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Table of Contents UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE LATE HELLADIC I POTTERY IN THE NORTHEASTERN PELOPONNESE OF GREECE A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences 2004 by Jeffrey Lee Kramer B.A., Purdue University, 1994 M.A, The University of Arizona, 1997 Committee: Dr. Gisela Walberg (Chair), University of Cincinnati Dr. Jack Davis, University of Cincinnati Dr. Kathleen Lynch, University of Cincinnati ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is both to propose a new classification system for the pottery of the Late Helladic I period (c. 1700-1600 B.C.) in the northeastern Peloponnese of Greece and to examine the impact such a system has on the chronology of the period commonly known as the “Shaft Grave Period.” The majority of ceramic studies concerning LH I pottery focuses almost exclusively on Mycenaean Decorated despite the fact that the vessels of this ware comprise a tiny fraction of pottery assemblages. The existence of the remaining wares, often simply labeled “the other wares,” has been known for over a century, yet many excavation reports either exclude them entirely or include them in chapters concerning Middle Helladic pottery without discussing their LH I date. This neglect may result, in part, from the lack of a standardized nomenclature for these wares as well as a defined typological framework in which to place them. This study redresses this problem by providing such a framework. This study also addresses the effect the new classification system has on the chronological definitions of MH III, LH I, and LH IIA, the “Shaft Grave Period.” The first phase of the Mycenaean sequence, LH I, is heralded by the appearance of Mycenaean Decorated according to the conventional view. This study demonstrates that two other wares also first appear in LH I – Mainland Polychrome Matt-Painted and White on Burnished Dark. Furthermore, these two wares appear only in LH I in the northeastern Peloponnese. Along with the earliest examples of Mycenaean Decorated, their presence dates any context to LH I. Therefore, rather than a single criterion for defining a LH I context, three now exist. When the proposed classification system is applied to certain areas at the sites of Asine, Lerna, and Mycenae, the efficacy and advantages of the system become markedly evident. For Asine, methodological concerns with previous schemes indicate that a new system is needed. At Lerna, the dates of cist graves either are independently corroborated or re-dated to LH I. Finally, the system demonstrates that certain burials from the graves in the two grave circles at Mycenae date unequivocally to LH I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The cliché that no dissertation is written without the assistance and support of numerous individuals is a cliché because it is true, and I wish to take this space to acknowledge those who have helped me complete this work. I first must thank the faculty of the Department of Classics at the University of Cincinnati for granting me a Louise-Taft Semple Fellowship from the fall of 1997 through the spring of 2003. Since no faculty or students can devote their time to work without the support of staff, I offer my thanks to Gayle McGarrahan, Ken Gottorff, and John Wallrodt who assisted me more times than anyone should ask of three people. The staff of the Burnam Library at the university also deserves my gratitude, especially Jean Wellington and Michael Braunlin both for hunting obscure references and for their Job-like patience when I was less than patient for those references. Beyond Cincinnati, I must thank Drs. Guy Sanders, Nancy Bookides and Ioulia Tzonou- Herbst for permitting me to study the Korakou material. Their time, kindness, and comments both in the museum and on the ouzo terrace at Korinth are greatly appreciated. Drs. James Wright and Jeremy Rutter granted me permission to study the Tsoungiza material, and I owe the two of them plus Dr. Mary Dabney a debt for their invaluable comments and seemingly endless amounts of time. Jim and Mary went well beyond the traditional role of hosts during my stay at Mycenae in the summer of 2002 and provided me both with transportation to Nemea and with lunch there as well. I will remember that time fondly. Drs. Martha Wiencke and Carol Zerner allowed me access to the Lerna material. I profited immensely from the discussions I had with Carol and thank her for taking all of my phone calls and answering innumerable questions with patience and forbearing. In addition to Dr. Alexander Mantis who facilitated access to material in the Nauplion Museum in October 2001, numerous other individuals affiliated with the Greek Archaeological Service also deserve my thanks. At both the office in Nauplion and the various museums and apothekes, they graciously offered their time and service. I also must thank the staff at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, especially Maria Pilali who assisted me immensely both in understanding the permit process and in obtaining the permits themselves. The assistance and patience of my committee – Drs. Gisela Walberg, Jack Davis, Kathleen Lynch, and Oliver Dickinson – cannot be adequately acknowledged. Kathleen not only agreed to serve on my committee shortly after her arrival at Cincinnati, but she faced the Herculean task of both a new position and a dissertation with understanding and grace. Jack has served both as instructor and mentor from my arrival at Cincinnati in 1997. Through course-work, informal meetings in his office and the hallways of the Blegen Library, and the occasional lunch, he has shaped this dissertation in innumerable ways, and I can honestly say that, without him, I would not have finished this degree. I first met Oliver – now both mentor and friend - in Nauplion, Greece during the summer of 2000. During our discussion of the early Mycenaean pottery of Midea, he invited me to study with him in Durham which I had the great fortune to do from January through June of 2002. During our numerous meetings there, we discussed both sections of this work that I had prepared and the subject in general; from his advice, suggestions, and, perhaps most importantly, corrections, my knowledge of the pottery as well as of the early Mycenaean period grew immeasurably. I also am indebted to his generosity of time, which he always made for me no matter when I dropped by his office. As a side note, I also wish to thank the faculty and staff of the Department of Classics and Ancient History at Durham for their assistance during my stay in Durham. To my mentrix, Dr. Gisela Walberg, I owe innumerable thanks. She has guided me through my studies at Cincinnati, and offered me the chance to publish the early Mycenaean pottery from the Midea excavations which eventually led to the idea for this dissertation. During my course-work and the writing of this work, she never failed to make time for me even when her own schedule was already overflowing, and her guidance has saved me from several errors of fact and judgment in this work. To Gisela, thank you. I further must thank my family and my wife’s for their support from the time I first began studying archaeology. I could not ask for better in-laws, Rik and Becky Hagarty, who always encouraged me and followed my progress with genuine interest; they also provided necessary support for my wife during my long and numerous absences. To my parents, Alan and Nancy, I offer my heartfelt thanks for your patience and love throughout my life and the time during the writing of this dissertation. Now that this is finished, I promise to call more often! I cannot describe the myriad ways in which my wife Tracy has assisted me. She has sacrificed much over the past ten years to support us from Tucson to Cincinnati and has offered her unending patience and love during that time without fail. She has accepted my long and numerous absences both from home and from reality with remarkable forbearance. To her, I can now say, yes, Tracy, it’s done. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS In addition to the list of standard abbreviations published in AJA (1991, 1-16), I use the following in this study: Asine II.2 Dietz, S. 1980. The Middle Helladic Cemetery, The Middle Helladic and Early Mycenaean Deposits. Asine II, 2: Results of the Excavations East of the Acropolis 1970-1974. Stockholm: Paul Åströms Förlag. ATMA Dietz, S. 1991. The Argolid at the Transition to the Mycenaean Age: Studies in the Chronology and Cultural Development in the Shaft Grave Period. Copenhagen: The National Museum of Denmark, Department of Near Eastern and Classical Antiquities. Circle B Mylonas, G. 1973. O Taphikos Kyklos B ton Mykenon. Athens: Bibliotheke tes en Athenais Archaiologike Hetaireias. CMP Furumark, A. 1941. The Chronology of Mycenaean Pottery. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. Gazetteer Hope Simpson, R. and O.T.P.K. Dickinson. 1979. A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilization in the Bronze Age, Volume I: The Mainland and Islands. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 52. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag. Korakou Blegen, C.W. 1921. Korakou: A Prehistoric Settlement near Corinth. Boston and New York: The American School of Classical Studies in Athens. Kythera Coldstream, J.N.
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