DOCSLIB.ORG

MASTER's THESIS E-Voting in Pakistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MASTER's THESIS E-Voting in Pakistan 2007:015 MASTER'S THESIS E-Voting in Pakistan Ch. Naveed Zafar Anthony Pilkjaer Luleå University of Technology Master Thesis, Continuation Courses Computer and Systems Science Department of Business Administration and Social Sciences Division of Information Systems Sciences 2007:015 - ISSN: 1653-0187 - ISRN: LTU-PB-EX--07/015--SE Dedication I dedicate this thesis work to my Parents, my sister and brother for their unconditional love, support and care for me. Ch. Naveed Zafar I dedicate this thesis work to my Mother and my grandparents for all their love and support during this hard thesis work. Anthony Pilkjaer 2 Abstract When we see today’s world, e-government has played an enormous role in the advancement of the services provided by the governments worldwide [1]. Today each and every country is giving e-governance a go. There are different levels of implementation of the e-governance worldwide but it is more of an interest to find out this in the developing world. Pakistan is one the emerging countries in the world which is trying to make a difference in the developed world and is implementing e-government at an enormous rate [2]. Hereby; we tried to find out what are the current issues as obstacles towards e-democracy and have tried to figure out what are the factors and measures the government should take to have e- voting as an electoral procedure rather than going through the previous traditional way of manual handling of the elections in which we see controversies [3]. This research work is of more importance at this stage as Pakistan is reaching its election period and Government would be in need of such work to get hands on this through a fast and secure electoral process. Keywords: Pakistan, e-Government, e-democracy, e-voting, elections, EVM, Diebold. 3 Acknowledgments The research work presented in this thesis has been carried out at the division of System Sciences, Lulea University of Technology as a part of Masters of Science Program in Computers and Systems Sciences. As Ludwig Wittgenstein said, Knowledge is in the end based on acknowledgement. We would like to thank and acknowledge the support and encouragement we had from many people while walking our feet on the path of research work. It was a great experience to study in a highly professional environment where we had all the opportunities to excel our skills in terms of knowledge, discipline, understanding and motivation. This study enhanced our abilities in research works. First of all, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor, Lars Furberg for his great knowledge and support during the whole process. He has followed our ups and downs with patience. He was always there to support us through necessary comments and guidance. Furthermore, we would like to thank our teachers at System Science division for their kindness in sharing their knowledge with us and being there for us when we needed them, our friends who have always been there to support us and our respondents who gave us feedbacks on improving our research work. We would also like to thank company Mira Byggeprodukter A/S and specially its director, Ole Romer, for his help and technical support of our Survey and data analysis. Finally, our greatest appreciation and love goes to our families and for sure this would not have happened without their unconditional love and care. Lulea, April 2007 Ch. Naveed Zafar, Anthony Pilkjaer 4 List of Tables Table 1. Comparison of Pakistan, India and USA in terms of population and internet ................ 38 Table 2. Usage ratio of different voting systems in USA in elections 2000 and 2004 ................. 38 Table 3. Traditional ways of voting used in USA ........................................................................ 40 Table 4. Gender and Age Group ................................................................................................... 53 Table 5. Gender participation from different divisions of Pakistan .............................................. 54 Table 6. Education level of the respondents ................................................................................. 54 Table 7. Computer experience of the respondents ........................................................................ 55 Table 8. Usage of e-government services ..................................................................................... 55 Table 9. Different e-government services in use .......................................................................... 56 Table 10. Is voting in Pakistan held democratically? ................................................................... 57 Table 11. Are voting results affected by human-factor? ............................................................... 57 Table 12. Possibility to avoid / minimize human-factor by the use of computers ........................ 58 Table 13. Preferences of voting methods ...................................................................................... 58 Table 14. Need of e-voting system in Pakistan............................................................................. 59 Table 15. Reasons of implementing e-voting system in Pakistan ................................................ 59 Table 16. Willingness to use new e-voting system ....................................................................... 60 Table 17. Influence of computers on the way people vote ........................................................... 60 Table 18. Most appropriate ways of authentication for e-voting .................................................. 61 Table 19. Do people rely on the results of e-voting? .................................................................... 62 Table 20. Can the e-voting replace paper-base voting on permanent basis? ................................ 62 Table 21. Option of printing votes along with digital storage ...................................................... 63 Table 22. When printed votes can be used ................................................................................... 63 Table 23. Information to be displayed on the screen of e-voting machine ................................... 64 Table 24. Preferences of voting method while using e-voting machine ....................................... 64 Table 25. Who should have access to the e-voting machines to retrieve the results? .................. 65 Table 26. Who should develop e-voting machines? ..................................................................... 66 Table 27. Amount that should be spend on development if e-voting system ............................... 66 Table 28. Language preferences for the menu in e-voting machines ........................................... 67 List of Figures Figure 1. Time-line of Pakistani elections .................................................................................... 27 Figure 2. Phases of Pakistan's electoral system ............................................................................ 28 Figure 3. Usage ratio of different voting systems in USA in elections 2004 ............................... 39 Figure 4. Opinion about democracy of elections in Pakistan and need of e-voting system ......... 82 Figure 5. Affects of humans on elections and use of computers to minimize them ..................... 83 Figure 6. Reliability of e-voting system and its replacement to old system ................................. 84 5 Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 5 Terms Used ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Problem discussion ......................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1 Social aspects .......................................................................................................... 12 1.2.2 Technical aspects .................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Research question ........................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Delimitations .................................................................................................................. 15 1.5 Qualifications of the researchers .................................................................................... 17 2. Literature review.................................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Internet ........................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 E-Government ...............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Population, Vol-1, Pakistan
    Censlls 6'. P. No. 158 M. Int. 107 - -3,5-00- CENSUS OfF PAKiSTAN POPUlATION 196! VOLUME 1 PAK~STAN TABLES & REPORT BY A. RASHID, }C.S.P. CENSUS COMMISSIONER, PAKISTAf\ PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF MINISTRY OF HOME & KASHMI R AFFAIRS (HOME AFFAIRS DIVISION) GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN KARACHI Printed At THE EDVCATIONAL PRESS, PAKISTAN C:JI0WK, KARACHI Published By < \ The Manager of Publications, GQvernment of Pakistan, Karachi PAKISTAN CENSUS ORGANIZATION OFFICE OF THE CENSUS CO~MISSIONER, KARACHI. From To Mr. M.H. Sufi, e.S.P., Census Commissioner, Pakistan 15-6-59 22-10-59 Mr. R.D. Howe, S.Q.A., M.B.E., C.S.P., Census Commissioner, Pakistan 23-10-59 5-3-61 Mr. A.Rashid, C.S.P., Census Commissioner and Ex-Officio Joint Secretary 6-3-61 24-1-63 Mr. A.O. Raziur Rahman. C.S.P., Deputy Secretary (Home Affairs Division) 1-2-63 9-1-64 Mr. A.K. Md. Abdus Sattar, Deputy Secretary (Home Affairs Division) 18-1-64 to-date CENSUS ADVISERS Col E.H. Slade, M.B.E., M.C.P.I.S. 3-2-61 12-6-62 Mr. Lowell T. Galt 13-6-62 to-date DEPUTY CENSUS COMMISSIONER Mr. N. Shamsi 24-7-59 31-8-62 OFFICER ON SPECIAL DUTY (CENSUS) Mr. Mohammad Hafiz Sheikh 3-9-62 to-date STA TfSTfCAL OFFfCERS Mr. Ghulam Mustafa 15-3-60 to-date Mr. Abdul Kader Faquir 12-10-63 to-date Mr. Siddiquer Rahman 6-9-61 30-4-64 Mr. Mohammad Danishmand 18-9-61 9-10-62 Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Cast and Baradri System and Voting Behavior in Pakistan (Elections 2018): a Case Study of Hafizabad District
    Cast and Baradri System and Voting Behavior in Pakistan (Elections 2018): A Case Study of Hafizabad District Karim Haider Muhammad Arshad Ali This study scrutinizes the impact of caste and Baradri system on voting behavior evolving from Pakistan’s general elections of 2018. Traditionally, the caste and Baradari system have been playing a substantial role in the elections of Pakistan since its birth especially in the region of Punjab. After the partition the evolution and modernization of electoral system and introduction of democratic institution in Pakistan never fully changed the customary value-system of the society of Punjab which is largely based on caste and Baradari system. With specific reference to caste and Baradari system in Punjab, an analytical research has been made to understand profound origins of Caste and Baradari System and its impact on the voting behavior of four selected constituencies, one of National Assembly and three of Provincial Assembly of Punjab in one of the districts of province of Punjab in general elections of 2018. Further, this study explains that the Punjab is based on social divergence with national political culture; therefore, the people of Punjab always look standing with the authoritarian rule which begins from family system and ends at national politics of Pakistan. Having majority seats in National Assembly the role of Punjab is very important and study about the voting behavior of the people of Punjab has special reference to national politics. Introduction Baradari defined as “brotherhood” initiated by the Persian language word Baradar meaning “brother”. Muslims of south Asian region especially in India and Pakistan, a large number of socialclasses are separated on the origin of Biradaris.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan
    Working Paper Series on Rural-Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies WORKING PAPER 15 Migration and small towns in Pakistan Arif Hasan with Mansoor Raza June 2009 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Arif Hasan is an architect/planner in private practice in Karachi, dealing with urban planning and development issues in general, and in Asia and Pakistan in particular. He has been involved with the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) since 1982 and is a founding member of the Urban Resource Centre (URC) in Karachi, whose chairman he has been since its inception in 1989. He is currently on the board of several international journals and research organizations, including the Bangkok-based Asian Coalition for Housing Rights, and is a visiting fellow at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), UK. He is also a member of the India Committee of Honour for the International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism. He has been a consultant and advisor to many local and foreign CBOs, national and international NGOs, and bilateral and multilateral donor agencies. He has taught at Pakistani and European universities, served on juries of international architectural and development competitions, and is the author of a number of books on development and planning in Asian cities in general and Karachi in particular. He has also received a number of awards for his work, which spans many countries. Address: Hasan & Associates, Architects and Planning Consultants, 37-D, Mohammad Ali Society, Karachi – 75350, Pakistan; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]. Mansoor Raza is Deputy Director Disaster Management for the Church World Service – Pakistan/Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Design for Rural Community Regarding Health
    Design for Rural Community Regarding Health Shahzaib Iftikhar, Umar Muzaffer, Abbas Ilyas, Tayyab Asif Butt, Hassan Ejaz, and Muhammad Faraz Khokhar University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan (10050656-068,10050656-087,10050656-096,10050656-115, 10050656-091,10050656-021)@uog.edu.pk Abstract. Pakistan is a developing country and it has lot of issues but health is its one of the leading issue because up to 67% of its population is currently in rural areas. Rural community of Pakistan is badly affected by this issue. Allocation and distribution of resources in the Pakistan is un equal because of this inequality, ru- ral community suffers a lot regarding serious health issues and facing many dan- gerous diseases. Both developed and developing countries report geographically skewed distribution of healthcare professionals, favoring urban and wealthy areas, despite the fact that people in rural communities are experiencing many health re- lated problems. To prevent from this big problem govt. should distribute the re- sources equally and provide the necessary staff and skilled professionals to rural community and introduce such a system which helps them to decrease the health- care issues. We are going to propose a design for the rural community which helps them to facilitate with first aid in emergency problems and give them relief. It can help them in a cases like maternity etc. Keywords: Facilities, Maternity, Resources, Health, Govt. Expenditures, Rural Areas, Pakistan, Problems. 1 Introduction Health plays the productive role in determining the human capital. A better health improves the productivity of labor force. In all over the world Pakistan considered as developing country and the population of Pakistan is almost according to the research of 2008 is 130 million.
    [Show full text]
  • Package 'Pakpc2017'
    Package ‘PakPC2017’ February 16, 2018 Type Package Title Pakistan Population Census 2017 Version 1.0.0 Maintainer Muhammad Yaseen <[email protected]> Description Provides data sets and functions for exploration of Pakistan Population Cen- sus 2017 (<http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/>). Depends R (>= 3.1) Imports stats, dplyr, magrittr License GPL-2 URL https://github.com/MYaseen208/PakPC2017 LazyData TRUE RoxygenNote 6.0.1 Suggests R.rsp, testthat VignetteBuilder R.rsp NeedsCompilation no Author Muhammad Yaseen [aut, cre], Muhammad Arfan Dilber [ctb] Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2018-02-16 15:40:27 UTC R topics documented: PakPC2017Balochistan . .2 PakPC2017City10 . .3 PakPC2017FATA . .4 PakPC2017Islamabad . .5 PakPC2017KPK . .6 PakPC2017Pak . .7 PakPC2017Pakistan . .8 PakPC2017Punjab . .9 1 2 PakPC2017Balochistan PakPC2017Sindh . 10 PakPC2017Tehsil . 11 PakPop2017 . 12 Index 14 PakPC2017Balochistan Balochistan Province data from Pakistan Population Census 2017 Description PakPC2017Balochistan Balochistan Province data from Pakistan Population Census 2017. Usage data(PakPC2017Balochistan) Format A data.table and data.frame with 64 obs. of 12 variables. Province Province of Pakistan Division Division of Balochistan Province of Pakitan District District of Balochistan Province of Pakitan ResStatus Residental Status Households No. of Households Male Male Population Female Female Population Transgender Transgender Population Pop2017 Total Population in 2017 Pop1998 Total Population in 1998 SexRatio2017 Sex Ration accoring to Pakistan Population
    [Show full text]
  • The Amalgamation of Indo-Islamic Architecture of the Deccan
    Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art II 255 THE AMALGAMATION OF INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE DECCAN SHARMILA DURAI Department of Architecture, School of Planning & Architecture, Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture & Fine Arts University, India ABSTRACT A fundamental proportion of this work is to introduce the Islamic Civilization, which was dominant from the seventh century in its influence over political, social, economic and cultural traits in the Indian subcontinent. This paper presents a discussion on the Sultanate period, the Monarchs and Mughal emperors who patronized many arts and skills such as textiles, carpet weaving, tent covering, regal costume design, metallic and decorative work, jewellery, ornamentation, painting, calligraphy, illustrated manuscripts and architecture with their excellence. It lays emphasis on the spread of Islamic Architecture across India, embracing an ever-increasing variety of climates for the better flow of air which is essential for comfort in the various climatic zones. The Indian subcontinent has produced some of the finest expressions of Islamic Art known to the intellectual and artistic vigour. The aim here lies in evaluating the numerous subtleties of forms, spaces, massing and architectural character which were developed during Muslim Civilization (with special reference to Hyderabad). Keywords: climatic zones, architectural character, forms and spaces, cultural traits, calligraphic designs. 1 INTRODUCTION India, a land enriched with its unique cultural traits, traditional values, religious beliefs and heritage has always surprised historians with an amalgamation of varying influences of new civilizations that have adapted foreign cultures. The advent of Islam in India was at the beginning of 11th century [1]. Islam, the third great monotheistic religion, sprung from the Semitic people and flourished in most parts of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The National Assembly of Pakistan Gazette
    The National Assembly of Pakistan Gazette July 2014 Ramazan, 1435 A.H. Contents Chief Editor’s Note 1 President’s Address to the Parliament 2 Legislative Business 8 Obituary 11 Calls On 12 Committees Meetings 17 Foreign Visits & Delegations 27 Other News 28 Press Corner (Budget 2014-15) 35 Perspective 40 July 2014 Ramazan 1435 Chief Editor’s Note As usual, the most important event in Parliament House during June was the budget session. The joint session of Parliament was held on 2nd June while the budget session of National Assembly started on 3rd June. On the same day, the Federal Budget 2014-15 was presented by the Finance Minister. The total outlay of budget 2014-15 is Rs. 4,302 billion, 7.9% higher than the size of budget estimates 2013-14. Net revenue receipts are estimated at Rs. 2,225 billion. The provincial share in federal revenue receipts is estimated at Rs. 1,720 billion during 2014-15. Another important figure is the share of current expenditures in total budgetary outlay which is 80.5%. A relatively smaller amount of Rs. 839 billion has been earmarked for development expenditures which is even lower than the estimates of Budget 2013-14 by 8.3%. The National Assembly approved the Finance Bill for fiscal year 2014-15, on 21st June, with total outlay of Rs. 4.3 trillion accepting some amendments moved by the government and rejecting all ones from the opposition benches. Following nine-day discussion, the 149-page Finance Bill moved by Minister for Finance, Ishaq Dar was passed by the House with majority in clause-by-clause reading.
    [Show full text]
  • Abbreviations and Acronyms
    PART III] THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA., JAN. 14, 2020 49(1) ISLAMABAD, TUESDAY, JANUARY 14, 2020 PART III Other Notifications, Orders, etc. NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SECRETARIAT Islamabad, the 10th January, 2020 No. F. 23(75)/2018-Lagis.—The following Reports were presented in the National Assembly on 8th January, 2020:— REPORT OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR ON THE NATIONAL DATABASE AND REGISTRATION AUTHORITY (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2019 I, Chairman of the Standing Committee on Interior, have the honour in present this report on the Bill further to amend the National Database and Registration Authority Ordinance, 2000, (VIII of 2000) [The National Database and Registration Authority (Amendment) Bill, 2019] (Private Member‘s Bill) referred to the Committee on 24th January, 2019:— 2. The Committee comprises the following:— 49(1—72) Price : Rs. 100.00 [5040(2020)/Ex. Gaz.] 49(2) THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA., JAN. 14, 2020 [PART III 1. Raja Khurram Shahzad Nawaz Chairman 2. Mr. Sher Akbar Khan Member 3. Mehar Ghulam Muhammad Lali Member 4. Mr. Raza Nasrullah Member 5. Khawaja Sheraz Mehmood Member 6. Mr. Rahat Aman Ullah Bhatti Member 7. Malik Karamat Ali Khokhar Member 8. Sardar Talib Hassan Nakai Member 9. Ms. Nafeesa Inayatullah Khan Khattak Member 10. Mr. Muhammad Akhtar Mengal Member 11. Nawabzada Shah Zain Bugti Member 12. Malik Sohail Khan Member 13. Syed Iftikhar Ul Hassan Member 14: Mr. Mohammad Pervaiz Malik Member 15. Mr. Nadeem Abbas Member 16. Ms. Marriyum Aurangzeb Member 17. Syed Agha Rafiullah Member 18. Nawab Muhammad Yousaf Talpur Member 19. Mr. Abdul Qadir Patel Member 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Note to Users
    NOTE TO USERS Page(s) not included in the original manuscript and are unavailable from the author or university. The manuscript was scanned as received. 418 This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI The Architecture of Ritual: Eighteenth-centuiy Lucknow and the Making of the Great Imambarah Complex, a Forgotten World Monument by Hussein Keshani B.E.S. University of Manitoba, 1992 M.A. University of Victoria, 2000 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of History in Art We accept this dissertation as conforming to the required standard Dr. S. A. W&ldiy/Supervisor (Department of History in Art) "~~x _____________/ ProfM. Segger, Dgpaatmental Member (D^artment of History in Art) Dr. C. Thomas, Departmental Member (Department of History in Art) •utside Member (Department of History) Dr. H. Coward, Outside Member (Department of History) Dr. D. MacLean, External Examiner (Department of History, Simon Fraser University) © Hussein Keshani, 2003 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopying or other means, without the permission of the author. 11 Dr. S. Anthony Welch ABSTRACT In the late eighteenth century, a large urban redevelopment program was initiated by the Shu Isnâ ‘Asharl Muslim ruler Àsaf al-Dawlah in Lucknow, a city located in the prosperous, semi-autonomous north Indian region of Awadh. The development included four monumental entrances, a congregational mosque and a monumental imâmbârah, a ritual centre used for the annual mourning of the Prophet Muhammad’s grandson plusayn by the city’s small, elite ShîU snâ community.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Entire Journal Volume No. 2 [PDF]
    JOURNAL OF PUNJAB STUDIES Editors Indu Banga Panjab University, Chandigarh, INDIA Mark Juergensmeyer University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Gurinder Singh Mann University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Ian Talbot Southampton University, UK Shinder Singh Thandi Coventry University, UK Book Review Editor Eleanor Nesbitt University of Warwick, UK Editorial Advisors Ishtiaq Ahmed Stockholm University, SWEDEN Tony Ballantyne University of Otago, NEW ZEALAND Parminder Bhachu Clark University, USA Harvinder Singh Bhatti Punjabi University, Patiala, INDIA Anna B. Bigelow North Carolina State University, USA Richard M. Eaton University of Arizona, Tucson, USA Ainslie T. Embree Columbia University, USA Louis E. Fenech University of Northern Iowa, USA Rahuldeep Singh Gill California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, USA Sucha Singh Gill Punjabi University, Patiala, INDIA Tejwant Singh Gill Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, INDIA David Gilmartin North Carolina State University, USA William J. Glover University of Michigan, USA J.S. Grewal Institute of Punjab Studies, Chandigarh, INDIA John S. Hawley Barnard College, Columbia University, USA Gurpreet Singh Lehal Punjabi University, Patiala, INDIA Iftikhar Malik Bath Spa University, UK Scott Marcus University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Daniel M. Michon Claremont McKenna College, CA, USA Farina Mir University of Michigan, USA Anne Murphy University of British Columbia, CANADA Kristina Myrvold Lund University, SWEDEN Rana Nayar Panjab University, Chandigarh, INDIA Harjot Oberoi University
    [Show full text]
  • Ethno S Cripts
    EthnoS cripts ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR AKTUELLE ETHNOLOGISCHE STUDIEN Anthropology of Gilgit-Baltistan, Northern Pakistan Jahrgang 16 Heft 1 I 2014 Nosheen Ali Spaces of Nature: Producing Gilgit-Baltistan as the Eco-Body of the Nation Ethnoscripts 2014 16 (1): 115-123 eISSN 2199-7942 Herausgeber: Universität Hamburg Institut für Ethnologie Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1 (West) D-20146 Hamburg Tel.: 040 42838 6208 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.ethnologie.uni-hamburg.de eISSN: 2199-7942 Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Licence 4.0 International: Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen. EthnoScripts Spaces of Nature: Producing Gilgit-Baltistan as the Eco-Body of the Nation Nosheen Ali Introduction A while ago, when I was studying in Grade 8 at an English-medium school in Lahore, our class was divided up in four groups for a Geography project on Pakistan. The group of which I was a part had to make a sculptural map of Pakistan, demonstrating the diverse physical and social qualities of its land- scape. And so we had set about carving our country with materials like styro- foam, cotton, cloth, and cardboard. In the final map that we made, the region of Gilgit-Baltistan - then the “Northern Areas” – had remained unlabeled and unpeopled, marked only with mountains made of clay. Even today, nature remains the primary modality through which Gilgit- Baltistan is understood within the Pakistani national imagination. Its mag- nificent peaks and breathtaking valleys invoke within Pakistanis a simulta- neous sense of emotional attachment and proud ownership, permitting them to claim Pakistan as “beautiful”. In this article, I elaborate how the aesthetics of nature constitute a key terrain for state power in Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Caste and Biradari System on Voting Behavior: Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Southern Punjab (District Bahawalpur)
    Impact of Caste and Biradari System on Voting Behavior: Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Southern Punjab (District Bahawalpur) Nazir Hussain Shah Naudir Bakht The researcher was influenced by unending contentious voting behavior in Pakistan because some ruling political parties used biradari and kinship system as organ of control to secure their vested interests. Some ray of hope is seen diffusedly in urban areas but rural areas are heavily inflicted by this malicious tradition. Hence it was decided to study and analyze in depth voting behavior in electoral and democratic process. This helped to understand the impact of caste, baradari and kinship system, political culture, rural and urban culture. This ethnographic research focused on voting behavior of Southern Punjab (district Bahawalpur) as a case study with special reference to General Election (2013) of Pakistan. The study was carried out with help of qualitative and quantitative methods. The caste and Biradari System as a tool to influence voting behavior both rural and urban studies was taken as a significant factor. Several strategies were used such as co-relational, comparative, ethnographic and historical. All these strategies were indirectly important variables of caste and Biradari system and voting behavior which connect all the strategies to explore and explain the hypothesis. A survey was carried by the researcher of 303 people of different walks of life such as students, government officials, less educated people and clerical staff working in civil courts and housewives. The sample was selected randomly of district Bahawalpur. A questionnaire (concept model) was developed and data was collected in person. The data was analyzed by SPSS.
    [Show full text]