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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & MANAGEMENT “LORD ” CULTURE OF , Bibhuti Bhusan Senapati

ABSTRACT Jagannath (or Jagannatha) meaning "Lord of the Universe", is a deity worshipped primarily by Hindu people, mainly in the Indian states of Odisha, West , , , , and and by in . Jagannath is considered a form of or his by the Hindus. Jagannath is worshipped as part of a triad on the "Ratnavedi" (jewelled platform) along with his brother and sister by his devotees. The icon of Jagannath is a carved and decorated wooden stump with large round eyes and with stumps as hands, with the conspicuous absence of any legs. The worship procedures, practices, sacraments and rituals of Jagannath do not conform with those of classical .[3] The principal image of the deity is at the temple city of Puri in Odisha. It is made of wood, which is an exception to common Hindu iconographic deities of metal or stone.[4] The origin and evolution of Jagannath worship, as well as iconography, is unclear and has been subject to intense academic debate. Jagannath lacks a clear vedic reference and is also not a member of the traditional concept or the classical Hindu pantheon, though in certain Oriya literary creations, Jagannath has been treated as the Ninth avatar, by substituting Buddha. Jagannath considered as a form of the Hindu God Vishnu, is non-sectarian and has not been associated with any particular denomination of Hinduism in entirety, though there are several common aspects with , Saivism, , Smartism, as well as with and . The oldest and most famous Jagannath deity is established in Puri. The temple of Jagannath in Puri is regarded as one of the (sacred Hindu places) in . The most famous festival related to Jagannath is the , where Jagannath, along with the other two associated deities, comes out of the of the chief temple (Bada ). They are transported to the (located at a distance of nearly 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)), in three massive wooden chariots drawn by devotees. Coinciding with the festival at Puri, similar processions are organized at several places in the world where Jagannath temples have been built.

INTRODUCTION Odisha (Oriya:  [Orissa ˑ]), formerly It is surrounded by the Indian state's of West known as Orissa, is an Indian state on the Bengal to the north-east and in the east, subcontinent's south-east coast, by the Jharkhand to the north, to the Bengal. west and north-west and to the south. It is the modern name of the Corresponding Author* Email- ancient kingdom of , which was invaded by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in

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261 BCE. The modern state of Orissa was Bengali and Assamese. A few tribal established on 1 April 1936, as a province in languages belonging to the Dravidian and British India and consisted predominantly Munda language families are spoken by the of Oriya speakers. 1 April is therefore Adivasis (original inhabitants) of the state. celebrated as Uttkal Dibasa (foundation day The state has a very opulent cultural of Orissa). remained the capital of heritage, one of the richest in India. The the state for over eight centuries until 13 capital city of is known for the April 1948 when Bhubaneswar was exquisite temples that dot its landscape. The officially declared as the new state capital, a classical dance form originated in position it still holds. Odisha is the 9th Odisha. Contemporary Odisha has a proud largest state by area in India, and the 11th cultural heritage that arose due to the largest by population. Oriya (officially intermingling of three great religious spelled Odia) is the official and most widely traditions – Hinduism, Buddhism and spoken language, spoken by three quarters Jainism. The culture of the Adivasis is an of the population. Odisha has a relatively integral part of modern Oriya heritage unindicted coastline (about 480 km long and Centuries of myths, legends and history lacked good ports, except for the deepwater have all blended into a grand composite facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of culture centred round Jagannath, the Lord of the Dhamara Port. The narrow, level coastal the Universe, one of the most revered and strip, including the Mahanadi river delta ancient of the deities of the Hindu s supports the bulk of the population. Puri, the pantheon. The earliest references of abode of Lord Jagannath, is one of India s LordJagannath are found in the and four Dhamas, the holiest of the holy places. ancient literature,though details of his origin Situated on the shore of the , and evolution are still shrouded in about 59 kilometers from Bhubaneswar, the mystery.Legendary sources suggest that capital city of Orissa, for centuries Puri has Jagannath was originally worshipped by the been an important centre of Hindu worship tribals, the Sabaras. The most important and is counted among the best holiday evidence of this belief is the existence of a resorts of the country. The Puranas and other class of Sevakas called the Daitas who are ancient texts refer to the holy city considered to be of tribal lineage and who as Nilachala, , Niladri Purusottam still play a major role in the various services Kshetra, Srikshetra and Sankha Kshetra. In to Lord Jagannatha in the temple.In course Puri, not only is the temple holy, but the of time, the cult of Jagannath took an whole of its surroundings is treated as grand Aryanised form. Various major faiths like and. , Shaktism, Vaishnavism, Jainism and Buddhism were assimilated into the DESCRIPTION AND SOURCE: concept of Jagannath as an all-pervasive and CULTURE, OF LORD JAGANNATH, all-inclusive philosophy, symbolizing unity PURI, ODISHA in diversity.Some scholars think that the Oriya is the language spoken by the majority three main images of Jagannatha,Balabhadra of the people of the state. English is widely and Subhadra represent the Jaina Trinity of used for official purpose and Oriya is used Samyak , Samyak Charitra and as regional language. Oriya belongs to the Samyak Drusti. Many others say that the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European three images represent the Buddhist triad of language family, and is closely related to the Buddha, and Sangha. It is

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widely believed that the soul of Jagannath best remembered for his . most secretly ensconced within the image of Chandi Purana and the Vilanka Lord Jagannath is no other than the Tooth are also two of his famous creations. Relic of Lord Goutam Buddha. The Das, a contemporary to Sarala Dasa, wrote philosophy of , which in course of -Bibha, a significant long poem in time became an integral part of Buddhism, Oriya. too has significantly influenced the rites and Dance rituals of the Jagannatha temple Odissi (Orissi) dance and music are classical art forms. Odissi is the oldest surviving METHODOLOGY dance form in India on the basis of Literary magazine: Jhankar, Nabarabi, archaeological evidence.[55] Odissi has a Apurba, Galpa, Kahani, Kadambini, long, unbroken tradition of 2,000 years, and Istahara, Udbhasa, Amrutayana, Nabalipi, finds mention in the Natyashastra of Pratibeshi, Paschima, Bijaya, Bartika, Bharatamuni, possibly written circa 200 BC. Chitra, Bishwamukti, Ama Samaya, However, the dance form nearly went Sananda, Godhuli Lagna, Bigyan Diganta extinct during the British period, only to be (Science), and pourusha.The history of revived after India's independence by a few Oriya literature has been delineated by gurus, such as Guru Deba Prasad Das, Guru historians and linguists along the following Mayadhar Raut, Guru Pankaj Charan Das, stages, Old Oriya (900–1300 AD), Early Guru Mahadev Rout, Guru Raghu Dutta, Middle Oriya (1300–1500 AD), Middle and Guru Kelu Charan Mahapatra. Odissi Oriya (1500–1700 AD), Late Middle Oriya classical dance is about the love of Krishna (1700 AD – 1850 AD) and Modern Oriya and his supposed consort , mostly (from 1850 AD to the present). This drawn from compositions by the notable categorisation does not outline in detail the Oriya poet , who lived in the development and growth of Oriya Literature. twelfth. The periods can be split into more stages Music such as: Age of Charya Literature, Age of Sixteenth century witnessed the compilation , Age of Panchasakha, Age of of literature on music. The four important , Age of Radhanath, Age of treatises written during that time are Satyabadi, Age of Marxism or Pragati yuga, Sangitamava Chandrika, Natya Manorama, Age of Romanticism or Sabuja Yuga, Post Sangita Kalalata and Gita Prakasha. Orissi Independent Age.The beginnings of Oriya music is a combination of four distinctive poetry coincide with the development of kinds of music, namely, Chitrapada, Charya Sahitya, the literature thus started by Dhruvapada, Panchal and Chitrakala. When Buddhist poets. This literature music uses artwork, it is known as Chitikala. was written in a specific metaphor named A unique feature of Oriya music is the Padi, "Sandhya Bhasha" and the poets like Luipa, which consists of singing of words in fast Kanhupa are from the territory of Odisha. beat.Being a part of the rich culture of The language of Charya was considered as Odisha, its music is also as much charming Prakrita.The first great poet of Odisha is and colourful. Orissi music is more than two Sarala Dasa who wrote the Mahabharata, not thousand five hundred years old and an exact translation from the Sanskrit comprises a number of categories. Of these, original, rather an imitation of the same. the five broad ones are Tribal Music, Folk Among many of his poems and epics, he is Music, Light Music, Light-Classical Music

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and Classical Music. Anyone who is trying legend and the origin of to understand the must Jagannath wooden idol at Puri. According to take into account its music, which the legends, in the yuga, Indradyumna essentially forms a part of its legacy. was a Lunar Dynasty king of Somavamsa Sand art lineage. A traveling pilgrim came before A unique type of art form was developed at Indradyumna and described the great God Puri, but it has spread all over the world. To Nila (Blue Vishnu) being carve a sand sculpture, the raw material is worshipped at (Blue Mountain) in clean and fine-grained sand mixed with Odra (Odisha). The pilgrim disappeared water. With the help of this type of sand and after telling the story. At the king's request, by the magic of fingers, an artist can carve a his priest and his younger brother beautiful and attractive sculpture on the went in search of the legendary divinity. beach. Sudarshan Pattnaik is one of the Vidyapati reached the forest in Savardvipa major world-class artists in this sculpture. on the banks of the river Mahanadi. The Although not historically proved, there is a Savara king, Visvavasu, received Vidyapati story in the Oriya myths regarding the origin and promised to show him Nila Madhava of sand sculpture: "Poet Balaram Das, the the next morning. Vidyapati did not touch author of Dandi Ramayan was a great food or water before seeing the Lord. Seeing devotee of Jagannath. Once during Ratha the eagerness of Vidyapati, the Savara king Yatra (Car Festival), he tried to climb the had him bathed in -kunda and seated chariot of Jagannath to offer his prayer. He him under the tree. There Vidyapati wasn't allowed by the priests of the chariot saw Nila Madhava being worshipped by the to climb it and was also insulted by them. Devas. Then Vidyapati returned to Avanti, With great frustration and humiliation he the capital of King Indradyumna.After came to the beach (Mahodadhi) and carved listening to Vidyapati's account, statues of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Indradyumna set out for Nila Madhava, Subhadra on the golden sand along with the priest, Vidyapati, and his Religion followers. But as it turned out, Nila The majority of people in the state of Odisha Madhava had disappeared on the very day are Hindu and there is also a rich cultural that Vidyapati had returned to Malava. Upon heritage in the state. For example, Odisha is reaching the spot, they found the god home to several Hindu figures. Sant Bhima missing and the entire area covered with the Bhoi was a leader of the Mahima sect golden sand of the coast. The shocked king movement. Sarala Dasa, an adivasi, was the Indradyumna was apprised of the message translator of the epic Mahabharata in Oriya. of by : that the King must Chaitanya Dasa was a Buddhistic-Vaishnava worship the deity with one thousand and writer of the Nirguna Mahatmya. Asvamedha .The divination of Nila Jayadeva was the author of the Gita Madhava went on: In this world I will not .The Odisha Temple Authorization give you darshana in the form of Nila Act of 1948 empowered the Government of Madhava, but I will manifest in four forms: Odisha to have Hindu temples open for all Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra, and Hindus including the Harijans. Sudarshana . Wait near Chakra , Puranic and a daru would come afloat. I will The Puranic text Purusottama Mahatmya of manifest in the form of a very large, the Skanda Purana contains the fragrant, reddish log, and the signs of

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, cakra, , and padma will be recently discovered in the Jajpur district of seen everywhere on that form. Go there. Odisha. Scholars from faraway lands, such Take Me out and make four deities from that as Greece, Persia and China used to study log. Then you will be able to worship me. philosophy, astronomy, mathematics and Cuisine science at this famed university. Taxila, Odisha has culinary tradition spanning Nalanda and Ratnagiri are among the oldest centuries if not millennia. The kitchen of the universities in the world. The ruins of famous Jagannath temple in Puri is reputed Ratnagiri University have not been fully to be the largest in the world, with a excavated yet. thousand chefs, working around 752 wood- burning clay hearths called chulas, to feed CONCLUSION over 10,000 people each day. Lord Jagannath is a total symbol of Orissa’s originated from Odisha and became famous identity- social, cultural, religious and throughout the world]. The well-known rice spiritual. He is the source of our beliefs, pudding, kheeri (kheer) that is relished all social norms and relationships, cultural over India, also originated in Puri two excellence and value systems. But the cult of thousand years ago. Chhenapoda is also a Jagannath is an integrated whole. It has major Odisha sweet cuisine originated in absorbed the Narayan cult of Bhagabata it is made by caramelizing cottage religion, Madhava cult of Orissa, the atheist cheese with sugar, cardamom and other cult of Buddhism and ingredients and then burning it over a chula (wood-burning clay hearths). Chhena Jheeli REFERENCES and are other famous sweet deserts. [1] Jayanti Rath. "Jagannath- The One of the most famous delicacies of Odisha Epitome of Supreme Lord Vishnu". is Kakara Peetha (made of sooji or finely [2] "Synthetic Character of Jagannath grained wheat) especially with coconut Culture", filling sautéed with pepper, cardamom, [3] "The unfinished Jagannath idol at sugar and ghee and sometimes cottage Puri". Our Dharma. Retrieved 21 cheese (chhena). It’s one of the major October 2012. delicacies during the festival occasions. [4] Wilkins, William Joseph (1900). Arisha is another delicacy. The sweet aroma , Vedic and of powdered rice and Gud being deep fried Puranic. London: Elibron Classics. in Ghee is mesmerizing. Poda , Haladi ISBN 81-7120-226-8. Patra Pitha (enduri pitha), Manda Pitha, [5] Mukherjee, Prabhat The history of Chitou Pitha are more examples of Oriya medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa. specialitites. Mudhi (puffed rice) is an P.155 integral part of every Oriya household. [6] Pradhan, Atul (June 2004). Baripoda is famous for its Mudhi. Mudhi "Evolution of Jagannath Cult". serves the purpose of instant snacks. It Orissa Review: 74–77. Retrieved 21 perfectly blends with anything. Be it October 2012. Chenachur (mix salty fried snacks), milk, [7] Patnaik, Bibhuti (July 3, 2011). "My tea, curries, peanuts or mango pulp friend, philosopher and guide". The Education Telegraph. Retrieved 1 December The ruins of a major ancient university and 2012. center of Buddhist learning, Ratnagiri, were

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