OUR SCIENCE AROUND THE WORLD SAMS

SAMS (THE SCOTTISH ASSOCIATION FOR MARINE SCIENCE) SCOTTISH MARINE INSTITUTE OBAN • ARGYLL • PA37 1QA • SCOTLAND • UK T: (+44) (0)1631 559000 F: (+44) (0)1631 559001 E: [email protected] W: WWW.SAMS.AC.UK ANNUAL REPORT OUR PARTNERS 2016-2017

SAMS IS A COMPANY LIMITED BY GUARANTEE, REGISTERED IN SCOTLAND (NO. SC009292), INDEPENDENT MARINE SCIENCE FOR SCOTLAND SINCE 1884 AND A REGISTERED SCOTTISH CHARITY (NO 009206) OFFICE BEARERS AS Audit committee external SAMS Honorary Fellows and CONFIRMED AT 102ND AGM members Research Associates SAMS STAFF OF THE ASSOCIATION Paul Brennan Dr Bob Batty 1 April 2016 – 31 March 2017 SAMS President Carol Phillips Dr Ruth Brennan Dr Clive Craik DIRECTORATE Martino, Dr Simone EDUCATION FINANCIAL SUPPORT Michalek, Kati Prof Geoffrey Boulton Council observers Dr Katherine Duncan Director: Owens, Prof Nicholas Head: Calder, Dr Lois SERVICES Deputy Director: Miller, Prof Axel Narayanaswamy, Dr Bhavani Bury, Dr Helen Head: McInnes, Jacqueline Dr John Gordon O’Donnell, Dr Christopher Sophie Laurie (NERC) Hatton, Prof Angela Crooks, Polly Beard, Adrian Chairman of SAMS Board Prof Richard Gowen Payne, Dr Ben Jennifer Nicoll (HIE) Davidson, Prof Keith Magill, Dr Shona Black, Derek Dr Fiona Hannah Day, Stafford Pond, Prof David Morrison, Leah Campbell, Elizabeth Professor Clive Mulholland (UHI) Commodore Angus Ross Prof Angela Hatton MacKinnon, Lorna Porter, Dr Marie Tindall, Fiona Hart, Fiona Dr Ken Jones Risch, Dr Denise MacEachen, Janice COUNCIL MEMBERS Dr Ray Leakey SCIENCE Robinson, Dr Georgina DELIVERY SUPPORT McLuckie, Gillian Prof Jane Lewis Head: Heymans, Prof Sheila Rochford, Meghan TEAM Robertson, Sharyn Mr Mark Batho Dr Andrew McLeod Adams, Dr Thomas Rouse, Dr Sally Head: Dr Shimmield, Tracy Smith, Christine Professor Monty Priede Prof David Meldrum Aleynik, Dr Dmitry Serpetti, Dr Natalia Allen, Dr Christopher Tening, Eugene Professor Sandy Tudhope ProfGeoff Moore Anderson, Dr Philip Slocombe, Dr Stephen Hart, Dr Mark Watt, Lorna Smalley, Claire Mr Ian Dunn Dr Jake Rice Arosio, Dr Riccardo Hausrath, John Austin, Prof William Stanley, Dr Michele Livingstone, Craig HEALTH AND SAFETY Dr Melissa Chierici Prof Toby Sherwin Badis, Dr Yacine Steuben Dale, Marieke Miller, Dr Raeanne Clay, Christopher Professor Donald Maclean Dr Henrik Stahl Benjamins, Dr Steven Stewart-Sinclair, Phoebe Murray, Sine Mr Stuart Cannon Black, Prof Kenneth Strittmatter, Dr Martina Nickell, Dr Thomas HUMAN RESOURCES Professor Bob Ferrier Billing, Dr Suzi Tett, Prof Paul Stewart, Alan Head: Hausrath, Michelle Mr Ken Rundle Brown, Dr Thomas Toberman, Dr Matthew Guthrie, David Campbell, Karen Professor Jane Francis Burrows, Prof Michael Turnewitsch, Dr Robert Thompson, Phillip Cullen, Jacqueline Marilyn Jeffcoat Carpenter, Dr Trevor Whyte, Dr Callum Vare, Dr Lindsay Culver, Rachel Cottier, Dr Elizabeth Wilding, Dr Thomas Greenwood, Susan Cottier, Dr Finlo Wilson, Prof Ben DIVING Kersley, Shirley Crocket, Dr Kirsty Head: Sayer, Dr Martin Cunningham, Prof Stuart TECHNICAL SUPPORT Azzopardi, Elaine ICT AND INFORMATION Dale, Dr Andrew Abell, Richard Brown, Hugh SERVICES Day, Prof John Abernethy, Colin Mogg, Dr Andrew Head: Gontarek, Steven De Boever, Frederik Anderson, Sarah Thurston, Simon Arce, Paola Ditchfield, Dr Arlene Beaton, John Cook, Nicola Duncan, Dr Katherine Beveridge, Christine PROFESSIONAL Dale, Richard CONTENTS Fox, Dr Clive Brand, Timothy SERVICES Dobkowski, Krystian Gachon, Dr Claire Brennan, Debra Fraser, Stephen Garvetto, Andrea Brunner, Lars BOATS: MacLucas, NigeL Gary, Dr Stefan Campbell, Christine Smith, Norman Glud, Prof Ronnie Childs, Katharine Green, Dr David Cole, Eilidh COMMUNICATIONS Greenhill, Lucy Dumont, Estelle Head: Miller, Anuschka Grist, Dr Hannah Field, Joanne Crabb, Andrew Hicks, Dr Natalie Griffiths, Colin MacKinnon, Rory 1 Welcome 6 Obituaries 26 National Facilities Houpert, Dr Loic Hagan, Bernard McNeill, Helen Howe, Dr John Lamont, Peter Paterson, Euan Hughes, Dr Adam MacKechnie, Karen Roseblade, Marc Research: Hughes, Dr David Mair, Alison Wallace, Keri 2 Transatlantic connections 8 Ocean Processes 32 Education Hwang, Dr Phil McNeill, Sharon Inall, Prof Mark Mitchell, Elaine FACILITIES Johnson, Dr Clare Rad Menendez, Cecilia Head: MacCorquodale, Iain Rodwell, Shane Research: Jones, Dr Sam Burnip, Melvin 3 Our people 12 Blue Economy 38 Communications Kelly, Dr Maeve Saxon, Rachel James, Alistair Kenter, Dr Jasper Swan, Sarah MacEwan, James Kerrison, Dr Philip Thomas, Naomi MacLean, Kenneth Last, Dr Kim Twigg, Gail McLaren, Paul Research: MacDonald, Fraser Ubbara, Swati 4 Learned society 18 Changing Coasts 40 Publications MacLeod, Dr Adrian Venables, Emily Wilson, Karen

5 Newth lecture 24 SRSL 49 Staff list

Editors: Euan Paterson Front cover photo: Courtesy of Dr Thomas Brown (SAMS) Design: Rory MacKinnon PROFESSOR NICHOLAS OWENS SAMS DIRECTOR

WELCOME

As always, the year has had its environment and SAMS led the trading subsidiary SRSL had the highs and lows. The highs are the production of a policy briefing most successful year commercially outstanding outputs from each on safeguarding the future of since it was established. Some of our three ‘pillars’ of activity: the global seaweed aquaculture examples of the projects Science, Education & Outreach industry. This was a major undertaken are described later in and Enterprise. The lows are the collaborative effort alongside the report. loss of some dear friends and 21 academic and commercial colleagues. partners, including the United As I close it is sad to report Nations University, and is sure to the passing of three influential To focus first on the highs, our have a significant future impact for colleagues and friends of scientific outputs, cover the the industry. SAMS. Ian Graham-Bryce was customary wide range of topics. a dedicated former SAMS When I am questioned “what Our education activities President. He presided over a does SAMS do”, my answer is: continue to thrive with more period of intense change which “we try to discover how the seas students than ever. However, saw the initiation of the UHI and oceans work, from the level education is measured in Millennium Institute, now the of genes to ecosystems”. Whilst quality, not just numbers and University, and the development that might seem to be a rather several of our students received of the existing SAMS buildings. flippant answer, it is supported by prestigious awards for their Ian Bryden, UHI Vice-Principal for the list of publications produced outstanding achievements. Sam Research was a great advocate this year. SAMS has a world- Black received the best UHI for SAMS within the University. class capability in marine science undergraduate of the year and It was his initiative that brought across a very broad front; this is a the best dissertation in a UK- us together with our now strong strength, but the funding realities wide award. Our PhD students collaborators and colleagues from dictate that SAMS has to focus its did outstandingly well, with Laura Texas A & M University, USA. And efforts and an ongoing activity is Hobbs awarded the best UHI finally, Graham Shimmield. As to continually look at the work we postgraduate student of 2016, well as a personal friend, Graham do. Winnie Courtene-Jones won was an inspirational Director of the P1 Marine Foundation UK SAMS and led the significant One of the up-and-coming areas student award and Kati Michalek growth of SAMS, during the late for SAMS is our work on seaweed, was awarded the Lantra Scotland ‘90s and 2000s, to what it is now. especially related to helping the Higher Education Learner of the Graham’s influence and legacy is development of a new industry. Year – many congratulations to very evident but all will be sadly This involves fundamental these students. We are very proud missed. discovery science, for example on to be able to contribute to their diseases in seaweeds, through to development. more applied investigations such as testing coppicing techniques SAMS’ enterprise activities, where to enhance commercial yields. we use our knowledge and know- However, science needs how to solve real-world problems to operate within a policy continues to thrive, indeed our RESEARCH SUMMIT TO BUILD TRANSATLANTIC CONNECTIONS

An international marine science The aim was to build connections cement the relationship between and technology summit held across the whole spectrum of the institutions. in Dunstaffnage and Oban in marine science, with an initial September 2016 has brought focus on learning, education and SAMS Director, Prof Nicholas together leading academics from outreach; emerging technologies Owens said during the exchange: across the UK, Europe and the in aquaculture; and advanced “This summit is a tremendous USA to explore new research and remote sensing capabilities and learning opportunity for both business opportunities. data science through robotics. academic partners. Not only will we learn what we do differently, The three-day The Global Marine Among the delegates leading we will learn what we have in Sustainability Workshop used the research discussions were: common; our situation in the facilities at the European Marine Prof Peter Liss FRS CBE, one of North East Atlantic and the Harte Science Park in Dunstaffnage the UK’s leading environmental Research Institute’s setting by and welcomed representatives scientists; Dr Marty Rogers, the Gulf of Mexico – two areas of from world-renowned institutes Director of the Alaska Centre great scientific work and joined by specialising in technology and for Unmanned Aircraft System the Gulf Stream – make us a great robotics, aquaculture, marine Integration; and Dr Sonia Ortega, match. and coastal sustainability and Head of the National Science education. Foundation Europe Office. “We also share common ideas and goals for the sustainable It was organised by SAMS, the During the formal dinner on the development of a ‘blue economy’ University of the Highlands and evening of September 20, the late and will explore the potential Islands and the Harte Research Prof Ian Bryden of the University commercialisation of research and Institute at Texas A&M University of the Highlands and Islands and innovation in achieving economic Corpus Christi (TAMUCC). Dr Luis Cifuentes, TAMUCC’s Vice and ecological sustainability in the Highlands and Islands Enterprise President for Research, signed a marine environment.” (HIE) also supported the summit. memorandum of understanding to

2 OUR PEOPLE

SAMS STALWARTS the inaugural expedition, which science, technology, engineering left from Ushuaia in Southern and mathematics (STEM). RETIRE Argentina and was employed as a The award is presented to Two of SAMS’ longest-serving kick-off event for the project. organisations that acknowledge staff members retired in 2017 with and address obstacles to women a combined 60 years of service TWO NEW making the transition from PhD under their belts. Senior marine level into a sustainable academic ecologist Prof Kenny Black and PROFESSORS career in science. Head of Instrumentation Colin The University of the Highlands Griffiths have seen huge change and Islands awarded a in the organisation, from the days professorship to our head of DR SHIMMIELD of the Scottish Marine Biological science, Dr Sheila Heymans, JOINS BGS Association, to Dunstaffnage for leadership in ecosystem After nearly 20 years with SAMS, Marine Laboratory and finally, as modelling. Her inaugural lecture is Dr Tracy Shimmield left in spring SAMS. scheduled for 16 November 2017 2017 to join the British Geological at SAMS. Survey (BGS). Prof Black worked mainly on modelling the fate and impact of For his Arctic research and Dr Shimmield had previously particulate organic matter and international collaborations the been head of biogeochemistry medicines lost from marine cage University of Tromsø awarded the and earth sciences at SAMS and farms and co-developed the title of professor to SAMS physical would go on to become the world’s most advanced tool for oceanographer Dr Finlo Cottier. first managing director of SAMS this purpose, DEPOMOD, which is Research Services Ltd. mandated in Scotland and widely PROFESSOR HATTON used across the globe. Mr Griffiths has spent years at sea on research JOINS NOC cruises and was crucial to SAMS’ Professor Angela Hatton left Research, Education and efforts in observing the North SAMS in August 2016 to join Enterprise: 69 staff Atlantic. His most memorable the National Oceanography moment was in February 2000 Centre as Director of Science and when the ship he was working Technology. on was hit by a 95-foot wave, the largest wave ever recorded by Until her move, Prof Hatton was scientific instruments in the open Associate Director of Research ocean. at SAMS and has previously held research positions at SAMS and Technical and Experimental: HOMEWARD BOUND the University of East Anglia. 40 staff TO ANTARCTICA Dr Raeanne Miller embarked on WOMEN IN SCIENCE a 20-day voyage to Antarctica AWARD aboard Aurora Australis on The University of the Highlands December 2, 2016 as part of the and Islands, of which SAMS is Homeward Bound initiative. an academic partner, has been The ambitious programme aims to recognised for its efforts to Management, Specialist and create a network of 1,000 female promote women in science and Administration: 57 staff scientists in an attempt to address technology. the lack of women in STEM leadership roles and highlight The university achieved the environmental issues affecting our bronze award with the Athena planet. SWAN Charter, a partnership 3 Raeanne was one of an all- formed to improve the female group of 76 women on representation of women in SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 LEARNED SOCIETY 2017 STATE OF THE SAMS MEMBERSHIP

TOTAL: 268

SAMS research bursaries awarded to members during the reporting period Susan Evans Support the transport of frozen water and molecular samples to SAMS £1,000 for analysis Dr Andy McLeod Quantity significance of UV driven photochemistry £980 Dr Keith Hiscock Completing the publication of a book that will include significant £500 information about the natural history of Scottish seabed habitats Mine Tekman Microplastic ingestion by Arctic deep-sea epibenthic megafauna £1,000

BURSARY PROFILE – DR KEITH HISCOCK Exploring Britain’s the ultimate tidal currents of the ‘works’ and how we make sense Gulf of Corryvreckan, and into the of seabed communities to classify Hidden World: a Natural still waters of sea lochs). them as biotopes. The book History of Seabed All of the time that I was is designed to inform, to give undertaking my research in its pleasure and perhaps to surprise. Habitats various guises, my passions Publication of the book is for marine natural history, for supported through a SAMS With such a wide variety of photography and for diving bursary. seabed habitats, some unique accumulated knowledge and http://www.wildnaturepress. within Britain, Scotland was bound images until it became time com/our-titles/exploring-britains- to loom large in a book about our to pull them together into a hidden-world/ shallow seas – and it does. celebration of the fabulous and It was in 1976 that I first took fascinating seabed marine life an interest in subtidal habitats present around the shores of in Scotland whilst working OPENING OUR DOORS Britain. During the reporting year SAMS in Shetland. My survey work The resulting volume is more continued as the then Nature welcomed thousands of visitors. than just a coffee table book. Among the number were 200 Conservancy Council launched It describes the history of the Marine Nature Conservation delegates, 173 visiting students exploration from the beginning of and 15 work experience students. Review of Great Britain under my the 19th century through to the direction when I dived in some technology that is used today. It of the most iconic locations in includes coloured line drawings 4 Scotland (from the ultimate wave of sediment communities. It exposure of Rockall, through to describes how the ecosystem PLANKTON OF THE SEA AND OF THE MIND

27th NEWTH LECTURE, 11th November 2016

The parallels between science scientists knowing their stuff and and art were explored during using that to be creative, he was an afternoon of education and also describing musicians.” entertainment at the Scottish There was also a presentation Association for Marine Science and display from textiles (SAMS) annual Newth Lecture. company, Crubag, which has The lecture, named after the been set up by a SAMS marine distinguished researcher and science degree graduate Jessica former SAMS president Professor Giannotti. Jessica uses the marine David Newth, welcomes a environment as inspiration when leading UK scientist every year to designing scarves, bow ties, Dunstaffnage. In November 2016, pocket squares and other fashion following the institute’s annual items. meeting, Prof John Spicer of Plymouth University gave the 27th Her recently launched Newth Lecture on ‘Plankton of the Flora Collection has been a sea and of the mind. When Hardy collaboration with SAMS PhD met Garstang’. It was delivered to researcher Ruth Paterson and an enthralled audience in SAMS’ images of harmful algae form the own William Spiers Bruce Lecture basis of the designs. Room, as well as being broadcast This year’s Newth Lecture will take live online. place on Friday, November 10.

Prof Spicer’s fascinating insight into the careers of renowned marine scientists Sir Alister Hardy and Walter Garstang brought up a number of talking points, not least how researchers communicate science.

The message was particularly apt, given that the lecture was delivered in between performances of The Deep Sea Light by Nick Turner and Mary Ann Kennedy of Watercolour Music, Ardgour. This surround sound project, which included expertise from SAMS’ Prof Ben Wilson, immerses the listener in underwater sounds, encouraging them to think about our marine environment. NEWTH LECTURER Nick’s recordings accompanied Mary Ann on vocals and clarsach Prof John Spicer and Finlay Wells, Oban, on guitar teaches marine zoology in a mesmeric performance. After at Plymouth University’s hearing Prof Spicer’s lecture, Mary School of Biological and Ann said: “Science and art belong Marine Sciences together and when John was talking about the importance of 5 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 OBITUARIES relationship with NERC; building an £8M laboratory; developing the European Centre for Marine Biotechnology as a business incubator; broadening SAMS research to include Arctic science, biotechnology and social science; and setting up SAMS’ first commercial subsidiary, SRSL.

When Graham moved to the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine, USA, in 2008 as their new Executive Director he created a similar legacy on the other side of the Atlantic: nearly doubling the size of this institution, developing a philanthropy programme that allowed the building of a $32M marine research and education campus and the delivery of his final project, a $6M residence facility that was opened posthumously on 12th May 2017 as the Graham Shimmield Residence Hall.

got married to Tracy and had two Prof Graham Shimmield Graham published more than daughters. FRSE (Dec 1, 1958 – Dec 24, 70 peer-reviewed papers, was 2016) a Fellow of the Royal Society of Graham was appointed joint Edinburgh since 1998 and of the Director of SAMS and NERC’s Royal Society of Biology since On Christmas Eve the devastating Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory 1999. He was president of the news reached us that our highly at the tender age of 37. In the European Federation of Marine respected former Director, early days he embedded SAMS in Sciences & Technology Societies; Graham Barry Shimmield, had the UHI Project to help develop chairman of the European Census died from cancer. a new university and conjured up of Marine Life; trustee and his masterplan for SAMS’ future executive committee member A geologist by training, Graham - including nascent ideas around for the Consortium for Ocean received his PhD in 1985 from a technopole with incubator hub Leadership; and chairman of the the University of Edinburgh. He and full-blown science park on our International Science Advisory remained there until 1996, first doorstep. Board for the Decommissioning of as Lecturer and then Reader in Man-Made Structures in the North Chemical Oceanography in the As SAMS Director from 1996 Sea, Oil & Gas. Department of Geology and to 2008 Graham transformed Geophysics, developing a diverse the organisation: doubling the He is survived by his daughers, research portfolio focused on number of staff; developing the Anna and Helen, his parents and indicators of climate change and Marine Science BSc and PhD his long-term partner and new human impacts on the marine programmes; negotiating a new wife, Jane. environment. During this time he 6 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

After working as a research European Commission. engineer for British Maritime One of his particular areas of Technology (1984-86), he returned expertise was low- and zero- to academic life and to Scotland carbon energy capture, where he at Heriot-Watt University, where devoted his attention not only to OBITUARIES he served as a lecturer in offshore the purely technical aspects but to engineering (1986-91) and then examining how such energy could as a senior engineer at the be incorporated into public policy International Centre for Island and harnessed for economic Technology on Orkney (1991-96). development. From Heriot-Watt, Ian moved on to Robert Gordon University in He also brought his 30 years’ Aberdeen, as head of the School research experience to his role as of Mechanical and Offshore director of FloWave TT Ltd, which Engineering (1996-2001), operates the world-leading All associate dean of the department Waters Marine Energy Test Centre of design and technology in Edinburgh (from 2011). (2001-02) and, finally, dean of His final position was at the postgraduate studies (2002-05). University of the Highlands and Islands, where in 2013 he was He returned to Edinburgh to appointed both vice-principal Prof Ian Bryden become professor of renewable (research) and associate principal (Sept 12, 1958 – Nov 28, 2016) energy (2006-13) and then head (specialist colleges), which of the Institute for Energy Systems included SAMS UHI. A graduate of the University of (2010-13), where he led a number Edinburgh, Ian followed up with of major research projects, He is survived by his partner, a PhD on the dynamics of wave mainly in the field of marine Hannah Rosnes, three children energy devices (1980-84) from the renewable energy, and funded by and three stepchildren. same institution. British research councils and the

An exceptional soil scientist, by Although he led a staff of 400 at the age of 35 Ian was directing East Malling, agricultural research the department of insecticides was falling out of public favour and fungicides at Rothamsted and he accepted an offer in 1986 Experimental Station in to head the environmental affairs Harpenden, Hertfordshire. He division of the Royal Shell Group led groundbreaking research, in the Hague. amid concerns about DDT, into the behaviour of chemicals in He relinquished a hectic schedule, soil and the reaction of plants to involving 100 flights a year, pesticides. When the Agricultural after being asked in 1994 to Research Council tried to shut apply to be the principal and down a project developing vice-chancellor of the University the first insecticides to remain of Dundee. There, he swiftly stable in sunlight, Ian battled improved the quality of the succcessfully against them. teaching and swelled the numbers Dr Ian Graham-Bryce of students by 4,000, the research CBE FRSE By 1979 he was directing the budget by £45 million and more (Mar 20, 1937 – Oct 10, 2016) world’s leading horticultural than doubled the university’s research station in East Malling in financial turnover. Kent. Enchanted by the light of A former president of SAMS from Romney Marsh, he would paint 2000 - 2004, Ian was at the helm Married to Elisabeth Metcalf for the birds, sea and skyscape in during a period of huge change at 57 years, they had four children: watercolour. the marine laboratory. Fiona, Catherine, Laura and Robert. 7 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

OCEAN PROCESSES

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT CLOCKWORK copepods and krill, rise to in Germany, the SAMS team the surface at dusk to gorge showed that Calanus finmarchicus COPEPODS themselves on single-celled algae possesses an internal genetic that can only thrive where there clock, also called the circadian An experiment conducted in is sufficient sunlight. The cover clock, which produces a specific Loch Etive has revealed how the of night offers the zooplankton 24-hour rhythm that functions microscopic Calanus finmarchicus protection from predators like even without a day/night cycle. – the main food source for many fish, which need light to hunt. This could be important during larger marine species – schedules When dawn approaches however, the constantly dark polar winter its day using its own genetic they sink back into the dark and in the deep sea. clock. depths where they can hide from their predators throughout the Light is only needed in order The ‘body clock’ of the copepod day – completing a cycle that to occasionally reset the clock shapes its metabolic rhythms likely represents the largest daily and work previously carried out and movement through the movement of biomass on the by SAMS researchers showed water column. This in turn has an entire planet. zooplankton in the Arctic enormous influence on the entire regulated their movements using food web in the North Atlantic Though this phenomenon was moonlight, in the absence of and Arctic oceans where Calanus first discovered over a century sunlight, during the polar winter. finmarchicus is a central plankton ago, researchers are still working species. to decipher which signals these marine organisms use to decide As part of the study, published in when to rise and when to the journal Current Biology, SAMS descend. scientists carried out research on Loch Etive, where one of the few Along with colleagues at the known isolated populations of Alfred Wegener Institute, Calanus finmarchicus is found. Helmholtz Centre for Polar and In the world’s oceans, countless Marine Research (AWI) and zooplankton species, like the University of Oldenburg

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The warming Arctic region is the the copepod Calanus, a small research grew during the part of the globe showing the shrimp-like animal that is a vital reporting year, Dr Cottier spoke at most obvious signs of climate source of food for seals, whales the Gordon Research Conference change. This vast, but largely and commercially-important fish in Polar Marine Science on the unexplored ecosystem plays a key but is believed to be reducing in topic of Arctic time series and role in the climate, biodiversity number. Arctic PRIZE will involve robotics and at the Arctic Science and oceanography of the northern the University of Tromsø (UiT), Summit in Prague. Prof Mark Inall hemisphere. the Arctic University of Norway. spoke at the Arctic Circle Summit The project will seek to establish in Reykjavik. A CHANGING OCEAN a year-round picture of the Arctic ecosystem, using robotic It was also confirmed in late 2016 systems based at SAMS’ NERC- that SAMS would host the UK In early 2017 SAMS’ position as funded Scottish Marine Robotics Arctic Science Conference 2017, a leading UK institute in Arctic Facility to collect data during the welcoming 125 Arctic researchers research was exemplified when relatively unexplored polar winter. and policy influencers to Oban. two out of four projects on NERC’s During the reporting year, the Changing Arctic Ocean funding AN ARCTIC Kongsfjorden and Rijpfyorden call came to Dunstaffnage. observation moorings, as a Arctic PRIZE, led by Dr Finlo EDUCATION combination, reached a decade Cottier, and DIAPOD, led by of continuous observations in the Prof David Pond successfully Dr Finlo Cottier gained his full Arctic. gained funding from the £10m professorship at the University programme, which is being of Tromsø (UiT), the Arctic co-ordinated by another SAMS University of Norway, during scientist, Dr Kirsty Crocket. A the reporting year. Dr Cottier’s CLIMATE PREDICTIONS number of UK partners will be collaborative research project with involved in the projects. the university, Arctic ABC, was In January 2017, SAMS joined extended into a ‘development’ the kick-off meeting in Berlin for DIAPOD will examine the effect stage, bringing in technology. Blue-Action, an H2020 project of a warming Arctic Ocean on As SAMS’ prominence in Arctic aiming to better improve climate

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of four Argo floats on behalf of the Met Office; and to conduct three glider missions over the Rockall Plateau.

Thanks to the contribution of the different groups involved, the first time series of the sub polar Atlantic Meridional Overturning was presented at the international OSNAP PI meeting in Vienna on April 23 2017.

LARGEST EVER ATLANTIC predictions in order to better wind strength. To have adequate ASSESSMENT prepare industry and society measurements, an international for future change. SAMS is transoceanic observing system In the summer of 2016 SAMS was involved in the oceanographic was set up in the subpolar North announced as a major partner in measurements that are crucial Atlantic under OSNAP. The main the £9m H2020 ATLAS project – to climate data and also in the aims of OSNAP are to: (i) provide A trans-Atlantic assessment and dissemination of the project. Key a continuous record for four years deep-sea ecosystem-based spatial to this stage is a collaboration (2014–18) of full-depth, trans- management plan for Europe – with case study organisations basin mass, heat, and freshwater and is contributing oceanographic covering topics such as oil and fluxes; (ii) quantify and understand expertise and autonomous gas, tourism, health, fisheries and the response of circulation, and underwater vehicles (AUVs). other maritime activity. heat and freshwater fluxes to The European Commission’s local and remote forcing, within Horizon 2020 funding programme the conceptual framework of the This bridging of scientific data is supporting this largest and most overturning circulation. and risk management, or climate ambitious assessment of deep- services, is at the heart of Blue- sea Atlantic ecosystems ever Action and will help industry The eastern boundary array undertaken. and policy makers design better is operated by SAMS and is services in relation to weather composed of tall moorings and The North Atlantic is home to extremes and hazardous events. repeated glider sections over a number of ecosystems such the Rockall Plateau and Rockall as cold water corals and those Trough. The SAMS work involves around mid-ocean ridge vents. EYES ON THE OCEAN Prof Stuart Cunningham, Prof ATLAS brings together scientists, Mark Inall, Dr Loïc Houpert, industry and government agencies SAMS continues to have eyes Estelle Dumont, Dr Chris across 12 countries to provide and ears in the North Atlantic, O’Donnell, Dr Clare Johnson, essential new knowledge on these thanks to a range of observation John Beaton, Karen Wilson and Dr potentially vulnerable biological platforms, supported by Stefan Gary. international projects: Overturning communities. in the sub-polar North Atlantic Between June and July 2016 Prof SAMS’ involvement, through Prof (OSNAP). Cunningham led an OSNAP cruise Cunningham, Dr Johnson and Dr on RRS Discovery (DY053), from Gary, will explore how ecosystems There is mounting evidence of the Glasgow to Reykjavik, 26th June- respond to ocean dynamics using importance of the transports of 23rd July 2016. Cruise objectives both observations and computer heat and freshwater by the North were included refurbishment of models. Atlantic Subpolar Gyre for impacts the mooring arrays; recovery and on European and global climate redeployment of SAMS gliders on via temperature, precipitation and the Hatton Plateau; deployment SAMS is also working with Heriot-

10 Watt University (Edinburgh) and AROUND THE OCEAN oceanographic knowledge. GEOMAR (Germany) to analyse Another aim of the project is ocean models on a range of IN 318 DAYS to demonstrate the increase scales, including super high in data density offered by the resolution (100m) sub-models at It seems strange to think that use of robotic gliders and other selected case study sites. coastal winds of Central America autonomous platforms, so code ATLAS runs until April 2020 and might significantly impact the was developed to interpret the is funded under the European ocean floor at 4,000 m deep, outputs of these platforms. The Union’s Horizon 2020 research and some 4,000 km from shore. outputs of ODaT were presented innovation under grant agreement But a research team that included via a web-mapping (GIS) server No 678760. Prof Mark Inall, Dr Dmitry Aleynik and Dr Jones presented his work and Dr Andrew Dale has traced a at the Challenger Conference in 318-day journey off a full-depth September 2016. A CLIMATE-CHANGE oceanic eddy from the Central DIET American coast to the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ). The team EXPLORING THE Ecologist Dr Thomas Brown has monitored its near-bed velocity DEEPEST OCEAN devised a method to measure how signal and modelled the influence much of a species’ diet is derived of that signal on the advection During January and February 2017 from sea ice and in March 2017 and dispersion of a near-bed Prof Ronnie Glud and Dr Robert published work that demonstrated plume. Turnewitsch were on board the a change in the feeding habits of Japanese research vessel Shinyo- the endangered beluga whale. The Tehuantepecer is a cool, dry maru on a cruise to the Mariana Dr Brown found a substantial northeasterly wind which blows Trench. change in how one community, periodically through mountain based off Baffin Island, was gaps of eastern Mexico at speeds Prof Glud leads the HADES getting energy from food, given of up to 200km/h. These winds project, which is using custom- the reducing levels of sea ice in drive strong coastal upwelling, built Landers to explore the the region. supporting an abundance of deepest part of the ocean. Dr coastal sea life, and rapidly adjust Turnewitsch’s role in the project is Since 2000 these beluga whales to form an oceanic eddy which to look at sediment dynamics and and their prey, which are thought then propagates slowly westward. implications for food supply. to be mainly Greenland halibut SAMS initial interest in this The cruise allowed the project and Arctic cod, are adjusting to phenomenon dates back to 2012 team to test the new Lander and changes in the supply of food. Dr when two eddies, one originating they were successful in collecting Brown showed that, in contrast from eastern Mexico and the samples and data, which are to before 2000, these fish and other from further south, merged currently being assessed. whales now appear to have an to form a single ‘super-eddy’. Its The deepest part of the Mariana increasing reliance on energy path led it directly over the mining Trench is around seven kilometres sourced from open water algae, areas of the CCZ some 300 days below the surface of the ocean, rather than the Arctic’s energy-rich later. This works suggests the so only specially-designed sea ice algae that grows within the intriguing possibility that eddies, equipment can withstand the Arctic ice during spring. tracked from space for hundreds pressures at that depth. Current trends in Arctic sea of days, might allow predictions ice extent and thickness show to be made of the fate of abyssal decline, with the National Snow sediments disturbed by deep sea and Ice Data Centre reporting mining. record low average monthly sea ice extents in the Arctic in January, Closer to home, Dr Sam Jones February, April, May, June, has been working on ODaT (the October, and November in 2016, development of a novel ocean suggesting increasing influxes of data tool), a project to make Atlantic-derived waters into the better use of oceanographic Arctic Ocean as the cause. data generated during science campaigns, as part of a NERC innovation grant awarded in 2016. In collaboration with Marine Scotland, DSTL and BP, Dr Jones has developed a series of ‘added value’ data layers which build on raw data using

11 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 BLUE ECONOMY

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

INFLUENCING POLICY The brief, on which Dr Elizabeth as biotechnological applications. Cottier-Cook was lead author, Seaweed today is used in FOR FUTURE SEAWEED noted that seaweed farms now some toothpastes, skin care INDUSTRY produce more than 25 million products and cosmetics, paints metric tonnes annually. The global and several industrial products, A rising number of valuable value of the crop, US$6.4 billion including adhesives, dyes and uses being found for seaweed (2014), exceeds that of the world’s gels. Seaweed is also used in — from food and fertilizer to lemons and limes. landscaping or to combat beach pharmaceuticals and industrial Seaweed farming has grown from erosion. gels — is driving the rapid growth the late 1950s into an industry of an industry that could easily offering sustainable employment However, the policy brief says and needlessly drop into some in developing and emerging the industry needs to guard of the same pitfalls previously economies, notably China (which against non-indigenous pests and experienced in both agriculture produces over half of the global pathogens, to promote genetic and fish farming. total of seaweed — 12.8 million diversity of seaweed stocks and tonnes) and Indonesia (27% of to raise awareness of mistakes in global production — 6.5 million farm management practices (such Drawing on the expertise of tonnes). Other major producers as placing the cultivation nets 21 institutions worldwide, include the Republic of Korea and too close together, making the SAMS and the United Nations the Philippines. crop more vulnerable to disease University’s Canadian-based transfer and natural disasters). Institute for Water, Environment Communities that come to and Health published policy Most of the seaweed produced depend on a single crop for advice in September 2016 for is used for human consumption their livelihood become highly the burgeoning, multi-billion with much of the remainder used vulnerable to a disease outbreak, dollar industry to help it avoid largely as a nutritious additive to as happened in the Philippines expensive mistakes and pursue animal feed or as a fertiliser. between 2011 and 2013 when a best practices, backed by relevant In the last decade, seaweed bacteria that whitens the branches case studies involving crops like cultivation has been rapidly of a valuable seaweed species bananas and shrimp. expanding thanks to growing demand for its use in caused a devastating loss to the pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals communities involved, estimated and antimicrobial products, as well at over US$ 310 million.

12 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

Aquaculture has been identified as a main driver of what has been termed the Blue Economy. BLUE ECONOMY Currently, aquaculture supplies over 50 per cent of finfish and shellfish consumed worldwide. This represents a paradigm shift in our exploitation of the sea that for centuries was dominated by capture fisheries. With the global population growing and the European population expected to rise to 520 million by 2030 (currently 499 million), the demand for aquaculture products is expected to expand. In fact, the demand for aquaculture products will probably be disproportionally large because global fisheries have generally been stagnant or in RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT decline since the mid-1980s and aquaculture will fill the widening gap between demand for marine products and ability of traditional fisheries to satisfy it. From fish farming through to the development of a seaweed industry, SAMS has a wide range of research interests in the sector.

FUEL FOR THE FUTURE

During the reporting year, a series of macroalgae projects involving SAMS looked at how seaweed can be exploited sustainably in order to provide food and fuel for future generations. SAMS’ own commercial-sized seaweed farm off Port à Bhuiltin has allowed researchers to grow different seaweed species at certain times of year. The H2020-funded MacroFuels aims to produce advanced biofuels from seaweed or macro- algae; the targeted biofuels are ethanol, butanol, furanics and biogas. The project will achieve a breakthrough in biofuel production from macroalgae through a range of investigations, including increasing bio-ethanol and bio-butanol production

13 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

to economically viable IDREEM ENDS technology in Europe. This concentrations by developing technology is based on the novel fermenting organisms which principle of eco-efficiency – The SAMS-led IDREEM project, metabolise all sugars at 90 per turning waste streams into which looked at the viability cent efficiency. secondary raw materials for of Integrated Multi-Trophic further production. Aquaculture (IMTA) at various The project concluded that MACROSEA will target successful European sites, ended in although the concept of IMTA is and predictable production of September 2016. high quality biomass thereby relatively easy to understand, its making significant steps towards definition and application is far It was led by SAMS’ Dr Adam industrial macroalgae cultivation from simple. A starting point for Hughes, who was awarded an in Norway. an industry definition might be Honorary Fellowship with the Blue how effective the IMTA system Economy Research Institute at the BIOFEED aims to develop novel is at removing excess nutrients University of the Seychelles during from the environment, especially salmon feed by integrating the reporting year. bioprocessing of non-food nitrogen. biomass and bioprocessing In the previous four years the technologies to exploit woody MY SEAWEED EU FP7-funded IDREEM project biomass, such as spruce trees supported fish-farmers across LOOKS WEIRD and cultivated brown macroalgae Europe, in developing different (Saccharina latissima and Alaria systems to introduce IMTA into esculenta) as sustainable supply SAMS researchers Dr Claire their existing farming facilities. of high-quality proteins in feed for Gachon and Dr Yacine Badis Atlantic salmon. produced content for an online An IMTA system grows shellfish course released by SAMS UHI in and/or plants and other species in May 2016, in partnership with The FEEDME investigates the use of close proximity in order to recycle Open University in Scotland. seaweed residues after they have the nutrients that are lost from the The course makes cutting edge been processed for bioenergy for fed culture of finfish. research on seaweed cultivation inclusion in animal feeds. freely available for the first time to A proportion of fish feed, and a learners, industry and academics THE SEAGAS project is a three large proportion of the nutrients alike. year, InnovateUK-funded project in that feed, will not end up in to support the development of an the fish but will be lost to the The course is aimed at students anaerobic digestion process which environment. If the farmer adds a with a scientific background would utilise farmed seaweed bivalve culture operation near the and employees within the (Saccharina latissima), currently fish farm, then these filter-feeders industry. It aims to build their an undeveloped, non-food, might benefit by consuming some knowledge and understanding of sustainable resource in the UK. of the particles of waste, allowing seaweed parasitology, enhancing As a farmed resource, seaweed the shellfish to grow faster or employability and skills within the could potentially be used instead bigger than they might otherwise industry and leading to badged of land biomass to produce have done. recognition for learners. both bioenergy and a digestate suitable for use as fertiliser. Other Additionally, the farmer might The content is based on a Natural advantages include that there is elect to grow some seaweed Environment Research Council- no requirement for either nutrients near the fish farm. These plants funded project, GlobalSeaweed, in the form of fertilisers or for can utilise the dissolved nutrients which aims to establish a fresh water for irrigation. excreted by the fish and the worldwide network of partners bivalves to enhance their growth. tackling emerging issues in The IDREEM project worked seaweed cultivation, such as towards the rapid development pests, invasive species and of Integrated Multi-Trophic pathogens. Aquaculture (IMTA) production For the second year, a

14 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

GlobalSeaweed summer school, BOOSTING OMEGA 3 The project will identify, produce covering various science and and test potential new feed policy aspects of disease WITH SEAWEED ingredients for carp and tilapia management in aquaculture. The diets in India, Kenya and Tanzania. programme includes an exciting Dr Adam Hughes travelled to line-up of invited speakers: Dr Goa in March 2017 to attend HARNESSING MARINE Zafar Adeel (Director of the the kick off meeting for a new UNU-INWEH, Canada), Dr Clare Global Aquaculture Challenge, MICROBE POWER Scanlan (SEPA), Prof Gwang Sustainable New Ingredients to Hoon Kim (Director of the Kongju Promote Health (SNIPH). Improving the success of large- Institute of Biotechnology, The project aims to assess the scale microalgal cultivation is Korea), Prof Gaoge Wang (Ocean potential to improve the omega-3 essential if industry is going to University of China), Dr Suhelen content of farmed carp and tilapia achieve cost-effective biofuel Egan (UNSW, Australia), Dr John in India, Kenya and Tanzania using production. Webster (SAIC), Dr Frédéric indigenous, non-conventional Mineur (QUB) and Dr Grant feed ingredients including Harnessing the natural microbiota Stentiford (CEFAS). freshwater plants, seaweeds that live with microalgae makes a and microbes. It is funded lot of sense because they provide GENIALG IS OUT OF by the Newton Fund, Indian a range of benefits that make Government, BBSRC and DFID, algal cultivation more effective THE BOTTLE involves partners from SAMS, the and robust to contamination. Institute of Aquaculture in Stirling Knowing which bacteria to add The €11m GENIALG project (€1m as well as India, Kenya, Tanzania is important. At SAMS, we have for SAMS), led at SAMS by Claire and Bangladesh. identified one such bacterium, Gachon, was launched during the Marinobacter, as a potentially reporting year. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential key species. Current work by dietary nutrients with critical roles Frederik De Boever for his PhD It broadly aims to scale-up in brain and eye development. studies (ALFF) is uncovering novel seaweed cultivation in the EU They can reduce risk of functions and attributes using and SAMS’ contribution will be cardiovascular disease and have state-of-the-art phylogenomic similar to the work being carried beneficial effects in inflammatory analyses. This has revealed a out via GlobalSeaweed and ALFF. and neurological diseases, and number of unique functions of High-throughput phenotyping some cancers. However, people in algal-loving Marinobacter that and marker-assisted breeding the UK, India and the developing may be advantageous for the will be introduced, with CCAP countries, Kenya and Tanzania, growth algae. anticipated to become a reference all consume well below the daily centre for the ex-situ conservation recommendation of 500 mg. There is also interest from a range of kelp germplasm. Omega-3s are obtained from of industrial sectors for new and Production of S. latissima will fish and seafood, which are functionally novel polymers that be upscaled, making full use of increasingly dependent on have use in sectors as diverse as SAMS’ hatchery and seaweed aquaculture systems to meet personal healthcare to medical concession, with a strong human demand. However, feeding treatments. Equally, there is a emphasis on environmental diets containing marine fishmeal global demand for enzymes to monitoring and establishing and fish oil is the only way to selectively and specifically break biosecurity guidelines. achieve acceptable omega-3 polymers to produce a range of levels in many farmed fish. Global new products, such as enzymes to One aim of GENIALG is to demand for sustainable food liberate sugars from seaweeds for improve research knowledge into dictates that alternatives to these bioethanol production. disease-resistant algae for use in finite and limited marine resources seaweed cultivation. must be found. A complementary aspect, led by Paul Tett, will address Globally, carp and tilapia species engagement with stakeholders dominate farmed fish production, and increase awareness of social and they are able to derive acceptability. omega-3s themselves from fatty 15 acids found in plants. SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

Marine bacteria are experts at approved. AN EYE FROM both making new polymers, as The Seaweed Cultivation Policy well as breaking them. Ongoing Statement also sets out the THE SKY research by Stuart Simms for his framework concerning the PhD (funded by the IBioIC) is environmental impacts of seaweed The Shelleye project, which investigating the production and farms, including the requirements uses a combination of satellite, function of a novel gel-forming to: consider and mitigate adverse modelling and meteorological polymer isolated here at SAMS. environmental impact; ensure that data to help predict harmful only native species are cultivated; algal blooms (HAB), merged into GONE FISHING be sited away from sources of a follow-up ‘Shelleye 2’ as the pollution, where growing for reporting year ended. human consumption; allow small- Dr Phil Anderson, Sharon Dr Clive Fox began two new medium size farms to be located McNeill and Dr Callum Whyte fisheries projects in the summer anywhere in Scotland, subject to have undertaken several trips of 2016, looking at Nephrops agreement and appropriate local aboard Seol Mara, deploying discards and razorclam conditions. a spectrophotometer to abundance. Both involve working The full Seaweed Cultivation analyse reflectance from in situ with fishers on the west coast Policy Statement is available phytoplankton in an attempt to and Clive took part in meetings on the Scottish Government ground truth a new 300-metre in Mallaig and Stornoway during website https://beta.gov.scot/ remote sensor flying on the May 2016 as part of the kick-off publications/seaweed-cultivation- sentinel 3 satellite. process. policy-statement-2017/pages/2/ SAMS continues to provide a Dr Fox and Lars Brunner headed NewDEPOMOD weekly HAB risk assessment to Barra in September 2016 to Bulletin to shellfish farmers in conduct an electrofishing-based Shetland, now supplemented razor clam survey. An initial A computer particle tracking with information for finfish survey in August that year proved model used to inform the fish farmers on the likelihood of high effective and also provided video farming industry’s regulatory concentrations of those chain- data. The data analysis and report decision-making process on the forming diatoms, which deliver writing was completed during most suitable aquaculture sites insult to the gills of farmed fish. the autumn and a final report has been getting an upgrade submitted to Marine Scotland at during the reporting year. Elaine Mitchell, Sarah Swan and the end of the year. DEPOMOD predicts the solids Dr Whyte have delivered several accumulation on the seabed harmful algal identification Working with Dr Amaya Albalat arising from a fish farm and courses to groups from from Stirling University, Dr Fox associated changes in the benthic Dawnfresh, Marine Harvest and studied recovery rates of trawled faunal community. Scottish Sea farms. These courses under-sized nephrops. The final focus on sample collection and sea trials for this research were The upgraded NewDEPOMOD is preparation, enumeration and carried out in late 2016 and work the result of a major investment identification of those species of recommenced in early 2017. by Scottish Government and has chain-forming diatoms and small produced a significant research flagellates that have the potential POLICY ADVICE output involving three research to cause harm or death to farmed cruises, considerable data salmon and trout. analysis and the employment of The first set of policy guidelines a very wide range of theoretical for the commercial cultivation concepts particularly relating SEALICE WORK of seaweed in Scotland have to post-depositional particle been published by the Scottish behaviour. In October 2016 Dr Tom Adams Government, thanks largely to the The work is encapsulated in a published research on the marine input of SAMS researchers. completely redesigned model ‘connectivity’ between fish farms, This development will create of more than 90,000 lines of in a bid to assess lice dispersal off opportunities to grow Scotland’s computer code. the west coast of Scotland. seaweed industry by providing The industry operates farm clarity over where seaweed management areas (FMAs) to may be grown, along with what co-ordinate the management kinds of developments will be 16 of sea lice control. Part of the H2020-funded AquaSpace project, the work at SAMS sought to investigate how effective these management areas are likely to be.

The paper examined the probability of a sea louse larvae hatching at one site and reaching any other site. The movement of sea lice larvae between fish farms was predicted using a computer model, capturing essential properties of the sea lice life cycle and variability in tidal and weather conditions over one calendar year. The research found that managing sites together, even within small management units such as FMAs, could lead to a dramatic reduction in transmission of sea lice.

SAMS IN MAURITIUS

In early 2017 SAMS created a new post-doctoral position in Tropical Ecology based in Mauritius, as we hope to assist the emerging Blue Economy in the island nation. Dr Georgina Robinson was the successful candidate and will conduct research in the Western Indian Ocean to develop enterprise and research opportunities in the field of sustainable aquaculture.

17 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 CHANGING COASTS

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT What is it that people values that people hold are not makers and applied researchers for themselves – they are for based on the special issue and value most about others and the communities and the research underpinning it, nature? society in which they live. These for example through Ecosystem collective, shared values often Services Community Scotland Work by Dr Jasper Kenter, Lead relate to the landscapes people (ESCOM). These new approaches Scientist in Ecological Economics, live in and visit. are also now being taught in our has developed new theory and undergraduate and postgraduate methods for understanding values The special issue edited by teaching, such as through the to help resolve conflict between Dr Kenter set out to help IDCORE ‘Renewables and Society’ conservation and use of the decision-makers make more summer schools delivered to natural environment, following on robust conclusions, based on an research students. from the UK National Ecosystem appreciation of the shared values In one case study, Dr Kenter, his Assessment. that people hold together and UHI colleague Ros Bryce and that are distinct from individual PhD Researcher Sue Ranger (who is also engagement manager at Managing guest editor Dr Kenter values. the Marine Conservation Society) led or co-authored 11 of the worked together with Sussex 15 papers in a special issue of It focused on shared values Inshore Fisheries Conservation Ecosystem Services (impact factor around managing the natural Authority (IFCA). They brought 4.3), entitled Shared, plural and environment and the ultimate together different stakeholders to cultural values, available freely aim of the research team was to form shared values around how from www.sharedvaluesresearch. ‘democratise nature’. However, to manage a number of newly org. many of the concepts and applications can be adapted to designate Marine Conservation Zones. The process fed Shared values are those that bind other policy areas such as health and social care. directly into bylaws which were people together, for example established this year. The process as citizens and as members was seen as very successful and of communities. Economics Dr Kenter has also been leading was recently replicated by the traditionally considers the values training sessions on shared East Coast IFCA with further of individuals, but some of the values approaches with policy interest from other authorities.

18 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 CHANGING COASTS

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

It can be observed globally, ROBO-BARNACLES temperatures at regular intervals. affecting every part of the ocean, Using readings collected over but climate change is often most Tiny electronic devices that sit a number of years, a team of visible on our doorstep, around among coastal creatures are researchers led by Northeastern our coastline and in our local helping researchers study how University (Boston, MA) scientist waters. climate change affects biodiversity Prof Brian Helmuth and including across the globe. SAMS’ Prof Michael Burrows The complex relationship we have The devices, nicknamed ‘robo- has built a database of nearly with the ocean, and the constant mussels’ and ‘robo-barnacles’ are 12 years’ worth of data. This has environmental changes being designed to fit in with the natural enabled scientists to pinpoint observed, present challenges in surroundings; the robo-mussels areas of unusual warming, and how best to conserve manage and even have the shape, colour and develop strategies that could help exploit these precious resources. size of real mussels. The devices cope with climate-related changes have built-in sensors that track in ecosystems. 19 The database, held at Northeastern University’s Marine Science Center in Nahant, Massachusetts, is the largest-ever collection of intertidal temperatures, offering a remarkable way to track the effects of climate change on marine life.

At SAMS, Prof Burrows has been taking hourly measurements of rock temperatures from his ‘robo- barnacle’ data loggers on the seashore next to the institute. The Oban data shows since 2006, when exposed to the air, summer rock temperatures have regularly exceeded 40°C while dropping below zero in winter. Temperatures fluctuate much less when the tide is in, typically ranging from 6°C in cold winters to 14°C in warm summer months.

RENEWABLES IN THE HIGHLANDS

An ambitious project by the University of the Highlands and Islands promoting marine energy research in the north and west of Scotland came to an end during the reporting year. The MERIKA (Marine Energy Research Innovation and Knowledge Accelerator) project was funded by a European Union FP7 programme and established a marine energy research and innovation hub in the northern Scotland.

With the by-line “research where the resource is” the project supported staff on the ground, brought in cutting edge environmental monitoring equipment and connected witht to seven other scientific institutions from Portugal to Norway to collaborate with the three UHI partners, including SAMS.

20 The MERIKA team focussed on environmental research facilitating SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 wave and tidal technologies. discovery made by SAMS UHI PhD seals on the planet in the Kyle As part of the MERIKA project, student Winnie Courtene-Jones Rhea channel between Skye and the University of the Highlands using data obtained in June 2016 the Scottish mainland. and Islands organised a Marine during the annual Extended Ellett Renewable Energy Research Day Line research cruise on board the It is believed the mammals at the European Parliament in RRS Discovery. have learnt that the currents in Brussels on November 30, 2016 - the channel — which had been St Andrew’s Day. Winnie sampled deep-sea starfish earmarked for a tidal energy and sea snails from the Rockall scheme — act like a sushi bar The Research Day was hosted Trough and found microscopic or conveyor belt by shunting by Dr Ian Duncan MEP and traces of plastic in 48 per cent mackerel through, providing an concluded with a whisky tasting of those sampled. The levels of easy meal for the seals. sponsored by Highlands and plastic ingestion were comparable The study, part-funded by NERC Islands Enterprise. to those found in species living in and DEFRA, suggested that not all As a capacity-building project, shallower coastal waters. tidal sites are treated by predators MERIKA’s legacy exists in Dr in the same way with some being Denise Risch, Dr Jasper Kenter, Microplastics are small pieces of particularly special and particularly Dr Simone Martino, Lucy plastic less than 5 millimetres in sensitive to industry development. Greenhill and Dr Suzi Billing in size and, when ingested by sea post at SAMS and active on a creatures, may be passed up the COMING ON STREAM wide range of related nationally food chain. and internationally recognised As North Sea oil and gas reserves projects. Although scientists have run low, decommissioning the previously found traces of many hundreds of aging oil CAPTURING OUR microplastics in the deep sea, and gas platforms, pipelines Winnie’s research, documents COAST and associated infrastructure in the first evidence of microplastic the North Sea is an enormous ingestion in deep-sea industrial, financial, political and By July 2016, the UK-wide citizen invertebrates. science project Capturing Our environmental challenge. Coast (CoCoast) had 200 trained A range of plastics were volunteers across Scotland. Launched in spring 2017, the identified, though polyester was SAMS led and NERC funded These volunteers had been out the most abundant plastic found, surveying the shoreline, from STREAM project (Strategic Review mainly in the form of microscopic of autonomous system capability Dumfries and Galloway to the fibres. Uists in an effort to provide the for long-term decommissioning most detailed assessment of the monitoring) will provide a UK coastline. A SUSHI BAR FOR comprehensive review of the SEALS capabilities and cost-effectiveness While Newcastle University is of applying the latest robotics the lead partner in the project, Research published in late 2016, and autonomous systems for the SAMS heads up the programme in involving SAMS scientists Prof Ben environmental monitoring needs Scotland. Wilson and Dr Steven Benjamins, of decommissioning . suggested that Scotland’s fastest Industry partners will steer this During the summer of 2016 tidal races act like a sushi bar strategic review, providing Scottish co-ordinator Dr Hannah for seals that are hunting fish context to the current practice Grist talked to groups on Seil and (Dynamic habitat corridors for and data expectations of the in Ardfern, and at conferences in marine predators; intensive use of decommissioning community Edinburgh, Dundee, Glasgow and a coastal channel by harbour seals (from regulators, their advisors Oban. is modulated by tidal currents). and the industry itself). Harbour seals are known to feed For example, can robotic MICROPLASTICS over a wide area of sea, habitually spending several days at a time submarines be used to check the EMERGING miles offshore feeding. integrity of the many thousands But the research, led by Dr of kilometres of pipelines criss- Around half of marine creatures Gordon Hastie of St Andrews crossing the seabed and will living at depths of more than University’s Sea Mammal Research this be cheaper, safer and more reliable than sending people 2,000 metres in the North Atlantic Unit, found perhaps the greatest 21 could be eating microplastic known density of foraging harbour out in boats to do the job? By material. That was the stark reviewing the current ‘state-of- SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

art’ technologies, the project will live in or visit coastal communities. also identify the key knowledge Meanwhile, EU consumption and technology gaps restricting of, and demand, for seafood adoption of autonomous systems continues to increase. The 2014 by the sector. EU trade deficit in seafood was the largest ever at €16.6 billion For the project SAMS researcher (€ 20.9 billion imports versus 4.3 Dr Nienke van Geel will consult billion exports). Aquaculture has a range of stakeholders such as potential to reduce this deficit but regulators, oil and gas companies, while it is growing in the rest of academics, and sensor the world (including Norway), it is developers, to better understand stagnant in the EU-28. the environmental monitoring needs of the decommissioning These issues are currently being sector. examined by SAMS researchers as part of the EU’s Horizon 2020 This review will highlight the Aquaspace project. The project, potential capacity of autonomous running from 2015 to 2018, is systems to meet the industry co-ordinated by SAMS and has expectations, and will identify partners in 8 other EU countries, key opportunities for innovative plus Norway, Canada, the USA, sensor and platform technology China and Australia. development. Fish- and shellfish- farming have been studied at 16 sites In addition to talking to those around the world and during the already considering options for reporting year completed a study decommissioning, the SAMS of fish-farming in Argyll http:// Scottish Marine Robotics Facility www.aquaspace-h2020.eu/?page_ (SMRF) itself houses a significant id=12050 knowledge-base on how to actually operate autonomous As part of this study, SAMS held Currently fish farm companies systems platforms and sensors. a workshop in January 2016 with looking to establish or expand a industry, regulatory and NGO site must apply for a Controlled stakeholders, and followed this up Activity Regulations (CAR) licence LAURENCE MEE with analysis of public comments once an environmental impact CENTRE on recent planning applications assessment is completed. for fish-farming development. “When local authorities give The prospect of new industry, Prof Paul Tett, lead scientist on planning consent they look income and job prosperity offered Social-Ecological Systems at for these licences and assess to nations by the Blue Growth SAMS, said: “What this study whether the application sits within movement is an attractive option shows is that there is much the planning regulations and for governments around the dissatisfaction with the current existing policies,” added Prof world. However, ecological, social, planning process, amongst both Tett. “So, in practice, decisions economic and policy aspects of those in favour of development favour development and a local development are complicated and and those opposed.” authority would have to have a interlinked. Understanding these very good reason for refusing the links continues to be a major focus “When you are looking at society’s application.” for the Laurence Mee Centre. relationship with development in For example, the expansion of aquaculture and in Blue Growth “Yet many developers are not fish-farming in coastal waters generally, you must establish what happy with the current system requires development space to people value most about their because it is expensive and takes be available. This is currently environment. How well does the a lot of time. Many citizens don’t seen as a matter for the planning current planning system take this like it because they feel their system, but it is also an issue for into account?” representations don’t get noticed. the industry, national and local The question is: is there a better government, and the public who way of doing this?”

22 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

LMC researcher Dr Suzi Billing teaching social and environmental Simone Martino, research fellow who carried out these studies in aspects of Blue Growth, especially in Resource Economics, has Aquaspace, will also investigate that associated with marine been developing new models for these issues as part of the EU renewable energy generation. predicting economic prices of Horizon 2020 project Genetic MERIKA has strengthened salmon. Together with Dr Kenter diversity exploitation for collaborations between SAMS he is also working on better innovative macro-algal biorefinery and Nord University (Norway), understanding the value of wildlife (GENIALG), which began in Wageningen Marine Research for tourism and recreation. January 2017. (formerly IMARES), the National University of Ireland Galway, Wave The new Regional Marine Planning Energy Centre (Portugal) and Partnerships in Scotland, which Helmholz Zentrum Geesthacht are being formed as a result of (Germany). the National Marine Plan, seek to improve the planning framework, The LMC team was also successful and LMC researchers Dr Jasper in funding proposals for shared Kenter, Lucy Greenhill and Jake values approaches under the Ainscough will this autumn be Valuing Nature Programme organising and facilitating a public (around values for different dialogue for the Clyde Regional forms of peatland management) Marine Plan, one of the first to be and the Marine Ecosystems developed. Research Programme (looking at ecological, socio-economic and In the MERIKA project, which cultural implications of future ends in 2017, SAMS and the marine policy for the West Coast wider UHI have looked at building of Scotland and the Celtic Sea). the capacity for researching and As part of this programme, Dr 23 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

SAMS Research Services Ltd (SRSL) has seen continued success within the Scottish aquaculture industry with several projects for both private and public SRSL organisations, ranging from high- level reviews, to the creation and delivery of bespoke on-site phytoplankton monitoring training courses, enabling companies to identify and monitor harmful algal species.

SRSL’s Sea Ice Mass Balance (SIMBA) unit has undergone further improvements during the reporting year, including improved software for greater reliability, and a revised internal structure to prevent exposure of the control system during deployment in extreme environments, such as polar regions. Sales of Simba units and components continue strongly, with worldwide customers from Canada to Tasmania.

Furthermore, in early 2017, SRSL underwent assessment by Achilles FPAL, the Oil and Gas Industry supply chain services provider, and successfully achieved Verified Supplier status.

SCOTLAND AND THE UK

SRSL, with Professor Kenny Black and Dr Adam Hughes, produced a high-level review of the evidence of the major trends in aquaculture with the intention of informing policy decisions within the UK Government Office for Science. The report highlights global and national drivers for aquaculture in the UK to develop further, including increasing demand for seafood for export and, domestically, a limit to the expansion of capture fisheries, and the development of technology that will reduce

24 the environmental impact of samples being taken, allowing aquaculture. targeted testing of shellfish flesh for toxins. SRSL hold SRSL, alongside Imani ISO17025 accreditation for this Development, was contracted service. to complete a socio-economic and experiential fisheries data INTERNATIONAL work package for The European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF). The work package aims Early in 2017, SRSL provided to assess the economic, social Dissolved Organic Carbon and cultural footprint of inshore (DOC) measurements for the fisheries, especially in remote EU Antifouling Copper Task areas. In 2016, The European Force. The aim of the project We are SRSL Maritime and Fisheries Fund was to determine DOC levels SAMS Research Services Ltd (EMFF) awarded £1.51 million in Mediterranean near-shore (SRSL) provides specialist marine to develop an integrated locations, with the results to be consultancy and survey services, system for the collection, used to aid discussions around under pinned by cutting-edge collation, analysis and copper-based anti-fouling science. The company mission is interrogation of data from the paints. A group of four scientists to enable clients to understand Scottish inshore fishing fleet, collected water samples, and mitigate the risks involved namely The Scottish Inshore physical parameters and in industry interaction with Fisheries Integrated Data photographs from a number of the marine environment. Our System Project (SIFIDS). SRSL marinas in five countries across consultancy and survey services and Imani’s joint work package the Mediterranean from Spain span the breadth of marine has contributed key information to Greece. science and are bespoke to the for the development of this clients’ needs, delivering reduced system. SRSL also continues to advise governments, like that of New project risk, robust scientific methodologies and data integrity. 2017 marks the twelfth year of Zealand and the Falklands, on environmental topics ranging SRSL delivering the analysis SRSL operates a Quality of water samples for toxic from the developing a Blue Economy to environmental Management System that is phytoplankton species for ISO9001 certified, and, for Food Standards Scotland. impacts of oil and gas extraction. the provision of the Toxic This programme of laboratory Phytoplankton Monitoring work involves the identification program, UKAS 17025 accredited. and enumeration of harmful The Quality Management algal species collected from System has an integrated Project sampling locations around Management System including Scottish at shellfish sites to Standard Operating Procedures identify whether dangerous (SOPs) which detail how projects levels of toxin producing are planned and managed at species are present. Shellfish SRSL. The plan is to extend feeding on the phytoplankton the scope of the certification at locations where high levels to include technical aspects of of toxin-producing species are commercial work including field present can potentially build survey operations, analytical up dangerous levels of toxins services and consultancy. The aim that are harmful to human of this is to ensure that during health within their flesh. The contract and project delivery, monitoring programme flags SRSL prioritises the customer’s up samples where harmful requirements and that all projects phytoplankton species are are managed in a consistent recorded above set trigger way in order to deliver the best levels within one week of possible service.

25 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 DIVING

NERC’s National Facility for mapping tool that can also the diveintoscience website Scientific Diving (NFSD) is hosted provide accurate indices of that collected more than 7,600 by SAMS and provides divers, habitat complexity plus selective temperature records from sport equipment, training and scientific/ volumetric data. divers to build up a record of technical support that underpins global sea temperature in the first research in the underwater Stereophotogrammetry ‘citizen science’ project of its kind. environment. essentially uses images to make New boat hits the water measurements and is commonly The new diving support boat Since its establishment as a used in terrestrial mapping and Glaucus, a six-metre RIB, arrived national facility, NFSD has archaeology but has rarely been at NFSD in March 2017. supported studies investigating used underwater. The technique topics as diverse as sea-level is more difficult to execute than Putting the new boat straight to measurement, water-quality terrestrial photogrammetry work on its first day, the dive team assessment, light measurement, because of the optical properties took Glaucus to Ardmucknish functional ecology, cell of water, as well as turbidity and Bay, near Benderloch, to replace biology, animal genomics, other environmental factors. temperature loggers that are paleoclimatology, ocean It is increasingly being used to currently providing a time series acidification, biogeochemistry, record coral reefs and other for water temperature in the area eco-physiology, habitat mapping biogenic structures, in addition to going back 22 years. and science-based maritime shipwrecks. archaeology. Glaucus is fully MCA coded to SCUBA-diving scientists take four passengers and crew From 2006 to 2017 the NFSD has The potential of scuba divers and can be transported by road, contributed to over 160 ISI-rated to provide vital information allowing the scientific diving team publications with an average about the temperature of our to work from locations that could impact factor of 3.3 and an oceans has been demonstrated previously not be supported by H-index of 29. for the first time using ‘citizen our main diving boat Tritonia. science’. A study published in July Funding for the new boat was The emergency recompression 2016 in Nature’s online journal from a successful NERC Services facility at SAMS, now named the Scientific Reports has shown and Facilities capital bid. West Scotland Centre for Diving that temperature profiles from and Hyperbaric Medicine, treated scuba divers’ computers can be numerous diving emergencies on compiled to provide accurate behalf of both NHS-Scotland and records across the globe that NHS-England/Wales. The medical add to our existing monitoring and technical expertise at the network in inshore areas. This SAMS facility continues to lead offers additional data that could the NHS appraisal mechanism help us better understand our for the whole of the British marine environment. Hyperbaric Association. The work, led by the Centre Structure from Motion for Environment, Fisheries & The NFSD is using Aquaculture Science (Cefas) stereophotogrammetry in collaboration with the underwater as an advanced Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), developed 26 Research Highlights during 2016 – 17

• Sub-tidal kelp forests represent critically important marine habitats and diving surveys have assessed their structural variability along a latitudinal gradient to predict how they may respond to ocean warming. (MBA Plymouth, Aberystwyth) • Diving supported accurate multi-scale coring, injection and extraction of samples used to determine the dynamics of pore water in subsurface sediments

at the site of a controlled CO2 release experiment. (SAMS) • Diving-based collections of long-lived bivalve molluscs have been used in a number of paleoclimatic studies that are reconstructing ocean variability over scales ranging from seasonal to multi-centennial. (Cardiff, Bangor, Exeter, Keele) • Comparison of established and photogrammetric techniques evaluated their respective accuracy and efficiency for estimating calcification rates and carbonate budgeting of coral reef systems. (Exeter) • Samples collected using diving supported studies of the genetic diversity, phylogeography and morphology of Elphidiidae (Foraminifera) in the Northeast Atlantic. (Edinburgh, St Andrews and others

WWW.NFSD.ORG.UK 27 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

At a glance Cultures supplied - 1301 Media supplied - 155 School kits supplied - 8 Website visits - 37,072 CCAP

In addition to its wide ranging approaches of algal production in These students and their projects services and supporting algal aquaculture (Cecilia Biancacci and included: related research and education Joe Penhaul-Smith); production at SAMS, the Culture Collection of novel metabolites by algae • Douglas Harris - Alkenone of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP) (Keelan Lawlor); bioremediation production by Haptophytes: has played a key role in attracting and heavy metal removal from Production, variation and analysis more postgraduate students effluents by algae (Michael Ross); of a putative biofuel resource during the reporting year. biobanking and cryopreservation (Letícia Tessarolli). • Paul Metcalf - Characterization Over the past year, the collection of Pseudoaltermonas enzymes has also supported many of the During the year, one of these for seaweed degradation and emerging biotechnology and students (Letícia Tessarolli) saccharification seaweed disease projects headed successfully defended her PhD, by Drs Michele Stanley and Claire which has been awarded by the • Joseph Penhaul-Smith - Gachon. Nine SAMS-based University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. In Upgrading kelp to an omega 3 PhD students have also used addition, the cohort of Masters by fatty acid rich feedstock using the NERC-funded CCAP in their Research in Algal Biotechnology thraustochytrids research. have successfully defended their theses. Again, the projects • Jennifer Reed - Assessing the Five of these PhD students were reflect the biological diversity and biotechnological potential of suitability of Pleurochrysis and supervised by CCAP Head of associated strains of Chrysotila for Science John Day, on topics the holdings of the CCAP and its associated science. simultaneous biofuel production including: developing new and carbon capture 28 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

The CCAP continues to provide the platform for our Algal Biotechnology Masters by Research and a further three projects were to commence in the autumn of 2017.

During the reporting year CCAP received 670 orders for samples, of which 278 were from UK, 276 from Europe and 116 from the rest of the world. Of the total orders, 469 were supplied for academic/non-profit use and 201 for commercial use. These orders amounted to the supply of 1,301 cultures, comprising 456 different strains.

Orders were received from 56 countries covering all continents and samples were shipped to Bosnia Herzegovina and Reunion Island for the first time. CCAP also accessed 59 new strains including 13 isolated by current SAMS staff. These included green algae, diatoms, small seaweeds, ciliates and amoebae and originated from as far afield as Costa Rica, Chile and Canada.

One strain was deposited with CCAP as part of a patent application and a further six strains were received for confidential deposit.

29 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 SCOTTISH MARINE ROBOTICS FACILITY

30 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

SAMS has been at the forefront of hit by a succession of Atlantic Work during the reporting an exponential growth in marine storms with winds gusting up to year included aerial surveys robotics over the past decade 60mph and waves up to seven using photogrammetry and and, in the past year, has used metres high. meteorological profiling on autonomous vehicles to great coastal areas and lochs. effect from its Scottish Marine The mission comprised the largest Robotics Facility (SMRF), a NERC- simultaneous deployment of To ensure that robotics continues funded national capability. marine robots yet attempted in to support and enhance our Sea-going Gliders have been UK waters and the robot fleet science, SAMS has partnered used to monitor the north Atlantic collected a variety of marine with some of the UK’s top marine and track the ocean currents environmental data. institutes to provide a new that drive our national and Centre For Doctoral Training. international climate. The Gliders As well as Seagliders, Scot-MRF The centre, known as NEXUSS have operated across a number of specialises in the deployment and (Next Generation Unmanned research projects in 2016/17, most operation of: short endurance, Systems Science), is joint funded extensively as part of OSNAP and autonomous underwater vehicles by NERC and EPSRC and aims to on the Extended Ellett Line. (AUVs), airborne remote piloted develop a generation of future Diving to depths of 1,000 metres aircraft systems (RPAS) and environmental science leaders. and travelling at a snail’s pace more commonly used remotely SAMS is now seen as centre of of 25 centimetres per second, operated vehicles (ROV), which excellence for teaching young autonomous Gliders are built are tethered to a ship and researchers in environmental for endurance and can spend controlled directly by a pilot. robotics. SAMS hosts the annual up to seven months at sea. SAMS’ AUV ‘Freya’ was on NERC-funded Advanced Training They are capable of measuring voyage of discovery in May Short Course in airborne robotics fundamental parameters; i.e. 2016, conducting a survey to and is the site of choice for the temperature, conductivity, gain an insight into Orkney’s NEXUSS CDT’s Grand Challenge density, dissolved oxygen and archaeological past. using airborne and sub-sea fluoresce, and can be ‘piloted’ platforms. from anywhere with an internet Freya is a yellow, three-metre connection, including a smart Head of Marine Technology phone. long, underwater robot based at SAMS’ Scottish Marine Robotics Dr Phil Anderson was keynote Facility. Dr John Howe, Karen speaker at INNOVATEROBOTICS, By collecting data throughout the Wilson and Colin Abernethy an event run by VisitScotland’s year, including the harsh winter worked with Dr Richard Bates Business Events team to showcase months, we can vastly improve (University of St Andrews) and what Scotland could offer the the resolution in which we view local archaeologist Dr Caroline global research community in physical changes in the ocean Wickham-Jones to conduct terms of robotics developments. and, subsequently, the global surveys of Loch Harray and Bay climate. By December 2016 the of Firth looking for evidence SAMS Glider fleet’s combined of submerged landscapes and time at sea amounted to six years possible settlements from the last and they had travelled 40,000 5,000 years. kilometres on missions as far afield as Greenland. This was the first time that such technology had been used As well as giving SAMS an extra to delve into, and attempt to eye on the north-east Atlantic, explore, the Neolithic period in our autonomous gliders were Orkney. deployed in October 2016 to support the Royal Navy’s Unmanned Warrior programme. RPAs have performed a number The gliders were part of a fleet of of roles for SAMS researchers. 10 marine robots that completed Work is underway to assess their an ambitious two-week mission off suitability as an early warning northwest Scotland, despite being system for harmful algal blooms and for detecting oil leaks.

31 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 EDUCATION

SAMS EDUCATION IN NUMBERS 2015/16

At the beginning of the academic year 2016-17 SAMS was involved in educating a total of 175 higher education students, nearly all of which studied full time on one of five programmes:

BSc (Hons) Marine Science (UHI) - 101 students

MSc Ecosystem Based Management of Marine Systems (St Andrews) - 9 students

Erasmus Mundus Joint Masters Degree in AquaCulture, Environment and Society (UHI) - 28 students

MRes Algal Biotechnology (UHI) - 6 students

PhD (UHI or University of Edinburgh) - 31 students

32 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

AWARD-WINNING the Year and UHI Postgraduate of the Year title. Student of the Year titles. And aquaculture student Kati LECTURERS Sam, who went on to begin Michalek won Lantra Scotland’s a Masters at the University Higher Education Learner of SAMS UHI scientists won three of of Copenhagen, also won the Year Award for her work the 10 annual awards presented the Tripartite Undergraduate examining how changing climate by the university’s Highlands and Dissertation Prize, an annual UK conditions are affecting bivalve Islands Students’ Association in award from the Challenger Society shell production. 2016. for Marine Science, the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science INTERNATIONAL Dr Finlo Cottier was named Best and Technology and the Society Personal Academic Tutor; Dr for Underwater Technology for INTEREST John Howe was Most Inspiring the best project by a BSc student Lecturer and Dr David Green in marine science, engineering or The AquaCulture, Environment shared the Best Engagement with technology. and Society (ACES) Joint Student Voice prize. Prof David Masters Degree saw an intake Pond was highly commended in The awards came in the same of 25 students from 19 different the Best Research or Dissertation year that Sam raised thousands countries arrive at SAMS UHI in Supervisor category. of pounds for Breast Cancer Now September 2016. Dr Cottier’s nomination was based by competing in the gruelling This second cohort on the on his ‘extraordinary’ contribution Celtman ultra triathlon. fledgling programme would to his students’ work and he was then go on to study in Crete in praised for taking a ‘genuine Laura Hobbs was selected for February 2017 and Nantes in late interest’ in their academic careers her award in recognition of her 2017. and goals. ground-breaking research into zooplankton in the Arctic. At SAMS UHI the students receive One of Dr Howe’s students said: During her four-year study, an overview of global aquaculture “John’s passion for his subject Laura discovered that Arctic and learn about aquaculture is unmatchable to any other zooplankton react to moonlight environmental interactions. They human I’ve ever met. His work in the dark polar winter. She then have the option of modules with his field is fascinating and observed that zooplankton in Innovation, Technology and inspirational. He engages with ascend and descend in response Systems, or in Governance, students and draws them into his to light levels, perhaps to hide Management and Knowledge world and field, making geology from light-dependent predators. Exchange. easy and exciting to learn. Laura’s findings were published in “When I was first told he makes the Current Biology journal and In the next semester at Crete people fall in love with rocks, I have been presented at UK and they are introduced to fish thought it was a joke and like international conferences. physiology, endocrinology, so many others, I went into my Sam and Laura were presented behaviour, welfare and innovative degree determined to be a with their awards at graduation in new methodologies to test fish biologist or conservationist and September 2016. The ceremony and product quality, as well now I find myself obsessed with was held in Oban’s Argyllshire as aquaculture-environmental and loving rocks!” Gathering Halls and keynote interactions of Mediterranean In his nomination, Dr Green was speaker was Prof Colin Moffat, marine species. praised for going the extra mile to Head of Science at Marine help students reach their potential Scotland Science. In Nantes, the focus is on shellfish and Dr Pond was described as a biology, and physiology and lecturer who ‘knows how to teach coastal zone management issues and inspire students’. NATIONAL AWARDS related to shellfish aquaculture. Two PhD students won national During the reporting period, the TOP OF THE CLASS awards during the reporting year. first Marine Harvest ACES scholar Marine biology researcher Winnie was appointed: Hayley Wolcott Students from SAMS UHI took the Courtene-Jones, who studies the received a scholarship from the university’s top accolades in 2016, effects of microplastics on deep- aquaculture company and will as Sam Black and Laura Hobbs sea ecosystems, was awarded the complete her fourth and final respectively won UHI Student of P1 Marine Foundation UK Student semester with Marine Harvest. 33 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

Announcing the two scholarships over two years, the company said that Scotland needed to invest in research in order to compete internationally.

PHD SUCCESSES

Four SAMS PhD students: Laura Hobbs, Michael Bedington, Sally Rouse and Sam Jones successfully defended their vivas during the reporting year. Sonji Kurishita completed his Masters by Research in Algal Biotechnology.

A ROBOTIC FUTURE

The increased use of robotics and autonomous vehicles has also given rise to a robotics stream as part of the undergraduate provision offered through SAMS UHI. Graduates will receive a BSc in Marine Science with Oceanography and Robotics. Preparations for the course introduction in autumn 2017 were made throughout the reporting year.

PROFESSORSHIPS

Sheila Heymans was awarded a Professorship from the University of the Highlands and Islands in early 2017 in recognition of her excellent research and international leadership in marine ecology and ecosystem modelling.

Michele Stanley was awarded a Readership from the university in recognition of her excellent research in biotechnology and algology.

Meanwhile, Dr Finlo Cottier was awarded full Professorship at the University of Tromsö in recognition of his excellent research links in the Arctic.

34 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 GRADUATION PRIZES

SAMS UHI Student of the Year: Sam Black

Johanna Fehling Memorial Prize for best PhD student publication: Dr Greg Moschonas

Prize for best Masters project at SAMS: Jacob Bentley

SAMS Council Award for Academic Excellence: Felix Butschek

SAMS UHI Award for Overall Achievement: Rosalind Barnes

Tim Boyd Prize for Oceanography: Lucy Hyam

SAMS UHI Postgraduate Student of the Year: Dr Laura Hobbs

35 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH

A DIGITAL DIGEST Although current media OUTREACH ACTIVITY monitoring is not comprehensive, we recorded around 250 direct News from SAMS has been It was another busy year in media mentions of the ‘Scottish delivered through more platforms the Ocean Explorer Centre Association for Marine Science’ than ever before, helping to with a total of 3,911 visits from during the reporting period, amplify our messages, aid the general public. We had a including 29 mentions on BBC student recruitment and highlight German intern, Lara Clemen, outlets. This overall figure does the strength of research at with us for some of that time, not include upwards of 150 media Dunstaffnage. and she recorded a guided film mentions for a single policy brief, in German for visitors as well as the SAMS-led ‘Safeguarding the In November 2016 Marc getting all our children’s quiz and future of the global seaweed Roseblade joined the team in molecule hunt leaflets translated aquaculture industry’. This single a temporary position of digital into several languages. We also story was covered in National communications and marketing improved our barnacle tank in the Geographic, Sunday Times, manager and has overseen a Aquarium Annexe which live- Nature World News, Huffington significant rise in our presence on feeds into the OEC observatory, Post, Science Daily, BBC World social media. with some new animals featured Service and Radio 4’s Today including a sea squirt, cup corals programme, among others. and a resident crab. Publishing more regular news Another high-impact story was items to the SAMS website gives the launch of the ATLAS project, us more original content for use which had network coverage on For our education programme, on social media platforms. This the BBC, including BBC Breakfast we undertook several school helped us spread out news to a and BBC Radio 4. visits with workshops including wider audience and significantly Life as a Polar Scientist, marine increase our following on social plastics, the past, present and Press releases have been more media during the reporting future of seaweed, and DNA from targeted at suitable news outlets period. strawberries proving very popular. and there has also been a focus Overall we saw 249 school pupils on increasing the awareness of in the OEC and a further 280 out A new Instagram account was SAMS science among policy in the community. created during the reporting makers, as well as the general year to encourage engagement public. with prospective undergraduate A Festival of the Sea weekend students. took place at the Rockfield Centre Visitors to the site included in Oban on the May bank holiday BBC Scotland correspondents with visiting Michelin-starred chef in science, environment and IN THE NEWS Graeme Campbell enthralling the education, covering stories as crowds with his cookery show, and diverse as biofouling, European SAMS continues to reach global there was also a seafood market student recruitment and seaweed audiences with its news and is and various science and craft cultivation. appearing more regularly on BBC activities. On the Friday there was outlets and national newspapers. an outreach day at Oban High In the reporting year, we also School run jointly with the Home appeared on Euronews, Channel 5 Economics Department all about and STV News. food from the sea. In total, 757 36 people attended the weekend’s events. SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

In the autumn, our second SAMS ON FILM cohort of ACES students also put on a public event, we As well as producing video welcomed students from SRUC content for general SAMS news Aberdeen and our H4 Science stories, our resident filmmaker Communications students hosted Andy Crabb was attached to an Oban Winter Festival fun seven research projects in 2016- day, now a firm favourite on the 17, helping to increase their calendar. visibility and impact. A series of short films entitled In the new year Helen visited Mull ‘Sam and Dan’ followed two of to deliver the Hebridean Whale & our students, Sam Black and Dolphin Trust’s first After School Daniel Mulqueen, who gave an Club workshop on seaweed. insight into life as a student at During the reporting year, the SAMS. Ocean Explorer Magazine was These videos were well used rekindled and carried features on social media as a student on SAMS science and features recruitment tool. on current topics such as women in science, marine robotics and seaweed.

Sam Finch, a photography student from Edinburgh Napier University visited SAMS to photograph researchers at work as part of his marine-themed final year project.

NEW WEBSITE

A new SAMS website was nearing completion as the reporting year ended, marking the culmination of months of work to migrate thousands of webpages from the old site, built in 2007, to a new Terminal 4 system.

The new website aims to be more responsive and user-friendly, and will better showcase the main elements of SAMS as a research 2014-15 2016-17 2016-17 institute, a place of learning and as a commercial entity. www.sams.ac.uk 192,426 181,701 143,454 www.srsl.com 865 447 3236

www.oceanexplorercentre.org 5175 2767 7909

@ScotMarineInst Twitter 1754-2600 2600-3799 3799-5481

Facebook friends 594-889 889-1620 1620-2241

LinkedIn followers 537-922 922-1359 1359-1702 37 SAMS FINANCIAL SUMMARY

The Association made a deficit Positive cash inflows across the Strategic Financial Targets have of (£171k) in 2016/17 (2015/16 Group amounted to £372k. been set by Council to further deficit of £632k). This Outturn aid this process with a view to included a non- recurring Recognising the need to remove returning SAMS to profitability exceptional item amounting to a ongoing deficits in its operation, in 2018/19. In the Current year, credit of £660k to Income. This SAMS has embarked on the 2017/18 the Council has agreed was attributable to the settlement delivery of a major Rebalancing that SAMS delivers a small of a long running legal dispute and Development Plan aimed operating surplus. with a builder. In addition, the at improving the underlying Association benefited from performance of the Group. The Balance sheet remains strong the reduction in its Universities Central planks of this strategy with modest gearing being Superannuation Scheme (USS) include: eliminated over the next two liability which provided a further years. Close monitoring of costs credit in year of £250k. w Improved planning around in 2017/18 together with a focus the assessment and on removing marginal activity will The Group also benefited from implementation of Science improve liquidity ratios. the positive contribution of £120k opportunities, received from the subsidiary w Strategic Cost reviews and company SRSL turning round the close monitoring of the previous loss making position Establishment, and complementing the Science w Improved Overhead Recovery activities carried out across the built into Project Financial group. Plans.

Table 1: Summary of SAMS’ financial performance in the period 1 April 2016 – 31 March 2017

Financial Summary 2016/17 2015/16 Change £000 £000 % Operating Income 10,382 10,426 -0.4 % Operating Expenditure excluding grant funded depreciation (10,610) (10,092) 5.1 % Operating (Deficit)/Surplus before exceptional Item (228) 334 Exceptional in year income/exchange rate loss 660 (7) Pension Deficit Obligation 250 (25) Extraordinary Items (174) (118) Depreciation funded by grants received in previous years (679) (816) 16.8% (Deficit)/Surplus transferred to reserves (171) (632) -72.9%

38 SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

Research grants and contracts

This year research contributed 67% of total income and showed a decrease of 3% over the prior year. NERC continued to be our single largest research funder, contributing around 45% of research income.

Education

As an Academic Partner of the University of the Highlands and Islands, we deliver both undergraduate and postgraduate education. As illustrated in the chart above income generated from Education activities has increased to around £1.7m.

Enterprise

SAMS Research Services Ltd (SRSL), our subsidiary enterprise, strives to enhance SAMS international reputation for Science Consultancy and fills the gap in science funding from other sources. Turnover increased from £1.2m to £1.4m as the company generated a surplus in 2016/17 of £120k (2015/16 deficit £216k)

Effective Management of Resources

Staff costs remain the highest proportion of expenditure representing 66% (2015/16 - 67%) of operational income. The Board have set a target of 60% for future years. Total staff costs for the year amount to £6.9m (2015/16 £6.74m). This is a movement of 2% from the prior year. Staff utilisation has been monitored through a newly developed Workload Model. This activity will inform further rebalancing of staff through 2017/18. Insights obtained from detailed analysis of the Workload Model underpinned much of a recent report by Delfinity consultants. In addition, UHI shared procurement activities provides Specialist Procurement Support for 4 days a month. Cash savings estimated at £151k (over 4 years) have been made through collaborative procurement of: w Biofuel w Multi Facilities Devices 39 w External Audit SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 PUBLICATIONS 1 APRIL 2016 – 31 MARCH 2017

PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS

Adams, T.P., Aleynik, D., Black, mid-latitude fjords Biogeosciences, tide: use of a moving tidal-stream K.D., (2016) Temporal variability in 13, 5771-5787, 2016 https://doi. habitat by harbour porpoises. Ma- sea lice population connectivity and org/10.5194/bg-13-5771-2016 rine Ecology Progress Series 549: implications for regional manage- 275-288. doi: 10.3354/meps11677 ment protocol, Aquaculture Envi- Louizidou, P., Azzopardi, E., ronment Interactions,8: 585–596, Mogg, A.O.M., Sayer, M.D.J. and Helmuth, B., Choi, F., Matzelle, doi:10.3354/aei00203 Küpper, F.C. (2016) Exploration A., Torossian, J.L., Morello, S.L., of the biodiversity and ecosystem Mislan, K.A.S., Yamane, L., Strick- Alexander, K. A., S. A. Meyjes, structure of corralligneous com- land, D., Szathmary, P.L., Gilman, and J. J. Heymans. 2016. Spatial munities around Rhodes (Greece). S.E., Tockstein, A., Hilbish, T.J., ecosystem modelling of marine Proceedings of the 2nd European Burrows, M.T., et al, (2016) renewable energy installations: Conference on Scientific Diving Long-term, high frequency in situ Gauging the utility of Ecospace, (Asplund, M.E.,Enqvist, D.N.C., measurements of intertidal mussel in: Ecopath 30 years - Modelling Engström, P., Klages, C. and Jen- bed temperatures using biomimetic ecosystem dynamics: beyong sen, M.M., eds.), p.7. Lovén Centre sensors. Scientific Data, 3, 160087. boundaries with EwE. Ecological Kristineberg, University of Gothen- http://www.nature.com/articles/sda- Modelling 331:115-128. http:// burg: Sweden. ta201687 dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmod- el.2016.01.016 Hastie, G.D., Russell, D.J.F., Ben- Responses of marine organisms jamins, S., Moss, S., Wilson, B., & to climate change across oceans”, Alexander KA, Freeman S, Potts Thompson, D. 2016. Dynamic hab- by Elvira S Poloczanska, Michael T. 2016. Navigating uncertain itat corridors for marine predators; T Burrows, Christopher J Brown, waters: European public percep- intensive use of a coastal channel Jorge Garcia Molinos, Benjamin tions of integrated multi-trophic by harbour seals is modulated by S Halpern, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, aquaculture (IMTA). Environmental tidal currents. Behavioral Ecology Carrie Vanessa Kappel, Pippa Science & Policy 61: 230-237 and Sociobiology doi:10.1007/ Jane Moore, Anthony J. Richard- s00265-016-2219-7; 14 pp. son, David S Schoeman, William Aleynik, D. Davidson, K., Dale J Sydeman, published in Frontiers A. C., Porter, M. (2016) A high Benjamins, S., Van Geel, N., in Marine Science, section Global resolution hydrodynamic model Hastie, G., Elliott, J., & Wilson, Change and the Future Ocean. system suitable for novel harmful B. (2016). Harbour porpoise algal bloom modelling in areas of distribution can vary at small Fogarty HE, Burrows MT, Pecl complex coastline and topography. spatiotemporal scales. Deep-Sea GT, Robinson LM, Poloczanska Harmful Algae, 53(3):102–117, Research Part II: Topical Studies in ES. 2017. Are fish outside their 10.1016/j.hal.2015.11.012 Oceanography. In press (accept- usual ranges early indicators of ed manuscript); Available online climate-driven range shifts? Global Craig Smeaton, William E. N. July 9, 2016. DOI : http://dx.doi. Change Biology http://onlinelibrary. Austin, Althea L. Davies, Agnès org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.07.00 wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.13635/ Baltzer, Richard E. Abell, and full 40 John A. Howe Substantial stores Benjamins, S., Dale, A., van Geel, of sedimentary carbon held in N., & Wilson, B. 2016. Riding the Hawkins SJ, Bohn K, Sims DW, Ribeiro P, Faria J, Presa P, Pita A, Foster V, Giesler RJ, Wilson AMW, Struve T, van de Flierdt T, Burke Martins GM, Neto AI, Burrows MT, Nall CR, Cook EJ. 2016. Identify- A, Robinson LF, Hammond SJ, Genner MJ. 2016. Fisheries stocks ing the physical features of marine Crocket KC, Bradtmiller LI, Auro from an ecological perspective: infrastructure associated with the ME, Mohamed KJ, White NJ. (in Disentangling ecological connec- presence of non-native species in press). Neodymium isotopes and tivity from genetic interchange. the UK. Marine Biology 163: 173 concentrations in aragonitic scler- Fisheries Research 179: 333-341. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-016- 2941-8 actinian cold-water coral skeletons - Modern calibration and evaluation Gillian M. Notman Rona A. R. Mc- Geoffroy, M., Cottier, F. R., Berge, of palaeo-applications. Chemical Gill, Stephen J. Hawkins, Michael J. and Inall M. E. 2016. AUV-based Geology http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. T. Burrows 2016. 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Gangloff, M.M., Edgar, G.J. and Kerrison, P.D. 2016. Algae as Crahay C, Chepurnova O, Childs Wilson, B., (2016) Imperilled Crops: Seaweed. In Brian Thomas, KH, Day JG, Vyverman W, Wilm- species in aquatic ecosystems: Brian G Murray and Denis J Mur- otte A (2017) PRESPHOTO: Pres- 47 emerging threats, management phy (Editors in Chief), Encyclope- ervation of microalgae in BCCM SAMS ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17

collections. Final Report. Brussels: B, Lyon C, Kenter J, Murray B. the Scottish monitoring programme Belgian Science Policy 2017 – 121 2017. Community Resilience to for the marine biotoxins in shellfish pp. (BRAIN-be - (Belgian Research Climate Change. Summary for harvested from classified produc- Action through Interdisciplinary Net- policy and practice. Centre for tion areas: review of the current works) Environmental Change and Human sampling scheme to develop an Resilience, University of Dundee. improved programme based on J, Hughes A, Greenhill L and MS evidence of risk. FSS/2015/021 Stanley (2016) Blue Biotechnology. Last, K. S., Beveridge, C. M. & Commonwealth Blue Economy Re- Ryan, C., Leaper, R., Evans, Wilding, T. A. 2016. TROMyt3 A – port Series, No. 5. Commonwealth Chlorine demand trial. A report by P.G.H., Dyke, K., Robinson, K.P., Secretariat: London. 55pp ISBN SRSL for Cefas, pp.19 Haskins, G.N., Calderan, S., van (paperback): 987-1-84929-152-1 Geel, N., Harries, O., Froud, K., ISBN (downloadable e-book): 978- Last, K. S., Beveridge, C. M. & Brownlow, A. and Jack, A. (2016) 1-84859-946-8 Wilding, T. A. 2016. TROMyt3 Entanglement: an emerging threat B - Tolerance of Mytilus edulis to to humpback whales in Scottish , G Macfadyen and R Cappell Fox C suspended sediment. A report by waters. Document SC/66b/HIM/01 (2016), Capture Fisheries. Com- SRSL for Cefas, pp.25 presented to the Scientific Com- monwealth Blue Economy Series, mittee of the International Whaling No. 3. Commonwealth Secretariat, Last, K. S., Beveridge, C. M. & Commission, 20-28 October 2016, London. 62pp ISBN (paperback): Wilding, T. A. 2016. TROMyt3 C – Portoroz, Slovenia: 12pp. 978-1-84929-154-5 ISBN (e-book): Bromoform trial. A report by SRSL 978-1-84859-948-2 for Cefas, pp.22

Greenhill L, Day JG, Hughes A Macleod, A., Benjamins, S., Al- and Stanley MS (2016) Marine Re- len, C. 2016 Habitats Regulations newable Energy. Commonwealth Appraisal: Screening Report for Blue Economy Series, No. 4. Com- Fair Head Tidal Energy Project. A monwealth Secretariat, London. report by SRSL for Fair Head Tidal 64pp ISBN (paperback): 978-1- Energy Park Ltd., pp. 120. 84929-155-2 ISBN (e-book): 978-1- 84859-949-9 Macleod, A., Benjamins, S., Allen, C. 2016. Environmental Hughes A, Day JG, Greenhill L Statement for Fair Head Tidal En- and Stanley MS (2016) Aquacul- ergy Project: Marine Mammals and ture, Commonwealth Blue Econo- Basking Shark. A report by SRSL my Series, No. 2. Commonwealth for Fair Head Tidal Energy Park Secretariat, London. 58pp ISBN Ltd., pp. 74. (paperback): 978-1-84929-149-1 MACLEOD, A., COOK, E.J., ISBN (e-book): 978-1-84859-943-7 HUGHES, D. & ALLEN, C. (2016). Fazey I, Carmen E, Rao-Williams Investigating the Impacts of Marine J,Hodgson A, Fraser J, Cox L, Scott Invasive Non- Native Species. A D, Tabor P, Robeson D, Searle BA, report by Scottish Association Lyon C, Kenter J, Murray B. 2017. for Marine Science Research Community Resilience to Climate Services Ltd for Natural England Change: Outcomes of the Scottish & Natural Resources Wales, pp. Borders Climate Resilient Commu- 59. Natural England Commissioned nities Project. Centre for Environ- Reports, Number223. http://publi- mental Change and Human Resil- cations.naturalengland.org.uk/pub- ience, University of Dundee. lication/5091100843311104

Fazey I, Carmen E, Rao-Williams Holtrop G, Swan S, Duff B, Wild- 48 J, Fraser J, Cox L, Scott D, Hodg- ing T, Narayanaswamy B, David- son A, Tabor P, Robeson D, Searle son K. 2016. Risk assessment of OFFICE BEARERS AS Audit committee external SAMS Honorary Fellows and CONFIRMED AT 102ND AGM members Research Associates SAMS STAFF OF THE ASSOCIATION Paul Brennan Dr Bob Batty 1 April 2016 – 31 March 2017 SAMS President Carol Phillips Dr Ruth Brennan Dr Clive Craik DIRECTORATE Martino, Dr Simone EDUCATION FINANCIAL SUPPORT Michalek, Kati Prof Geoffrey Boulton Council observers Dr Katherine Duncan Director: Owens, Prof Nicholas Head: Calder, Dr Lois SERVICES Deputy Director: Miller, Prof Axel Narayanaswamy, Dr Bhavani Bury, Dr Helen Head: McInnes, Jacqueline Dr John Gordon O’Donnell, Dr Christopher Sophie Laurie (NERC) Hatton, Prof Angela Crooks, Polly Beard, Adrian Chairman of SAMS Board Prof Richard Gowen Payne, Dr Ben Jennifer Nicoll (HIE) Davidson, Prof Keith Magill, Dr Shona Black, Derek Dr Fiona Hannah Day, Stafford Pond, Prof David Morrison, Leah Campbell, Elizabeth Professor Clive Mulholland (UHI) Commodore Angus Ross Prof Angela Hatton MacKinnon, Lorna Porter, Dr Marie Tindall, Fiona Hart, Fiona Dr Ken Jones Risch, Dr Denise MacEachen, Janice COUNCIL MEMBERS Dr Ray Leakey SCIENCE Robinson, Dr Georgina DELIVERY SUPPORT McLuckie, Gillian Prof Jane Lewis Head: Heymans, Prof Sheila Rochford, Meghan TEAM Robertson, Sharyn Mr Mark Batho Dr Andrew McLeod Adams, Dr Thomas Rouse, Dr Sally Head: Dr Shimmield, Tracy Smith, Christine Professor Monty Priede Prof David Meldrum Aleynik, Dr Dmitry Serpetti, Dr Natalia Allen, Dr Christopher Tening, Eugene Professor Sandy Tudhope ProfGeoff Moore Anderson, Dr Philip Slocombe, Dr Stephen Hart, Dr Mark Watt, Lorna Smalley, Claire Mr Ian Dunn Dr Jake Rice Arosio, Dr Riccardo Hausrath, John Austin, Prof William Stanley, Dr Michele Livingstone, Craig HEALTH AND SAFETY Dr Melissa Chierici Prof Toby Sherwin Badis, Dr Yacine Steuben Dale, Marieke Miller, Dr Raeanne Clay, Christopher Professor Donald Maclean Dr Henrik Stahl Benjamins, Dr Steven Stewart-Sinclair, Phoebe Murray, Sine Mr Stuart Cannon Black, Prof Kenneth Strittmatter, Dr Martina Nickell, Dr Thomas HUMAN RESOURCES Professor Bob Ferrier Billing, Dr Suzi Tett, Prof Paul Stewart, Alan Head: Hausrath, Michelle Mr Ken Rundle Brown, Dr Thomas Toberman, Dr Matthew Guthrie, David Campbell, Karen Professor Jane Francis Burrows, Prof Michael Turnewitsch, Dr Robert Thompson, Phillip Cullen, Jacqueline Marilyn Jeffcoat Carpenter, Dr Trevor Whyte, Dr Callum Vare, Dr Lindsay Culver, Rachel Cottier, Dr Elizabeth Wilding, Dr Thomas Greenwood, Susan Cottier, Dr Finlo Wilson, Prof Ben DIVING Kersley, Shirley Crocket, Dr Kirsty Head: Sayer, Dr Martin Cunningham, Prof Stuart TECHNICAL SUPPORT Azzopardi, Elaine ICT AND INFORMATION Dale, Dr Andrew Abell, Richard Brown, Hugh SERVICES Day, Prof John Abernethy, Colin Mogg, Dr Andrew Head: Gontarek, Steven De Boever, Frederik Anderson, Sarah Thurston, Simon Arce, Paola Ditchfield, Dr Arlene Beaton, John Cook, Nicola Duncan, Dr Katherine Beveridge, Christine PROFESSIONAL Dale, Richard CONTENTS Fox, Dr Clive Brand, Timothy SERVICES Dobkowski, Krystian Gachon, Dr Claire Brennan, Debra Fraser, Stephen Garvetto, Andrea Brunner, Lars BOATS: MacLucas, NigeL Gary, Dr Stefan Campbell, Christine Smith, Norman Glud, Prof Ronnie Childs, Katharine Green, Dr David Cole, Eilidh COMMUNICATIONS Greenhill, Lucy Dumont, Estelle Head: Miller, Anuschka Grist, Dr Hannah Field, Joanne Crabb, Andrew Hicks, Dr Natalie Griffiths, Colin MacKinnon, Rory 1 Welcome 6 Obituaries 26 National Facilities Houpert, Dr Loic Hagan, Bernard McNeill, Helen Howe, Dr John Lamont, Peter Paterson, Euan Hughes, Dr Adam MacKechnie, Karen Roseblade, Marc Research: Hughes, Dr David Mair, Alison Wallace, Keri 2 Transatlantic connections 8 Ocean Processes 32 Education Hwang, Dr Phil McNeill, Sharon Inall, Prof Mark Mitchell, Elaine FACILITIES Johnson, Dr Clare Rad Menendez, Cecilia Head: MacCorquodale, Iain Rodwell, Shane Research: Jones, Dr Sam Burnip, Melvin 3 Our people 12 Blue Economy 38 Communications Kelly, Dr Maeve Saxon, Rachel James, Alistair Kenter, Dr Jasper Swan, Sarah MacEwan, James Kerrison, Dr Philip Thomas, Naomi MacLean, Kenneth Last, Dr Kim Twigg, Gail McLaren, Paul Research: MacDonald, Fraser Ubbara, Swati 4 Learned society 18 Changing Coasts 40 Publications MacLeod, Dr Adrian Venables, Emily Wilson, Karen

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