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Boletín De La Academia Chilena De La Historia BOLETÍN de la ACADEMIA CHILENA DE LA HISTORIA Año LXXVII Enero-Junio 2011 No 120 - Vol. I Director: Horacio Aránguiz Comisión Editora: Horacio Aránguiz Donoso, José Miguel Barros Franco, Ricardo Couyoumdjian Bergamali, Luis Lira Montt, Sergio Martínez Baeza, René Millar Carvacho, Isidoro Vázquez de Acuña, Joaquín Fermandois Huerta. Consejo Editorial: José Agustín de la Puente Candamo (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú); Gabriel Guarda Geywitz, O.S.B. (Academia Chilena de la Historia); Ricardo Krebs Wilckens (Prof. Em. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile); Mateo Martinic Beros (Universidad de Magallanes); Horst Pietschmann (Universidad de Hamburgo); Luis Suárez Fernández (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid); Víctor Tau Anzoátegui (Universidad de Buenos Aires); Gisela von Wobeser (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México); Carmen Mc Evoy (South Sewanee University, Estados Unidos de Norteamérica); Jean Pierre Dedieu (Centre Nacional de la Recherche Scientifique, Francia); William Sater (Universidad Estatal de California, Estados Unidos de Norteamérica); Feliciano Barrios Pintado (Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, España). Código Internacional: ISSN 0716-5439 Academia Chilena de la Historia Almirante Montt 454 Clasificador 245, Correo Central, Santiago de Chile Correo electrónico: [email protected] www.institutodechile.cl/historia E S T U D I O S Boletín de la Academia Chilena de la Historia Año LXXVII - No 120 - 2011 - 7-28 ISSN 0716-5439 DOMINGO SANTA MARÍA SEGÚN SUS CONTEMPORÁNEOS Y LA HISTORIOGRAFÍA por Álvaro Góngora Escobedo* Resumen Valora la figura histórica del Presidente de Chile Domingo Santa María González y explica por qué ella ha sido poco tratado por los historiadores. El autor relaciona ese “silencio” historiográfico con la caracterización de su personalidad que hicieron los contemporáneos de los bandos liberal y conservador, quienes no solo dejaron una imagen sobre él contradictoria, sino también extremadamente negativa. No obstante, a partir de documentos más íntimos o personales, que se comentan, se proyectaría una fisonomía muy diferente. Tales serían las razones que justifican elaborar una biografía a partir de documentos poco analizados. Palabras clave: Chile, Historia política siglo XIX, personalidad de Domingo Santa María, Intendencia de Colchagua, libertad electoral, leyes laicas. Abstrac The text remarks the historical role of the President of Chile Domingo Santa María González and explains why his period has been so poorly covered by historians. The author states that this “silence” is the result of a characterization of his personality made by his contemporaries, both by the liberal and conservative groups, which left us with a contradictory and usually extremely negative perception of the character. However, when more intimate and personal documents, as well as commentaries derived from these sources are looked into, a completely different picture begins to appear. These are some of the reasons that support the elaboration of his biography, mainly on the basis of documents that have been not analyzed in depth before. Key words: Chile. Political history of the XIX century; personality of Domingo Santa María, Quartermaster of Colchagua; Electoral freedom; secular laws. * Miembro de número de la Academia Chilena de la Historia. Director de la Escuela de Historia, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 7 ÁLvaRO GÓNGORA ESCOBEDO Me corresponde suceder como miembro de número de la Academia Chilena de la Historia a don Antonio Rehbein Pesce, quien fue Licenciado en Filosofía por el Colegio Máximo San José de la Compañía de Jesús de Buenos Aires; Li- cenciado y Profesor en Filosofía, Educación y Religión por la Universidad Cató- lica de Valparaíso; Doctorado en Historia Eclesiástica por la Pontificia Univer- sidad Gregoriana de Roma y candidato a Doctor en Historia en la Universidad Johannes Gutenberg de Mainz, Alemania. Su carrera docente fue extensa y variada, porque se prolonga desde el año 1963 hasta el 2001, dictando asignaturas en diversas entidades académicas, entre ellas, las universidades católicas de Valparaíso y Santiago y los seminarios pontifi- cios mayores de las mismas ciudades. Fue un eximio especialista en Historia de la Iglesia de Occidente en todas sus épocas, incluyendo Latinoamérica y Chile cier- tamente. Pero además, dictó cursos de latín; griego y Antropología cristiana. Su trayectoria académica fue completa, llegando a ser profesor titular de los institutos de Teología y Ciencias religiosas de la Universidad Católica de Valpa- raíso y de la Facultad de Teología de la Universidad Católica de Chile. Como tal, ejerció numerosas funciones administrativas en ambas instituciones y, en ciertos períodos, como Secretario de Estudios de los seminarios pontificios ma- yores mencionados y como director de la Revista Católica, del Anuario de la Histo- ria de la Iglesia en Chile y de Anales de la Facultad de Teología. Su labor de investigación fue importante, reflejándose en cerca de cincuenta artículos publicados en revistas especializadas de Chile, España y Alemania, y en su tesis doctoral titulada La función eclesiástica y civil del Episcopado Hispanoameri- cano en Rodrigo de Bastidas, Obispo de Coro y de San Juan de Puerto Rico, 1531-1568. Tuve la oportunidad de ser su alumno el año 1976, durante mis estudios de Licenciatura en Historia en la Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, en una asignatura optativa sobre “Historia de la Iglesia en la Época Moderna” que im- partía la Facultad de Filosofía y Educación para alumnos de diversas carreras. Me pareció que sus exposiciones eran eruditas, con abundante información y reflexiones de gran interés. Lo rememoro como una persona muy amable, llana y de hablar pausado. Como se comprenderá, es un prestigio para mí suceder a tan excelente académico, agregando la circunstancia que don Antonio Rehbein fue, el que a su vez sucedió en esta Corporación a Armando de Ramón Folch, quien fue mi director de tesis doctoral en la Universidad Católica de Santiago. Quiero agradecer a esta Corporación por haberme recibido. A los miembros Bernardino Bravo y Sergio Martínez por haber propuesto mi integración y a todos los académicos que la apoyaron. Es un honor para mí pertenecer a ella como miembro de número. A Joaquín Fermandois por su discurso de recibi- miento. Quiero recordar en este momento a mi familia: mis padres, mis herma- 8 DOMINGO SANTA MARÍA SEGÚN SUS CONTEMPORÁNEOS Y LA HISTORIOGRAFÍA nos por lo que han contribuido a mi formación. Muy particularmente a mi espo- sa Gloria y mis hijos Sebastián, Macarena y Matías. Agradecer mi formación en el Instituto de Historia de la Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, como Licenciado, y en la Universidad Católica de Santiago, como Doctorado. A la Universidad Finis Terrae, por pertenecer a ella desde su formación y haberme integrado pos- teriormente como directivo. Siempre he apreciado en esta Universidad el interés por el cultivo del conocimiento histórico que han demostrado todos sus recto- res, desde que Pablo Baraona propiciara la creación de la Escuela de Historia y, pocos años después, el Centro de Investigación y Documentación en Historia Contemporánea de Chile (CIDOC). Interés que fue respaldado por el entonces Secretario General y después rector, Roberto Guerrero y, en el presente, por Nicolás Cubillos, quien ha mantenido idéntico interés bajo su rectorado. Acti- tud que agradezco en nombre de muchos. Agradecer a todos quienes me han acompañado en esta ceremonia, a autoridades universitarias y académicos de mi universidad y de las universidades Católica de Santiago, de Chile, Metropolitana y Los Andes. A todos mis amigos y, por último y por sobre todo, a Dios. Paso ahora a exponer mi discurso de incorporación. “Quiero y amo de corazón el olvido”: Domingo Santa María, según sus contemporáneos y la historiografía Tempranamente Domingo Santa María tuvo conciencia de haber alcanzado un protagonismo singular. Cuando aún no cumplía 29 años de edad, señaló de manera pública que había sido “por largo tiempo víctima del furor apasiona- do…”; que se habían dirigido contra él “los más duros ataques a despecho de toda consideración y en desprecio de la amistad”1. Y diez años después, confesó privadamente a su amigo Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna: “De ordinario se nos recuerda para maltratarnos… y como he sido tantas veces víctima de la male- volencia, quiero y amo de corazón el olvido”. Puede que esta última frase fuera una simple pose o derechamente falsa, pero devela que había estado en la línea de fuego, siendo objeto de comentario público. Él mismo lo afirmaba a reglón seguido. “Dos o tres veces, por no decir cuatro, me he encontrado retratado por otros, de veras que no me he reconocido”2. 1 Domingo Santa María a sus amigos, Santiago, Imprenta del Progreso, julio de 1849, 4 y 6 2 “Carta Autobiográfica”. De Santa María a Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, Santiago, 26 de diciem- bre de 1864 en, Revista Chilena, año I, tomo II, nº X, Santiago, marzo de 1918, 489-493. 9 ÁLvaRO GÓNGORA ESCOBEDO Bastante más tarde, cuando había transcurrido lo más decisivo de su tra- yectoria política e incluso ella estaba concluyendo –dejaba la presidencia de la República–, le manifestó epistolarmente a Pedro Pablo Figueroa, que una existencia como la suya, “que ha tenido en la política chilena tantas vicisitudes, tantos triunfos y quebrantos, tantas glorias y amarguras” debía ser conocida con “claridad”, para evitar así los “juicios favorables como aquellos en contrario a mi persona”. Por cierto, que en esa
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