DOCSLIB.ORG

Structural Origins of Coloration in the Spider Phoroncidia Rubroargentea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Structural Origins of Coloration in the Spider Phoroncidia Rubroargentea Downloaded from http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on September 18, 2018 Structural origins of coloration in the spider Phoroncidia rubroargentea rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org Berland, 1913 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Madagascar Research Sarah Kariko1, Jaakko V. I. Timonen2,5, James C. Weaver3, Dvir Gur6, Carolyn Marks4, Leslie Leiserowitz7, Mathias Kolle8 and Ling Li9 Cite this article: Kariko S, Timonen JVI, Weaver JC, Gur D, Marks C, Leiserowitz L, Kolle 1Museum of Comparative Zoology, 2Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3 4 M, Li L. 2018 Structural origins of coloration in Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Technology, and Center for Nano Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA the spider Phoroncidia rubroargentea 5Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo 02150, Finland Berland, 1913 (Araneae: Theridiidae) 6Department of Physics of Complex Systems and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, and 7Department of from Madagascar. J. R. Soc. Interface 15: Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel 8 20170930. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 9Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0930 LL, 0000-0002-6741-9741 This study investigates the structural basis for the red, silver and black Received: 11 December 2017 coloration of the theridiid spider, Phoroncidia rubroargentea (Berland, 1913) from Madagascar. Specimens of this species can retain their colour after sto- Accepted: 30 January 2018 rage in ethanol for decades, whereas most other brightly pigmented spider specimens fade under identical preservation conditions. Using correlative optical, structural and chemical analysis, we identify the colour-generating structural elements and characterize their optical properties. The prominent Subject Category: silvery appearance of the spider’s abdomen results from regularly arranged Life Sciences–Physics interface guanine microplatelets, similar to those found in other spiders and fish. The microplatelets are composed of a doublet structure twinned about the [021] axis, as suggested by electron diffraction. The red coloration originates from Subject Areas: chambered microspheres (approx. 1 mm in diameter), which contain struc- biomaterials, nanotechnology tured fluorescent material. Co-localization of the red microparticles on top of the reflective guanine microplatelets appears to enhance the red color- Keywords: ation. The spider’s thick cuticular layer, which encases its abdomen, varies spider, structural colour, guanine, Phoroncidia in its optical properties, being transparent in regions where only guanine reflectors are present, and tanned, exhibiting light absorption where the red microspheres are found. Moreover, colour degradation in some pre- served spider specimens that had suffered damage to the cuticular layer Authors for correspondence: suggests that this region of the exoskeleton may play an important role in Sarah Kariko the stabilization of the red coloration. e-mail: [email protected] Ling Li e-mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction Since Hooke and Newton in the seventeenth century, scientists have been inves- tigating the material structures and mechanisms creating the breathtaking spectrum of colours in Nature [1,2]. Typically, the focus has been on the colour- ful feathers of birds, including peacocks and birds-of-paradise [3,4], the iridescent elytra of beetles [5], and the brightly coloured wings of butterflies [6–8]. Recently, however, arachnids, especially spiders, have received increas- ing attention in terms of structural coloration [9–12]. Some spiders are Electronic supplementary material is available vividly coloured and patterned by utilizing a variety of coloration strategies and some species even display the capacity for dynamic colour change online at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9. [13–18], providing intriguing models for investigating colour production in figshare.c.3999489. nature. Understanding the phenomena underlying structurally enhanced & 2018 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. Downloaded from http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on September 18, 2018 (a) (b) (d) 2 rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org (c) J. R. Soc. Interface (e) ( f ) 15 : 20170930 (g) PL PR AL AR 1 mm Figure 1. Information of distribution, habitat and overall appearance of P. rubroargentea (Berland, 1913). (a) Map of Madagascar. The white dot indicates the location of Ranomafana National Park. (b) Photo of the rainforest in Ranomafana National Park where P. rubroargentea have been found. (c) Photo of a live Phor- oncidia in the field (credit: Paul Bertner). (d) P. rubroargentea stored in ethanol for 40 years (14 600 days), which still retains the vibrant red colour (MCZ IZ 32022). Theridula emertoni (MCZ IZ 143122) (e) before and (f) after 220 days in 70% ethanol. (g) Multiple views of a P. rubroargentea examined in this study (CASENT 9057540): PL, posterior left; PR, posterior right; AL, anterior left; AR, anterior right. coloration in spiders can potentially provide new design cues originating from structures other than from guanine-based for the design of photonic devices [11,19] and offer insights reflectors are found in a few families, such as Theraphosidae into the biological function of such colours. (tarantulas) and Salticidae ( jumping spiders) [9,24]. Currently, it is known that spiders use multiple coloration In addition to structural coloration, spiders also use strategies (structural colour, pigmentation and fluorescence) pigments to create colours through the selective absorption for visual display, similar to those implemented by other of specific wavelengths of incident light. There are six animal groups. Structural colour is produced from the inter- common classes of biochromes (biological pigments) used action of light with nano- and microstructures, which results to produce colours in animals: melanins, carotenoids, ommo- in the spectrally selective reflection or scattering of light. One chromes, bilins, porphyrines and pterins [10,25]. Of these, of the most common optical displays in spiders that relies on ommochromes, melanins and bilins have been found in spi- this light interaction with nano/microscopic structures is ders [10,15,26–28], whereas the presence of porphryines, the silvery reflection or matt white appearance originated carotenoids and pterins in spiders has not yet been estab- from guanine crystals [12,20–22]. Similar to other groups lished [12,28]. Ommochromes are the primary biological (e.g. fishes, reptiles and other arthropods), spiders have pigment present in spiders and are responsible for the evolved a mechanism in which guanine is diverted from the yellows, reds, oranges, browns and blacks [15,29]. While mel- digestive tract and stored in specialized cells called guanocytes anin, which is responsible for many of the dark colours from under the cuticle of the abdomen, where they scatter and reflect reddish brown to black [30], was only recently detected in light [20–23]. A matte white appearance results from spiders by Hsiung et al. [31], further study is needed to prismatic-shaped guanine crystals, which can provide a understand how widely distributed this pigment is across canvas-like background for pigment-based colour [22]. By con- spider taxa [31]. Billins are a class of green pigments that trast, a silvery and specularly reflecting surface appearance have also been found in some spiders and are usually originates from microscopic platelet-shaped guanine crystals either concentrated in the exoskeleton or are present in the [12,20–22]. Spiders with a guanine-based silvery appearance haemolymph (blood) and visible through transparent cuticles are widespread across different families, ranging from tiny [26,32]. The carotenoid pigment class is usually associated dewdrop spiders in the genus Argyrodes (family: Theridiidae) with creating colours ranging from dark red to pale yellow, such as Argyrodes elevatus Taczanowski, 1873, to long jawed however these pigments are acquired through consuming spiders in the family Tetragnathidae, such as Tetragnatha mon- plants or herbivores, and among arachnids they have so far tana Simon, 1874 [21,22]. Spiders with structural colour only been found in some mites [12,33,34]. Downloaded from http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on September 18, 2018 (a) 3 tanned black spines tanned rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org sclerites shimmery sclerites red region shimmery red region silver region J. R. Soc. Interface matte red region (b) 0.30 15 silver region (c) : 20170930 0.25 shimmery red region black region diffusive white standard 2 mm 0.20 0.15 reflection 0.10 0.05 0.5 mm 0 400 500 600 700 800 wavelength (nm) Figure 2. Optical properties of P. rubroargentea.(a) Dorsal (left) and posterior (right) view of a P. rubrargentea specimen with different regions of coloration indicated (CASENT 9057540). (b) Reflection spectra taken from three different regions: silver, shimmery red and black regions. The shaded areas represent the spread of original data (greater than 10 measurements for each type) and solid lines are the averaged data. The reflection strength of a diffuse white standard is shown for comparison (MCZ IZ 50966). (Inset) A top-viewed image of P. rubroargentea, where the circles indicate the regions of optical measurement (CASENT 9057540). (c) A high-magnification
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Protocol for Online Documentation of Spider Biodiversity Inventories Applied to a Mexican Tropical Wet Forest (Araneae, Araneomorphae)
    Zootaxa 4722 (3): 241–269 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4722.3.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6AC6E70B-6E6A-4D46-9C8A-2260B929E471 A protocol for online documentation of spider biodiversity inventories applied to a Mexican tropical wet forest (Araneae, Araneomorphae) FERNANDO ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA1, 2, M. ANTONIO GALÁN-SÁNCHEZ1 & F. JAVIER SALGUEIRO- SEPÚLVEDA1 1Laboratorio de Aracnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Colonia Copilco el Bajo. C. P. 04510. Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México. E-mail: [email protected] 2Corresponding author Abstract Spider community inventories have relatively well-established standardized collecting protocols. Such protocols set rules for the orderly acquisition of samples to estimate community parameters and to establish comparisons between areas. These methods have been tested worldwide, providing useful data for inventory planning and optimal sampling allocation efforts. The taxonomic counterpart of biodiversity inventories has received considerably less attention. Species lists and their relative abundances are the only link between the community parameters resulting from a biotic inventory and the biology of the species that live there. However, this connection is lost or speculative at best for species only partially identified (e. g., to genus but not to species). This link is particularly important for diverse tropical regions were many taxa are undescribed or little known such as spiders. One approach to this problem has been the development of biodiversity inventory websites that document the morphology of the species with digital images organized as standard views.
    [Show full text]
  • A Summary List of Fossil Spiders
    A summary list of fossil spiders compiled by Jason A. Dunlop (Berlin), David Penney (Manchester) & Denise Jekel (Berlin) Suggested citation: Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2010. A summary list of fossil spiders. In Platnick, N. I. (ed.) The world spider catalog, version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History, online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html Last udated: 10.12.2009 INTRODUCTION Fossil spiders have not been fully cataloged since Bonnet’s Bibliographia Araneorum and are not included in the current Catalog. Since Bonnet’s time there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the spider fossil record and numerous new taxa have been described. As part of a larger project to catalog the diversity of fossil arachnids and their relatives, our aim here is to offer a summary list of the known fossil spiders in their current systematic position; as a first step towards the eventual goal of combining fossil and Recent data within a single arachnological resource. To integrate our data as smoothly as possible with standards used for living spiders, our list follows the names and sequence of families adopted in the Catalog. For this reason some of the family groupings proposed in Wunderlich’s (2004, 2008) monographs of amber and copal spiders are not reflected here, and we encourage the reader to consult these studies for details and alternative opinions. Extinct families have been inserted in the position which we hope best reflects their probable affinities. Genus and species names were compiled from established lists and cross-referenced against the primary literature.
    [Show full text]
  • SA Spider Checklist
    REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 22(2): 2551-2597 CHECKLIST OF SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) OF SOUTH ASIA INCLUDING THE 2006 UPDATE OF INDIAN SPIDER CHECKLIST Manju Siliwal 1 and Sanjay Molur 2,3 1,2 Wildlife Information & Liaison Development (WILD) Society, 3 Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO) 29-1, Bharathi Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India Email: 1 [email protected]; 3 [email protected] ABSTRACT Thesaurus, (Vol. 1) in 1734 (Smith, 2001). Most of the spiders After one year since publication of the Indian Checklist, this is described during the British period from South Asia were by an attempt to provide a comprehensive checklist of spiders of foreigners based on the specimens deposited in different South Asia with eight countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The European Museums. Indian checklist is also updated for 2006. The South Asian While the Indian checklist (Siliwal et al., 2005) is more spider list is also compiled following The World Spider Catalog accurate, the South Asian spider checklist is not critically by Platnick and other peer-reviewed publications since the last scrutinized due to lack of complete literature, but it gives an update. In total, 2299 species of spiders in 67 families have overview of species found in various South Asian countries, been reported from South Asia. There are 39 species included in this regions checklist that are not listed in the World Catalog gives the endemism of species and forms a basis for careful of Spiders. Taxonomic verification is recommended for 51 species. and participatory work by arachnologists in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae: Theridiidae)
    ACTA ARACHNOL., XXVIII, (2), 1979 45 NOTES ON THE JAPANESE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PHORONCIDIA (ARANEAE: THERIDIIDAE) By Hajime YosHIDA Entomological Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Osaka Prefecture Synopsis YOSHIDA,Hajime (Entomological Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Uni- versity of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Osaka 519, Japan) : Notes on the Japanese species of the genus Phoroncidia (Araneae : Theridiidae). Acta Arachnol ., 28: 45-51 (1979). Two Japanese species, Phoroncidia pilula (KARSCH) and P. sudabides (BOSENBERGet STRAND) are redescribed. The latter is transferred from Theridion. A new species, P, ryukyuensis, is described from the Ryukyu Archipelago. The first Japanese species of the genus Phoroncidia was described by KARSCH in 1879 as Sudabe pilula and later it was transferred to Theridion and Oronota. It was finally confirmed in 1965 as belonging to the genus Phoroncidia by YAGINUMA. Recently, as a result of my examination, another species which had been known as Theridion sudabides was also recognized to belong to the genus Phoroncidia. And in addition, a new species of this genus was found by myself in some islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago. Here I wish to re- describe P. pilula and P. sudabides, and describe a newly found species of Phoroncidia. Before going further, I wish to express my hearty thanks to Prof. T. YAGINUMA, Ohtemon-Gakuin University, for offering invaluable advice and to Mr. H. TANAKA, Sakai, for allowing me to use his collection. Genus Phoroncidia WESTWOOD, 1835 Small theridiid spiders. Carapace with eye region projecting above clypeus 46 Hajime YosIIIDA anteriorly. Legs short, the fourth leg longer than the first. Abdomen heavily sclerotized, of various shapes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Check List of the Spider Fauna of the Western Soutpansberg, South Africa (Arachnida: Araneae)
    foord.qxd 2005/12/09 10:03 Page 35 A check list of the spider fauna of the Western Soutpansberg, South Africa (Arachnida: Araneae) S.H. FOORD, ANNA S. DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN and M. VAN DER MERWE Foord, S.H., Anna S. Dippenaar-Schoeman and M. van der Merwe. 2002. A check list of the spider fauna of the Western Soutpansberg, South Africa (Arachnida: Araneae). Koedoe 45(2): 35–43. Pretoria. ISSN 0075-6458. By virtue of its geological history and geographical location the Soutpansberg consti- tutes a refuge for a high diversity of organisms. The Western Soutpansberg forms part of the Savanna Biome and is presently the area with the highest concentration of Nat- ural Heritage Sites in South Africa. A unique private initiative is under way to improve its national and international conservation status in a bid to conserve the mountain. A checklist of the spider species of the Western Soutpansberg collected over a five-year period is presented. Forty-six families, represented by 109 genera and 127 species have been collected. Of the species collected, 81 (64 %) were wandering spiders and 46 (36 %) web builders. The Thomisidae have the highest number of species (15) followed by the Araneidae and the Salticidae with 10 species each. Ninety-six genera are repre- sented by a single species. Ninety six percent of the species collected are new records for the area. This survey is the first for the area and forms part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA). Keywords: biodiversity, guilds, conservancy. S.H. Foord ( ) and M. van der Merwe, Department of Biological Sciences, Universi- ty of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, Republic of South Africa; Anna S.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Status of New Zealand Araneae (Spiders), 2020
    2021 NEW ZEALAND THREAT CLASSIFICATION SERIES 34 Conservation status of New Zealand Araneae (spiders), 2020 Phil J. Sirvid, Cor J. Vink, Brian M. Fitzgerald, Mike D. Wakelin, Jeremy Rolfe and Pascale Michel Cover: A large sheetweb sider, Cambridgea foliata – Not Threatened. Photo: Jeremy Rolfe. New Zealand Threat Classification Series is a scientific monograph series presenting publications related to the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS). Most will be lists providing NZTCS status of members of a plant or animal group (e.g. algae, birds, spiders). There are currently 23 groups, each assessed once every 5 years. From time to time the manual that defines the categories, criteria and process for the NZTCS will be reviewed. Publications in this series are considered part of the formal international scientific literature. This report is available from the departmental website in pdf form. Titles are listed in our catalogue on the website, refer www.doc.govt.nz under Publications. The NZTCS database can be accessed at nztcs.org.nz. For all enquiries, email [email protected]. © Copyright August 2021, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 2324–1713 (web PDF) ISBN 978–1–99–115291–6 (web PDF) This report was prepared for publication by Te Rōpū Ratonga Auaha, Te Papa Atawhai/Creative Services, Department of Conservation; editing and layout by Lynette Clelland. Publication was approved by the Director, Terrestrial Ecosystems Unit, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand Published by Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai, PO Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.
    [Show full text]
  • First Assessment of Spider Rarity in Western France
    XX…………………………………… ARTÍCULO: First assessment of spider rarity in Western France Julien Pétillon, Cyril Courtial, Alain Canard & Frédéric Ysnel ARTÍCULO: First assessment of spider rarity in Western France Julien Pétillon, Cyril Courtial, Alain Canard & Frédéric Ysnel ERT 52- Biodiversité fonctionnelle et gestion du territoire Abstract Bât. 25, Campus de Beaulieu Our current available up-to-date database on the regional occurrence of spiders University of Rennes I allows to give a preliminary analysis of species rarity in Western France. This 263 Av. du Gal. Leclerc 35042 study provides a first list of 164 rare species in Western France (i.e. Armorican Rennes cedex FRANCE peninsula) and an overview of their distribution within families, habitats and e-mail: [email protected] macroclimatic sectors. The list is then compared to the one established in Great Britain. Key-words: Araneae, rare species, conservation value, biogeography, Armorican peninsula. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología ISSN: 1576 - 9518. Dep. Legal: Z-2656-2000. Primera evaluación de la rareza de arañas en Francia Occidental Vol. 15, 30-VI-2007 Sección: Artículos y Notas. Resumen Pp: 105 − 113. Nuestra base de datos regional sobre la composición faunística de arañas nos Fecha publicación: 30 Abril 2008 ha permitido realizar un análisis preliminar de la rareza de especies en el oeste de Francia. Este estudio nos proporciona una primera lista de 164 especies ra- Edita: ras en Francia Occidental (Península Armoricana) y una visión general de su Grupo Ibérico de Aracnología (GIA) distribución en familias, hábitats y sectores macroclimáticos. Finalmente se Grupo de trabajo en Aracnología cotejan los resultados con los existentes en Gran Bretaña.
    [Show full text]
  • Lista Das Espécies De Aranhas (Arachnida, Araneae) Do Estado Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Brasil
    Lista das espécies de aranhas (Arachnida, Araneae) do estado do... 483 Lista das espécies de aranhas (Arachnida, Araneae) do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil Erica Helena Buckup1, Maria Aparecida L. Marques1, Everton Nei Lopes Rodrigues1,2 & Ricardo Ott1 1. Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Dr. Salvador França, 1427, 90690-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. ([email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) 2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43435, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. ([email protected]) ABSTRACT. List of spiders species (Arachnida, Araneae) of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A spiders species list including 808 species of 51 families occurring in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is presented. Type locality, municipalities of occurrence and taxonomic bibliography concerning these species are indicated. KEYWORDS. Inventory revision, type localities, municipalities records, Neotropical. RESUMO. É apresentada uma lista de 808 espécies de aranhas, incluídas em 51 famílias ocorrentes no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. São indicados localidade-tipo, municípios de ocorrência e a bibliografia taxonômica de cada espécie. PALAVRAS-CHAVES. Inventário, localidades-tipo, registros municipais, Neotropical. A ordem Araneae reúne atualmente 110 famílias e 31 famílias. Registrou as 219 espécies descritas por distribuídas em 3821 gêneros e 42055 espécies, mostrando Keyserling em “Die Spinnen Amerikas” e relacionou mais nas últimas décadas um aumento progressivo no 212 espécies, entre as quais 67 novas para a ciência.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article
    Acta zoológica mexicana ISSN: 0065-1737 ISSN: 2448-8445 Instituto de Ecología A.C. Campuzano Granados, Emmanuel Franco; Ibarra Núñez, Guillermo; Gómez Rodríguez, José Francisco; Angulo Ordoñes, Gabriela Guadalupe Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the tropical mountain cloud forest from El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, Mexico Acta zoológica mexicana, vol. 35, e3502092, 2019 Instituto de Ecología A.C. DOI: 10.21829/azm.2019.3502092 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57564044 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative e ISSN 2448-8445 (2019) Volumen 35, 1–19 elocation-id: e3502092 https://doi.org/10.21829/azm.2019.3502092 Artículo científico (Original paper) SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) OF THE TROPICAL MOUNTAIN CLOUD FOREST FROM EL TRIUNFO BIOSPHERE RESERVE, MEXICO ARAÑAS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) DEL BOSQUE MESÓFILO DE MONTAÑA DE LA RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA EL TRIUNFO, MÉXICO EMMANUEL FRANCO CAMPUZANO GRANADOS, GUILLERMO IBARRA NÚÑEZ*, JOSÉ FRANCISCO GÓMEZ RODRÍGUEZ, GABRIELA GUADALUPE ANGULO ORDOÑES El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula, Carr. Antiguo Aeropuerto km. 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, C. P. 30700, México. <[email protected]>; <[email protected]>; <[email protected]>; <[email protected]> *Autor de correspondencia: <[email protected]> Recibido: 09/10/2018; aceptado: 16/07/2019; publicado en línea: 13/08/2019 Editor responsable: Arturo Bonet Ceballos Campuzano, E. F., Ibarra-Núñez, G., Gómez-Rodríguez, J. F., Angulo-Ordoñes, G. G.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section U
    U-2 (Reconnaissance aircraft) (Not Subd Geog) U.S. 29 U.S. Bank Stadium (Minneapolis, Minn.) [TL686.L (Manufacture)] USE United States Highway 29 BT Stadiums—Minnesota [UG1242.R4 (Military aeronautics)] U.S. 30 U.S. Bicycle Route System (May Subd Geog) UF Lockheed U-2 (Airplane) USE United States Highway 30 UF USBRS (U.S. Bicycle Route System) BT Lockheed aircraft U.S. 31 BT Bicycle trails—United States Reconnaissance aircraft USE United States Highway 31 U.S.-Canada Border Region U-2 (Training plane) U.S. 40 USE Canadian-American Border Region USE Polikarpov U-2 (Training plane) USE United States Highway 40 U.S. Capitol (Washington, D.C.) U-2 Incident, 1960 U.S. 41 USE United States Capitol (Washington, D.C.) BT Military intelligence USE United States Highway 41 U.S. Capitol Complex (Washington, D.C.) Military reconnaissance U.S. 44 USE United States Capitol Complex (Washington, U-Bahn-Station Kröpcke (Hannover, Germany) USE United States Highway 44 D.C.) USE U-Bahnhof Kröpcke (Hannover, Germany) U.S. 50 U.S. Cleveland Post Office Building (Punta Gorda, Fla.) U-Bahnhof Kröpcke (Hannover, Germany) USE United States Highway 50 UF Cleveland Post Office Building (Punta Gorda, UF Kröpcke, U-Bahnhof (Hannover, Germany) U.S. 51 Fla.) Station Kröpcke (Hannover, Germany) USE United States Highway 51 BT Post office buildings—Florida U-Bahn-Station Kröpcke (Hannover, Germany) U.S. 52 U.S. Coast Guard Light Station (Jupiter Inlet, Fla.) BT Subway stations—Germany USE United States Highway 52 USE Jupiter Inlet Light (Fla.) U-Bahnhof Lohring (Bochum, Germany) U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • New Spider Species (Araneae) for the Spanish and Iberian Fauna Found in the Basque Country (Northern Spain)
    Munibe (Ciencias Naturales-Natur Zientziak) • NO. 53 (2002) • 175-182 • ISSN 0214-7688 New spider species (Araneae) for the Spanish and Iberian fauna found in the Basque Country (Northern Spain). ALBERTO DE CASTRO* & JUAN MARIA ALBERDI* ABSTRACT 14 new species are mentioned for the first time for the Iberian fauna and 17 for Spain. Ecological data about the species are also included. • KEY WORDS: Arachnida, Araneae, Iberian Peninsula, Spain, Basque Country. LABURPENA Lehen aldiz 14 espezie berri aipatzen dira fauna iberikorako eta 17, berriz, Espainiarako. Espezieei buruzko datu ekologikoak ere ematen dira. • GAKO HITZAK: Arachnida, Araneae, Penintsula Iberiar, Espainia, Euskal Herri. RESUMEN Se citan por primera vez 14 nuevas especies para la fauna ibérica y 17 para España. Se aportan también datos ecológicos sobre las especies. • PALABRAS CLAVE: Arachnida, Araneae, Península Ibérica, España, País Vasco. w y INTRODUCTION Since the last few years new research on the spider fauna of the Basque Country (Northern Spain) is in progress. Up to now only a few localities in the provinces of Gipuzkoa and Nafarroa have been searched. However, in this contribution a new family (Theridiosomatidae) and 17 new spider species for Spain of which 14 are also new for the * Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi. Departamento de Entomología. Zorroagagaina,11 • 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián. 175 ALBERTO DE CASTRO & JUAN MARIA ALBERDI Iberian peninsula are reported. This is the reason why we submit this communication. The list contains faunistic information on the collected specimens and also a short description of a wider context concerning habitat and biology such as can be found in well-known works of reference.
    [Show full text]
  • The Faunistic Diversity of Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the South African Grassland Biome
    The faunistic diversity of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the South African Grassland Biome C.R. Haddad1, A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman2,3, S.H. Foord4, L.N. Lotz5 & R. Lyle2 1 Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa 2 ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood, Pretoria, 0121, South Africa 3 Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa 4 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Private Bag 2 1 ABSTRACT 2 3 As part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA), all available 4 information on spider species distribution in the South African Grassland Biome was 5 compiled. A total of 11 470 records from more than 900 point localities were sampled in the 6 South African Grassland Biome until the end of 2011, representing 58 families, 275 genera 7 and 792 described species. A further five families (Chummidae, Mysmenidae, Orsolobidae, 8 Symphytognathidae and Theridiosomatidae) have been recorded from the biome but are only 9 known from undescribed species. The most frequently recorded families are the Gnaphosidae 10 (2504 records), Salticidae (1500 records) and Thomisidae (1197 records). The last decade has 11 seen an exponential growth in the knowledge of spiders in South Africa, but there are 12 certainly many more species that still have to be discovered and described. The most species- 13 rich families are the Salticidae (112 spp.), followed by the Gnaphosidae (88 spp.), 14 Thomisidae (72 spp.) and Araneidae (52 spp.). A rarity index, taking into account the 15 endemicity index and an abundance index, was determined to give a preliminary indication of 16 the conservation importance of each species.
    [Show full text]