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Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis Caused by Neisseria Meningitidis, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, and Haemophilus Influenzae WHO Manual, 2Nd Edition

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Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis Caused by Neisseria Meningitidis, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, and Haemophilus Influenzae WHO Manual, 2Nd Edition WHO/IVB.11.09 Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae WHO MANUAL, 2ND EDITION Photo: Jon Shadid/UNICEF WHO/IVB.11.09 Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae WHO MANUAL, 2ND EDITION1 1 The first edition has the WHO reference WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.7: Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_CDS_CSR_EDC_99.7.pdf © World Health Organization 2011 This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization. All rights reserved. This document may, however, be reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. To ensure the highest integrity and public confidence in its activities, WHO required that all contributors of this manual (authors and reviewers) disclose any circumstances that could give rise to a potential conflict of interest related to the subject of the activity in which they were involved. All contributors have signed the WHO declaration of interest form and none of the declarations were judged to pose a conflict. Additional copies of this book can be obtained from either: WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html Website URL: http://www.who.int/nuvi/surveillance/resources/en/index.html Or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MVPDB/Meningitis Laboratory 1600 Clifton Road, NE Atlanta, Georgia 30329 USA tel: 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-5636) fax: 404-639-4421 e-mail: [email protected] Website URL: http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html I. 2011 WHO Meningitis Manual Authors Division of Bacterial Diseases National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch Dana CASTILLO [email protected] Brian HARCOURT [email protected] Cynthia HATCHER [email protected] Michael JACKSON [email protected] Lee KATZ [email protected] Raydel MAIR [email protected] Leonard MAYER Chief, Meningitis Laboratory [email protected] Ryan NOVAK [email protected] Lila RAHALISON [email protected] Susanna SCHMINK [email protected] M. Jordan THEODORE [email protected] Jennifer THOMAS [email protected] Jeni VUONG [email protected] Xin WANG [email protected] Respiratory Diseases Branch Lesley MCGEE [email protected] Other Institutions Dominique A. CAUGANT WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Meningococci Department of Bacteriology and Immunology Norwegian Institute of Public Health [email protected] Susanne CHANTEAU Institut Pasteur Nouméa New Caledonia [email protected] Sébastien COGNAT International Health Regulations Coordination Health Security and Environment World Health Organization Lyon France [email protected] Pierre NICOLAS WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Meningococci Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées - IMTSSA Marseille France [email protected] II. Reviewers Bernard BEALL Chief, Streptococcus Laboratory Respiratory Diseases Branch Division of Bacterial Diseases National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [email protected] Thomas CLARK Epidemiology Team Lead, Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch Division of Bacterial Diseases National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [email protected] Amanda COHN Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch Division of Bacterial Diseases National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [email protected] Kimberley FOX Expanded Programme on Immunization World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office Manila Philippines [email protected] Anne von GOTTBERG Head of Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Reference Unit National Institute for Communicable Diseases Johannesburg South Africa [email protected] Nancy MESSONNIER Chief, Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch Division of Bacterial Diseases National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [email protected] Rasmata OUEDRAOGO Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle Ouagadougou Burkina Faso [email protected] Fem Julia PALADIN Expanded Programme on Immunization World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Manila Philippines [email protected] Tanja POPOVIC Deputy Associate Director for Science Office of the Associate Director for Science Office of the Director Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [email protected] Manju RANI Expanded Programme on Immunization World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office Manila Philippines [email protected] Aparna Singh SHAH Expanded Programme on Immunization South East Asia Regional Office World Health Organization New Delhi India [email protected] Muhamed-Kheir TAHA Head of the Unit Invasive Bacterial Infections Director of the National Reference Center for Meningococci Institut Pasteur Paris France [email protected] Cynthia WHITNEY Chief, Respiratory Diseases Branch Division of Bacterial Diseases National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [email protected] III. 2011 WHO Meningitis Manual other Contributors Mary AGOCS Expanded Programme on Immunization Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland [email protected] Eric BERTHERAT Epidemic Readiness and Intervention Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland [email protected] Jean Bosco NDIHOKUBWAYO Division of Health System and Services Development World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Republic of Congo [email protected] Fatima SERHAN Expanded Programme on Immunization Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland [email protected] Stephanie SCHWARTZ Division of Bacterial Diseases National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [email protected] Acknowledgements The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention express their gratitude to those who have contributed their time and experience to this 2nd edition of the "Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae". Special thanks should be given to Dr. Leonard Mayer, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), WHO collaborating center for Meningitis, Atlanta, USA, for taking the lead in the process of developing as well as compiling and editing this Manual. WHO manual – Foreword Tanja Popovic, MD, PhD, Deputy Associate Director for Science, CDC Microbiology and microbiologists have made extraordinary contributions to humanity saving hundreds of millions of lives over the past few centuries. These contributions span from developing and improving diagnostic assays and procedures to identify the causative agents, to discovering antimicrobial agents for treatment and manufacturing of vaccines for disease prevention. The first observations of living organisms were made in 1683 by Anthony von Leeuwenhoek. In 1876, almost 200 years later, Robert Koch provided the first proof linking a specific disease (anthrax) to a specific microorganism. From then on, a succession of subsequent discoveries followed, three of which are the focus of this manual: in 1884, pneumococcus by Albert Fraenkel; in 1887, meningococcus by Anton Weichselbaum; in 1892, Haemophilus influenzae by Johannes Pfeiffer. Almost 15 years ago, when we started working on developing the 1st edition of this manual, there was an extraordinary amount of excitement about the work. We realized how important it was
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