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The Roles of Institutions and Networks in the Management of the Niger Delta Wetlands in Nigeria

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The Roles of Institutions and Networks in the Management of the Niger Delta Wetlands in Nigeria THE ROLES OF INSTITUTIONS AND NETWORKS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE NIGER DELTA WETLANDS IN NIGERIA Olalekan Adebanjo Alade Adekola Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Geography December 2012 i The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and the appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is a copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Olalekan Adebanjo Alade Adekola to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2012 The University of Leeds and Olalekan Adebanjo Alade Adekola ii DEDICATION In memory of my Dad - Amos Oyegbade Ajagbe Adekola (1927 – 2009) who instilled in me the values necessary to conduct this study. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the efforts and kindness of all the people involved in this thesis, this work would not and could not have been done and I certainly would not have been in the position to do it. With a sense of gratitude, I am truly and deeply indebted to so many people that there is no way to acknowledge them all or even any of them properly. While it is impossible to mention the names of all those who have contributed to this thesis, nonetheless, there are people I cannot but mention for their contributions in specific relation to the conduct of this study, as well as those who have profoundly influenced me. I offer my sincere apologies to anyone that I might have omitted in this section. With appreciation, I acknowledge Dr. Alan Grainger and Dr. Gordon Mitchell for their unceasing support, comments, and encouragement in all stages of this research. I am honoured and have benefited immensely from your wealth of knowledge. I must also thank my Research Support Group (RSG) members – Dr. Susannah Sallu, Dr. Steve Carver, Dr. Paul Norman and Dr. Frances Drake for inspirational discussions wherein they shared their tremendous wealth of knowledge and experience so freely. This study would not have been possible without the support of two organizations to which I owe immense gratitude. First is my home university, Federal University of Technology Yola, Nigeria that released me on study leave to pursue this study. Second is the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK for providing the scholarship that enable me study in the United Kingdom. I have had the privilege of having three people who are mentor and have influenced me a great deal in carrying out research. Mrs. Christiana Oshunsanya who instigated my interest in Wetlands; Prof. Rudolf de Groot for leading me in the path to think deeper and to be more productive in research and Dr. Sylvie Morardet who opened a lot of opportunities for me professionally and for her encouraging words. Thank you so much. iv I cannot forget to mention friends and scholars with whom I have shared great time during this study – Dave, Faith, Matt, Sorain and Tim. I truly appreciate your friendship, encouragements and all the time we spent together playing football and other socials. My profound gratitude goes to my family, especially my wife (Josephine), and our little son (Olaoluwakiitan) for their endless support, love, patience and understanding. To all other family members too numerous to mention, I say “God bless you” for your efforts in providing me support during my academic pursuit. I am highly indebted to all the participants in this research who gave me their time during my field work. Without them this work would not have been possible. I must thank Monday Boubou and Daniel Kiere for their friendship and service as my field assistants and not forgetting to thank Emma Avula for assiting me in Ogbia and Brass. Many others have contributed in various ways to the completion of this thesis, and although not mentioned by name, are really appreciated. Finally, unto Him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all that I ask or think, unto Him is glory throughout all ages, world without end. Amen. HE is God and I thank HIM for HIS manifold grace that has helped me through the journeys of life and the completion of this thesis. v ABSTRACT Despite widespread recognition of the importance of institutions in environmental management and suggestion that networks and institutions mutually shape each other, the theory of how activities of actors in networks generate institutions is underdeveloped. There is no framework for explaining institutional change processes in situations where formal and informal institutions of multiple actors are intertwined. To help fill this gap, a new Network Communication Framework (NCF) was developed to understand how things work in real life and analyse institutional change process in environmental management involving multiple actors. The NCF was used to predict four institutional outcomes where two networks that vary in direction, autonomy, adaptation and scalar reach communicate. The first is unidirectional non-autonomous non-adaptive communication where a modern state network perfectly imposes communication content on a non-state network. The second is unidirectional autonomous non-adaptive communication, where a traditional network resists such impositions from modern state network. The third is multidirectional adaptive endogenous communication, in which a modern state network has poor scalar reach and a traditional network is able to assert its autonomy and adapt to the virtual absence of the state at local scale by devising its own institutions for sustainable management. The fourth is multidirectional adaptive exogenous communication in which a modern state network has moderate scalar reach and state and non-state networks can vary state institutions for mutual benefit. In order to test the robustness of the new model, it is applied to wetland management in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The results showed that the fourth category of institution predicted by the NCF is widespread, with good awareness of, and support for it across all actors. The informality and multidirectional nature of this outcome ensures flexibility, so it can be modified in response to changes in the preferences of the actors adopting it. The results also showed that the everyday narratives of actors are heterogeneous, which provides further evidence for communication between networks. Based on these findings it is suggested that future policies for sustainable environmental management in the Niger Delta should be based on how things work rather than on idealistic representations. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... xv LIST OF APPENDIXES ............................................................................................. xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS ............................................................ xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction to the Study ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Environments of Conflict: The Niger Delta Wetlands .......................................... 3 1.3 Aims of the Study ................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Definitions of Key Terms...................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Wetland ............................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Environmental Management ............................................................................... 6 1.4.3 Discourse ............................................................................................................ 7 1.4.4 Practices .............................................................................................................. 7 1.4.5 Institutions .......................................................................................................... 7 1.4.6 Institutionalization .............................................................................................. 7 1.4.7 Networks ............................................................................................................. 7 1.4.8 Actors .................................................................................................................. 7 1.4.9 Ecosystem Services ............................................................................................. 8 1.5 Structure of the Thesis .......................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................
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