venation. The upper surface hairy, trichomes. Palisade ratio 3to 5. Vein islet no pubescent. Acidic odour, taste sour when 6 to 9, stomatal no.25 to 40 (Fig 10,11)Table fresh. 1, Plate III. MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS: HISTOCHEMICAL TESTS: Crystals of calcium oxalate are found in the cortical STEM: Transverse section of young stem cells acidic taste of leaf is due to citric acid. shows single layered epidermis covered by Xylem elements gave positive response of cuticle (Fig 1,2,3). Trichomes are long licgnin when stained with phloroglucinol elongated with tapering ends (Fig1) and followed by drop of conc. Hydrochloric cortex consists of 3 to 4 layers of acid. collenchyma cells. The remaining ground tissue is composed of thin walled circular POWDER STUDY: The powder is grey in parenchymatous cells. Endodermis distinct, colour slightly astringent in taste. The vascular bundle collateral open and endarch. powder was sieved through No. 40 Sieve The vessels long, cylindrical with simple cleared in chloral hydrate. Microcopic pits. examination reveals epidermal cells with long elongate trichomes, surface view of Xylem parenchyma cells thin walled and xylem vessels fibres and parenchyma cell rectangular. Tracheids with simple pits. and polygonal cells of epidermis. Behaviour Xylem fibres long, narrow tapering at both of powder on treatment with different ends. Xylem elements lignified. The chemical reagents – Table 2. phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma. There is PHYSICO CHEMICAL STUDIES: The 0 parenchymatous pith I the centre. Plate II. properties like loss on drying at 110 4C ash value, acid insoluble ash, solubility etc. were MIDRIB: The transaction of midrib shows determined. The ash was analysed for single layered epidermal cell, some of the inorganic constituents. The air dried drug epidermal cell shows trichomes. was extracted with petroleum either, Hypodermis consists of sieve tubes, benzene, chloroform and alcohol companion cells, phloem parenchyma. successively using a soxhlet apparatus and Xylem consists of vessels tracheids and the perecentage of each extract was xylem parenchyma (Fig 8) determined. The values are given in table 3. The above four extracts were screened for LAMINA: The transaction of lamina shows organic constituents and the results are given a single layer upper epidermis. The cells of in Table 6. upper epidermis are bigger in size. The trichomes are present on both surfaces. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC Stomata are seen on both surfaces. The STUDIES: 2 pages 120 - 127 FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS: T.L.C studies of the above four extracts were carried out in various solvent systems The powdered drug was sieved through No. at 30oC using silica gel G as adsorbent, the 120 mesh and the fine powder was treated spray being 15% H2 SO4 in methanol and with different solvents. The fluorescence 50% H2SO4 in methanol. The Rf values are characters of the powder in each solvent recorded in Tables 5. under ordinary and ultraviolet light (both short and long wave Table (1) Measurement of different tissues and cells(-) Stem Epidermis T-9-11-15x5-7 P.Cortex T-20-35-45x25-45 Vessels M-75-85-90x22-35 Tracheids M-45-55-60x10-20 Fibre M-65-75-95x5-6 Lamina Upper epidermis T-7-9-13x6-12 Palisade T-8-12-15x10-15 Spongy parenchyma T-10-13-15x10-15 Lower epidermis T-5-7-9x5-7 Trichomes T-95-200-258x10-25 Table (2) Behaviour of powder on treatment with different chemical reagents. Treatment Observation Powder + Con. Sulphuric acid Black Powder + Nitric acid Brown Powder + Picric acid (saturated) Yellow Powder + Acetic acid Light green Powder + 5% Iodine solution Light green Powder + 5% Ferric chloride Green Powder + 10% Sodium hydroxide Followed by a drop of Copper sulphate solution Dark green Powder + 40% Sodium hydroxide plus Few drops of 10% Lead acetate No Change Powder + Acetic acid + Con. H2 SO4 Green Powder + con. NHO3 & excess of ammonia Dark brown Powder + Acetic acid +traces of ferric chloride and Transferred to the surface of Con. H2 SO4 Pinc black and & then brownish. 3 pages 120 - 127 Table (3) Physico-chemical characters 1. Loss on drying at 110-C %(w/w) -5.67 2. Loss on ignation %(w/w) -15.88 3. Acid insoluble ash %(w/w) -0.86 4. Solubility %(w/w) a. In ethyl alcohol -11.25 b. In wate -12.1 5. Extractive values%(w/w) a. Pet ether -6.5 b.Benzene -0.91 c.Chloroform -0.53 d.Ethyl alcohol -2.53 Table (4) Fluorescence analysis of powdered drug. Treatment Colour under Colour under UV Light ordinary light Short wave 254 Long wave 365 mµ mµ Powder as such Light grey Light brown Dark brown Powder + Dirty green Violet Dark brown 1N.NaOH in methanol Powder + Brownish green Dark violet Dark maroon 1N.NaOH in water Powder + 50% HCI Dark grey Dark violet Black Powder + 50% Grey Grey Black NHO3 Powder + 50% H2 SO4 Black Yellowish green Dark green Grey Green Dark green Powder + Methanol Grey with Grey Black Powder + Water Violet tinge 4 pages 120 - 127 Table (5) Layer Chromatography . Rf Values. Extractives Adsorbent Solvent system Developer/spray Rf Values Pet. Ether Silica gel G Benzene,ethanol 15% H2 SO4 in n- 0.17 (60-80) (80:20) butanol 0.12 0.24,0.41 0.52 0.67,0.9 Benzene Silica gel G Benzene,ethanol 15% H2 SO4 in n- 0.05,0.25 (80:20) butanol 0.30 0.41,0.49 0.67 0.87 Chloroform Silica gel G Benzene,ethanol 15% H2 SO4 in 0.26,0.33,0.4, (45:45:10) Methanol 0.53,0.62 0.75 0.96 Alcohol Silica gel G Chloroform 15% H2 SO4 in 0.2,0.36,0.64,0.73 Methanol Methanol 0.79,0.87 (60:25) 0.96 Table (6) Organic constituents Extracts Petroleum ether Benzene Chloroform Ethanol 60-80 Total % by 6.5 Greenish 0.91 Greenish 0.53 Greenish 2.53 Dark brown Wt. brown Syrup black Syrup brown Syrup Gum Physical appearance Condistancy Steroid + + - - Sugar - - - + Alkaloid - - - - Phenol + + + - Flavone - - - + Saponin - - - + Tannin - - - + SUMMARY: with chemical, fluorescence and T,L.C studies are presented. Oxalis corniculata (Changeri) is one of the important drugs used in siddha and ACKNOWLELDGEMENT: Ayurvedic systems of medicine for the treatment of dyspepsia, piles, anaemia and The authors are thankful to the Director, skin diseases. In this paper macro and C.C.R.A.S., New Delhi, for providing microscopical characters of the plant along facilities and interest shown in this work. 5 pages 120 - 127 Thanks to Smt.Sonal Vyawaharee and Sri H.S.
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