Alfred Schnittke a Polystylismus Bakalářská Diplomová Práce

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Alfred Schnittke a Polystylismus Bakalářská Diplomová Práce Filozofická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity v Brně Ústav hudební vědy Alfred Schnittke a Polystylismus Bakalářská diplomová práce Tefkros Xydas Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Lubomír Spurný, Ph.D. Brno 2011 Prohlášení Téma bakalářské diplomové práce: Alfred Schnittke a Polystylismus Prohlašuji, že jsem svou bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně, pouze s použitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Praze, 30. dubna 2011 __________________ Xydas Tefkros Obsah Předmluva ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Úvod ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 1. Celkový rámec Schnittkeho tvorby ...................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Hudba 20. století ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. Hudba v Rusku ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.3. Hudba Alfreda Schnittkeho ......................................................................................................... 12 1.4. Schnittkeho hudba na západě .................................................................................................... 15 2. Schnittke a polystylismus ................................................................................................................... 19 2.1. Historie Polystylismu .................................................................................................................... 19 2.2. První skladby Alfreda Schnittkeho psané polystylisticky ........................................................ 23 2.3.1. Polystylistické techniky Schnittkeho práce ............................................................................ 26 2.3.2. Schnittkeho symfonie ze třetího období polystylismu ..................................................... 31 2.3.3. Schnittkeho polystylistická koncertní tvorba .................................................................... 36 3. Concerto grosso č.1 ............................................................................................................................ 38 3.1.První věta: Preludio ....................................................................................................................... 41 3.2.Druhá věta: Toccata ...................................................................................................................... 45 3.3. Třetí věta: Recitative .................................................................................................................... 54 3.4. Čtvrtá věta: Cadenza ................................................................................................................... 60 3.5.Pátá věta: Rondo ........................................................................................................................... 62 3.6. Šestá věta: Postludio ................................................................................................................... 69 Závěr .......................................................................................................................................................... 70 Resumé ...................................................................................................................................................... 72 Soupis Literatury....................................................................................................................................... 73 Seznam vyobrazení v textu .................................................................................................................... 75 Přílohy: ....................................................................................................................................................... 80 Předmluva Studium hudby Alfreda Schnittkeho je jednou z velkých problematik hudby druhé poloviny 20. století, a to konkrétně ruské moderní tvorby. Před skladatelovou smrtí – zemřel roku 1998 – se výjimečně objevují texty nebo články týkající se jeho hudby, ale až v posledních deseti letech se začíná jeho tvorbě přikládat větší význam a vzniká mnoho různých studií, zabývajících se analýzami jeho skladeb. Toto téma však přesto zůstává jistým problémem. Většina knih a článků, které se problematikou Schnittkeho skladeb zabývají, jsou napsány v angličtině a některé z nich v ruštině. Studie však i dále vznikají, například na univerzitách ve Velké Británii nebo Německu. V této práci, jak již bylo výše řečeno, jsou využívány převážně zdroje, jejichž jazykem je angličtina. Potřebnou bibliografii, která se týká výhradně skladatele, nebylo možné získat v knihovnách v České republice, proto byla většina knih objednána v zahraničí. Zároveň byly uskutečněny dvě cesty do zahraničí, a to do Londýna a Vídně, za účelem hlubšího výzkumu daného tématu v knihovnách, které oplývají větším množstvím vhodných zdrojů. Nejvýznamnější badatel zabývající se životem a dílem Alfreda Schnittkeho je muzikolog, violoncellista a skladatelův blízký přítel Alexander Ivashkin, profesor na Univerzitě Goldsmiths v Londýně. Ten v roce 1999 vytvořil Archiv Alfreda Schnittkeho (Alfred Schnittke Archive). V archivu je shromážděno největší množství Snittkeho skladeb a je zároveň největším výzkumným centrem co se týče témat zabývajících se jeho dílem. Mnoho badatelů z celého světa, kteří skladatelovo dílo zkoumají, se soustřeďuje na tomto místě a využívají tak možnosti pomoci od samotného Alexandera Ivashkina. Alexander Ivashkin vydal v roce 1996 skladatelovu biografii v anglickém jazyce, která vyšla v rámci série biografických knih nakladatelství Phaidon 20th Century Composers. Kniha se zaměřuje na skladatelův život, aniž by obsahovala zvláštní informace, které by se týkaly jeho tvorby. Nalezneme v ní veškeré podrobnosti o skladatelově životě od dětských let až do smrti. Obsahuje také informace o 4 osobnostech, hudebnících i lidech, kteří se hudbou nezabývali, ale kteří hráli významnou roli ve skladatelově životě i v jeho tvorbě. Jednou z dalších knih, kterou vydal skladatel sám, je A Schnittke Reader. Jedna se o publikaci, která obsahuje veškeré články, které Schnittke napsal, a které se týkají hudby 20. století i různých hudebníků, se kterými skladatel spolupracoval. Jsou to články, které nikdy předtím nebyly uveřejněny. Dále v této knize nalezneme množství rozhovorů Ivashkina a Schnittkeho, kteří spolu dlouhá léta spolupracovali (1985 – 1998), neboť Ivashkin interpretoval na violoncello mnoho jeho skladeb. Kniha mimo jiné obsahuje i Ivashkinovy rozhovory s jinými hudebníky týkající se Schnittkeho hudby a je tedy vynikajícím literárním zdrojem, jelikož nám obsažené texty poskytují důležité informace pro pochopení skladatelovy tvorby. V lednu roku 2001 se v Londýně uskutečnil festival s tématem tvorby a života Alfreda Schnittkeho. Festival se skládal ze dvou částí, a to hudební na jedné straně a teoretické na straně druhé. Zúčastnili se interpreti světového formátu, kteří koncertnímu publiku předestřeli průřez skladatelovou tvorbou, stejně jako teoretičtí experti, kteří analyzovali jeho skladby. Jeden rok nato byla vydána kniha s názvem „Seeking the soul: Alfred Schnittke“, která obsahuje sbírku textů z prezentací teoretiků, kteří se festivalu zúčastnili. Schnittkeho tvorba, jakožto palčivý problém, se na doktorské úrovni stala centrem zájmu na mnoha různých univerzitách. Vznikly dvě dizertační práce, jedna od Gavina Thomase Dixona z roku 2007 s názvem „Polystylism as Dialogue: A. Bakhtinian Interpretation of Schnittke’s Symphonies 3,4 and his Concerto Grosso No.4/Symphony N.5“ a druhá, kterou napsal Jean-Benoit Tremblay taktéž v roce 2007 nesoucí název „Polystylism and Narrative Potential in the Music of Alfred Schnittke“. První z nich, která vznikla na Goldsmiths University právě pod vedením Alexandera Ivashkina, je znamenitým výzkumem, jelikož se zde badatel zabývá analýzou třech velkých skladatelových děl, ve kterých jsou prvky polystylismu zjevné. Druhá, která pochází z University of British Columbia, se zabývá analytickým podáním skladatelovy rané polystylistické tvorby. Další dvě školní práce, které jsem použil jako zdroj pro tuto práci, zabývající se technikami, které skladatel používá, je dizertační práce Aaminaha Durrania z roku 2005 5 s názvem „Chorale and Canon in Alfred Schnittke’s Fourth String Quartet“ a diplomová práce, kterou napsala Christa Marie Emerson s názvem „Structure and Meaning in Schnittke’s Analysis: Oppositional Function in the viola concerto“ na Louisiana State University. Významné jsou také části, zmiňující se o Schnittkem, obsažené v šestém svazku dějin hudby z pera Richarda Taruskina, The Oxford History of Western Music, která vyšla v roce 2005. Taruskin zde zmiňuje významná skladatelova díla, která zařazuje do postmoderny a i on zde poukazuje na nový osobitý skladatelův styl a svým způsobem ho i vysvětluje. Důležité jsou i zmínky, které se vztahují ke způsobu interpretace konkrétních skladeb. Co se české bibliografie týká, je nutné upozornit na zmínku o skladatelovi v sérii knih slovenské autorky Nadi Hrčkové Dějiny hudby I-VI. Podává nám zde informace týkající se skladatelova života a zároveň i objasňuje polystylysmus na příkladech významných skladatelových děl, jako je například jeho první concerto
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