Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied

"How did this happen? What can we do?" family-based approach to adolescents with Comparing family members' beliefs medically unexplained somatic symptoms. It about adolescents' medically illustrates that parental health beliefs may be unexplained somatic symptoms more amenable to change than those of the adolescent. BIBBY, H. (Adolescent Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead), SAMPSON, S. (The Keywords: adolescent unexplained somatic Children's Hospital at Westmead), BENNETT, D. symptoms, illness , child health, chronic (The Children's Hospital at Westmead), HOFFMAN, fatigue syndrome, family-based approach R. (The Children's Hospital at Westmead), TOWNS, S. (The Children's Hospital at Westmead) ‘Dokic is not an Australian name’: Constructions of identity, culture and This study involved 50 adolescents (aged 12 to nation in Australian perspectives on 17 years) with medically unexplained somatic multiculturalism symptoms and their families. They received a multi-disciplinary, rehabilitative treatment DANDY, J. (Edith Cowen University) program which attempts to help them gradually draw a link between somatic and psychological aspects of the adolescent’s condition. The aim of The Australian multicultural ‘experiment’ has this study was to compare family members’ often been described as highly successful, health beliefs over the course of treatment. resulting in the “peaceful co-existence” of Thirty six percent of the adolescents met criteria diverse groups (Borowski, 2000, p. 461). Whilst for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and the there is some evidence to support this, there remaining 64% received a DSM-IV diagnosis of remains considerable racial and ethnic one of the Somatoform Disorders. Participants discrimination in Australia as well as continued and their parents completed questionnaires ambivalence in Australians’ attitudes toward measuring physical and psychosocial functioning multiculturalism and acceptance of ‘outgroups’. (the Child Health Questionnaire) and health In this paper I will discuss these attitudes, their beliefs (the Illness Questionnaire) at features and their possible foundations. In so recruitment, four months into treatment, and 12 doing, I will draw upon interview and survey months later. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) data collected over the past five years, including were conducted to examine how adolescent the Australian Pilot for the International Study of functioning and family health beliefs changed Attitudes Toward Immigration and Settlement over the 12-month period, and to compare (ISATIS; Dandy & Pe-Pua, 2009). I will argue that family members’ health beliefs over time. There there are competing discourses in Australian were significant improvements in adolescent multiculturalism that echo concerns in other physical and psychosocial functioning over the diverse contexts and nations. Australians’ first four months of treatment, and these were support for multiculturalism is connected with maintained at 12 months. In terms of beliefs beliefs in social equality and egalitarianism but about what caused the adolescent’s condition, these are in tension with fears of threats to significant interaction effects were obtained Australian national identity and social cohesion. such that parents became increasingly open to These fears can be linked to essentialist the role of psychosocial causes, while discourses of race and ethnicity, as well as adolescents did not. In terms of beliefs about beliefs that cultural homogeneity is necessary what might cure/control the condition, for strong communities (Dunn, Forrest, Burnley, significant main effects for time and family & McDonald, 2004). I will propose that these member were obtained, as well as a significant discourses serve to reinforce white interaction effect. Follow-up contrasts revealed multiculturalism in Australia, in which Australian that fathers placed greater importance on the identity remains centred around a white, British adolescent’s role in cure/control (relative to the cultural heritage (Dandy, in press; Forrest & role of treatment) than other family members, Dunn, 2006; Hage, 1998). The paper will and that this difference became more marked conclude by opening for discussion of ways that over time. This study provides support for a researchers and policymakers can contribute to the development of a more inclusive

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of construction of national identity in Australia and phenomenon in which risk events or perceived other diverse contexts. threats become heightened through collective information processing and sense making. Public Keywords: diverse cultural backgrounds, perceptions of risk are influenced by such multiculturalism, immigration, Australia sources as news media, scientists, private networks, public agencies, other institutions and personal experience. Risk is also amplified by ‘Making sense' of climate change intra-individual information processing and response: Reframing the applied sense making biases. Factors that appear to challenge of climate change mitigation and adaptation. contribute to risk attenuation include protection motivation, level of trust and credibility in information sources, and the extent of O'NEILL, G. (Griffith University) disagreement or debate. This paper assesses the extent to which selected theories, models and Climate change (CC) constitutes the most conceptual frameworks provide a useful basis significant challenge facing humanity and the for exploring important psychological aspects of natural environment this century. Substantial how individuals and societies perceive, appraise debate continues in the media as to whether CC and make sense of climate change. is real, and if it is, whether the prime causes are anthropogenic, natural cyclical patterns of the Keywords: climate change, sense making, social earth’s climate, or some combination of these. amplification, collective information-processing, These social representations of CC have resulted climate change in a confusion of beliefs and concerns. A substantial proportion of the public is reported ‘NIMBYism’ and public participation in as believing that the risks of CC and its likely electricity network change impact on their life are low, to be skeptical about any immediate direct threat to themselves, and as not feeling personally DEVINE-WRIGHT, P. (University of Exeter) vulnerable or responsible for CC. For others, apocalyptic predictions and media doom-saying The United Kingdom Government plans to are arguably resulting in feelings of despair and implement greater low-carbon electricity hopelessness. Research into public generation from both nuclear and renewable understandings of CC can be usefully informed energy sources in response to the problem of by conceptual frameworks such as ‘sense climate change. These changes lead to a need to making’ (SM) and the ‘social amplification and extend and reinforce the existing electricity attenuation of risk’ (SAAR). Such models can network to connect new generating sources and assist in identifying key factors influencing risk balance electricity demand and supply. New perception and appraisal, and in designing overhead line proposals, often in rural areas, are effective messages and strategies to foster problematic due to public reactions to proposed appropriate behaviour change. Inter alia, routes, reactions often dubbed ‘NIMBYism’. empirical research based on SM and SAAR could Public opposition has emerged around issues provide valuable insights into how individuals such as potential health risks from electric and deal with and respond to CC. For example, SM is magnetic fields, damage to visual amenity and a framework and an approach in psychology and household property values. As such, the the social sciences which addresses how rationales and methods of engagement between individuals and societies make sense of their network operators such as National Grid and world and their experiences from the myriad of local communities affected by line proposals are cues in their external (social, physical, etcetera) of critical importance for understanding how and internal (cognitive, affective, etcetera) individuals’ respond to technology proposals. environments. Sense making is also the This paper draws together the results of two underlying process that individuals use to make ongoing qualitative studies: interviews with key sense of a threat and phenomenon such as actors in the networks industry around issues of climate change. Social amplification of risk is a public roles and engagement methods (n = 25) and an investigation of representations of public

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology participation in network planning using the Q- their gardening activities, despite experiencing method with a diverse sample of local actors in physical limitations since first gardening, was affected line proposal communities (n = 28). The extremely important, while for others, simply findings show how recent regulatory change has ‘being’ in the garden was of value. Participants encouraged greater levels of engagement by reported reminiscence of childhood gardens, network operators with members of the public. and the desire to pass on the benefits of However, this typically occurs at a level experiences to younger people; this latter effect ‘downstream’ of the decision-making process. increased with age. Other benefits included a We conclude that industry engagement sense of purpose from cultivating plants; having practices lack a clear rationale and means to an outlet for physical activity and exercise; and incorporate citizen perspectives ‘upstream’ in social benefits, which were significantly network planning. If these factors could be increased for those members of a gardening resolved, then this may mitigate public club. Participants overwhelmingly agreed that if opposition and foster mutual trust between they had to leave their gardens, it would be network organisations and citizen groups. important to continue gardening elsewhere. Encouraging continued participation in Keywords: renewable energy, industry gardening activities may be one way to support engagement, decision making, citizen groups, older adults’ ageing in place. Home gardens and public opposition related activities afforded older adults the opportunity for increased well-being, meaningful engagement and manageable physical activity. “All my hurts my garden spade can heal”: The meaning of domestic gardens in the The results also have implications for the lives of community-dwelling older adults establishment of community gardening programs as a means of providing a common shared interest with other older adults and with SCOTT, T. (University of Queensland), PANCHANA, future generations, through mentoring younger N. (University of Queensland) participants; and for the establishment of gardening activities in residential care facilities Human attraction to gardens and green-spaces as gardens provide a link to the past and a goes beyond mere aesthetics. According to connection to the outside world, according to Biophilia theory, we are not only genetically this sample. programmed to respond positively to natural environments, our emotional, intellectual, and Keywords: garden aesthetics, well-being, physical well-being depends upon having access community dwelling older adults, Attitudes to to nature. The extant literature supports the Ageing Questionnaire therapeutic value of gardens, plants and horticultural activities for a variety of populations; however few studies have “Dynamic sequences of behaviour” systematically explored the importance of the (DSB): Development of an inventory for domestic garden in the lives of community- the analysis of processes which can lead to burnout and inner emigration dwelling older adults. A gardening survey, developed for this study, included an activity inventory; several open and closed questions JIMENEZ, P. (University of Graz), SEILINGER, B. about involvement in, and feelings about, (University of Graz), HASIBEDER, J. (University of Graz) gardens; Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ); demographic information; and subjective health and quality of life. The survey was Dynamic processes and behaviours which can distributed to a large sample (approximately increase the risk for burnout and inner 300-plus) of community-dwelling older adults emigration are mentioned in the literature. The across Australia. Participants reported numerous processes themselves are studied very seldomly benefits associated with their gardens and in individual and organizational analyses. The gardening activities, which could be summed up newly developed questionnaire is based on a as tangible, physiological or psychological system analytic approach and allows detecting rewards. For some participants, active pursuit of self-reinforcing dynamic circles of behaviour in

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology critical person-situation interactions. The asking the questions. This is an approach that is questionnaire was tested together with not often used for behaviours of this nature. additional instruments (CSESd, RESTQ-Work, Carr, Taylor, Wallander, & Reiss (1996), among EDEM, HOM-scale of HAKEMP-90, MBI-GS-D) others, have noted that a functional treatment with 900 employees of a non-profit- of habit forming behaviours has been the usual organization. The consistency of the scales and mode of treatment for tics. Over 90% of the tic subscales is presented; the scales prove to have had disappeared from her person by the second good values. Validity was tested with structural session (a gap of a week between the first and equation modeling. The items of the Dynamic second sessions), with the remaining expressions Sequences of Behaviour inventory (DSB) refer to of it extinguished by the beginning of the third concrete behaviour of persons in situations at session (a gap of a week between the second work. These situational sequences are based on and third sessions). At the third session the tic models of burnout and also inner emigration was brought into the session in an airtight and allow detection of critical self-reinforcing container labelled “Squeaky lives here.” In this cause-effect circles. The important aspect of the age of brief therapies, Narrative Therapy questionnaire is to use it for prevention represents a novel way of extinguishing purposes in an organizational diagnosis. The use dysfunctional behaviours or habits. The use of a of the questionnaire helps to derive story metaphor is very attractive to children, and interventions for individuals for changing their allows children to experiment with behavioural behaviour and also for the work environment in control in a way that empowers them. the organizations in a differentiated way. Keywords: externalising the problem, narrative Keywords: burnout, person-situation interactions, therapy, interviewing the problem, habit work environment, behaviour change development, tics

“Narativizing” a vocal tic: The use of “Their system, our crisis!” A French study narrative therapy in the ridding of “Mr of the social representations, personal Squeaky in a single session” involvement and behavioral responses to the financial crisis of 2008 FERNANDEZ, M. (Northcentral University) ERNST-VINTILA, A. (Universite de la Mediterranee Aix-Marseille II), DELOUVEE, S. (Universite Using the well known philosophical approach of Europeenne Rennes 2) externalising the problem (Fernandez, 2001; White & Epston, 1990) in Narrative Therapy, the technique of “interviewing the problem” was This empirical study focused on laypeople’s used in extinguishing an ubiquitous vocal tic, thinking about the financial crisis of 2008 in “Mr Squeaky”, that had afflicted a 9-year old girl France, and shows how established practices for over two weeks. The vocal tic was not only and personal involvement affected the social interfering with her social network at school and representations of the crisis, and the subsequent at home but also with her sleep. “Interviewing behaviors. The originality of this study consists in the problem” involved a series of externalising completing an analysis of laypeople’s thinking questions that separated the problem from the about the financial crisis at the positional level of person and created space to “see the problem” explanation, a complement to the ideological for what it was. In mapping out the influence of level often used in , and to the intra- the tic, several questions were asked that and inter-individual levels often adopted in focused on the reasons for the tic; how it psychology. Previous studies showed that happened to choose this child; what its plans established practices are a determinant factor in were for her; whether it saw itself leaving the shaping social representations, and suggested child; whether there was a possibility of it having personal involvement as a major explanatory a “holiday” so it could allow the child to sleep variable. Personal involvement (Flament and etc. All questions were addressed to the child, Rouquette, 2003) corresponds to an individual’s with the therapist facing the “problem” while relationship to a social object, such as the financial crisis, and is a combination of three

1033 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology dimensions: valuation of, exposure to, and end of the crisis (reversibility of context) is perceived capacity to act on the crisis. The study predicted for 2010 to 2011. was run in France in the first month of the financial crisis (October 2008). It was conducted Keywords: financial crisis, social representations, within the structural approach to the Theory of behaviour change Social Representations (TSR), which enables formal comparisons among representations with 2D:4D Digit ratio and close following the aid of its specific methodologies (cf. infra). To compare the social representations of the financial crisis among participants (N =30) who LEWIS-EVANS, B. (Traffic and Environmental had different levels of practice we questioned Psychology Group, University of Groningen), DE WAARD, D. Y. (University of Groningen), ALBERDA, senior executives of the financial sector, and lay R. H. (University of Groningen), TALAROVICOVA, S. participants. Participants’ personal involvement A. (Comenius University Bratislava) was measured as a selection variable on six- point Likert scales. The structure of the social representations of the financial crisis was The 2D:4D digit ratio, the ratio of finger length analysed through a standard procedure between the index and ring finger, has been developed within the structural approach of the linked to exposure to testosterone at a specific TSR: prototypicality analysis (Vergès, 1992). point in the development of the fetus. Higher Results showed that, relatively to the executives, levels of testosterone at this point in lay participants reported significantly lower development result in lower 2D:4D ratios, and in personal involvement (lower valuation of, turn digit ratios have been correlated with a exposure to, and also perceived capacity to act range of behavioural outcomes, such as sexual on the crisis). However, all participants orientation, sensation seeking, stock trading and perceived collective action as more effective risk taking. This experiment set out to use a than individual action. This finding may be an driving simulator to examine the relationship explanation of the high expectations of French between 2D:4D digit ratio, close following, for institutionalised (as opposed to individual) sensation seeking and risk perception. Digit action (though other explanations, such as the ratios were measured using a scanner and the French culture’s relatively high uncertainty GIMP software for windows. Participants were avoidance (cf. Hofstede), should be considered, then required to follow a car at 50 kilometers too). In both groups, the social representation of per hour over several different distances, the financial crisis displayed salient normative ranging from 7.9 meters to 56.1 meters, as well aspects and, especially for lay participants, low as being able to select their own following functional orientation. This structure explains distance. Ratings of risk, task difficulty, effort the social representations’ low efficiency in and comfort were collected after each drive and prescribing behaviors (inertia). Indeed, little analysed. Participants also filled in the change in consumer behavior was reported by Sensation Seeking Scale. The lateral lay participants. In contrast, all executives in the displacement and following distance of sample reported immediate behavioral change participants (in the free following condition) of least one consuming behavior (individual were also recorded. The results are in the final action), and having additional intentions of stages of being collected, and will be analysed behavioral change if the crisis continues. The TSR and fully available at the time of the conference. predicts that the behavioral change reported by The findings of this study will be discussed in executives is temporary and conditional (“if” the terms of their relevance to driver safety, and the crisis continues), unless the change brought by usefulness of the 2D:4D ratio to indicate a the crisis in the general context is perceived as propensity for producing risky driving irreversible (Rouquette and Rateau, 1998). A behaviours. study in progress should tell if this is the case, or if the crisis contributed to a sustainable Keywords: digit (finger) ratios, driving simulation, behavioral change, that is, a change in sensation seeking, risky driving behaviours, risk consuming habits, especially knowing that the perception

1034 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

A classroom intervention to facilitate learning approach at the end of the study. students’ asking questions However, the types of questions asked did not change: students were still more likely to ask NGUYEN, H. H. (California State University, Long procedural questions than questions about Beach), LEWIS, M. (California State University) materials presented. This study has several practical implications for both teachers and What can be done to increase the frequency of employers: an environment of anonymously question asking and broaden the types of submitted questions may encourage students’ or questions that individuals may ask in the employees’ question-asking behavior because classroom? The researchers hypothesized (a) individuals do not want to feel embarrassed or that students would ask more questions if they look incompetent by asking questions in the could ask the questions anonymously and open. Also, individuals tend to ask more receive feedback from educators, (b) that the procedural questions than explanation quality of questions would change from lower questions, which may be beneficial for cognitive types of questions to higher cognitive organizations that require their employees to ones during the intervention, and (c) that know how to do something, even if they do not students’ learning approaches would change know why they should do it. Last, teachers or from surface-learning to deep-learning. This employers should not expect that students/new study used a mixed design of natural hires know how to apply or evaluate classroom and pretest-posttest, two-group intervention. information into the real-world setting, or that The first author sat in two sections of the same they would be willing to admit their ignorance course (introduction to industrial-organizational by asking clarifying questions. Therefore, psychology) taught by the second author, and students or staff should be given proper training observed students’ target behavior (asking or orientation to perform their tasks correctly. questions verbally) in their natural setting (classroom) for 12 class periods per section (N = Keywords: classroom questions, students, surface 51). Both frequency of question asking, question versus deep learning, learning approaches content, and types of questions asked were recorded. On the 7th class observation, the A comparison investigation of episodic researchers recruited voluntary participants to memory in schizophrenic patients, their respond to two pretest and posttest surveys for biological relatives and normal people extra credits. The experimental group (participants in one course section; n = 23) NIKPOUR, G. (Applied & Science University of additionally received the intervention: (a) they Behzisti, Ghaemshahr Branch), HOMAYOUNI, A. were asked to anonymously submit in writing (Islamic Azad University) any questions that they had not verbally asked in class, and (b) they received the researchers’ This study aimed to investigate episodic memory answers to their questions at the beginning of a in schizophrenic patients, their biological following class period. The surveys consisted of a relatives and comparison with normal people. measure of student’s learning process (deep Twenty schizophrenic patients, 20 their versus surface learning) and demographic biological relatives and 20 normal people were questionnaire. The qualitative data (students’ randomly selected and William's Individual verbal and written questions asked) were coded Episodic Memory Test (WIEMT) was according to Bloom’s (1956) taxonomy of administered on them. In the research, the educational objectives, and the quantitative data participants were presented 15 target words were analyzed to detect group mean (five pleasant, five unpleasant, five neutral differences. As predicted, students in the words). The participants were asked to recall a experimental group asked significantly more past memory associated with target words. An questions (both verbally in class and in writing) ANOVA test was used to analyze the data. than the control group because of the Findings showed significant differences among intervention. Further, some students in the groups. The majority of schizophrenics were experimental group reported a significant shift oriented to choose neutral and somewhat from baseline surface-learning approach to deep unpleasant stimuli (words) and recall their past

1035 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology memory with a depressive and unpleasant local counterparts, international students matter and their relatives too. However the express higher levels of fear of crime. Testing of majority of normal people chose the better and the cognitive behavioural model showed a pleasant words with good and pleasant past nonrecursive relationship between cognitions, memories. Our results reveal that deficits in emotions, and behaviours associated with fear episodic memory can be regarded one of the of crime. All three factors are significantly most prominent cognitive deficits in related to participants’ perceptions of social schizophrenia and should thus be taken seriously disorder and their levels of social integration. in both its diagnosis and treatment. It stresses However, experiences of victimisation have a the importance of assessing memory function nonsignificant impact on avoidance behavior. impairments in clinical settings. Also, choosing For clinical participants in Study 2, comparisons the neutral (and not pleasant) stimuli (words) of cohorts on fearfulness and feeling afraid of may cause a tendency to depressed mood and public places are nonsignificant. Depression and can impair social cognition in schizophrenia that somatisation are significantly related to both may be an important predictor of social fears for both groups. However, depression is dysfunction. more strongly related to fearfulness whereas somatisation is the strongest predictor of feeling Keywords: schizophrenia, memory function, afraid of public places. Separate comparisons of assessment of schizophrenia, episodic memory, international and local students on other clinical social dysfunction variables showed different patterns of relationships to the two types of fear. Implications arising from Study 1 suggest the A comparison of international and local students on fear of external threats and importance of addressing issues relating to social fearfulness: A cognitive behavioural integration and engagement of international perspective students in influencing perceived risk, fears of crime and avoidance behaviors. Study 2 highlights the role of the depression and other XIONG, L. (RMIT University), SMYRNIOS, S. (RMIT University), SMYRNIOS, K. (RMIT University) clinical issues in fears for both international and local students.

Two inter-related studies compared international with local students on their specific Keywords: international students, victimization, culture shock theory, fearfulness, threat fears of external threats (e.g., crime and public places) and on fearfulness. Mass media reports of crimes against international students have A cross-cultural study of computer games emphasised external threats, while Culture and internet addictions in middle Shock Theory proposes that international schools students are more likely to report feeling fearful than their local counterparts due to internal YE, R. (Houston Independent School District, processes of adjustment. A cognitive behavioural Research), GU, H. (Shanghai Normal University), LU, theoretically based model of fear of crime J. (Shanghai Normal University) underpinned this investigation. Quantitative studies utilised nonclinical and clinical This study explores and analyzes middle school participants respectively. Study 1 surveyed 591 students’ computer games and Internet international and 579 local students across four addictions and the relationships of these two universities regarding victimisation, perceptions addictions with factors regarding students’ of social disorder, perceived risk and fears of backgrounds, interests, activities, associations specific crimes, and avoidance behaviors. Study and academic studies in nine countries: 2 compared 640 international and 2252 local Australia, Canada, England, Hungary, Israel, students presenting at a university counselling Japan, Korea, Russia, and the United States. center on a range of clinical variables, including International database was used: TIMSS 1995, fearfulness and feeling afraid of public places. 1999, 2003, and 2007. The sample was from the Data analysis utilised Structural Equation eighth grade and a Student Questionnaire was Modelling. Study 1 found that compared with used. Tables, figures, descriptive methods and

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology correlation were used. Middle school students’ This study explores and analyzes 15-year-old computer game addictions increased from 1995 students’ instrumental motivation towards to 2003 but these rates decreased in 2007 in school science learning and its gender some countries; for the current four years, difference, the relationships between Internet addiction rates have quickly increased instrumental motivation and students’ social, in all participating countries except Korea. Male economic and cultural status, and their school students play computer games significantly science academic achievements in nine more than females do, but gender differences in countries (regions): United States, Japan, United using the Internet are very different among the Kingdom, Germany, France, Hong Kong-China, countries; home study conditions are also Macao-China, Chinese Taipei, and China. An positively related to Internet addictions but are international database was used and Student negatively related to computer game addictions Questionnaire of PISA 2006 was answered by the in some countries; the numbers of books in a 15-year-old students. The five indices of student’s homes has similar results as the home instrumental motivation towards school science study condition with two addictions; and in a learning were “help later work”, “learn need general, parents’ levels have negative later”, “useful to me”, “improve my career”, and relationships with the addictions. The results “get a job”. Descriptive methods, figures and also reveal that students being bullied in schools, tables, ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation and hurt by others or made to do things they do not multiple linear regression were used. On want was also related with their addictions. average, 15-year-olds from all the nine countries These two addictions also influence students’ (regions) were more likely to value school learning habits for outside-of-school reading and science as an instrument that could “help later doing homework greatly, but results have large work” and “useful to them” and Chinese differences among the countries. Finally, the students’ instrumental motivation towards relationships between the addictions of school science learning was the strongest. The computer games or Internet and students’ situation of gender differences of instrumental academic achievement, interests, feelings motivation is very different among all the regarding school and expectations for education countries (regions). Parents’ education level are identical: all relationships are negative and influenced the five aspects of students’ almost all of them are significant. In conclusion, instrumental motivation in very different ways computer games and Internet addictions are among all the nine countries (regions), but in have developed quickly in middle and high general, it was positively related to the schools in all countries, and there are many instrumental motivation. Educational resources resulting negative influences on students’ study, such as education software and cultural life, attitudes and activities. It is necessary to possessions such as art works at home both had find effective testing, find preventing methods significant positive effects on students’ and the first step is to analyze current situations instrumental motivation in most countries and related factors, and summarize and develop (regions). However, family wealth such as cars practical experiences for all students in the was a less effective influencing factor on world. students’ instrumental motivation. We also found the index that school science is “useful to Keywords: internet addiction, computer game me” was a good predictor of students’ science addiction, student addiction, video games and achievement in school. In general, instrumental students motivation was very important for 15-year-olds in their school science learning. Since students who believe science is useful to them would be A cross-cultural study of instrumental motivation towards school science more likely to make an effort on learning science learning: Findings from PISA and gain a higher achievement on it we believe that improving students’ instrumental motivation could guarantee students put their LI, Z. (Education College of Shanghai Normal time and attention into learning science, University), LI, Z. (Shanghai Normal University), GU, H. (Shanghai Normal University), YE, R. (Houston transforming it into a genuine interest. Independent School District)

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: student's interest in science, clear cultural difference in aesthetic preference instrumental motivation, science learning, students for traditional Chinese and western paintings might be correlated to culturally different A cross-culture study on aesthetic perceptual habits and social practices in every preference for traditional Chinese and life of the different cultures. western paintings Keywords: cross-cultural, aesthetic preference, BAO, Y. (Peking University), LEI, Q. (Peking Chinese painting, western painting University), FANG, Y. (Peking University), WANG, Y. (Peking University) A cross-level perspective on employee voice: Goal orientation and team Western and Chinese artists have different psychological safety traditions in representing the world in their paintings. While western artists since the DENG, J. (Zhejiang University), WANG, Z. (Zhejiang Renaissance period represent the world with a University) geometric perspective and focus on salient objects in a scene, Chinese artists since before Relevant academic research showed that the mid-nineteenth century continue to apply a employees with specific personality traits are reversed geometric perspective and concentrate more willing to speak up than others and the more on context information in traditional relationship between individual goal orientation, Chinese paintings. The present study aimed to team climate and employee voice with people of find out whether these different ways of Chinese cultural background still remained representation influence the aesthetic unclear. Based on self-motivation and person- preference for traditional Chinese and western situation interactions theories, this study paintings in different cultural groups. Forty-six developed a cross-level model of individual goal Peking University students, of whom half were orientation, team psychological safety and Chinese and half were westerners, participated employee voice, and tried to gain a better in the study. Eighty traditional Chinese paintings understanding about individual behavior and and 80 western paintings were presented context. The sample constituted 27 sale-teams randomly on a computer screen for an aesthetic comprising 201 employees recruited from a evaluation. Both Chinese and western paintings large chemical company in China. Based on included two categories: landscapes and people hierarchical linear modeling, we explored three in a scene, with 40 paintings in each category. All models to test individual-level effects, team- paintings were selected for their culturally level effects, and cross-level interaction effects different ways of representation according to a on employee voice respectively. We also theoretical analysis. Students were asked to computed the proportion of variance in evaluate the beautifulness of each painting by employee voice explained by individual-level pressing a corresponding number key from one factors as well as by team-level factors. The to eight. Number one represented the ugliest results showed that, individual-level, employee painting and number eight - the most beautiful developing orientation and approach orientation painting. Results showed a significant interaction are positively related to employee voice, while between source of painting and cultural group. avoidance orientation is negatively related. In For typically represented Chinese and western team-level, the team psychological safety has paintings, a pattern of aesthetic preference was not only directly impacted on employee voice observed. Chinese students gave higher but also has positively moderating effects aesthetic scores to traditional Chinese paintings between individual approach orientation and than western paintings, and foreign students employee voice — the team’s psychological from western countries tended to give lower safety strengthened the positive relationship aesthetic scores to traditional Chinese paintings between approach orientation and employee than western paintings. These results suggest voice. However, cross-level interaction effects of that the way artists represent the world in their team psychological safety with developing paintings influences how culturally embedded orientation and avoidance orientation were not viewers perceive and appreciate paintings. The significant. From an achievement motivation and

1038 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology person-situation interactions perspective, this Content Model shows that the Civil servants study adds further evidence to explain employee conceive that the obligations they should take voice behavior. Our research extends the for the government are from five aspects: work existing theory of employee voice through responsibility, peer responsibility, underling understanding how the team context may responsibility, public responsibility, and self- interact with individual motivation to affect aware responsibility. The Contract Content individual voice with a cross-level framework. Model also shows that the Civil servants The cross-level interaction hypotheses based on conceive that the obligations the government the theory of situational strength were should take for them are from twelve aspects: supported, and the situation and individual basic insurance, supporting working motivation seemed to play an important role in environment, working payments, rewards upon shaping individual voice behavior, so the performance review, vocational development, substantial implications of this study are as advice adoption, outstanding leader, healthy follows: first, the study highlights that not only networking, value appreciation, social status, job the individual but also the individual in his/her stability, and fairness. The Contract Fulfillment context should be considered. Secondly, the Model shows that Contract Violation does findings of this study show that fostering a safe happen in government. When the violation climate in a team would be an effective way to happens, Civil servants will adjust the encourage employees speaking up. Psychological Contract content and take several behaviors such as to being slack in work for a Keywords: employees, team psychological safety, reply, which can affect an individual’s job individual goal orientation, achievement satisfaction, job stress and the government motivation, person-situation interactions performance and government’s image. From the perspective of Psychological Contract the researcher found Civil servants have a strong will A grounded theory study on civil servants’ psychological contract to take public responsibility, see themselves as representatives of government and have strong obedience. When performing the Psychological YAO, R. (Beijing Normal University), HUAI-BIN, J. Contract, the government department leader, (Sun Yat-Sen University), HONG, Z. (Beijing Normal University) Civil servants’ regime, culture background, and servants’ individual status all become import factors that influence the direction of the whole Civil servants’ mental state can affect not only process. an individual’s job satisfaction and job stress, but also can influence the government performance and government’s image. However, few on- Keywords: civil servants, job satisfaction, job stress, government performance, government image going research studies focusing on it in have been done in China’s academic world. The Civil servants’ mental state is comprehended from A job-demands resources model for the perspective of Psychological Contract in this promoting worker wellbeing: A study. The study intends to explore the content randomised controlled trial of the Civil servants’ Psychological Contract on the one hand, and to explore if Psychological TODD, C. (Flinders University), ROCHE, A. (Flinders Contract Violation happens in government. A University), BOND, M. (Flinders University), PIDD, K. qualitative method is used in this study. The data (Flinders University) were collected by open-ended individual interviews with 33 Civil servants who work for The aim of this study was to determine the the government and were analyzed by using effectiveness of a theoretically-driven online grounded theory. The study establishes two worker wellbeing program for employees in the models to understand Civil servants’ Australian alcohol and other drug (AOD) sector. Psychological Contract, which include the model A randomised controlled trial involving of Civil servants’ Psychological Contract content Australian drug and alcohol sector employees (N and the model of Civil servants’ perceptions of = 243) was conducted. Participants were Psychological Contract fulfillment. The Contract allocated to an intervention group (n = 118)

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology involving five online cognitive behavioural RAYNER, K. (Macquarie University), SCHNIERING, C. sessions or a wait-list control group (n = 125). (Macquarie University), RAPEE, R. (Macquarie Intervention content was tailored to address key University), HUTCHINSON, D. (National Drug and identified AOD work environment demands Alcohol Research Centre) (client, workload and work-life demands). Work engagement (UWES-9), burnout (MBI and CBI), The aim of this research was to examine the role psychological distress (GHQ-12), coping (Brief of perceived peer influence on the development COPE), job satisfaction (MOAQ), and turnover of body image and eating problems in young intention (MOAQ) were assessed pre- and post- adolescent girls over time. Specifically, this intervention and at 12-weeks follow-up. research will investigate (1) whether perceived Preliminary analysis indicated that the online peer influence is longitudinally associated with worker wellbeing program had some beneficial the development of eating problems (restrictive effects. Differences between the intervention dieting or bulimic behaviours), and (2) whether group relative to the control neared significance this relationship is mediated by body on the CBI work burnout subscale at post- dissatisfaction. Participants were 1094 female intervention (intervention: M = 40.52, SD = students from ten girls’ high schools in New 16.41; control: M = 46.34, SD = 16.30, p = .053), South Wales who completed a battery of and reached significance at 12-weeks follow-up questionnaires at three time points, each one- (intervention: M = 37.46, SD = 13.82; control: M year apart (Grades Seven, Eight and Nine). The = 47.15; SD = 16.25, p = .001). However no battery included measures of perceived peer changes attributable to the intervention were influence, body dissatisfaction, bulimic observed at post-intervention or follow-up on behaviours, dietary restraint, body mass index, the MBI burnout scales, work engagement, or and demographic information. Missing data psychological distress. There were no significant were imputed using multiple imputation group differences over time in job satisfaction or methods. A longitudinal mediational model was turnover intention. Attrition, despite being then developed in order to examine the significantly higher in the intervention group relationship between the variables of interest (post-intervention: 42.4%; 12-week follow-up: across the three time points. The collected 57.6%) compared to the control group (post- measures served as indicators for the following intervention: 22.4%; 12-week follow-up: 28.0%), latent variables: perceived peer influence, body was comparable or lower than rates reported for dissatisfaction, dieting and bulimic behaviours. similar online interventions. This study has Preliminary analyses showed that the observed important theoretical and practical variables related to the latent variables as contributions. A Job-Demands Resources model anticipated (that is, the measurement model of burnout and work engagement is provided for was a good fit to the data). A comprehensive the AOD workforce. Additionally, some structural equation modeling approach based on psychological benefits of a tailored cognitive statistical recommendations from the literature behavioural intervention were demonstrated. will be used to examine pathways between the Online psychological interventions are a viable key variables. Final results will be presented at cost-effective strategy to promote the wellbeing the conference. Given that early adolescence is a of employees in high demand/low resource work high risk period for the development of body environments. image and eating problems, and that peers become an increasingly important source of Keywords: worker wellbeing, alcohol and other influence during this time, studying these factors drug sector, work engagement, burnout, job- in concert may provide further insight into how demands resources model the development of body image and eating problems may be interrupted. If perceived peer influence contributes significantly to the A longitudinal investigation of perceived peer influence, body dissatisfaction, and development of body dissatisfaction, and, in eating problems in early adolescent turn, eating problems, then it is important that females the peer environment is addressed in prevention and intervention programs.

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: body image, eating disorders, adolescent provides preliminary evidence of these peer influence, body mass index, body mechanisms of change. Instructions given during dissatisfaction MBSR classes emphasise cultivating curiosity toward the nature of one’s experiences, A longitudinal mediation model of the therefore it is surprising that the Curiosity factor mechanisms of change within a did not change across time. MBSR instruction mindfulness-based stress reduction does not emphasise labeling experiences, program therefore the lack of significant change for the Describe factor is to be expected. Final results DAVIS, K. (Macquarie University), BAILLIE, A. and conclusions will be presented at the (Macquarie University), FOLEY, E. (University of conference. Sydney), CAIRNS, D. (Macquarie University), TAYLOR, A. (Macquarie University), GODDARD, T. Keywords: mindfulness-based stress reduction, (Openground: Training and Consultation) mechanisms of change, quality of life, self- compassion This study aimed to develop a model of the mechanisms by which the cultivation of A means-ends chain analysis of a mindfulness skills leads to improvements in successful implementation of an quality of life. Recent studies have shown information system another outcome of the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program is increased VELLA, S. (University of Wollongong), CAPUTI, P. self-compassion (Shapiro et al., 2005), therefore (University of Wollongong) another aim of this study was to examine the relationship between self-compassion and the development of mindfulness. One hundred and With organisations investing heavily in new sixty-five adult participants in an 8-week MBSR information systems (IS) and a significant program responded to questionnaires at four number of these implementations not time points: before, during and after the course, succeeding, it is fundamental to investigate and 3 months following course completion. factors that contribute to the successful Measures used were: Five Facet Mindfulness implementation of an IS. It is known that Questionnaire (Baer et al., 2006), Toronto employees’ behaviours are pertinent to the Mindfulness Scale (Davis et al., 2009), Self- success of an implementation; however there is Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003), DASS-21 a limited understanding of employees’ (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), SF-12 Health behaviours and how they contribute to the Survey (Ware et al., 1995), and Credibility success of an implementation. It is for this Expectancy Questionnaire (Devilly & Borkovec, reason that this utilising the personal 2000). Preliminary data analysis revealed construct psychology technique of laddering significant increases across time for Observe, Act within a means-end chain analysis framework with Awareness, Nonjudge, Nonreact, Decenter investigates the relationship between and Self-compassion. In addition, there were employees’ perceptions of a successful significant improvements in symptoms of implementation, the related consequences, and anxiety, depression and stress, and increases in values. Three employees of a large Australian physical and mental wellbeing. Curiosity and manufacturing organisation: two females and Describe factors did not change significantly. A one male with a mean age of 46 years model of the mechanisms of mindfulness will be participated in this case study. Laddering is an developed in using a longitudinal mediational in-depth interview that facilitates an model showing pathways between increases in understanding of the relationship between aspects of mindfulness and self-compassion, and certain attributes and the individuals improvements in wellbeing. A number of associations to higher level values. The researchers have highlighted a need for future participants were asked “what for you mindfulness research to determine the constitutes a successful and unsuccessful mechanisms of change (Brown et al., 2007; implementation?” Then laddering begins by Shapiro et al., 2006). This empirical model selecting a set of attributes (one for successful and one for unsuccessful) for the individual and

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology then they are asked which pole they prefer. domains: family, work/occupation and social life. Laddering continues by asking “why is that All participants emphasized the self-regulatory attribute important to you?” This process aspect of social belongingness: “contributing” to continues with the participants responses until it be “supported”. Furthermore, participants is apparent that the participant is having trouble reported feeling “energized” or “drained” responding indicating that the top of the ladder depending on how they perceived their level of has been reached. The laddering responses were social belonging. Belongingness to one group analysed in accordance with Reynolds and could supply energy for operating in others. Gutman’s (1988) means-end chain analysis Senior executives and elite athletes were theory and a hierarchical value map displaying focused on generating sufficient energy for the the relationship between the attributes, work/occupation domain and reported consequences, and values of the aggregate significant situational fluctuations in perceived coded responses was constructed. The results belongingness levels based on their perception indicated that the personal values of altruism of situational performance in high pressure and living to the fullest were associated with environments. In contrast, employees and employees’ perceptions of a successful amateur participants were more concerned with implementation. The results also indicated “work-life-balance”. Proposed is a model of important attributes and consequences perceived social belongingness as a hierarchy of pertaining to the employees that are related to inter-connected small group related energy the success of an implementation. These results reserves providing resources for self-regulation, suggest a need to further expand the critical motivation and effort regarding that specific success factors prominent in the literature to group, other groups within the same domain or include more factors pertaining to “people”, not other domains, and being re-energized by just systems and processes. perceived social belongingness to that specific group. This proposed model furthers our Keywords: information systems, employee understanding of perceived social perceptions, means-ends chain analysis, laddering belongingness, may be useful for the understanding of dysfunctional and self- defeating behavior, and additionally suggests a A model for perceived social theoretical platform for applied interventions belongingness in the context of executive attempting to enhance motivation and business and elite sport: A qualitative study performance in areas such as business and sport.

MUELLER, M. (University of the Sunshine Coast) Keywords: social belongingness in elite sports, executive business, group relationships, situational performance, self-regulation Social belongingness has been referred to as a fundamental human need, and A new framework for understanding research has considered belonging to a small contested policy innovations designed to group as a human survival mechanism. The aim produce behaviour change of this study was to explore constituents of social belongingness and propose a model of perceived social belonging in the context of YOUNG, D. (Cancer Council Victoria), BORLAND, R. (Cancer Council Victoria) executive business and elite sport. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted upon 30 business executives and athletes; both The major determinants of behaviour change lie elite and amateur. The interviews were in the system and environment within which the transcribed and common themes were person is embedded. Reshaping the extracted. Participants did not perceive social environment to facilitate desirable behaviour belongingness in terms of individual patterns is an important area of cultural relationships but instead as small groups, for adaptation. Understanding the way people can example, “parents”, “friends”, “club members”, act to collectively change their environment is “team” or “neighbors”, clustered into three critical to facilitating this process. This paper presents a framework for understanding and

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology supporting such changes. This was an analytical of Person-changing Memories (SAPM), the study applying concepts from Open Systems application of which results in a subjective Theory (OST) and Actor-Network Theory (ANT). manifestation of personal uniqueness, unity and ANT organises the contest for change around integrity. SAPM comprises three stages. At the four processes: mobilising evidence, building first stage, the subject verbally recollects person- alliances, public positioning and institutionalising changing episodes from one’s personal past. the changes. Supporting interviews concerning Each story is recorded by an audio-carrier. To successes and failures in achieving smoke-free achieve the effect of “the internal voice”, we regulations, and any lessons learned for future change the characteristics of frequency for each tobacco control issues, were carried out with record with a sound editor on computer. At the tobacco control experts from Ireland, United second stage, the audio records are imposed States of America, Germany, Australia, Canada, against one other in computer musical editor. As and the United Kingdom. OST was used to a result all stories can be perceived by the construct a model of a Tobacco Use listener simultaneously. SAPM is most efficient Management System with four sub-systems (the when seven to nine stories are imposed for each tobacco industry, forces acting to reduce use, person. At the third stage, the subject listens to regulators, and tobacco users), acting in a the audio record through ear-phones as many broader environment that the System has to times as he or she deems necessary. While adapt with. This highlighted several endemic listening to the record, the subject sits in a problems with the System that it cannot resolve soundproof dark room. Such listening sessions from within. However, ANT proved useful in can be run as a one-time event or regularly. describing how such problems had been Forty-five subjects participated in the study of confronted in the past, and how to address the psychological effect produced by the SAPM future changes to more rapidly reduce tobacco- technique. The majority of the participants related harms. In conclusion, our models of reported experiencing an unusual state of mind population level behaviour change need when listening to SAPM. They reported that rethinking. Such change is a contest of social their experiences included the feeling as if being forces, as well as ideas. While OST offers the out of their body, inner mobilization, time best approach to problem definition, and the transformation and a panoramic representation changes required, it cannot elaborate the kinds of memories pertaining to different ages. We of environmental (especially social) have noticed a significant increase in self- interventions necessary to change the nature of reported personal integrity and a decrease in a system and the behaviour of those within it. A symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and theoretical framework combining analysis of the depression resulting from the SAPM method system, and of the changes required (OST), with application. Losing a feeling of personal a model of how change can be enacted (ANT), continuity through one’s life span is considered produces a comprehensive guide to future to be one of the core symptoms of various action where behaviour change is sought psychological disorders. It is associated with the inability to rely on the resource of a personal Keywords: open systems theory, actor-network past in daily routines and when planning the theory, change processes, tobacco control, future. The essence of the new technique is that population level behaviour change of generating a stereoscopic and momentary overview of the personal past employing memories of turning points in personal A new method of personal integration: Simultaneous audio-presentation of development. The technique may be used in person-changing memories (SAPM) psychotherapeutic counseling as a concise and very efficient treatment procedure. NOURKOVA, V. (Lomonosov Moscow State University), NIKTIN, K. (Lomonosov Moscow State Keywords: simultaneous audio-presentation of University) person-changing memories, feeling of personal continuity, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, lifespan This paper introduces a totally innovative technique of Simultaneous Audio-presentation

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

A positive perception of workload makes workload has beneficial outcomes on us engaged and less burned-out at work: psychological health. In both European countries A cross-cultural study of the role of investigated, a similar process takes place but it positive perception of stressors at work is important to be sensitive to nuances. There may be some additional stress factors that KOZUSZNIK, M. (University of Valencia), influence the level of burnout and work RODRIGUEZ, I. (University of Valencia), CARBONELL, engagement that were not measured in this S. (University of Valencia) study. It is important to emphasise positive work aspects and human strengths, and to teach This study aims to identify the relationship employees how to perceive work in a positive between a positive perception of workload and way to assure healthier work and organisational its outcomes: work engagement and burnout. efficacy. Given that cultural variables influence the investigated aspects (Chiu & Kosinski, 1995; Keywords: workload, burnout, stressors, cross- Bliese & Jex, 2002), a comparative exploratory cultural, work engagement analysis was conducted in two European countries (Spain and Poland). The focus of the A qualitative analysis on clients’ study was placed on the transactional perceptions of problems treated through perspective, the cognitive nature of stressful experiences (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) and the approach (Seligman & AOKI, M. (Japan Women's University) Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). It was proposed that when employees see workload as a challenge rather than a threat, they should be A person seeks therapy when he/she perceives psychologically engaged in their work and less something as a problem. Perceptions of burned-out. The Maslach Burnout Inventory- problems constitute a subjective experience that General Survey (Schaufeli, Leiter, Maslach & differs among people. Treating this sensitive Jackson, 1996), the Well-Being and Work Survey issue in an appropriate manner is vital for – a reduced version of the Utrecht Work administering effective psychotherapy. The Engagement Scale (Schaufeli, Bakker and purpose of this study is to explore clients’ Salanova, 2006); and a scale based on the individual perceptions of problems. A total of Pressure Management Inventory (Williams & nine subjects (three male and six female) Cooper, 1998) were administered to the 751 participated in three-session therapy based on a social care employees who participated in the solution-focused approach. Before and after the study (603 Spanish and 148 Polish). Hierarchical therapy, each subject was asked to describe regression, moderated by country, and ANOVA his/her perception of the problem. The data techniques were applied. The main hypotheses obtained was analyzed through the Modified were confirmed. Work engagement is predicted Grounded Theory Approach (M-GTA), a in both countries by the perception of workload qualitative analysis, to compare pre- and post- as a challenge. Lower work engagement is perceptions and to examine the change in triggered by the perception of workload as a perceptions. Here, we will present only the threat. Burnout diminishes if a person perceives results obtained through the analysis of the pre- their workload as challenging whereas burnout therapy perceptions to discuss how the correlates positively with the perception of problems are perceived by the subjects prior to workload as a threat. Workload perceived as a psychotherapy. The results were: 1. Negative challenge (both in Poland and in Spain) was emotions result from a person’s perception of a related positively to work engagement, and in problem; 2. He/she then begins to consider the Poland this relationship was stronger. Spanish nature of the problem and worries about its employees had a lower level of burnout, a higher possible outcomes; 3. Negative emotions elicit level of work engagement, and perceived various reactions in a person: (a) inability to do workload as a threat more than Polish anything; (b) a tendency to escape from or avoid employees. Perception of stressors is crucial in the problem altogether, which sometimes the process of stress, and positive perception of creates new problems; (c) an attempt to cope

1044 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology with the perceived problem, during which the cravings, subjective power of food, and craving person might worry because things are not going restraint, than waitlist from pre- to immediately well or his/her emotions mediate between hope post-test (p < 0.05). Across collapsed groups, an and despair. It was suggested that the tendency improvement in food cravings and subjective to cope relates to perceived positive factors such power of food after treatment was maintained as support from other people, aims, and at six-months, and a delayed effect was seen for preferences. In conclusion: 1. The results restraint. Although there was a significant showed that an individual’s perceptions of reduction in measures of psychological distress problems are not stable. Instead, they are immediately after treatment (p < 0.05), there dynamic with respect to processes including the was no between group difference and influence of the problems on individuals, their significance was not maintained at six-months. reaction to problems, and perceived support; 2. There was no difference in weight or body mass The perceptions of problems include positive index across all time points, but this may change factors that influence tendencies to cope with with longer treatment programs. EFT can have the problems. Therefore, we should utilize an immediate effect on reducing food cravings, positive factors to support those who suffer results in maintaining reduced cravings over from psychological illnesses; 3. We should also time and, when added to weight loss/dietary provide support in keeping with the mental programs, may result in assisting people to status of the individual, as seen in points (a) to achieve and maintain reduced food cravings. (c). Keywords: food craving, emotional freedom Keywords: perceptions, clients' perceptions of techniques, perceived power of food, craving problems, modified grounded theory approach, restraint, body mass index perceptions, solution-focused approach A sense of field reality that makes a A randomised clinical trial of a meridian- group situation real based intervention for food cravings: Treatment versus waitlist KAKIMOTO, T. (Gunma University)

STAPLETON, P. (Griffith University), SHELDON, T. A new concept to evaluate an experimental (The Lakeside Rooms Robina), PORTER, B. (The situation is developed for the experimental Lakeside Rooms Robina), WHITTY, J. (Griffith University) study of intergroup relations: a sense of field reality. Methodological importance of experimental reality has long been appreciated Food craving was hypothesised to be an for any experimental study, but its theoretical important intervening causal variable in the importance has not been recognized fully for the development of obesity. This randomised, experimental study of intergroup relations. The single-blind, clinical trial tested whether The present study demonstrates that a subjective Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) reduced sense of reality of an experimental situation is food cravings in participants under laboratory- necessary for a group situation to be a “real” controlled conditions. The study involved 96 group situation. In two experiments, two overweight or obese adults who were allocated conditions, with high and low in the subjective to the EFT treatment or the four-week waitlist sense of reality of the situation, were compared condition. The waitlist condition received in terms of theoretically important criteria for a treatment after completion of the test period. “real” (group) situation: participants’ group Degree of food craving, perceived power of identification and “seriousness” about the food, restraint capabilities and psychological situation. First, 47 university students symptoms were assessed pre- and post- a four participated in a simulated international society week EFT treatment program (mixed method (SIMINSOC) game, where the sense of the reality ANOVA comparative analysis), and at six-month of the situation was measured at an “opinion follow-up (repeated measure ANOVA with group poll” in the game, using a scale called the Sense data collapsed). EFT was associated with a of Field Reality (SFR) scale, which has been significantly greater improvement in food developed on the basis of a series of theoretical

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology and empirical studies (e.g. Kakimoto,2005, approach that emphasize the need to draw upon 2006,2008). Second, a revised version of the positive aspects of functioning in order to scale was administered to the 67 respondents in overcome adversity. The purpose of this a university lecture. In the SIMINSOC game, the presentation is to provide an overview of the participants with high in the scale score showed strength-based approach to treatment for significantly more identification with the group children and adolescents that we have applied (“area” in the game), than those with low in the to diverse clinical populations. The overview will score, in two self-reported measures out of focus on both the theory of strength three. The same pattern was also observed in development and descriptions of studies that the remaining measure though statistically have used the strength-based approach in both marginal. The degrees of group identification by educational and mental health settings. The the highs were quite large (means were 4.4~4.6 presentation will provide a theoretical review of in the five point scale) whereas those by the our approach to strength-based treatment for lows were moderate (3.1~3.8). In the children and adolescents. In addition, the author respondents from the university lecture, those will introduce the Strength Assessment with low in the scale sore showed marginally less Inventory, a measure that can be used to assess seriousness about the situation (in the item children's strengths across various domains, and “engaged in this lecture quite seriously”) than describes how this information can be those with high in the score. The results in the integrated into assessments and treatment first experiment clearly showed importance of a planning. There is strong preliminary evidence subjective sense of reality of the situation for an that indicates that a strength-based approach to experimental study of groups. Even in a assessment and treatment provides additional SIMINSOC game, known as a reality provoking information about the client and may be related situation, participants identified with the group to improved outcomes when integrated into only to a moderate degree when a subjective interventions. The strength-based approach sense of reality of the situation was low. This provides a method to engage youths in working may be due to a relative lack of seriousness, towards solving their problems in a collaborative along with other relevant variables, about the manner. The strength-based approach draws on situation among participants with low in the personal strengths and interests and uses these sense of reality, implied by the second to overcome adversity. Our research has experiment. Future research is needed to clarify provided some preliminary evidence for the the factors that create the sense of reality of the efficacy of this approach and future studies will situation. be necessary to further clarify the role of strengths in overcoming psychological problems. Keywords: intergroup relations, experimental reality, group identification, subjective reality, field Keywords: positive psychology, strength-based reality approach, Strength Assessment Inventory, treatment of children and adolescents, children's strengths A strength-based approach to assessment and treatment of children and adolescents A study of burnout among French firefighters RAWANA, E. (Centre of Excellence for Children and Adolescents with Special Needs, Thunder Bay), MARIEN, P. (Université Victor Segalen), AUVERT, L. BRAZEAU, J. (Centre for Excellence for Children and (Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours de Adolescents With Special Needs) la Gironde), PORRAS, J. (Service Départemental d’Incendie et de Secours de la Gironde), MICHEL, G. (Université Victor Segalen) In recent years, a number of researchers have advocated for a more holistic understanding of human development that includes positive Burnout (BO) is an international phenomenon aspects of the individual and their environment. studied but remains largely unexplored among This has been championed by the positive firefighters (Lavillunière et al. 2007; Lourel et al., psychology movement and the strength-based 2008). Most studies have tried to apprehend the

1046 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

BO or through individual characteristics or Keywords: burnout, firefighters, temperament, through the environmental requirements but professional stress, well-being neglecting the relationship that both could maintain. The objective was to investigate A study of implicit knowledge of predictors of BO among French firefighters. Two- creativity in China hundred firefighters mean age of 37.87 years (SD = 10.95) completed: the Temperamental and CHOE, I. S. (Sungkyunkwan University), LEE, H. J. Character Inventory (TCI-56; Rigozzi & Rossier, (Sungkyunkwan University), PYO, J. M. 2005), Survey of Professional Stress adapted to (Sungkyunkwan University), CAO, D. SP (JSS-F, Marien, Auvert & Michel, 2009), the (Sungkyunkwan University) Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI; Dion & Teissier, 1994). After multiple linear regression, The authors investigated the implicit knowledge predictors of symptomatology of BO would of creativity in China. One hundred and twenty mostly be rank and personality patterns (p eight Chinese (63 men and 65 women) < 0.05). Thus, emotional exhaustion was completed open-ended questionnaires on two predicted by demographic characteristics questions. Two questions were as follows: ‘what (marital status (β = .175), rank ( β = .205), years do you think are the characteristics and of service (β = −.189) ) and certain personality behaviors of creative people?’ and ‘Who is the traits such as temperamental pattern most creative people in China?’ The results "Persistence" (β = .195) and character traits showed that, firstly, Chinese people in general "Determination" (β = -.356) and "Cooperation" have positive perception on the concept of (β = -.157). For depersonalization, the predictors creativity. Smart was listed as the most salient are rank (β = -.238), family status (β = .155) and character of creativity. It means that the temperamental pattern "reward counts most in Chinese implicit knowledge of dependence” (β = .213) For the reduction of self- creativity. Other traits such as “positive”, accomplishment, predictors were rank (β = - “daring”, “having lot of ideas”, “kind”, “having .225), the temperamental patterns "novelty lots of knowledge” “original”, “weird”, seeking" (β = -.210), "harm avoidance" (β = - “imaginative”, and “active” were the ten most .196), "reward dependence" (β = .203) and the cited ones. Males and females had almost the trait "Transcendence" (β = .136). Thus, these same implicit knowledge of creativity. But results show both the presence of vulnerability differences were found by generations. New factors but also protective factors that protect generation expressed more negative factors. individuals from BO. These findings are Regarding the second question, particularly interesting because i) they artists/entertainers and politicians were emphasize the importance of differentiating nominated as most creative in the list followed these individuals according to their job by scientists/inventors, businessmen, writers, requirements and by rank; and ii) they focus on philosophers/educators. Artists/entertainers the importance of subjective dimensions in this were nominated mostly by new generation and syndrome. Indeed, according to findings, politicians were nominated mostly by old individuals suffering from these symptoms seem generation. It seems that with the increasing to have particularly high standards. interaction with western countries via Requirements that are too high can have international events such as the Beijing deleterious effects on psychological well-being. Olympics, Chinese people are naturally exposed This results in an imbalance between the to the concept of creativity. expectations of the subject and environmental constraints. This can orient some intervention Keywords: implicit knowledge, creativity, Chinese, approaches that can access the motivational intelligence, Western influence aspect. In this case, the job could be for a redefinition of goals but also on expanding the A study of psychological side-effects of flexibility and skills to both business and abortion on mothers' general health and personal life given the opportunity to respond depression optimally to environmental constraints.

1047 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

BASTEH HOSSEINI, S. (Azad University), KHUSHABI, communication openness between LMX and (University of Rehabilitation and Welfare) organizational justice. All the variables were measured by scales developed in western Due to various side-effects, abortion could put researchers, including the Organizational Justice mothers’ mental and physical health in danger. Scale (Niehoff & Moonman, 1993), These side-effects may occur during the Communication Openness Measure (Rogers, abortion, after the expected time or even during 1987), and LMX Scale (Bhal & Ansari, 1998, the next pregnancy. Among pregnant women 2006). Responses were made on a five-point who referred to health centers in Tehran, we scale ranging from one (strongly disagree) to five randomly ask 30 persons who had induced (strongly agree). This essay proves the abortion and 20 persons who had experienced hypothesis model via regression analysis, and spontaneous (unwilling) abortion and also 30 the results are: LMX-contribution is positively women who experienced their first pregnancy, related to distributive justice; LMX-affect is to participate in this research. After controlling positively related to distributive justice; LMX- for several socio-demographic factors, results contribution is positively related to procedural from the Beck Depression Questionnaire justice; LMX-affect is positively related to indicated the highest range of depression was procedural justice; LMX-contribution is positively among mothers who experienced induced related to interaction justice; and LMX-affect is abortion and then in mothers who had unwilling positively related to interaction justice. In abortion and at last on pregnant women. Also, addition, Communication Openness is positively the General Health Questionnaire showed related to distributive justice, procedural justice, highest rate of general health in pregnant and interaction justice. Communication mothers than in mothers who experienced Openness negatively moderates the relationship induced abortion and the least in mothers who between LMX-affect and distributive justice. had unwilling abortion. In conclusion, the Communication Openness negatively moderates findings showed that the highest rate of the relationship between LMX-contribution and depression and lowest rate of general health procedural justice. Communication Openness occurs among mothers who experienced negatively moderates the relationship between abortion and thus this needs to be considered as LMX-affect and procedural justice. one of main factors that can influence on their Communication Openness negatively moderates recovery. the relationship between LMX-contribution and interaction justice. In this research, we can see that in-group employees have higher Keywords: abortion side-effects, mothers' depression, General Health Questionnaire, organizational justice than out-group ones. This pregnancy reminds us that the improvement of organizational justice is one of the essential ways to decrease negative effect of low quality A study on the relationship between LMX. Our research also shows that leader-member exchange and communication openness has a significant effect organizational justice under the on the relationship between LMX and circumstance of communication organizational justice, so organizations should be openness more open so as to decrease the negative influence of organizational justice resulted from LIU, Y. (Renmin University of China), DING, G. low quality LMX. Communication openness may (Renmin University of China), YAN, S. A. (The release pressure via free expression and improve University of Warwick) productivity by identification with organization goals. Based in Chinese context, this essay explores the relationship between Leader Membership Keywords: leader-member exchange, procedural Exchange (LMX), organizational justice and justice, distributive justice, organisational justice, communication openness. This essay will focus communication openness on the following three variables: communication openness, LMX and organizational justice, and will probe into the moderating effect of

1048 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

A surveillance study for a street crime ABLE mental health screening of young prevention intervention children: Validity and reliability

KOSUGI, K. (Yamaguchi University), OKIBAYASHI, Y. BARBARIN, O. (Tulane University) (Yamaguchi University), FUKUDA, H. (Yamaguchi University) This paper analyzes the psychometric properties of ABLE, a mental health screening tool for In this surveillance study of anxiety about crime young children. The purpose of ABLE is to in one’s daily life - commissioned by the National evaluate the prevalence and severity of concerns Police Agency of Japan in 2004 - street crime, parents and teachers have about children’s especially the ‘bag-snatch’, ranked highly, adjustment to school and to identify children placing just after the ‘break-in’ and the ‘holdup’. who might benefit from early intervention. The Risk perception is defined as the multiplication paper describes the prevalence of language, of a fear by the expectation of the probability of behavior and emotional problems in its occurrence. Kosugi, et al. (2008) revealed representative and large samples of rural and how the risk of the street crime was positioned urban children in the United States of America. among other risks encountered in the course of Parents and teachers and children were life. Although all respondents were students of randomly selected from public pre-kindergarten psychology at various universities, their attitude classrooms in six states (N = 415) and from a to risk differed appreciably depending on their mental health screening of rural and urban sex and their area of habitation. The first children ages 2.5 to 6 (N = 5,577) and they purpose of this study was to create segments completed the ABLE, a two level instrument among respondents with respect to certain consisting of a five-minute screening and categories. The second purpose was to clarify standardised clinical scales assessing Attention, the differences in attitude between the Behavior, Language and Emotions. ABLE scales estimated reaction and the crime prevention had high internal consistencies and strong action of the respondents. The third purpose evidence of construct validity. ABLE identified was to investigate what points of view severe problems in 18.4% of children from respondents had, by asking for their impressions parental reports and in 10.5% from reports of of a photograph of the street where a crime had pre-kindergarten teachers. By kindergarten, the actually taken place. The participants were proportion of children identified by their university students and other people who were teachers with serious problems more than part of the citizens’ anticrime movement. The doubled to 23%. Inattention/over-activity and questionnaire administered contained a scale to behavior problems were identified most often. measure farness to crime, a scale to determine Children identified as having a serious problem usual crime prevention action, and impressions typically had more than one. These children of some street photographs. It was judged that it were 3.4 times more likely to be certified for was appropriate to divide the respondents into special education services by kindergarten than three segments as a result of the latent class children not identified with problems by ABLE. analysis. In addition, correspondence analysis However, fewer than 14% of children in public was conducted based on the photograph × pre-kindergarten identified with serious answer cross-tabulation table, in accordance problems in pre-kindergarten had received the with the latent classes. This analysis clarified needed mental health services by the end of how the view points on the street incidents were kindergarten. ABLE is a brief valid and reliable different in each latent class. By following these tool that can be helpful in screening early onset results, we aim to construct a civic education language, behavioral and emotional problems program to strengthen crime prevention actions. which, when undetected, can present significant challenges to children’s school adjustment. Keywords: street crime, crime prevention, crime Unlike many widely used tests of behavior and education program, risk perception, latent class emotional problems, ABLE does not over- analysis identify poor and ethnic minority children as having adjustment difficulties. Moreover the results of this study provide incontrovertible

1049 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology evidence of the need for preventative mental in parallel systems (Dove, 2009; Barsalou, health services in early childhood and confirm Santos, Simmons & Wilson, 2008, Borghi & the value of ABLE as part of a system of mental Cimatti, 2009) – abstract in the language system health service delivery to young children. and more concrete in the motor system, making the costs of processing within one system the Keywords: mental health screening, early lowest. The advantage of the first concrete word intervention, language, behavior and emotional is probably due to the fact that, when running a problems in children, adjustment difficulties, simulation, abstract words require more time as behaviour problems a consequence of their peculiar acquisition modality. Results confirm embodied theories Abstract and concrete sentences, which assign a crucial role to both sensorimotor embodiment and languages and linguistic experience for abstract words (Barsalou, et al, 2008; Borghi & Cimatti, 2009, submitted). SCOROLLI, C., BINKOFSKI, F. (University of Lübeck), BUCCINO, G. (University of Catanzaro), NICOLETTI, R. (University of Bologna), RIGGIO, L. (University of Keywords: word meanings, sensorimotor system, Parma), BORGHI, A. (University of Bologna) linguistic-social experience, language

One of the main challenges of embodied Accountability can improve support for theories is accounting for meanings of abstract organizational change: Perspective from words. The most common explanation is that interest-relatedness abstract words, like concrete ones, are grounded in the sensorimotor system and activate HUANG, X. (Zhejiang University), WANG, Z. situations and introspection; alternatively, they (Zhejiang University) are explained through metaphoric mapping. However, evidence provided so far pertains to Along with dynamics of outside surroundings specific domains. To be able to account for and updating of an organization, research on abstract words in their variety it could be organizational change has become a hot topic in necessary to take into account not only the fact the field of strategic management, which can that language is grounded in the sensorimotor determine the existence and development of system, but also that language represents a organization. However, employees always resist linguistic-social experience. Cross-linguistic organizational change. Studies showed comparisons is a promising way to investigate employees’ participation in change can make the role played by the linguistic experience. We employees support change. It is true that examined different combinations of a transitive employees’ participation of change can bring verb and a concept noun, both abstract and many benefits for development of organization, concrete, focusing on two syntactically different but negative effects are also obvious. Some languages: German and Italian. Thirty-eight researchers indicated accountability can solve students of the University of Hamburg and 38 the problem. Based on the social contingency students of the University of Bologna were model, the accountability effect and its required to judge the sensibility of 192 word psychological mechanism under organizational pairs, selected based on familiarity and change were explored. With undergraduates as probability of use. Compatible combinations subjects and change of university’s mental (Concrete Verb plus Concrete Noun; Abstract health education as experimental materials, two Verb plus Abstract Noun) were processed faster experiments were conducted. In Experiment than mixed combinations (Concrete Verb plus One, 161 subjects including 97 psychological Abstract Noun; Abstract Verb plus Concrete committee members were divided into four Noun). Moreover, with mixed combinations, groups using a between-subject design, which when the concrete word preceded the abstract had accountability and interest-relatedness as one, participants were faster, regardless of the independent variables and support for change as specific grammatical class and the spoken dependent variable. In Experiment Two, with language. The first result is in line with the idea accountability and change agents as that abstract and concrete words are processed independent variables and support for change as

1050 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology dependent variable, 124 psychological their supervisor (or colleague or subordinate) committee members were divided into four had donated 500RMB for either a fire in their groups under between-subject design. hometown or an earthquake in Italy, and then Experiment one showed that subjects with low were required to make a decision about how interest-relatedness supported change to a much money they wanted to donate. The key significantly higher extent than ones with high findings were that when given the information interest-relatedness; and accountable subjects about how much one’s supervisor, colleague or supported change to a significantly higher extent subordinate had donated, the participants than unaccountable subjects under high decided to donate less money than their interest-relatedness, but there were no colleagues, reflecting selfishness across the significant differences under low interest- individual (Study 1), and participants were relatedness. Experiment Two revealed no willing to donate more money for natives than significant interaction between accountability for foreigners, reflecting selfishness across race and change agents on support for change. It is (Study 2). We didn’t find any interaction effect concluded that the social contingency model between position and money (Study 1) or should adds a contingent factor — interest- position and race (Study 2). Overall, when relatedness between context and accountable people do a pro-social behavior such as entity, and the mechanism of attitude shifting donation, they also show a piece of selfishness, under accountability was cognitive alignment. for the sake of themselves or their own race.

Keywords: organisational change, employees, Keywords: selfishness, donation behaviours, pro- accountability, change agents, interest-relatedness social behaviour, selfishness in donation

Accounting selfishness in donation? Adapting languages tests from analytical From the perspective of evolutionism languages such as English into an agglutinative tonal language of the Bantu WEI, W. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking family: Rasch modeling results University), LI, C. (Peking University) KOCH, E. (University of the Western Cape and Generally speaking, donation is considered to be Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University) an altruistic behavior. However, some researchers argue that there may also be a part This paper will present and discuss the Rasch of selfishness in donation. The present paper modeling results of the Verbal Analogies and aimed to give evidence to support the idea that Letter Word Identification subscales of the people show selfishness in donation through Woodcock Munoz Language Survey that were two empirical studies. Study One aimed to find adapted into an indigenous South African the selfishness across individuals and Study Two language, Xhosa. The data were collected using a aimed to find the selfishness across race. In monolingual two group design (English n = 186; Study One, participants (n = 879) were randomly Xhosa n = 189, grade six and seven South African assigned to one of six conditions in a 3 (position: learners). Rasch modeling was deemed fit for supervisor, colleague or subordinate) × 2 the analysis because of the need to derive (money: 100 Renminbi (RMB) or 500RMB) sample and test-free item and person estimates between-participants design. Participants were for the comparison of the two language versions told that their supervisor (or colleague or of the test. The results of the English and Xhosa subordinate) had donated either 100RMB or versions of the subscales will be presented. The 500RMB for earthquake relief in China, and then results will include the results of a Differential they were required to make a decision about Item Functioning (DIF) analysis. Evidence of how much money they wanted to donate. In scalar equivalence across the two language Study Two, participants (n = 246) were randomly versions exists. The challenges of adapting assigned to one of six conditions in a 3 (position: language tests from analytical languages such as supervisor, colleague or subordinate) × 2 (race of English into Xhosa as an example of an donation target: native or foreigner) between- agglutinative tonal language of the Bantu family, participants design. Participants were told that and the strategies that were followed in

1051 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology adapting the subscales will be briefly presented. them perceived school as a place “designed to The linguistic differences between the two getting knowledge”, and one which “doesn’t languages and a theoretical understanding of dispose you to be creative”. There was no the development of verbal reasoning and letter correlation found between TTCT scores and self- word identification in reading, across the two assessed creative giftedness. Adolescents’ languages and language groups, will be used as a creative giftedness self-assessment differed framework for the interpretation of the from its assessment by teachers, while scholars psychometric results. The implications of these and teachers did not view creativity in the same results for the adaptation of tests from English way. Actual adolescent creativity level is related to indigenous African languages will be to its implicit theories and subjective value (to discussed. participants’ value orientations, in a more general context). Some gender differences in Keywords: Rasch modeling, adapting language these relations were found. Creativity value is tests, verbal reasoning, letter word identification, probably underrated due to expected high social language surveys risk and insufficient knowledge of a real demand for it. Test-measured creativity level, a self- assessed one, and those assessed by teacher, do Adolescent creativity and its subjective representations not match. This is apparently because corresponding creativity conceptions vary resulting in use of different creativity criteria. BABAEVA, J. (Lomonosov MSU), SABADOSH, P. (Lomonosov MSU) Keywords: adolescent creativity, creative giftedness The aim of this study was to find interrelations of adolescents’ creativity, their opinions about Advantageous social inequity for its nature and value, and its self-assessment. sustainable social motivation: Possible Russian scholars aged 13-15 years of both sexes consequences for service organizations completed the adapted Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) and Torrance Test of Creative Thinking SINHA, A. (Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur) (TTCT). Scholars and their teachers were questioned about their implicit theories of This study attempted to understand the creativity: is it inborn or can be nurtured, and relevance of “Advantageous social inequity” for what creative work is. Adolescents self-assessed sustained effectiveness in service organizations. their creativity level and giftedness in various The equity theory of motivation takes the domains; teachers also assessed scholars. Total position that individuals tend to compare their number of participants was approximately 250. job inputs and outcomes with those of relevant Significant correlations (Spearman’s r) were others, and this comparison might result in found between TTCT originality scores and RVS consequences that could affect quantity and ratings: Creativity (r = 0.31), Active life (r = – quality of organizationally relevant outcomes. 0.40), and (in the female sample) Family life (r = Under the backdrop of Indian culture and some 0.47). Implicit theory of creativity nurturance cherished values, the need for affiliation and also significantly correlated with TTCT originality (higher level) recognition, experimental evidence (r = 0.60) and (in the female sample) Flexibility was obtained on under-graduate student scores (r = 0.55). In the male sample implicit samples, and also on some real life working theory of creativity nurturance correlated with individuals in service organizations (banks). The Development (r = 0.43), self-assessed creativity data showed that, apart from material gains, level correlated with the RVS ratings of Wisdom there could be other gains for which the (r = 0.46) and Inner harmony (r = –0.54). phenomenon of equity motivation needs to be Creativity took a relatively low average place in understood, and that a perception of over- RVS rates, while creative work is thought of as reward (called advantageous inequity) might be essentially artistic, not scientific, technical nor related to a behavior pattern that is conducive social. Adolescents often consider truly creative to the satisfied existence of the person and behaviour as a risky one, vulnerable to criticism quality contribution to the lives of the relevant and inducing social disapproval; a number of

1052 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology others. Further, such “advantageous inequity” the psychotherapeutic process that unintended may contribute to a heritage of sustained harm should be addressed with the client and effective behaviour for others to follow and that this is a usual part of psychotherapy. The perpetuate. The results were discussed and an process is also thought to be therapeutically elementary theoretical framework of beneficial for the client. Clinical advantageous social inequity based model of perceive that adverse events occur in sustainable effective behavior in service psychotherapy as a result of their practices. organizations proposed. They rely on the therapeutic process as a mechanism to work through unintended harm Keywords: advantageous inequity, service with their clients as soon as it is possible to do so organizations, motivation, sustainable effective in therapy. The process is still highly behaviour, Indian culture individualistic, and guidelines to improve consistency to ensure that adverse events do not go undetected and harm the client should Adverse events in psychotherapy prove to be useful.

MUNRO, B. (Edith Cowan University) Keywords: adverse events, psychotherapy, open disclosure, clinical psychologists, Australian Since April 2008 health practitioners, including psychologists psychologists, working in health care facilities have to implement the National Open Disclosure Affective responses, emotional Standard. Clinical psychologists working in intelligence and examination health care facilities, both private and public, performance of university therefore have to disclose adverse events to undergraduates their clients. The Standard defines an adverse event as an incident that results in unintended HULME, R. (University of Southern Queensland), harm to a person receiving health care. Whilst TERRY, P. (University of Southern Queensland), the Standard is basically a restatement of the REVIEWS 2, ICAP (Brief Oral Presentation) ethical principles of veracity and autonomy, the practical implication of it for psychologists is not clear and it is important that guidance should be The aim of the research was to examine the link given to local psychologists in this regard. There between emotional intelligence abilities, is currently no Australian literature on the topic psychological distress levels and mood states and overseas research is dated and based mainly among university undergraduates over the on anecdotal case study analysis. There is duration of a semester of study. The research therefore a need to determine how Australian also focused on the ability to predict student clinical psychologists perceive adverse events in exam performance utilising the constructs of psychotherapy, when they believe they should emotional intelligence, psychological distress disclose such events, and how they would and mood. This was accomplished through two disclose such events if they choose to. The related studies, both involving data collected participants were psychologists eligible for from first year students. A sample of 218 membership of the APS College of Clinical undergraduate students from an Australian Psychologists. Working within a university completed the Trait Meta Mood Scale phenomenological framework, semi-structured (TMMS) to establish their emotional intelligence interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis abilities. They then completed the Brunel Mood was used to uncover dominant themes. Four Scale (BRUMS) and the Depression, Anxiety and dominant themes were identified. The first is Stress Scale (DASS-21) on three occasions during that unintended harm is perceived to occur as a a university semester to monitor affective result of lapses in clinical technique. The second responses. Examination performance at the end dominant theme is that unintended harm in of semester was recorded. Emotional psychotherapy is unavoidable. The third theme intelligence was found to influence affective is that adverse events should always be responses, showing a stronger influence on disclosed. A final theme is that it is inherent in psychological distress than mood states. However, clarity, a component of emotional

1053 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology intelligence, was more closely related to mood been that groups separate themselves from each states than psychological distress. Of the other and avoid contact whenever possible. In psychological distress variables, stress scores identity-based conflicts, one of the core showed the strongest influence on mood elements that contributes to the entrenchment responses. Psychological distress and mood and polarization impeding reconciliation is the responses both predicted examination manifestation of a zero-sum perception of performance whereas emotional intelligence did identity on the part of social groups - parties not. High emotional intelligence among students often feel that the very survival of their own is conducive to a more pleasant and less group or identity is inextricably tied up with the distressing university experience but does not negation of the other – that the two literally appear to benefit examination performance. cannot co-exist. Reconciliation work is deeply Further, negative affective responses are not rooted around issues of identity and the necessarily an indication that students will emergence of new identities developed through underperform academically. Indeed high the process. negative affect during the beginning of semester and mid-semester is an indicator of success in Keywords: reconciliation, African Diaspora end of semester examinations. It appears to be populations, resettlement issues, peacemaking important that negative affect abates during the processes, African refugees period from mid-semester to the end of semester. Rising negative affect from mid- Age differences in work motives semester to end of semester may be an indication that a student is facing difficulties and could potentially fail their examinations. YEUNG, D. (City University of Hong Kong), FUNG, H. (The Chinese University of Hong Kong), CHAN, D. (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) Keywords: emotional intelligence, psychological distress, mood states, exam performance With an increasing number of older employees in the workforce, there is an increasing need to African Diaspora Dialogue Project investigate whether older workers differ from their younger counterparts in work motives. This TINT, B. (Portland State University) study examined whether there were age differences in work motives and their impacts on This paper explores dialogue and reconciliation job performance. The sample consisted of 295 work designed specifically for African Diaspora Chinese employees aged between 23 and 60 populations in the U.S., specifically, those from years. Among them, over 60% were managers Somalia and the Great Lakes Region of Burundi, and the remaining were professionals; and 57% Congo and Rwanda. The paper will explore of them were male. They were invited to fill in a culturally coherent models of dialogue and set of questionnaires on work motives and job reconciliation that incorporate historical issues, performance. Preliminary results showed that current resettlement issues and the integration as compared with younger workers, older of traditional peacemaking processes. A capacity workers reported a higher level of intrinsic building framework where participants become motivation {t(293) = -3.11, p <.01} but less trained in facilitating conversations with their internally imposed motivation {t(293) = 2.24, p own communities was adopted. Coming from an <.05}. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated ethnically diverse continent with a long that the positive relationship between intrinsic of conflict based in colonialism, tribalism, and motivation and job performance was stronger religious differences, newly arrived African among older workers than among younger refugees carry these tensions into the U.S. These workers (age by intrinsic motivation interaction, identity-based conflicts are fuelled by the β = 1.479, p <.001). The present study reveals traumas facing refugee populations and the age differences in work motives. In particular, challenges of transition and resettlement, older workers tend to have higher level of making successful integration extremely difficult. intrinsic motivation than their younger The result of the challenges just described has counterparts. The positive impact of intrinsic motivation on work was found to be stronger

1054 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology among older employees than among younger athletes engaging in combat sports that could be employees. These findings provide significant overlooked if only one of these procedures was implications to employers to understand work used. Guidelines in training of boxing and martial motivation and job performance of older arts might be responsible for some of the workers. findings.

Keywords: work motives, age differences, older Keywords: aggression, combat sports, sport employees, job performance, ageing workforce psychology, competitive sports, martial arts

Aggressive tendencies assessed through Alcohol expectancies and self-efficacy a stroop-like discrimination task among beliefs predict drinking in young combat elite juvenile athletes adolescents: A prospective study

HERNANDEZ-POZO, R. (UNAM, National CONNOR, J. (The University of Queensland), Autonomous University of Mexico), OLIVA, J. GEORGE, S. (The University of Queensland), GULLO, (Sports National Comission), HERNANDEZ-POZO, R. M. (The University of Queensland), KELLY, A. (The (National Autonomous University of Mexico) University of Queensland), YOUNG, R. (Queensland University of Technology) This study was designed to assess whether athletes engaging in combat sports have Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1969; 1977) increased probability of aggression, compared to has been effectively applied to substance use people not involved in competitive sports. disorders (Bandura, 1999). According to this Juvenile elite athletes (N = 30; 12 to 18 years theory, the acquisition and maintenance of old) trained in one of five disciplines (boxing, dysfunctional human behaviours derive from Olympic wrestling, judo, karate, and tae-kwon- two related but independently operating do) participated in the study, along with a expectations, outcome expectancies and self- control group of sedentary boys from the same efficacy expectancies. Alcohol expectancies and age group. Proneness to aggressive behavior was drinking refusal-self-efficacy beliefs are learnt at measured by three methods: verbal, behavioral a very early age, often before drinking and physiological. A 28-item modified version of commences. Few early adolescent studies have Spielberger’s STAXI-2 self-report for anger was prospectively examined both constructs to used, validated for Spanish speakers. Behavioral assess their impact on problem drinking. One bias for anger was measured through a hundred and ninety-two year nine students computerized emotional Stroop task, using (Mean age = 13.8 years, SD = .51) were aggressive and neutral word stimuli (matched administered the Drinking Expectancy for word length and lexical probability) derived Questionnaire - Adolescent Version (Oei, et al. from a data base of words used in the sports’ 2009) and the Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy jargon and presented in six different colors. Questionnaire (Young, et al., 2007), as well as Physiological reactivity to the computerized task measures of quantity and frequency of alcohol was also monitored. Behavioral and consumption, and harmful alcohol usage physiological measures were recorded before (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; and after a 90” video clip of a professional fight Saunders, et al., 1993). Students were tracked from the athlete’s discipline. Expression of for 12 months, with a follow-up rate of 88.5%. internal aggression increased with age. Martial Data were analysed using structural equation art practitioners (judo, karate and tae-kwon-do) modeling (SEM). As expected, lower drinking showed higher interference for neutral thematic refusal self-efficacy predicted more problematic words than the rest of the athletes. Boxers drinking, after controlling for baseline alcohol exhibited a higher level of self-reported use. Similarly, higher alcohol expectancies were aggression than other sportsmen. Internal associated with significantly lower self-efficacy control of anger varied with behavioral scores on and higher alcohol use. However, the effect of the Stroop test and with physiological reactivity. alcohol expectancies on future drinking was fully The use of three indexes to measure proneness mediated by its strong negative association with to aggression highlights small differences among self-efficacy, suggesting a more indirect role for

1055 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology this cognitive construct. Previous research that staff training and supervision, provision of has only included alcohol expectancies in their computer and support resources, and the clinical designs may have overestimated the role of this utility of the Mental Health Inventory itself. An construct. Consistent with Social Learning evidence-based understanding of why consumer Theory, the pattern of results from the current participation rates remain low is essential so study suggests drinking refusal self-efficacy may that appropriate changes in current mental act as a “gatekeeper”, mediating the influence of health service delivery, staff training, test other risk factors. development and organisational support can occur that will improve the quality of health care Keywords: social learning theory, alcohol use, provided to mental health consumers and their adolescence, self-efficacy, expectancies families.

'Am I meant to have seen that?' Why are Keywords: consumer participation, outcomes consumer participation rates in mental measurement, organisational factors, instrumental health so low? factors

SCARCIA, M. (Queensland Health) An analysis of research trends on career and vocational counseling in South Korea The introduction of standardised outcomes measurement in mental health services has been YI, J. (Seoul National University), KIM, K. H. (Seoul National University), JO, H. (Seoul National an important recent development in Australia. University) However, consumer participation rates remain low, regardless of the brevity of the measurement tool used. In Queensland, the 36- The purpose of this study was to provide item Mental Health Inventory (Viet & Ware, information about the research trends and 1973) is the self-report measure used for topics in career and vocational counseling in consumer participation. Despite its use being South Korea and to compare the Korean trends mandatory, the statewide average consumer to those in the United States of America. participation rate remains around 16-19 per Publications in two major journals were cent. The rate varies widely across the state and analysed, the Korean Journal of Counseling (KJC, within health service districts and their 90 papers) and the Korean Journal of Counseling individual teams. Given the importance of and Psychotherapy (KJCP, 63 papers). The papers consumer input into individual care, and into were classified in terms of the fifteen categories mental health service delivery, these figures developed by Fitzgerald and Rounds (1989) and remain disappointingly low. This research sought this classification was compared to the analysis to examine the complex interplay of performed by Loveland, Buboltz, Schwartz, and organisational and instrument factors Gilbson (2006). In addition, issues such as contributing to ongoing low usage rates. research methodology were examined. The main Queensland Health staff from mental health samples were college students (46.4%), high services completed a series of questionnaires school students (15.6%), and adults (15.6%). The designed to examine their knowledge, skills and number of articles within the special field of attitudes towards factors predicted to career and vocational counseling has increased contribute to low consumer participation rates. since 2000, but the proportion of career and These included personal factors such as vocational counseling research amongst the knowledge of professional and ethical practices “total” counseling research remained stable at in psychological test usage, personal experience 10~20%. In most of the studies analyzed, of psychological assessment, computer literacy assessment tools related to career decision skills, and attitudes towards mental health making, career development, interests and consumers. Organisational factors were also aptitudes were applied and the quantitative data examined including management attitudes were analyzed with inferential statistics. towards psychological assessment, consumer Qualitative research methods were seldom participation, the need for initial and ongoing applied in the field. The principal topics of career and vocational counseling research were

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‘vocational choice’, ‘decision-making process’, distributed practice conditions. For the discrete ‘career development’, ‘career development skill, there were no significant differences interventions’, and ‘assessment of vocational between the massed and distributed practice behavior’. These five categories accounted for conditions during practice, immediate retention, 88.0% of the papers analyzed. In the US study, or delayed retention. From the current results, the order appeared to be different: career distributed practice leads to better practice development, women’s careers, multicultural performance of the continuous sport skill; career counseling and programs. however, this did not result in better long-term learning. For the discrete skill, no differences Keywords: vocational training, career counselling, were evident between the massed and cross-cultural comparison, career decision-making, distributed practice conditions for performance career development or learning. We would argue, then, that massed practice is as effective as distributed practice for learning a continuous and discrete sport skill. For An applied study of massed and distributed practice trials in the learning applied sport settings, massing practice trials of a discrete and continuous soccer skill may be more effective than distributing trials because more trials can be completed in a shorter time period. The findings have MCNEIL, D. (University of Ballarat), SPITTLE, M. application in the design of practice schedules (Deakin University), MESAGNO, C. (University of Ballarat) for sport specific skills, which will be discussed.

The distribution of practice trials has an Keywords: sports skills, sport, massed practice versus distributed practice, long-term learning, important application in skill learning. Research practice performance has primarily focused on continuous motor skills with results indicating that distributed practice leads to better performance and learning than An empirical study of the characteristics massed practice. The limited research on of salsa dancers and the impact on discrete skills has indicated that massed practice mental health and job stress is more effective than distributed practice. Researchers, however, have not directly LIU, X. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking compared skills from one sport and have only University) used simple motor tasks rather than sports specific skills. Therefore, this study aimed to The aim of this study is to examine the compare massed and distributed practice on the characteristics of Chinese SALSA dancers, and to learning of a discrete or a continuous sport skill. conduct empirical studies on the impact of The participants (N = 155, Mage = 19.69, SD = SALSA dancing on individual emotion and job 1.76) practiced a discrete (passing) or stress. Online surveys and interviews were continuous (dribbling) soccer skill in either a conducted to develop the item pool of the massed (one second inter-trial interval) or hobby characteristics of SALSA dancers, and distributed practice condition (inter-trial interval then, exploratory factor analysis was employed of 30 seconds). Participants completed 20 based on a pretest of 116 participants, which practice trials, five immediate retention trials yielded the final version of the questionnaire. (after ten minutes), and five delayed retention Confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and trials (after two weeks). Preliminary analysis of validity tests were adopted on 257 participants. the continuous skill indicated a skill We compared SALSA dancers and 30 participants improvement across the practice trials, with involved in other sports in terms of PANAS, greater performance changes for the distributed subjective well-being and work stress, and than the massed practice condition. This measured the pre-and post-effect of SALSA difference was sustained throughout the learning. Results showed that Chinese dancers immediate retention, with higher practice dance SALSA for four reasons, self presentation, performance for the distributed than the massed self promotion, social restoration and easiness practice condition. At delayed retention, there to learn. The subscales and the overall scale was no difference between massed and displayed acceptable reliability, validity and

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology fitness to data. Different hobby characteristics responded to the mailed questionnaires were correlated differentially with Big-Five anonymously when they were on duty, with an factors; self presentation was positively related 87% response rate. All of the workers were male with positive affectivity and subjective well- and age ranged from 20 to 50 years old. They being; those who scored high in self needed to stay and work at the platform on the presentation had the highest levels of passion sea for 28 days in a session. Psychological capital for dancing, followed by self promotion, and questionnaire (PCQ), designed by Luthans, easiness to learn; social restoration was not Youssef and Avolio (2007) and job performance correlated with passion for SALSA dance; self measures, defined by Borman and Motowildlo, promotion was negatively correlated with were mailed to the workers and their education, and positively with dancing supervisors respectively. The workers’ frequency. When frequency was controlled for, demographic variables were controlled in the SALSA dancers of different lengths of time statistical analysis. The results indicate that (1) displayed a higher level of positive affectivity Workers’ psychological capital significantly than participants engaged in other exercises. correlated with their task performance and Long-term SALSA dancing (three-and-a-half engagement rated by their supervisor weeks）significantly promoted positive respectively (r = 0.21 and r = .27). (2) The affectivity and lowered participants’ negative correlations between the Hope factor in PCQ affectivity and job stress, while short-term SALSA with task performance, engagement and dancing（one-and-a-half hours) significantly satisfaction were higher than the correlation of lowered participants’ negative affectivity and three other factors correspondingly. (3) The promoted positive affectivity other than job relationship between psychological capital and stress. The conclusion is that Chinese dancers task performance was mediated by engagement. dance SALSA for self presentation, self Two main conclusions were made in this study. promotion, social restoration and easiness to First, psychological capital is a useful and valid learn, and SALSA dancing can positively promote construct and can be used in predicting job mental health and relieve job stress. The performance in the extreme work environment. practical implication of the findings and Second, Hope plays a much important role when directions for future research were discussed. workers face a challenging job.

Keywords: salsa dancing, job stress, self promotion, Keywords: psychological capital, human resources, well-being, social restoration job-related outcomes, job performance, task engagement and satisfaction An examination of the relationship between psychological capital and An exploration of individual differences performance in Chinese offshore oil involved in susceptibility to false workers memories

YAN, G. (Beijing Normal University), YUE, G. A. MONDS, L. (University of Sydney) (Nankai University), LU, X. (China National Offshore Oil Company) Individuals with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may be more susceptible to developing Psychological capital, a new construct coined by false memories, compared to those without the positive psychologists in the last decade, plays a disorder. The aim of this study is to examine trait more and more important role in domain of dissociation and underlying cognitive biases Human Resource Management and is credited to related to threat, as vulnerability factors in the be a key for the talent war in the worldwide. The development of false memories for neutral and present study aims to investigate the trauma-related words in a non-clinical relationship between psychological capital and population. Eighty-five undergraduate students job-related outcomes, such as task performance, completed the Deese-Roediger-McDermott engagement and satisfaction. Two-hundred and (DRM) task for neutral and trauma-related word sixty two offshore oil workers and their lists. The DRM is a common supervisor from seven platforms in China procedure where participants are instructed to

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology remember semantically related word-lists and of emotion expression is suitable for different upon recall often produce a critical lure – a word kind of defensive IM tactics, for example, that wasn’t originally presented but is strongly regretful – apology; and (2) Observation: we related to the studied words. Following this, request those interviewees who have applied for participants filled out the questionnaires of a job vacancy as actors. We provide them with interest (Dissociative Experiences Scale- the (verbal) scripts of each kind of defensive IM Comparative, Looming Maladaptive Style tactics, and ask the actors to perform them with Questionnaire-Revised, Post Traumatic non-verbal behaviors. The presentation would Cognitions Inventory, Beck Depression be recorded as video tapes, then the researchers Inventory-II), and a word recognition task. The serve as coders to code non-verbal behaviors. cognitive bias and dissociation scales were all Non-verbal behaviors were categorized as four significantly correlated to the reporting of types in past research: (1) tone, (2) head / face, critical lures in either the free-recall or (3) hand, and (4) body. This categorization is the recognition conditions. Regression analyses also base for coding, and those behaviors coded from supported these findings, whereby those the video tapes can be classified. Finally, the participants scoring high on dissociation, complete non-behavioral content lists come out. depression or post-traumatic cognitions were In past research, the common measure of more likely to report trauma-related critical lures assertive IM tactics is “frequency” and that of in the free-recall condition; whereas the looming defensive IM tactics is “to use or not to use”; cognitive style was related to traumatic lure both are measures of “quantity of IM.” recognition. Cognitive biases related to threat According to the present study, the suitability of and trait dissociation may be predisposing non-verbal behaviors can be viewed as “quality factors that make an individual more susceptible of IM.” This work intends to contribute to the to taking on false memories in traumatic literature by bringing up the collocation of verbal situations. This study has important implications and non-verbal IM. regarding the development of PTSD, as well as situations involving co-witness discussion and Keywords: impression management, non-verbal eyewitness testimony. behaviours, defensiveness, assertiveness, eye contact Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, false memories, dissociation, depression, eyewitness An exploration of the relationship accounts between spirituality and resilience in the context of general well-being An exploration of nonverbal behaviors collocated with applicant defensive DATTA, P. (Delhi University), TOMAR, P. (Delhi impression management tactics University), SAHAI, N. (Delhi University), MISRA, G. (Delhi University) WU, C. Y. (Tung-Hai University), HUANG, K. (Tung- Hai University), SHE, P. Y. (Tung-Hai University) With the aim to ascertain what accounts for good adaptation under difficult circumstances, Verbal self-presentation tactics comprise the this exploratory study examines the correlation central part of impression management (IM), between spirituality and resilience in the context separated as assertive IM and defensive IM. of general well-being. Thirty participants (15 When it comes to non-verbal behaviors males and 15 females) in the age range of 21 to collocated with verbal IM, only positive 28 years were administered The Cognitive behaviors have been defined, such as eye Behavioural Spirituality Scale (Niederman, 1999), contact and smile. However, those are not The Resilience Scale (Wagnild & Young, H., 1993) suitable for defensive IM tactics. This current and the General Well-Being Schedule (Dupuy, study is to clarify the content of non-verbal 1977). These were followed by an extensive behaviors specific to defensive IM tactics. The semi-structured interview. The data obtained method involved: (1) An interview: we ask those was analyzed using both qualitative and interviewers who have had employment quantitative measures. The quantitative analysis interview experiences, to understand what kind revealed a significant correlation between

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology resilience and general well-being, between authors’ practices (Australia and Canada) and a spirituality and resilience in females, and snowball sample of participants recruited from between spirituality and general well-being in bullying websites and word of mouth. males. The qualitative analysis of the narratives Participants were interviewed via three methods revealed a complex matrix of influences that (face to face, telephone, or Skype) to determine helped shape the individual’s subjective the presence and severity of WB. Subsequently, understanding of spirituality, diverse we mailed or administered the measures which descriptions of how individuals understood and included the screening measures from Australian observed spirituality, and varied coping Guidelines for the Treatment of Adults with strategies used in times of adversity. Based on Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress the findings, a model is proposed of the Disorder (2007), the DSM IV, additional relationship between spirituality, resilience and questions probing the relevance and salience of general well-being, where spirituality is one of PTSD symptoms, and the Brief Symptoms the coping mechanisms used to augment Inventory (Derogatis, 1993). We hypothesize resilience and general well-being. The results that participants will report levels of distress on have applications in positive psychology and the BSI above norms on the majority of scales. . We also hypothesize that scores on the obsessive compulsive, paranoia, and Keywords: well-being, spirituality, resilience, coping psychoticism scales will be particularly elevated strategies, positive psychology as well as common physical symptoms. We hypothesize that those with elevated distress will meet the criterion for PTSD. There is An exploration of workplace bullying sufficient evidence to warrant further research trauma symptom patterns into WBT to assist treating practitioner, validate victims, and assist employers and insurance FIELD, E. (Evelyn M. Field Pty Ltd), FERRIS, P. companies to provide effective support. (Calgary Psychology Group Inc/Janus Associates)

Keywords: workplace bullying, psychological The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder those experiencing workplace bullying (WB) develop psychological trauma that with the exception of Criterion A, meets the diagnostic An exploratory study of demographic criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and service determinants of mediation outcomes in Australian family dispute as defined by DSM-IV. We also examine whether resolution (FDR) practice a particular pattern of symptoms within PTSD defines workplace bullying trauma (WBT), as treating therapists agree that victims are not O'MARA, A. (Relationships Australia Queensland) only seriously injured but their symptoms present differently to other victims. Although This study explored Family Dispute Resolution some mental health professionals believe that Practice within the Family Relationship Centre that a diagnosis of PTSD is appropriate for context in Australia by mining archival data. The victims of WB, many disregard the victim’s study investigated the degree to which it is experience. They do not believe that WB bullying possible to evaluate outcomes of successful meets the DMS-IV Criterion A definition of mediation by exploring associations among experiencing or witnessing a physically life variables such as age, gender, incomes level, threatening event. Thus they do not recognize it occupation, service context, the presence of as an appropriate diagnosis in medico-legal domestic or family violence, and outcomes in systems. As a result, these systems lag behind relation to agreements or certifications. The the practice of treating WB and result in impact of post-separation conflict on children inappropriate diagnoses, treatment, and loss of has received much attention of late and as such coverage through workplace insurance programs has been the catalyst for change within the for targets. We derived participants Judiciary/Government (McIntosh, 2004). Family (approximately 30 from each country) from Dispute Resolution (mediation) is now a cases presenting for treatment within the

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology compulsory first step for separated families as a methodological design (inter versus intra- alternative to court. The establishment of 65 individuals, single-item measures versus multiple Family Relationship Centres (15 having scales etc). However, few studies have commenced operation in July 2006, and 25 more conceived subjective well-being associated with being introduced in each of the two subsequent work as a higher-order, multidimensional years) has seen a dramatic change in the way construct that requires the integration of both parents resolve conflict post separation in personal and situational factors in a systemic Australia. This does however raise questions of way. Along these lines, the objective of the how much we actually know about Family present study is to test a unifying model of the Dispute Resolution, the clients who are utilising relationship among different categories of this service, and the effectiveness of the Family factors having an impact over well-being at Dispute Resolution process in providing a work. The model proposes that a combination of successful outcome for the client. The dispositional factors or psychological resources exploratory study used SPSS to analyse archival (optimism, self-esteem, autonomy, interest in data from 500 clients who used the Family learning, accomplishment, purpose and Dispute Resolution Program and for whom cases resilience), and situational conditions are currently closed. Planned analysis methods (opportunities for learning, chances to show include frequencies, distributions, correlation competence, time use options, social recognition regression and analysis of variance and potential and support and belonging) influence the analysis of nested groups. The data for this individual’s experience of work as defined in five project has recently been retrieved from the dimensions (offering security, autonomy, data warehouse and is currently being cleaned participation, and being interesting and and prepared for exploration and analysis. stressful). The impact of these factors is Results will help inform future prospective measured over different dimensions of studies and evaluation of interventions. The satisfaction at work (getting paid appropriately, study will provide useful data on the Family general satisfaction with job, perception of Dispute Resolution process and assist in work-life balance). The study utilizes a subset of determining what demographic and service the European Social Survey database (EU15 experiences might contribute to successful countries, N = 16546), and focuses on the mediation outcomes. The findings are expected Personal and Social Well-Being Complementary to have implications for theorising, research and Module (Huppert et al, 2005) and other work- practice. Specifically, the implications lie in the related items were included in the survey. design of future research projects which can Descriptive analyses and regressions have been examine the determinants of healthy co- run in order to establish initial relations among parenting relationships and whether Family variables and carry out cross-country Dispute Resolution is a successful intervention comparisons based on national socioeconomic for improving the co-parenting relationship. parameters (such as the Employment Protection Legislation Index). The model is currently being Keywords: family dispute resolution, co-parenting, tested using structural equation modeling using mediation, separated families AMOS software. The degree to which job is experienced as interesting (which is shown to be a function of four variables: opportunities for An integrative approach to job learning, accomplishment, purpose and satisfaction and its impact over recognition) was the main predictor of job subjective well-being in European workers satisfaction. Other variables such as the personal-working time balance, the recognition achieved and the estimation of security SIMON, C. (IE University), CARDENAS, W. (IE associated with the job entered the regression University) equation with a moderate weight. Such general measures of job satisfaction are moderately Work-derived well-being has long been related to the one-item most used measure of researched from different perspectives, both in subjective well-being (Life Satisfaction Scale; terms of its theoretical approach (e.g. Diener, 1985). No significant differences were situationally-based versus trait-based) and its

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology found for gender or age groups. The analysis of integration (therapy for knowing our aptitudes cross-national differences is in progress. Though and professional competencies in order to make statistical analyses are currently underway, the right decisions). The case was solved, but it expected results will allow us to model the also represented the therapist’s healing. The construct of subjective work-related well-being therapist’s reflexive analysis has underlined the integrating the combination of psychological parallel “healing” process. The paper insists on resources and situational factors into a the therapeutic approach addressed to clients consistent ‘work experience’ or personal and the therapist’s reflexive analysis will estimation of work characteristics that will have represent the subject of this paper. an impact over different measures of work satisfaction (material, time-quality, general). Keywords: sexual abuse, case study, therapist's Cross-national differences will also allow us to healing, therapeutic relationship, co-creation in draw conclusions about the different types of therapy work experiences in Europe and its influence on work-related satisfaction and subjective well- An investigation of the relationship being. between big five personality factors and procrastination Keywords: job satisfaction, work-life balance, subjective well-being, psychological resources, DAVOODI, I. (Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz), experience GHAHREMANI, S. (Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz) An integrative approach to sexual abuse This study investigated relationships of the Big DROBOT, L. ("Eftimie Murgu" University Resita) Five Personality Factors of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and Each client that comes to therapy is unique and conscientiousness, with procrastination. A so are their problems, thus it is impossible to sample of 207 undergraduate students (79 male conceive a standard intervention approach. Still, and 128 female), from Shahid Chamran intervention strategies can be formulated. The University of Ahvaz, completed a Persian form of case presented is a 13 year old client, sexually Tukman’s Procrastination Scale (Tukman, 1991) abused, who was treated with the help of an and the NEO_FFI Inventory (MacCray and Costa, integrative approach and had great importance 1992). The results revealed that the neuroticism for me as a therapist. In my opinion each client has a positive correlation with procrastination. solves a part of the therapist’s problems too; the The personality factors of extraversion, therapeutic relation is not the only one co- agreeableness and conscientiousness negatively created, why shouldn’t healing also be co- correlated with procrastination, while there was created? The model to serve as guide has its not a significant relationship between openness theoretical and its practical sources in and procrastination. In addition, the results of integrative psychotherapy (Evans & Gilbert, regression analysis with a stepwise method 2005), psychosynthesis (Assagioli, 1976), brief indicated that conscientiousness was the only therapy (De Shazer, 1985), Ericksonian variable that entered into the model. This factor techniques (Erickson & Rossi, 1979) and the accounted for 58% of the variance in counseling intervention model (Culley & Bond, procrastination. The results showed 2004). Thus, the following domains of objectives conscientiousness is the most powerful become obvious: the co-creation of a predictor for procrastination among the Big Five therapeutic relation, dysfunctional behaviors Factors. These findings suggest the presence of (intervention mechanisms, broken contact with overlap between procrastination and the self and the world, identifying sub conscientiousness constructs, as operationalised personalities, emotions, roles etc.), development in Tukman’s Procrastination Scale and the of a mutual I-Thou relationship (unidentifying of NEO_FFI Inventory. personalities, abreactions etcetera) and reintegration, the client’s professional

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Keywords: personality, procrastination, big five Keywords: cyberpsychology, internet usage, model of personality, conscientiousness, psychosocial benefits of blogging, interpersonal neuroticism skills, social capital

An opportunistic qualitative study of the Animal model of PTSD: Behavioral psychosocial benefits of blogging changes following underwater trauma, situational reminders and diazepam BAKER, J. (Swinburne University of Technology), treatment MOORE, S. (Swinburne University of Technology) MAKVAND HOSSEINI, S. (Semnan University), Bloggers provided unsolicited commentary on BIGDELI, I. (Semnan University), YOSSEFI, M. H. (Semnan University), SEDDEGHI, F. (Semnan published research by the authors on the University) psychosocial outcomes of blogging following extensive press coverage of these publications. The authors aimed to a) examine the validity of Ethical and practical limitations in research on the original findings utilizing this feedback, and human subjects have opened a window to b) further explore the nature of blogging. Blog animal research regarding post traumatic stress search engines were utilized to identify blog disorder (PTSD). PTSD modeling is critical in entries relating to the published research. These understanding the causes and potential entries were then copied in their entirety to treatments of the disorder. The main purpose of word files, including comments by other this experimental research was to create an bloggers. NVivo 7 was utilized to analyze level of animal model of PTSD based on the main agreement with the original research for each features of the disorder: trauma exposure, blogger (where present) ranging from Hostile to situational reminders of trauma, behavioral Advocating. Following this, individual blog anxiety and remedy in response to anxiolytic entries were re-examined line by line for medications. A number of inbred female psychosocial references and were coded by Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6) at the age of two theme for further analysis of the benefits of months, weighing approximately 180 grams, blogging. In analyzing agreement with the were obtained and evaluated in the elevated original research, the majority of bloggers (80%) plus-maze test in three stages: 1- in the baseline either advocated or accepted the results, while state (before trauma exposure) 2 - after a single only 9% were opposed or strongly opposed to exposure to underwater trauma in the Morris them. In examining for additional psychosocial water maze (water temperature 25.1 °C, to a benefits a number of themes and subthemes depth of 30 centimeters) plus daily (over five were identified. The main themes included social days) encountering of situational reminders benefits, affective relief, learning, (observing the Morris water maze and the net communication, self-knowledge, real-world basket for pushing rats under water) and 3- activities and self promotion. The present after daily exposure to situational reminders and research lends some validity to the original diazepam (0/5 milligrams per kilogram) findings that blogging may lead to perceived administration afterward. Measures of open arm improvements in social support including ratio time and ratio entry were extracted from increased trust in others (reliable alliance), social five days of five minute video recordings for integration, and satisfaction with friendships every stag and analyzed using general linear both online and offline. Following analysis of the modelling: repeated measures. Results showed commentary it appears that blogging may have significant increases in anxiety-like behavior additional utility in terms of personal relative to the baseline (decreased open arm development and growth, improved ratio time and ratio entry) after exposure to interpersonal skills, affective relief, and social underwater stress and reminders (F:119.231; α = capital. While motivations and benefits appear 0.008; Mean difference = 60.587, α = 0.02), as to vary widely by individual, the majority of well as returning to the baseline level of activity comments described blogging as personally after exposure to reminders plus diazepam rewarding and beneficial. administration (F:393.923; α = 0.003; Mean difference = 56.670, α = 0.008). A single

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology underwater stress together with daily exposure context. The results emphasize that job to situational reminders successfully induced satisfaction together with the anticipations of PTSD sequels in rats and anxiolytic drug development in the organization are good administration decreased the behavioral predictors of different work-relevant behaviors. symptoms. Keywords: job satisfaction, work-relevant behavior, Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma, organisational change, organizational environment situational erminders, diazepam treatment Anxiety-linked attentional biases in Anticipations of the development of job older and younger adults satisfaction as predictors of work- relevant types of behaviour CABRERA, I. (University of Western Australia and Autonomous University of Madrid), MACLEOD, C. JIMENEZ, P. (University of Graz), ILIC, P. (University (University of Western Australia), BUCKS, R. of Graz), HINTERREITER, R. (University of Graz) (University of Western Australia), BURGESS, M. (University of Western Australia) The prediction of behavior using knowledge of job satisfaction is one of the aims of measuring Previous research has demonstrated that this study. However, the aspect of time and individuals with high levels of anxiety dynamic changes of the organizational vulnerability show a tendency to selectively environment are seldom integrated in the field attend to negative information. This attentional of job satisfaction. In a system oriented model bias may play a causal role in the development the variable job satisfaction is seen as an and maintenance of anxiety symptoms outcome and as a cause variable in a feedback (Mathews & MacLeod, 2005). In this area, some control system. The behavior is assumed to be questions remain unanswered: 1) whether the influenced not only by the level of job attentional bias reflects facilitated engagement satisfaction but also by the anticipation of the with threat or impairment disengagement from development of the organization and the future threat; 2) whether the anxiety-linked attentional job satisfaction. The aim of this study is to test bias is specific to negative information or favors the model of job satisfaction and the emotional information general; and 3) whether anticipations of development of job satisfaction the attentional characteristics of anxiety in relation to different types of active and vulnerability change with age. The present study passive behavior. The sample consists of 243 aimed to address these questions. The sample employees of an educational institution. was composed of 16 high trait anxious (HTA) and Measurements were the Profile Analysis of Job 16 low trait anxious (LTA) young adults (age Satisfaction, the scale of Anticipation of the mean = 18.8, SD = 1.8) and 16 HTA and 16 LTA Development of Job Satisfaction, scales for older adult (age mean = 69.2, SD = 7.6). various work-relevant types of active and Attentional disengagement from and passive behavior (for example, intention to quit, engagement with emotional stimuli were service quality behavior or knowledge sharing independently measured using a novel task. etc.). Analyses support the postulated Participants were required to make a lexical relationship between job satisfaction and decision about two-letter strings (word or non- development-estimations. Two different models word) that appeared in different loci on each for a moderating or a mediating effect were trial, one after the other. The dependent tested. The mediating model of anticipation of variable was the latency to make the second the development of job satisfaction shows good lexical decision, which would be influenced by fits (GFI=.89, AGFI=.85, CFI=.93, RMSEA=.05). the time taken to move attention from the initial Earlier research of the relationship between string. On disengagement trials the initial letter different forms of job satisfaction and work- string was a negative, positive or neutral word, related behavior already showed that in and the second string was a non-word. On comparison to resigned job satisfaction a engagement trials the initial letter string was a constructive form of job dissatisfaction was non-word and the second was a negative, related to more active behavior in the work positive or neutral word. A mixed-design analysis

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology of variance (ANOVA) was carried out separately completed self-report measures assessing their on disengage and engage bias index scores, with cognitive reactions (feeling understood), two between-subjects factors (trait anxiety: affective reactions (feeling happy) and high/low; and age: young/older), and one perceptions of their partner and the relationship within-subjects factors (negative/positive bias). in response to the feedback. Results showed Only for engage bias scores was a significant that females with negative views of their own interaction between anxiety-group and valence appearance responded with more positive affect obtained (F (1, 60) = 4.75, p = .033). Further to enhancing appearance-related feedback analysis indicated that HTA participants were whereas they reported a more positive cognitive disproportionately slow to engage attention with reaction to verifying appearance-related the positive words. This result suggests that high feedback. In addition, their perceptions of their trait anxious individual show reduced attentional partner and the relationship were similarly engagement with positive information. No age positive following both enhancing and verifying differences were found. Possible explanations appearance-related feedback. This study was for, and implications of this finding are the first to use a more experimental discussed. methodology to examine responses to appearance-related feedback in the context of Keywords: attentional bias, attentional intimate relationships and to examine the engagement, anxiety vulnerability impact of appearance-related feedback from an intimate partner on perceptions of the relationship. As such, this study contributes to Appearance-related feedback in intimate the existing research in the area of body image relationships: The role of verification and intimate relationships. and enhancement processes

BROWN, J. (La Trobe University), STUKAS, A. (La Keywords: relationship satisfaction, body image, Trobe University), EVANS, L. (La Trobe University) gender, intimate relationships

This research aimed to investigate the way that Applicability of a five-kind personality females respond to different types of feedback inventory for college students’ about their physical appearance that they personality measurement: A comparison study with the 16PF imagined receiving from their intimate partner. The social psychological theories of self- verification and self-enhancement provided a WANG, A. (Beijing Normal University), XU, Y. framework for examining these feedback (Beijing Normal University) responses in the specific context of physical appearance in intimate relationships. Self- The aim of this research was to study the Verification theory proposes that people would applicability of a five-kind of personality be more satisfied in their relationship when their inventory for measuring college students’ partner sees them as they see themselves, personality. In the study, we adopted two whereas Self-Enhancement theory proposes that measuring tools: a five-kind of personality people would be more satisfied when their inventory (Chongcheng Xue & QiuliYang, 1988) partner sees them more positively than they see which was put forward according to theory of themselves. Participants were females who had famous medical book “Neijing” in ancient China. been with their current intimate partner for at Participants were 237 college students (aged 19 least one year. After completing self-report to 23 years, 70 male and 167 female). We made measures of their self-esteem, body image, and a comparison between the five-kind of relationship satisfaction, participants received personality inventory and 16PF for measuring one of three feedback vignettes that described college students’ personality. The results appearance-related feedback from their indicate that (1) The mean score for male intimate partner that was either (a) consistent students is significantly higher than for female with their appearance self-view (verifying), (b) students in Taiyong (strength) and more positive, or (c) less positive than their Yinyangpinghe (equilibrium) dimensions of the appearance self-view. Participants then five-kind of personality inventory (p < 0.05, p <

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0.05). Their scores for perfectionism and persist in those actions to achieve goals creativity dimensions in the 16PF are also developed at the first stage. Upon this model, significantly higher than those for females (p < the Health Motivation Scale in Physical Activities 0.01, p < 0.05); but their scores for warmth, (HMS-PA) was developed, with 12 items in total. privateness and tension dimension in the 16PF The present study examined the construct are significantly lower than for females (p < 0.01, validity and predictive validity of the scores p < 0.05, p < 0.01). (2) There is no difference obtained using the HMS-PA among 251 between the five personality kind between undergraduate participants in a southern south students and north ones. However, for university of the United States of America. The 16PF, the perfectionism score of north students higher order confirmatory factor analysis is significantly higher than for south ones (p < suggested that the model fitted the data well. 0.01). (3) Besides reasoning, abstractedness, The predictor power of health motivation, health privateness, openness to change and creativity self-efficacy, health value, and Body Mass Index dimensions of the 16PF, all dimensions of the were examined using multiple regression five-kind of personality inventory correlated with analysis. The finding indicated that health other dimensions of 16PF on corresponding motivation was the most powerful predictor of content. The five-kind of personality inventory is physical activities. Interestingly, health self- available for measurement of college student’s efficacy was not shown to be a statistically personality. significant predictor of physical activities. In conclusion, the proposed theoretical model of Keywords: personality, personality factors, health motivation and the scale were effective in creativity, college students capturing individuals’ health motivation. Health motivation significantly contributed to physical activities. This model and the scale can be Application of a process model of health applied to related theoretical and empirical motivation in physical activities studies.

XU, X. (Sichuan Normal University) Keywords: health motivation, physical activity, health related behaviours, health intention, health Previous studies have shown that health self-efficacy motivation can enhance physical activities. Although researchers have used the term health Application of the individual zone of motivation for a long time, there is no widely optimal functioning (IZOF) model for a accepted definition or theoretical model of team health motivation. In my recent studies, I defined health motivation and suggested a MINOUCHI, Y. (Hokusei-Gakuen University) process model of health motivation. The present study aimed to investigate whether this model can capture individuals’ health motivation in The Individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF) physical activities and whether this model can theory by Hanin (1997) is that there are predict people’s physical activities. One of the individual differences in the appropriate significant aspects of this study is that it can emotional state for individual sport enrich the theoretical research in health performance. In other word, there is an motivation. I believed that health motivation individual variation in effective emotions and in produces inner force which energizes and the optimal level of emotions for performance. orients individuals’ health related behaviors. In the research on a current IZOF model, Based upon this definition, I proposed a process individual athletes’ emotional states have been model of health motivation. This model indicates examined. However, it was thought that the idea that health motivation guides individuals’ of appropriate psychological state is different health-related behaviors in the following depending on individuals was able to be applied consequential four-step process: to develop also to sports teams. Therefore, the aim of this health motivation tendency, to form health study was to examine whether the appropriate intention, to initiate health related action, and to emotional states for the team is determined. Another aim of the present study was to verify

1066 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology whether controlling the emotional states (US) in a different cultural context - in the contributes to improving and stabilising team automobile company Škoda Auto,a.s.(a part of performance. Subjects were from a female Volkswagen Group, the largest car manufacturer rhythmic gymnastics team of a high school (five in Europe) located in the Czech Republic. The female players). The investigation period was aim of the LVI Škoda Auto Project was to verify five months from April, 2009 to September, the LVI and its value for Czech managers from 2009. The procedure involved, firstly, identifying international company. The Leadership the best performance and the worst Versatility Index® is a 360-degree feedback performance in the team. Next, the emotions survey which collects the data from direct (key words) that related to the team reports, peers and superiors as well as from the performance had been extracted by discussions target manager himself or herself. It contains 67 with the team. After that, the emotional states items and it is completed by open-ended and the performance of each official questions. The LVI is based on a model of competition were evaluated. It was surveyed versatile leadership. Its structure has four three times. After the competition had ended, independent subscales for each dimension of team state before and during the competition two major pairs of opposites: enabling and was evaluated. The emotions and the terms that forcing leadership and operational and strategic strongly influenced the team performance were leadership. The LVI was used on a sample of the searched out by comparing the best Czech managers (N = 14) twice – in 2008 and in performance and the worst performance in 2009, followed by feedback and coaching competitions. As a result, "Confident", sessions. In the meantime the managers "Worried", "Enjoy", and "Motivated" were completed their personal development plans. chosen. It was clarified that "Confident" related The comparison of the data collected on the to the expression of their face, "Worry" related Škoda Auto sample with the data in Kaplan to the switching of feelings, "Enjoy" related to DeVries Incorporated normative database (with the enchanting the spectators, and "Motivated" ratings for 1 123 senior managers) identified no related to uniting for a team. We tried the significant differences on the level of overall control of the emotions in the competitions versatility assessment. Most of the managers because the antecedents of the emotions were from the Škoda Auto sample inclined towards identified. As a result, the performance was leadership lopsidedness on a level of forceful- stable to compare before. It was suggested that enabling dimension – in correspondence with controlling of antecedent behaviors leads to the same trend in the sample of US managers integration of the team and to enhancement of assessed by the LVI. The analysis of the personal team performance. It is thought that it will be development plans enabled us to record how necessary to examine the effective methods for the LVI results helped Czech managers to appropriately controlling strength of the key identify their own excesses and deficits in the emotions, and to use it in other competitions in execution of managerial role. The LVI is a useful the future. and well-accepted assessment tool also in a Czech cultural context. The Skoda Auto Project Keywords: optimal functioning, emotional states, confirmed that the LVI - based on a model of sport, competition versatile leadership – it helps managers to understand their multiple, even contradictory roles and to deal with their paradoxical Application of Versatile Leadership demands. Model and Leadership Versatility Index® in a different cultural context Keywords: leadership versatility, leadership, cultural context, management, automobile JAROSOVA, E. (University of ), PAVLICA, company K. (Škoda Auto University)

The brief oral presentation is focused on the Applied use of emotional intelligence data at the Anglican Church Grammar application of Versatile Leadership model and School Leadership Versatility Index® (LVI) developed by R.B. Kaplan and R.B. Kaiser in the United States

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

WELLHAM, D., SIMMONS, N. (Anglican Church DRUMMOND, S. (Griffith University), BROUGH, P. Grammar School), STOUGH, C. (Swinburne (Griffith University) University), HANSEN, K. (Swinburne University) This study develops and validates a measure of The aim of this presentation is to describe the future-oriented cognitive appraisal in response ways in which emotional intelligence research is to current discussions concerning future- used to support students and families at an oriented coping behaviours. Both proactive and independent School for dayboys and boarders. preventative coping represent future-focused The School has 1700 students from Reception to efforts to manage potentially stressful future Year 12. Emotional intelligence (EI) research in events. The differential is in how the (potential) education is in its infancy. Churchie is a research stressor is appraised. Proactive appraisal focuses partner with Swinburne University with the aim on identifying the benefits and opportunities of developing knowledge of self and others that can arise from the upcoming event, within our student population via longitudinal whereas preventative appraisal identifies research and collaboration. This presentation methods to reduce the potential negative will outline the methods used by the School to consequences. The development of a measure elicit EI data and to track students with respect incorporating both types of appraisal enables to planning for successful academic and social- stress and coping theoretical models to be emotional outcomes. All students in Years 7 to assessed within a future-oriented paradigm. A 12 in 2009 will have had their Emotional 30-item measure was initially developed based Intelligence measured using Swinburne on the proactive-preventative discussions within University Emotional Intelligence Test (SUIET). the literature. The 30-item measure was The SUIET has four core areas of focus: (1) administered twice to a total of 316 university Emotional Recognition and Expression; (2) students over a six month period. Using principal Understanding Others’ Emotions; (3) Emotions components analysis, four factors (19 items) Direct Cognition; (4) Emotional Management emerged from the initial administration, and Control. It is known that the population accounting for 67 per cent of the variance. For mean score for each of the four emotional the purposes of this research, the four factors is 50. Emotional Management and were combined to produce two higher order Control is a key factor in academic performance factors representing proactive and preventative and Churchie’s Year 12, 2009 mean score was appraisal. These two higher order factors 80; Understanding Others’ Emotions is also demonstrated acceptable internal consistency regarded as a significant factor and Churchie’s (.82 proactive appraisal, .87 preventative mean is 55; Emotional Recognition and appraisal) and strong test-retest reliability (.83 Expression have not been shown to be a and .82 proactive appraisal, .88 and .91 significant factor in academic performance and preventative appraisal). The measure was Churchie’s mean was 50; and Emotions Direct related to personality characteristics (e.g., Cognition may affect thinking and performance neuroticism, conscientiousness, and optimism) in certain academic areas with creative arts and and psychological health outcomes (e.g., maths thinking affected differently by this EI psychological strain) thereby demonstrating trait – Churchie’s EI mean was 51. Strategies for criterion validity. Initial results indicated that the improved academic outcomes through an EI measure provides a good assessment of future- specific language and framework in the oriented cognitions and therefore marks an curriculum and overt EI strategies to be further exciting advancement in the testing of stress- developed throughout the curriculum will be strain processes within a future-oriented outlined. paradigm. The adoption of proactive or preventative appraisal for an anticipated Keywords: emotional intelligence, education, potentially stressful event has significant academic performance implications concerning the subsequent activities undertaken to cope in response to that event. Appraising the future: The development and validation of the Future-Oriented Appraisal (FOA) measure

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: Future orientation, Proactive and race and different-race faces. Thus, despite using preventative coping, Proactive and preventative the same strategies, participants still show an appraisal advantage for same-race faces. A better understanding of the mechanisms that do (and Are the eyes the window into what drives do not) underlie the own-race bias will allow the own-race bias? development of more effective interventions for reducing this bias, and thus minimising its HILLIAR, K. (University of New South Wales), KEMP, negative social and legal consequences. R. (University of New South Wales) Keywords: race-bias, face recognition, cross- The own-race bias refers to the tendency for cultural, eye movement, race people to recognise faces from their own racial group (same-race faces) better than faces from a Are the Identity Foreclosures different different racial group (different-race faces). This from the Identity Achievers in terms of bias has important implications for a broad career decision process? range of areas, from promoting cross-cultural interactions, to having confidence in the CHO, A. (Seoul National University), KIM, K. H. eyewitness identifications of different-race (Seoul National University), KIM, Y. H. (Seoul suspects. The aim of this experiment was to National University), LI, H. (Seoul National investigate whether this bias is due to any University), YI, J. (Seoul National University) differences in how participants look at same- race and different-race faces, either at study or According to Brisibin and Savickas (1994), the at test. Participants were presented with ten measures of career indecision do not same-race and ten different-race faces that were discriminate between achievers, who are presented either individually, or in pairs (same- committed to self-chosen goals, and the race/same-race, different-race/different-race, foreclosed who are committed to goals chosen and same-race/different-race pairs). by significant others without exploring Participants’ viewing of each face/pair of faces alternatives. However, the measures used in this was self-paced. After a two-minute filler task, research are limited. This study investigated participants were presented with these 20 ‘old’ whether it is possible to distinguish foreclosures faces, along with 20 ‘new’ faces, and had to from achievers using measures related to career decide whether each face was old or new. Eye decision and career maturity. In Study 1, four movements and fixations were recorded hundred and thirty-three college students (233 throughout the experiment. Although males and 200 females) completed the revised participants showed a small own-race bias in version of Extended Objective Measure of Ego their recognition accuracy for the faces, this Identity Status (EOM-EIS2), the Career Decision difference in performance was, unexpectedly, Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ), and the not associated with any differences between Career Preparation Behavior Inventory. In Study same-race and different-race faces in terms of 2, four hundred and twenty-two college the length of time spent looking at these faces, students (205 males and 217 females) the areas of the faces observed the most (i.e. responded to the revised version of Extended internal versus external features), and the speed Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM- that old/new decisions were made. Amount of EIS2) and Career Attitude Maturity Inventory contact with different-race faces was also found (CAMI). The identity foreclosed students to be unrelated to different-race recognition experienced more difficulties in career decision accuracy. Participants looked longer at faces that making than the identity achievers. Especially, were presented individually compared to those identity foreclosed students experienced more presented as part of a pair, but viewing times dysfunctional beliefs, lack of motivation and/or and strategies did not differ across the three indecisiveness. However, they showed the same different types of face pairs. These results high level of career preparation behavior as the suggest that the own-race bias is not due to any identity achievers. With regard to career differences in the strategies people use when maturity, the foreclosed students had lower encoding (at study) or reviewing (at test) same- scores than the achiever. On the subscales of

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology decisiveness and preparation, the achievers and training. Every employee has a right to receive foreclosures did not differ. However, in goal- need based training at regular intervals to orientation and independence scales, the enable him/her to develop his/her potential to foreclosures scored significantly lower than the the maximum and contribute his/her best to the achievers. In contrast to the results of Brisbin organization. The ultimate goal of each training and Savickas (1994), this study showed course is customer satisfaction through differences between identity foreclosures and reduction in cost of delivered power and supply achievers suggesting a possibility of separation. of reliable and quality power at adequate and improving levels of efficiency and accountability. Keywords: job selection, individual differences, assessment, career counselling Keywords: India, training, skills analysis, employees

Assessing the training and staff Assessment and management of anxiety development needs of power sector and depression in married, unmarried employees and separated adults

RANA, N. (Gautam Buddha University), KRISHNA, S. AKINSOLA, E. (University of Lagos), BASHIRU, R. (Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited), (University of Lagos) PRAKASH, V. (University of Petroleum & Energy Studies) The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiety and depression levels in a sample of married, The recent past has seen the Power Sector unmarried and separated adults and to change substantially in its institutional determine whether cognitive therapy is effective arrangements for its regulation as well as the in reducing the levels of anxiety and depression structure of the industry in itself. Major changes in participants who reported very high levels of are being introduced in the Power Sector these emotions. A cross-sectional design was through private participation, reforms, used by administering adapted versions of restructuring apart from technological and anxiety and depressive symptoms checklist perceptional changes that are also taking place scales to 300 married, unmarried and separated simultaneously. This churning process has adults. Those reporting high levels of anxiety and deeper implications on manpower engaged in depression would then participate in a short this sector. This paper seeks to document the intervention program using Ellis’s and Beck’s nature of HRD at organizational level in India. cognitive therapy techniques. Emerging results Following a brief sketch of the Indian context, from the first part of the study tend to indicate we draw on the National Training Policy. The that unmarried adults are reporting higher levels purpose of this study was to: (1) Determine of anxiety and depression than married and training needs for an Indian State Power separated adults. It is also expected that Corporation; (2) Determine the course content; cognitive therapy would significantly reduce (3) Indentify training providers, delivery anxiety and depression in the participants methods and likely training. A case study was allocated to the intervention program. Emerging done at Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited, results from the first part of the study tend to using questionnaire and personal interviews for reflect the impact of the pressure arising from training needs identification, job and skills cultural expectations which consider it culturally analysis. The results discuss the following points: abnormal not to be married after age 30, or to Training currently available; Problems with be married but separated, and that the impact is current training provisions; Recommended greater for unmarried adults. Reduction in training providers and experts to be approached anxiety and depression levels after intervention for any new provision; Opinions regarding would reflect the efficacy of cognitive therapy. training format for new provision: advantages and disadvantages of each format; Feature of Keywords: marriage, depression, anxiety, cognitive the training: case studies, levels, modules and therapy assessment; Training support material recommendations; Constraints when providing

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Assessment and management of equal command DM practices, enabling us to extend opportunity and diversity in the U.S. our research beyond the simple EO–OE military relationship. Moreover, by linking the DEOCS and DDMCS, DEOMI can now directly determine CREPEAU, L. (Defense Equal Opportunity the differential influence DM exerts on measures Management Institute), PARKS, K. (Defense Equal of OE. These data will be used to characterize Opportunity Management Institute), VANDRIEL, M. various groups’ (e.g., women, minorities, junior (Defense Equal Opportunity Management enlisted, etc.) perceptions of DM practices; Institute), MCDONALD, D. (Defense Equal ultimately these results will be used by DEOMI’s Opportunity Management Institute) Research Directorate to advise DoD policy.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoDD 1020.02) Keywords: equal opportunities, diversity defines equal opportunity (EO) as “The right of management, organisational effectiveness all military personnel to participate in and benefit from programs and activities for which Assessment of readability and audience they are qualified. These programs and activities rating of the large electronic paper shall be free from social, personal, or signage in a Japanese subway station institutional barriers that prevent people from rising to the highest level of responsibility possible.” EO ensures all members receive the KOYAMA, S. (Chiba University), HISHINUMA, T. (Chiba University), NAKAMURA, H. (Chiba same opportunities to compete for rewards University), KOSAI, R. (Chiba University), SASO, F. through superior performance. The U.S. military (Chiba University), HIBINO, H. (Chiba University) recognizes the need to accurately assess and manage EO, since members’ perceptions that fair treatment is accorded to all garners Electronic paper signage is thought to be useful improved loyalty to the organization, generating for advertisements and emergency signs in the greater trust and commitment, thereby public space because it is light and energy- maximizing readiness, that is, the ability of the saving, and it can alternate content quickly and organization to complete its mission. The easily. It can also continue to display content Defense Equal Opportunity Management even after the power supply is interrupted. In Institute (DEOMI) Equal Opportunity Climate Sendai, Japan, large sized electronic papers Survey (DEOCS) assesses EO climate and traits (1539 mm width X 964 height) are used for reflecting organizational effectiveness (OE), that digital signage in the subway stations. We is, organizational trust and organizational evaluated the readability of the text in the commitment. Data from the 500K+ completed electronic paper signage in a subway station, surveys completed annually characterize the and compared the audience rating for the relationship between EO and OE. Diversity electronic paper signage and existing advertising management (DM) is the process whereby all signs. First, we conducted a survey on the workforce members’ individual talents, skills, readability and satisfaction of the content with and interests are accurately identified and 201 subway users. We displayed text in three leveraged to maximize readiness. Successful DM sizes (92, 60, and 44 mm, i.e., 1.32, 0.86, and requires employing explicit policies and 0.63 degrees visual angle from four metres procedures that include assessment, mentoring, away, respectively) and asked them to evaluate education and training, and optimal job the font size, easiness to read, display speed, assignment. Diversity management and satisfaction with the content on a five-point demonstrates to an organization’s members that scale. Each display contained approximately 130 they are appreciated for their unique characters and it changed every 15 seconds. We contributions, and provides them with an also observed the behavior of the subway users elevated sense of participation and belonging, waiting for the train in front of the electronic which further enhances their sense of paper signage and existing advertising sign. The commitment to the organization. DEOMI results from the survey suggested that in an recently developed the DEOMI Diversity indoor public space with the 500 lx illuminance, Management Climate Survey (DDMCS) to target a large-sized electronic paper display will be comfortably read with the size of 0.56+ deg in

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology visual angle and the reading speed of eight Keywords: Tobacco-warning labels, Attentional characters per second. The subway users were allocation task, Smoking, Orientation effect quite satisfied with the content, and news and weather forecasting were especially popular. In Attentional bias to emotional facial direct observation, we found that subway users expressions in dating violence survivors: viewed the electronic paper signage significantly A behavioral and eye-movement study longer and more frequently than existing advertising signs (p < .05). The audience rating LEE, J. (Chung-Ang University), LEE, J. H. (Chung-Ang was especially high when the content was University) switched. These results will allow us to optimise the font size and display speed for the text in the Dating violence (DV), including physical, electronic paper signage. They showed that psychological, and sexual violence, in dating changing content catches the eye of viewers and relationships has negative consequences, such holds their attention longer. Inserting non- as depression, anxiety, and Post Traumatic advertising content may also be helpful to hold Stress Disorder (PTSD). Research on attentional the viewer’s interest in the advertising content. bias has demonstrated that individuals with PTSD are associated with trauma-related hyper- Keywords: readability, audience rating, electronic vigilance. However, previous studies using signage, Japanese, subway Stroop tasks and dot-probe tasks have not provided the exact nature of attentional processing. We adopted an eye-tracking methodology to investigate attentional bias in DV survivors. The aim of this study is 1) to examine the time course of attentional bias for emotional facial expressions in DV survivors using a dot-probe task and eye-tracking, and 2) to assess the emotionality hypothesis using angry, fearful, and happy facial expression stimuli. Thirty female participants will be recruited using the Conflict Tactic Scale (CTS2) Attention to graphic cigarette warning and an interview. The DV group (N = 15) will labels in smokers, ex-smokers and non- have had dating violence experiences and the smokers non-dating violence (NDV) group (N = 15) will be the control group. Sixty-four faces (angry, HOLLIER, T. (Southern Cross University), PROVOST, fearful, happy, neutral faces, 16 each; 50% male) S. (Southern Cross University) will be selected and each emotional face will be paired with a neutral face. Each trial will begin Do smokers notice anti-tobacco warning labels with a fixation cross (1000 milliseconds), more, or are they so familiar with the labels that followed by a pair of faces presented side by they have lost their impact? New graphic side (500 to 2000 milliseconds). Participants will warning labels form part of a “fear appeal” be instructed to press one of two keys as quickly strategy to reduce smoking behaviour. Smokers, as possible to indicate the location of the probe. ex-smokers and non-smokers were tested in an Participants’ eye-movements will be recorded Attentional Allocation Task, to identify the speed during the dot-probe task using an eye-tracker. of orientation and disengagement towards This study is currently in progress. We predict warning labels. All groups showed an orientation that the DV group will initially fixate more on the effect to the graphic, but smokers and ex- negative stimuli (angry and fearful), compared to smokers also showed evidence for facilitated the NDV group. The DV group’s gaze will also be disengagement of attention. These results sustained for longer intervals towards the suggest that smokers and ex-smokers are negative facial expressions compared to the NDV avoiding the warning labels, reducing their group. Based on reaction time results, we expect effectiveness in smoking prevention. the DV group will show hyper-vigilance towards the negative stimuli, as well as a difficulty in

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology disengagement from the negative facial ARMAS-VARGAS, E. (Universidad de La Laguna ), expressions. The findings of this study will GARCÍA-MEDINA, P. (Universidad de La Laguna) support the evidence that individuals with DV survivors are associated with vigilance- Deceptive style of communication assumes a rumination patterns more than vigilance- strategy of persuasion which aims to influence avoidance patterns, and may also help in the beliefs, attitudes and behaviours of others. clarifying the attentional processing mechanisms In this work we offer the results of an Attitudes of DV survivors. to Deception and Lying questionnaire (Ac-EM) that has so far demonstrated empirical validity Keywords: dating violence, post-traumatic stress and value of content in isolating the proposed disorder, vigilance-avoidance patterns, attentional constructs. We studied the relationship that processing, trauma such attitudes have with 20 factors for personality (using ATRAMIC) and four factors for Attitudes to the insanity defense: An self-esteem (using CAE). The sample comprised Australian sample 306 adults, 193 men and 113 women, with an average age of 37. In the sample, 157 JOHNSON, M. (Margaret Johnson Psychological participants were single, 101 married and 48 Consultancy Services), TYSON, G. (Charles Sturt divorced. We offer the results of the factor University) analysis for each factor, internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha) and the correlation between measures for the different factors of the Ac-EM, This study examined attitudes to the concept of CAE and ATRAMIC questionnaires. For the insanity as it is applied in the Australian legal results from the Ac-EM questionnaire, two system and whether these attitudes could be attitudinal factors, Acceptance of deception and seen as ‘prototypes’ or ‘implicit theories of the lying (18%;  = .71) and Rejection of deception concept of insanity. Participants were drawn and lying (16%;  = .72), explained 34% of from three subgroups: members of the general variance. From the correlational analysis of the public, psychologists and members of the legal measures of the different factors, we noted that profession. They were asked to complete three the attitude of Acceptance of deception and questionnaires: the Conceptions Checklist, the lying correlated positively and significantly with Legal Authoritarian Questionnaire and the the factors for failure to make adjustments when Insanity Defense Attitudes Scale. They were also lying (r = .28; p ≤ .001), not being honest or asked to read a case vignette and render a confessing that one had lied (r = .36; p ≤ .001), verdict on the case. Prototypes of attitudes were self-deception (r = .40; p ≤ .001); fear of able to be identified in the data obtained from rejection and criticism (r = .38; p ≤ .001), the conception checklist. These prototypes could extreme caution (r = .33; p ≤ .001), insecurity (r = then reliably predict how a person would make .26; p ≤ .001), distrust (r = .40; p ≤ .001), judgements regarding the culpability of a hypercontrol (r = .27; p ≤ .001) and lack of defendant with a mental illness. They also sensitivity to others (r = .33; p ≤ .001). This factored into how a person viewed the legal use attitude correlated negatively with the variables of the Insanity Defense and how the treats for empathy (r = -.28; p ≤ .001), assertiveness (r = those who are mentally ill. Opportunities for -.23; p ≤ .001), self-control when lying (r = -.15; p further research into how jurors make decisions ≤ .01), being coherent (r = -.28; p ≤ .001) and were identified. being consistent (r = -.35; p ≤ .001). From the self-esteem questionnaire, the attitude of Keywords: insanity defense attitudes, juror acceptance correlated positively with the feeling decision-making, Conceptions Checklist, Legal of uselessness (r = .22; p ≤ .001) and the feeling Authoritarian Questionnaire, Australian legal of inferiority (r = .15; p ≤ .01), and negatively system with valuation of others (r = -.21; p ≤ .001). The attitude of rejection correlated positively and Attitudes towards deception and lying significantly with guilt, self-criticism, empathy, social desirability, selective privacy, being transparent, control, being coherent and being

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology consistent. The data that we found in this work learning characteristics and significantly support the convergent validity for organisational trust within a military the combination of the variables in the attitudes institution and personality questionnaire (ATRAMIC), Attitudes to Deception and Lying questionnaire STOTHARD, C. (Defence Science and Technology (Ac-EM) and the self-esteem questionnaire Organisation), MACLEOD, V. (Defence Science and (CAE). Technology Organisation), HASTWELL, L. (Defence Science and Technology Organisation), HAU, K. (Defence Science and Technology Organisation), attitudes to deception and lying Keywords: MCDOWALL, D. (Defence Science and Technology questionnaire, self-deception, self-esteem, Organisation), DROBNJAK, M. (Defence Science and deceptive communication style, honesty Technology Organisation)

Australian adult male help seeking for The Australian Army intends to become a body image concerns “learning organisation”. This study aims to benchmark the practices known to be indicative LEWIS, V. (University of Canberra) of a learning organisation within and across a military institution, at an individual, group and The body image of Australian males has received organisational level. This environment differs increased attention in recent years particularly substantially from most previously studied. The following the findings by Mission Australia profile will allow the Army to determine and reporting that body image was the number one potentially improve its performance on learning concern for boys/men aged 12 to 25 years organisation characteristics. The Army Learning (2008). Concerns about the body outweighed Organisation Questionnaire (ALOQ) was adapted concerns with career/job, relationships, and from existing learning organisation family. Despite this concern over their body questionnaires (Marsick & Watkins, 2003; Goh & image men are reluctant to come forward and Richards, 2005) and consists of 11 subscales seek help for their body concerns. This paper including; innovation, teamwork, knowledge addresses this issue and discusses a survey systems and leadership. It also includes conducted with Australian males over 18 years measures of organisational trust (Cummings & of age as to their help seeking behaviour. In Bromiley, 1996) and attitudes towards change particular what would assist them in coming (Dunham et al, 1989, in Haque, 2008). The ALOQ forward and seeking help. The 40 university men items were piloted with Army personnel before surveyed reported that knowing that what they the questionnaire was administered. In said was confidential as well as reassurance that November 2009, 326 Army personnel from they would get something out of help seeking across all ranks completed the questionnaire at was important to them. The majority stated that one Army location. The Army units’ mean scores, they would be more likely to seeking help from a on learning organisation subscales, were personal trainer or gym instructor than a doctor comparable to normative data supplied by and mental health specialist including a Marsick & Watkins (2003) and Goh & Richards . They felt there was some stigma (2005). Further analysis found that rank had a around help seeking from a mental health significant effect on these subscales: innovation, professional but not to a fitness instructor. strategic leadership, holistic perspective, and These findings have implications for the way organisational trust. Higher ranks tend to professionals market the service as well as perceive higher learning organisation society’s role in destigmatising concerns in men characteristics. The ALOQ organisational learning and their subsequent help seeking. subscales were also found to be strongly correlated (r = 0.7 and above). These initial Keywords: male body concerns, help-seeking, results suggest that practices within these stigma, body image Australian Army units, in terms of learning organisation characteristics, are similar to other (mainly private) companies or organisations. Australian Army as a “Learning However, individual-level factors (such as rank) Organisation”: Measuring organisational are likely to impact on learning organisation

1074 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology characteristics at the group and organisational Basic assumptions about man and level. In early 2010, the ALOQ will be organizations: An empirical examination administered to Army personnel around of the construct and its validation among Australia, allowing further exploration of the Indian managers enablers and inhibitors of organisational learning within a military institution. SRIVASTAVA, B. N. (Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta) Keywords: military, Army Learning Organisation, organisational trust, strategic leadership The purpose of the paper is to present two studies dealing with basic assumptions of Man, Barriers and bridges to intercultural Work, and Organizations by analyzing their communication on a large university factor structure and demographic characteristics campus: Political and developmental and comparing its validation with other influences on the meaning and impact of measures. Two studies are presented. In Study communication on personal and One, 177 managers from Indian firms responded institutional levels to a questionnaire of 54 items on a five-point scale dealing with nine dimensions of FUNDERBURK, J.R. (deep1914), CHOI, C. C. optimistic/pessimistic basic assumptions about (University of Florida Counseling and Wellness Man, Work, and Organizations. Study Two Center), FUKUYAMA, M. A. (University of Florida presents an analysis of data from 98 owner Counseling and Wellness Center) managers who responded to the 54 item questionnaire on a five-point scale and other This paper presents findings of a research study measures of self-efficacy and strategic conducted at a large University in the orientation. Exploratory factor analysis Southeastern United States on the Quality of performed on Study One data considering nine Intercultural Communication among faculty, dimensions - (a) Adaptability versus Non- staff and students. Five focus groups were adaptability, (b) Role-Making versus Role-Taking, conducted which included students, faculty and (c) System Responsibility versus System staff exploring participants beliefs about and Vulnerability, (d) Resourcefulness versus perceptions of the quality of intercultural Resourcelessness, (e) Internal versus External communication at the University. Qualitative Locus of Control, (f) Employee Optimism versus analysis revealed Core Ideas in the Domains Employee Pessimism, (g) Collaborating versus of Barriers, Bridges and Strategies to enhance Competing, (h) Activism versus Passivism, and (i) intercultural communication on both individual Evolutionary versus Interventionist change - of and institutional levels. Consistent with optimistic/pessimistic assumptions of Man, Developmental, Multicultural and Feminist Work, and Organizations. A four factor solution theory, developmental stage of personal and explained 71.5% of variance. These factors were cultural identity development at the individual labeled as (1) Agenticity, (2) Catholocity, (3) level as well as multicultural sensitivity in Holisticity, (4) Organicity. Differences in combination with the influence of interpersonal demographic factors like age, gender, rank, and institutional power dynamics emerged as industry type, and ownership were also significant factors impacting effectiveness of analyzed. Study Two analyzed correlations in the intercultural communication. These factors will total scores on basic assumptions of managers in be explored and suggested strategies for relation to their scores on self-efficacy measures facilitating intercultural communication on and strategic orientation measures of owner- intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional managers. The data showed high correlations levels, will be provided. between the basic assumptions scale and self- efficacy, and basic assumptions and the strategic orientation scale suggesting strong validity of Keywords: intercultural communication, the measure. The optimistic/pessimistic basic multicultural sensitivity, cultural identity assumptions of managers are a strong determinant of managerial effectiveness and may be considered as a variable differentiating

1075 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology across developing and developed countries therapists, outcome is considered the key which differentiates optimism and pessimism in criterion of the value of therapy, and differences their assumptions about Man, Work, and in models must count for something. Most Organizations. therapy research is conducted by, or on behalf of, therapists. A new research direction is Keywords: organisational management, optimism, required. Examining beginnings will change the self-efficacy, strategic orientation way therapy is construed.

Beginning is the common factor: A new Keywords: therapy, common therapeutic factors, direction for psychotherapy research therapy drop out

GRIMWADE, J. (Australian Catholic University) Behavioural patterns of mother-child interactions: Influence on deaf children's language development Psychotherapy research has been dominated by model and method wars, the search for common factors, and more recently by the issue regarding SALCEDO, J. (Universidad de Guadalajara), QUINTANA, C. (University of Guadalajara) effectiveness versus efficacy. Most of this research has aimed to remove the processes of recruitment and induction from research Mother-child interactions were analysed with programs as confounding factors. It is asserted the main purpose of understanding the basic that the only truly common factor is the behavioural patterns of hearing mothers and beginning, and before any conclusion can be deaf children and their effect on language drawn about the relative merits of models and development. Dyads were divided as follows: 1) methods and efficacy there needs to be detailed Hearing Mother-Hearing Child; 2) Hearing study of the processes of beginning. A study of Mother-Deaf Child; and, 3) Deaf Mother-Deaf beginning at child and adolescent mental health Child. Each dyad was asked to perform three services is reported. The study used qualitative different tasks (30 minutes each task): a) playing data from service users retrospectively and free game by using an artificial fishing game; b) prospectively, and interviews with professionals, arming a puzzle with different colours, placing especially designated Intake Workers. Sixteen and naming each token correctly, and, c) parents, seven Intake Workers, and fourteen creating a full story about a simple drawing other professionals (clinicians and agency representing four people. Dyads were filmed leaders) were interviewed. In the prospective while playing at the laboratory and recordings study six parents were interviewed four times. A were analyzed using the observational total of 55 interviews occurred. The study multidimensional system of Ribes & Quintana revealed a range of issues about beginning and (2002) in order to obtain behavioural patterns. its importance for service users. The range of Results show that Dyad Two had more problems tasks involved in telephone referral were listed performing the tasks as asked and this dyad and mapped chronologically. It was showed the highest numbers of behavioural demonstrated that the initial telephone contact patterns non-related with the tasks in shaped the internal structure of an agency and comparison with the other dyads. Hearing the means of interaction with external mothers with deaf-children should: a) use more professionals. Finally, a careful analysis of the visual and manual procedures of behavioural drop out literature showed a pattern among patterns in order to contribute to enhance referring families associated with the decision to language development on their children and b) pursue contact with the an agency. As a increase the opportunities of significant qualitative pilot study of beginnings in therapy, exchange with the child to promote the use of many issues worthy of further research were linguistic symbols in problem solving. revealed. It is clear that all therapy begins. But, why haven’t therapy beginnings been Keywords: child psychology, developmental systematically researched? Three reasons are language psychology, deafness, mother-child dyads, provided: therapy is constructed as the action of language development

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Being a woman and being a manager: “gender management” is important, this does Gender management at work not prompt organisational change in relation to attitudes towards female managers. Therefore a PALERMO, J. (Deakin University), KYPUROS, P. better understanding of the organisational (Deakin University) culture features that sustain gender bias is a critical step for progressing the position of Whilst many reforms have taken place in the women. work setting to enable an increase in participation of women in the workforce, there Keywords: career progression, gender has been little to no impact on their discrimination, gender identity, organisational participation in the upper echelons of culture, gender management organisations, in managerial and decision making roles. The aim of this study was to Best lessons for well-being from explore female managers’ psychological psychologists: Implications for public responses to the barriers they currently face in and professional practice male dominated work environments. In particular this study explored the process of THOMPSON, A. (Charles Sturt University), BOXALL, women‘s identity creation in light of their D. (Charles Sturt University), PATRICK, K. (Charles symbolic outsider status in organisational life. Sturt University), HODGINS, G. (Charles Sturt Semi-structured interviews were conducted with University) fourteen female managers aged between 39 to 50 years of age (M = 42.7 years) from six The decades old view that Psychology has much Australian corporate organisations. They each to “give away” is still apt in terms of the held executive level positions within typically discipline’s expanding knowledge base and male dominated organisations. All participants practical relevance. This qualitative investigation were recruited from Victoria and New South explored the key precepts that psychologists Wales. Transcripts were analysed using an viewed as most beneficial for promoting illustrative approach. Results indicated that most personal well-being. Individual interviews were organisations in this study had explicit and conducted with a sample of 30 Australian visible policies to increase the number of women psychologists (18 female, 12 male) representing at all levels. Some had been recipients of EOWA diversity in terms of age, background, Women‘s Employer of Choice awards. However, experience, employment and disciplinary what emerged through this research was the interests. The semi-structured interviews were salience of gendered institutionalised practices used to explore ideas about psychological well- which are inherently biased against women and being that were dominant in the way femininities. Women described the gendered participants thought about and practiced aspects of their organisational cultures that psychology. Thematic analyses further refined required them to adapt their leadership and articulated these lessons and related behavioral repertoires to those that better fit a themes. The identified lessons were tagged perceived image of female prototypical using the phraseology of participants (e.g., leadership. This study illustrated the centrality of accept oneself and have empathy for others, gender as a “managed status” in the workplace seek to reduce distress rather than find a cure, (a process of changing self to achieve relationships will not take care of themselves, acceptance, and strategically combat resistance move in the direction of your core values, focus to them as women). All the women coped by on good things in life). In this oral presentation, deliberately renegotiated their gender identity the propositions that participants viewed as to conform to organisational expectations of most helpful for personal growth are introduced femininity. Individual coping strategies may have and common themes considered. Although only a limited value in the long term Women‘s concern about the prescriptive nature of “best adaptation strategies ultimately reinforce the lessons” was raised by some participants, it was masculine value system resulting in short term, clear that guiding principles of human well-being individual success, and long term failure for long served as fundamental heuristics. The qualitative awaited cultural change in organisations. While methodology revealed how these psychological

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

“best lessons” were a personalised distillation of Keywords: body image, females, ageing, resilience, experience, training, and professional activity. well-being The lessons have implications for public education and for promoting well-being. The Boosting school girls into science – too results are also important for what they imply late for an effective aid? about professional practice. Although formal evidence-based interventions underpin the NEUMANN, P. (University Ulm), BUHL, H. dominant health framework, the findings (University Jena), VOLK, A. suggest ways that psychological expertise is personalised, aggregated and transmitted. A national day of action to promote scientific and technical careers for women is held every Keywords: transmission of psychological expertise, year since 2001 in Germany. On this so called well-being, psychology professional practice, “girls’ day” female students between the ages of psychology profession knowledge, psychological 10 and 15 get the opportunity to spend one day expertise within a company. In general this day should increase the pool of applications for this kind of Body image experiences of Australian job as well as to encourage women for scientific women professions. But does this activity works? The efficacy was evaluated based on theories about RODWELL, P. (Dr Edward Koch Foundation), formation of occupation choice as well as the CALTABIAN, N. (James Cook University) theory of planned behavior. Forty-five schools within a defined area were asked to hand over How do middle aged and older women perceive study material consisting information about the their bodies in an era when youthful looks are aim of the study, concerns about privacy important? In this study a self-report protection as well as information for parents and questionnaire was used to explore the thoughts, the web address to their female students. feelings, behaviours, memories and experiences Participants as well as non-participants aged 10 that the participants associated with their to 15 were asked about their attitudes about bodies. The questionnaire yielded qualitative science as well as scientific careers within two data from 68 participants, Australian women weeks before and two weeks after the “Girls aged 40 to 92 years. The themes that emerged day” in April 2007. Demographic data as well as were explored and related to holistic models of parental background, academic self image as wellness including the Model of Women’s Body well as gender roles were surveyed. The Image Resilience of Choate (2005). Most questionnaires were presented using an internet frequently occurring themes across all age based tool. One hundred and eighty two girls groups were: satisfaction with body and quality answered at least the first part of the survey of life; coming to terms with major life stressors before the Girls day took place. Dropout rate that affected body image; body dissatisfaction; from the first to the second measurement point considering the inner self as more important; is nearly 50%. Based on the indicated motivation thoughts and beliefs influencing lives; positive to take part or not, three groups were compared ageing experiences. Spirituality was also an regarding sex roles, attitude about women and important theme for all age groups, mentioned science as well as interest in sciences and career 52.9% of the time by the seventy years and over aspiration. Intrinsic motivated girls showed a age group. These themes and less often less stereotyped gender role image, a more reported themes such as family of origin support positive attitude regarding women and science and self worth are reminiscent of the life tasks of and expressed more often the intention to start the holistic model of wellness of Myers, scientific/ technical training after school. Based Sweeney and Witmer (2000) and of protective on the theory of planned behavior, effectiveness factors in Choate’s resilience model. Many of this intervention was evaluated. Attitude to themes align with Ryff’s (1991) theory that start a scientific/ technical career as well as self “…with age, individuals achieve a closer fit efficacy did not change for the participants. Data between an ideal and their actual self- support the idea of the circumscription-and- perceptions” (p. 286). compromise theory of Gottfredson, that gender

1078 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology role and self concept and occupational promises to service organizations; and (2) the preferences develop at the same time at a very probability of forgiveness interacted with early stage of child development. For that morality severity to predict the frequency of reason these days of action are quite helpful for broken promises to work units. Overall, this these girls, who do not show that gender typical study contributes to a better understanding of attitude and behavior. To change stereotypes broken promises in organizations. These results and attitudes toward science and to foster girls also highlight the interactive effects of four into scientific professions this intervention severity components on broken promises, seems not that effective. The limited number of especially the broken promises to service participants should be taken into account in organizations and work units. Our findings may interpreting the results. have important implications for employers and employees, suggesting that we can reduce Keywords: technical careers, women's careers, broken promises by controlling these four occupational preferences, gender roles, self concept severity components.

Broken promises in organizations: Does Keywords: broken promises, trust betrayal model, severity matter? penalty severity, organizational promises

SUN, W. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking Bullying and peer victimisation in University), SUN, W. (Peking University), DANG, J. adolescent girls with attention-deficit (Peking University) hyperactivity disorder

Examples of broken promises in daily life SCIBERRAS, E. (University of Melbourne / Murdoch abound, but relatively little research directly Children’s Research Institute), OHAN, J. (University investigates these behaviors. The present of Queensland), ANDERSON, V. (University of Melbourne/Murdoch Children’s Research Institute) research aimed at examining the classification of broken promises and the potential interactions of four severity components (probability of Although there is an abundance of research detection, probability of forgiveness, penalty documenting social impairment in boys with severity, morality severity) in predicting these Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), behaviors, especially broken promises in much less is known about the social experiences organizations. In Study One (n = 103), we first of adolescent girls with ADHD. This aimed to defined “broken promise” and used an open investigate in a sample of adolescent girls with questionnaire to gather examples of broken and without ADHD (1) overt (i.e. physical, such promises that are common in daily life. In Study as hitting or kicking) and relational (i.e. social Two, we used exploratory and confirmatory manipulation, such as social exclusion) bullying factor analysis to investigate the categorization and peer victimisation; and (2) the contribution of these behaviors (n = 520). Finally, based on of Social Information Processing (SIP) theories Elangovan & Shapiro’s (1998) trust betrayal (specifically hostile attribution bias and response model in organizations, we examined the selection) in explaining bullying and peer relationships between the four severity victimisation in adolescent females with ADHD. components with the frequency of broken Adolescent girls with ADHD (Mean age = 15.1; promise (Study Three, n = 126). We obtained 40 SD = 2.0) were recruited from the Royal items of common broken promises through Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia and open questionnaires and the results of the community (n = 22). Control participants exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (mean age = 15.1; SD = 2.0) were recruited from showed that these behaviors could be classified the community (n = 22). Adolescent girls and into nine relationships (accounting for 69.39% of their primary caregiver completed measures the total variance), including broken promises to assessing social impairment, overt and relational service organizations, work units and banking peer victimisation and bullying behaviour, and organizations. We then found that: (1) the SIP. Despite no group differences in socio- probability of detection interacted with penalty economic status, family composition, parental severity to predict the frequency of broken mental health, and full scale IQ, girls with ADHD

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology had more self- and parent-reported social measure. Assembly-line operators (N = 146) problems than girls without ADHD. There was no working in the same agricultural machine plant evidence that girls with ADHD engaged in more participated in the study. The context-specific overt and relational bullying than controls, occupational stress measure was developed however, they were more likely to be both based on semi-structured interviews with 20 overtly and relationally victimised by their peers participants who identified the specific sources (by both parent- and self-report). Comorbid of job demands, control, and support oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct experienced by the operators. All participants disorder (CD) appeared to exacerbate social then completed the scale established, along with problems for girls with ADHD, and in many a measure of burnout (MBI-GS) and of instances accounted for differences between demographic characteristics. Factorial analyses girls with ADHD and controls. There was no revealed 3 latent factors: job demands, evidence that girls with ADHD are at particular organizational climate (i.e., control + supervisor risk of SIP deficits compared with controls. This support), and support from colleagues. study provides additional evidence that girls Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that with ADHD experience significant social job demands, control and support predicted impairment in comparison to their peers. Of significant proportions of burnout, in particular greatest concern, they are more likely to be emotional exhaustion and cynicism. We also overtly and relationally victimised by their peers. observed a moderator effect of social support Comorbid ODD and CD symptoms should be and a three way interaction. These results targeted in treatment, as these comorbidities support the value of augmenting the account for most of the social difficulties components of the Demand Control Support experienced by girls with ADHD. model with stressors that are situation-specific.

Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Keywords: occupational stress, burnout, job conduct disorder, social information processing, demands, job content questionnaire, job demands- adolescents, social impairment control-support model

Burnout among French operators: A Burnout and compassion fatigue among contextual approach in testing the job- emergency staff: The influence of demand-control-support model demands, control, support and emotional labor TRUCHOT, D. (Université de France-Comté), PONZ, Y. (University of Franche-Comte) TRUCHOT, D. (Université de France-Comté), GRILLO, F. (Université de Franche-Comte) The job-demand-control-support (DCS) model (Karasek & Theorell, 1990) is a leading According to the Job-Demand-Control-Support theoretical model in occupational health (JDCS) model, the most adverse job-related psychology because it provides a clear strain reactions are to be expected in work conceptual framework and a standardized environments characterized by high demands, measurement tool, the Job Content low control, and low support. There is now Questionnaire (Karasek, 1985). However, most evidence that these factors cause strain, and studies on representative samples of employees that their effect is cumulative. However, dealing that measured perceived job stress with the Job with injured or distressed people requires that Content Questionnaire have failed to confirm emergency staff to regulate their expression of the predictions of the model. In line with recent emotion what has been called “emotional critics arguing for context specificity in labor”. However, the expression of appropriate occupational stress research and with the notion emotions, or the suppression of felt emotions, to develop more specific measures for specific may be at odds with actual experienced occupational groups, the aim of the present emotions. Surface acting refers to the display of study was to examine how the DCS model emotion regarded as appropriate but not applied in a well-defined occupational group actually felt. Deep acting refers to strategies assessed with a specific occupational stress aimed at actually feeling an emotion considered

1080 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology to be required. Both strategies require constant hypothesised that police stress and client effort and may result in strain in particular, bullying would predict higher burnout scores burnout. In addition to burnout, emergency staff (Hypothesis 1a) and lower organisational faced repeatedly with traumatic accidents may commitment (Hypothesis 1b). It was further experience compassion fatigue. Regression predicted that females would measure higher on analyses showed a main effect of demands and burnout than males (Hypothesis 2a) and display support on emotional exhaustion and lower organisational commitment (Hypothesis depersonalization, the core dimensions of 2b). A questionnaire was sent out to employees burnout and on compassion fatigue. No main of a Scandinavian police force (N = 667). A total effect of control nor an interaction was of 346 questionnaires were returned (response observed. Surface acting had a main effect on rate 52%) Stress was measured by the the burnout dimensions, but not on compassion Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ- fatigue. On the other hand, deep acting had no Op) and Organisational Police Stress effect on burnout but a positive effect on Questionnaire (PSQ-Org). An adapted version of compassion fatigue. the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R) was used to measure perceived exposure to bullying Keywords: burnout, emotion regulation, medical and victimisation on behalf of clients at work. emergency staff, emotional labour, compassion Burnout was measured using the Copenhagen fatigue Burnout Inventory (CBI), while commitment was measured using the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ). All measures were Burnout in a Scandinavian police force in times of economic turmoil: A study of its translated from English to the Scandinavian precursors and possible gender language using back-translation. Data was differences analysed using multiple hierarchical regression. Hypothesis 1a and 1b were partly supported, where police stress predicted burnout and SANTOS, A. (IWHO, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus), JONSDOTTI, V. (University of organisational commitment. Research results did Nottingham, Malaysia Campus) not lend support to Hypothesis 2a and 2b. A review of practical implications for the Icelandic police is provided. The police occupation has been identified as a high risk occupation, particularly vulnerable to burnout (e.g. Goodman, 1990). Studies generally Keywords: burnout, stress, bullying, gender show conflicting results on gender differences in differences, organisational commitment relation to burnout and stress, with some authors suggesting that women are less likely to Can jurors evaluate evidence of criminal be exposed to operational stressors (Brown and cases without bias? Fielding, 1993; Brown et al., 1999), but that women report higher levels of burnout WATAMURA, E. (The University of Tokyo), WAKEBE, (Schaufeli and Enzmann, 1998). Later studies (The University of Tokyo) however have failed to replicate these results (Burke, Richardsen, & Martinussen, 2006; Kop et The hypothesis that the label “offender” gives a al., 1999). Studies on bullying in the police also negative influence on items related to the yield conflicting results. In Hoel and Coopers’ offender implicitly was tested. To verify this analysis (2000), women were on average bullied hypothesis, we applied the Implicit Association more often than men but differences proved Test (IAT). IAT measures are designed to assess non-significant, contradicting other scholars that automatic associations between a contrasted have found significant gender differences (e.g. pair of target and attribute, through a Brown & Fielding, 1993; Burke & Mikkelsen, discriminatory task that requires fast responses. 2005; Kop et al., 1999). This study focused on Eight undergraduate students participated in our examining the effects of police stress and client experiment. In the IAT, we measured their bullying on burnout and organisational response time to two types of items (i.e. Type A commitment, and the possible gender or B) and two types of adjectives (i.e. positive or differences on these variables. It was negative meanings). Each type of item had three

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology articles of clothing (e.g. a white jacket) and each of procedural justice (fair treatment by police) type of adjective had three words (e.g. clean). and the impact of the interaction on Participants were asked to respond to an item or participants’ well-being were administered. adjective on the computer screen as quickly as Perceptions of procedural justice in victim-police possible, according to the rule which paired a interactions were a strong predictor of type of clothing with a type of adjective, the participants’ well-being as a result of the other clothing type with the other adjective interaction with police. As a result of the type. For each participant, we conducted two interaction with police, victims who reported a sets of IAT, and in the interval, participants were long-standing crime (sexual assault, child abuse) shown slides of a murder. In the slides, the were able to get closure and their depression offender put on Type A items, and the associated with the crime was reduced. In ambulance worker put on Type B. The results conclusion, the way police relate to victims of showed that the average response time, when crime has a powerful impact on victims’ type A items are paired with negative adjectives psychological well-being. Reporting a violent and type B items with positive adjectives, crime to the police is essential for a long-term became faster significantly after showing the recovery from the negative psychological slides (p = .02). This indicated that the slides consequences of the crime. changed the implicit evaluation of Type A items negatively (while they changed that of Type B Keywords: victims of crime, procedural justice, items positively). Our experiment confirms the victim-police interactions, recovery, victims' well- hypothesis that the label “offender” gives the being negative influence on items related to the offender implicitly. In the criminal court, jurors Caregiver causal attributions in youth are asked to evaluate evidence reasonably, or in early psychosis an evenhanded fashion. However, our study suggests that evidence may be evaluated with CLARKE, K. (Monash University), COUCHMAN, G. negative bias if they are presented as “related to (Monash University) the offender”. Moreover, it may be impossible to be unbiased, because it is due to unawareness. Research has examined relatives’ beliefs about the causes of psychosis and has found that caregiver causal attributions about the etiology Keywords: offender labelling, implicit association of psychosis have a significant impact on test, criminal court, offenders, jurors behavioural and emotional outcomes for both patient and family. The aim in the current study Can victim-police interactions be was to investigate caregiver causal attributions therapeutic for victims of violent crime? about illness onset in youth early psychosis and the factors that influence these attributions. ELLIOTT, I. (Monash University), THOMAS, S. Caregivers and patients were recruited from a (Monash University), OGLOFF, J. (Monash youth early psychosis service located at a rural University) and urban setting near Melbourne, Australia. Fifty one caregiver/patient dyads participated in The aim of this research was to investigate the the study. Caregivers were administered the impact of victim-police interactions on Causal Models Questionnaire for Schizophrenia. psychological well-being of victims of violent Caregiver demographics and patient levels of crime. Twenty-eight participants were recruited substance use were also collected. Caregivers by advertising the study at community health endorsed a range of causes across causal centres and police stations in Melbourne. In attribution categories. Caregivers most depth, face-to-face interviews were conducted frequently endorsed environmental causes, with the participants who were victims of sexual followed by psychological causes, interpersonal assault, physical violence, threats to kill, child causes and biological causes. Caregivers abuse, domestic violence, and relatives of predominantly endorsed the individual causal homicide victims. Both quantitative and attributions of hereditary/genetics and illicit qualitative measures of participants’ perceptions drug use. There was evidence that caregiver and

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology patient factors were related to the types of addressed in this presentation include the causal attributions made about the onset of development of a curriculum framework, psychosis. This study has provided insights into resource materials, supervisor and supervisee caregiver attribution processes, where manuals, and an annual program of workshops caregivers are developing causal attributions delivered through the Allied Health Clinical that are biopsychosocial in nature and are Education and Training Unit (AHCETU). The generally consistent with current etiological introduction of a detailed curriculum framework theories in youth mental health services. Of with an accompanying set of assessment concern is the increasing perception by procedures will provide a significant step caregivers that substance use is a cause of towards standardisation of a competency based psychosis. Implications for psycho-education and supervised practice program in Queensland caregiver intervention approaches in early Health. Supervisors of probationary registrants psychosis services will be discussed. employing the Pathway 1 route to registration will benefit from the development of a Keywords: psychosis, caregiver causal attributions, standardised curriculum and set of assessment caregiver interventions, caregiver psychoeducation, procedures. In addition to this a set of causal models questionnaire for schizophrenia recommendations will be provided for the ongoing education of Pathway 1 psychologists. Changes to the Pathway One training option for psychologists: A proactive Keywords: psychology education, psychology response in Queensland Health registration standards, pathway one psychologists, standardised psychology training, four plus two training pathway DEMPSEY, S. (Queensland Health), MORRELL, S. (Queensland Health) Characteristics associated with days of attendance and treatment compliance The education of psychologists is currently among clients in substance abuse undergoing radical change particularly with treatment regard to the Pathway 1 option which provides a competency based supervised practice program for probationary psychologists. Specifically, the KELLEY, M. (Old Dominion University), COOKE, C. (Virginia Consortium in ), NEFF, J. previously employed “4 plus 2” model is (Old Dominion University), DOANE, A. (Old proposed to be replaced with a “5 plus 1” model Dominion University) requiring prospective psychologists to complete 5 years of university training followed by one year of supervised practice to attain general The purpose of this study was to examine registration. The aim of this presentation is to individual characteristics associated with days in describe an innovative project undertaken by treatment and treatment compliance among Queensland Health to support registration board clients who entered a community-based standards and radically improve the delivery and treatment program for substance abuse. We outcomes of this pathway to registration. Under expected that being female, presence of children the current 4 plus 2 arrangements, Queensland in the home, and lack of a serious mental illness, Health has recently appointed a project officer would predict more days of treatment to design, implement and review the state wide attendance and greater likelihood of treatment training and assessment of Pathway 1 compliance. We examined primary substance of psychologists. In addition to this, 16 Clinical abuse as a predictor of days of attendance and Educators have been appointed throughout the treatment compliance; however, no specific state and will be available to implement the hypothesis was made regarding drug of abuse recommendations of the project officer and and the outcome variables. Information was oversee the education and professional retrieved from medical records of male and development of Pathway 1 psychologists. A female clients (N = 230) who took part in a qualitative approach employing thematic community-based treatment program for analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) will be used to substance abuse in a large city in the describe this process. Key elements which will be southeastern United States of America during a

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32-month period. Primary substance of abuse at anxiety. And the structure of the whole treatment admission was coded: 0) alcohol, 1) questionnaire includes one substantive factor of cocaine/crack, or 2) other drug. Treatment anxiety control and two method factors of compliance was coded as 1) complete or partial positive wording and negative wording. The treatment success, or 2) non- method of data collecting used four versions of compliance/program discharge. Treatment ACQ which were constructed through reversing compliance was determined by the treatment the expression of each item, meaning that items staff. The multiple regression with days of that were originally positively worded were treatment as the dependent variable was negatively worded after reversing and the ones significant, F(4, 225) = 2.73, p < .03. However, originally negatively worded became positively the only significant predictor of days of expressed. The four versions were: all-positively- treatment attendance was gender; being female worded items, all-negatively-worded items, predicted longer treatment attendance (β = -.21, original version and the reversal of the original sri = .04). Results of the overall logistic version. Firstly, the results of Confirmatory regression with treatment compliance as the Factor Analysis of the four versions of ACQ dependent variable was not significant, χ2(5) = indicated that both the original version and the 8.84, p = .116. Although the combination of reversal of the original version contained factors predictors did not account for a significant of item wording direction. However, versions portion of variance in treatment compliance with only one direction did not contain these scores, being female was associated with greater kinds of factors. Secondly, comparisons of the likelihood of treatment compliance, Wald total score of the four versions showed that statistic, χ2(1) = 5.17, p < .05, Odds Ratio = .32, there were significant differences between the Confidence Interval = .12 to .86. Results support original version and the version of all-positive- previous studies that demonstrate that women wording items as well as the reversal version. may be more responsive to outpatient However there is no significant difference treatment for substance abuse (e.g. Sanchez- between the original version and the all- Craig, Leigh, Spivak, & Lei, 1989). negatively-wording-item version. Thirdly, analysis of the difference of the total score of Keywords: treatment compliance, substance abuse, the four versions shows that the difference was gender differences, community based substance caused by the negatively worded items in the abuse treatment program, mental illness original questionnaire. In conclusion, questionnaires with positively and negatively worded items will produce item wording factors Characteristics of item wording effect in psychological tests and reasons it is if parts of the items are scored reversely. produced Questionnaires with items worded in one direction will not result in such kind of wording factors. The production of the item wording WANG, S. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), ZHANG, effect is directly related to the reversal of item J. (Chinese Academy Sciences), HANNUM, E. (University of Pennsylvania), MA, L. (Chinese scores. Academy Sciences) Keywords: item wording effect, psychological The aim of this study was to explore the testing, questionnaire item reversal, wording direction, anxiety control questionnaire characteristics of the Item Wording Effect in psychological tests and how this kind of effect is produced. Three hundred and forty students in Childhood-adolescent caretaking high school and college were tested in this study, experience and non-suicidal self-injury 268 male and 72 female and 175 in high school and 165 in college. The measure of the Chinese WALKER, G. (Deakin University), MILDRED, H. version of Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ) (Deakin University) was used which contains 30 items, 12 items which are positively worded and 18 items Non-suicidal self-injury (deliberate self-harm) negatively worded. The questionnaire is aimed including self-mutilation, is a major health risk at testing the feeling people have to control the for contemporary adolescents and young adults

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(Gratz & Chapman, 2007; Gratz et al., 2002; Children’s spatial analysis of simple and Klonsky & Olino, 2008; Skegg, 2005). The current complex hierarchical patterns in a study aimed to examine the relationship drawing and a similarity judgement task between childhood-adolescent attachment and specific caretaking experiences, and non-suicidal PUSPITAWATI, I. (LEAD - Université de Bourgogne), self-injury (Fanous, Prescott & Kendler, 2004; VINTER, A. (LEAD - Université de Bourgogne) Gratz, 2003; Marchetto, 2006). Based upon findings from literature on non-suicidal self- The aim of this study was to investigate the injury¬, it was hypothesised that perceived: development of simple and complex hierarchical insecure maternal attachment; childhood abuse patterns in children with regard to the spatial including neglect, physical and sexual abuse; low analysis ability. A drawing task and a forced- maternal care; and high maternal overprotection choice similarity judgement task with two simple in childhood and adolescence, would all be and two complex hierarchical patterns were related to frequency of non-suicidal self-injury. employed in this study. In these tasks, children One hundred and seventy one volunteer were exposed to each pattern for short (300 undergraduate students from a Metropolitan millisecond) and long (3 second) durations. One Melbourne university completed an anonymous hundred and twenty one children aged between questionnaire which asked about their childhood 4 and 9 years of age participated in the drawing caretaking experiences, attachment and adult experiment and 100 children between 4 and 10 self-harming behaviour. Of these, a surprising years of age participated in the similarity one hundred participants (58%) reported self- judgement experiment. The drawing task harming at least once in their lives using a showed that the correct integrated responses variety of methods. The most prevalent methods increased significantly with age F(5, 115) = 8.4, p included body-cutting and severe scratching of < .01. In the similarity judgment task, the choice the skin. The current paper articulates the for global responses increased significantly with specific patterns and correlates that emerge age, F(4, 95) = 9.6, p < .01 A slight increase in from the self-harming data of these young the occurrence of these responses was observed people. Moderate significant relationships until 8 years of age, followed by a decrease between childhood-adolescent neglect, insecure between 8 and 10 years of age, as attested by maternal attachment, sexual abuse, and the significant quadratic trend F(1, 95) = 6.9, p = frequency of non-suicidal self-injury were found. .01. Congruently the local partial responses A regression analysis also demonstrated that decreased between 4 and 8 years of age and childhood-adolescent maternal attachment and then increased between 8 and 10 years of age, maltreatment problems, especially a neglectful as attested by a significant quadratic trend F(1, and negative home environment, predicted 95) = 14.3, p < .01. Results in the drawing task frequency of non-suicidal self-injury (Gratz et al, showed that the correct integrated responses 2002; Gratz & Chapman, 2007; van der Kolk & increased progressively with age. The similarity Fisler, 1994). These results support previous judgment task demonstrated global preference reports in the literature relating childhood in 4 year-old children. This preference gained in adversity to non suicidal self-injury in other strength in the later ages, but decreased at 10 populations. It was concluded that results from years of age, particularly when children were the current study show that certain social- exposed to complex stimuli. Between 8 and 10 environmental adversities in childhood- years of age, children found more similarities adolescence are associated with a significant between the targets and partial patterns that part of the non-suicidal self-injury picture, and preserved local information than complete may need to be an important focus of treatment patterns that preserved the global shape but not for people who deliberately harm themselves. the local information. These developmental trends were sensitive to contextual factors such Keywords: self-injury, deliberate self-harm, as the duration of exposure, underlying the childhood-adolescent maternal attachment, importance of attentional processes in the way childhood adversity, caretaking experiences children analyzed hierarchical patterns.

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Keywords: simple and complex hierarchical problems lesser than teachers and patterns, children's spatial analysis ability, similarity administrators. Lack of motivation and low judgment task, attention, drawing task academic achievement were the two most commonly mentioned problems in terms of Children's psychological problems in frequency and seriousness. Comparing United Arab Emirates public schools: A frequencies and seriousness indicated that the comparison of the perspectives of most frequent and serious problems are various school staff behavioral, while the least frequent and serious are physical. ALGHORANI, M. A. (United Arab Emirates University) Keywords: school staff, children's problems, achievement, motivation, problem perception This study aimed at comparing how differently school staff members (teachers, administrators, Chinese employees’ psychological and vocational staff; i.e., social specialists and pressure in the workplace: Proof from psychological specialists) perceive the industrial products marketing staff, prevalence and seriousness of various children's scientific researchers and software problems. Moreover, this research shall engineers investigate the impact of using different measurement types. A survey outlining various XU, J. P. (Beijing Normal University), YU, Z. L. psychological problems (behavioral, emotional, (Beijing Normal University), QIN, Y. (Beijing Normal and mental) was constructed and administered. University), HOU, Y. (Beijing Normal University) A multitrait-multimethod approach was used to identify children’s problems. The survey included During about 30 years of China modernization, three methods: firstly, school staff were asked to the economy, technology and society have been rank-order problems according to prevalence increasing or changing very fast. With the and seriousness respectively; secondly, school change, work and life step is faster and faster. staff were asked to compare paired categories of Due to heavy workload, worry about occupation students’ problems; thirdly, school staff were and organization development, facing uncertain asked identify how prevalent is each of the 61 surroundings and the future, psychological problems that were selected from various pressure is an increasingly common feature of measures and scales. When participants were modern life and does harm to people. It is an asked to list children's problems in order with important problem often faced by employees in regard to frequency and seriousness, lack of the workplaces, too. The employees’ motivation and low academic achievement were psychological pressure management is a hot at the top of the lists. Comparing frequencies research topic nowadays in China. The purpose and seriousness of paired problems indicated of this study was to explore the psychological that the most frequent and serious problems are pressure status, causes and coping strategic. The behavioral, while the least frequent and serious study used Industrial Products Marketing Staff are physical. When participants were asked to Psychological Pressure Questionnaire rate how spread each of the 61 problems constructed by authors, Pressure Management identified in the survey were, more than half of Indicator Questionnaire (PMI), and Occupational the problems were rated between moderately- Stressor Indexes-2 (OSI-2), surveyed 256 spread and very spread. This indicates that scientific researchers in five scientific and school staff members share a perspective that technical institutions in Beijing, 274 industrial school children have a variety of many problems. products marketing staff in ten industrial Behavioral problems have been rated more enterprises and company from the whole frequent than physical problems by all of country，217 software engineers for small and vocation categories in this study: administrators, middle Information Technology businesses in vocational staff (Social Specialists,) and teachers. Beijing. The questionnaires were distributed Significantly, teachers did so more than amongst employees at the workplace by administrators and vocational staff. Social investigators or collected data by internet. The specialists have always rated the frequencies of results showed that the psychological pressure

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology level of the total participants in different may perform beyond their capabilities in some workplaces is very high and the occupational circumstances. Thirdly, the collective efficacy of pressure is the main part. The main stressors of the local government is very high. They believe the participants are workload, relationships and that the difficulties can be conquered under organization climate, recognition and career their efforts and the support from central future, role conflict, personal responsibility, government. Last but not least, the operational home-work balance and daily hassles. The mechanism works well. Various resources, Conclusions were that psychological pressures of especially the human resources, are sufficient to Chinese employees are heavier and stressors guarantee the progress of reconstruction. The were from many different directions. The Chinese governmental culture will ultimately methods of coping with the pressure were influence the ability of local governments in personal skills and organization and social heavy disaster regions to adapt and respond to support. the damages caused by the earthquake.

Keywords: modernization, coping, employee stress, Keywords: resilience, government, reconstruction social support, pressure management Chips for challenging: The moderating Chinese governmental culture: A vital effects of past attainment and future role in the resilience of local prospect on the relationship between governments of heavy disaster regions perceived insider status and offering after 2008 Wenchuan earthquake challenging opinions

YANG, Y. (Beijing Normal University), QU, Z. (Beijing HUI, C. (University of Hong Kong), LEE, C. (Hong Normal University), SU, Y. (Beijing Normal Kong Polytechnic University), LIU, B. (Shanghai Jiao University) Tong University), KO, J. Y. O. (University of Hong Kong) Resilience is commonly portrayed as a positive capability that allows individuals, groups, and Offering challenging suggestions is important to organizations to survive and cope with a disaster organizational health. It is, however, less likely with minimum impact and damage. This paper for employees to offer challenging suggestions aims to assess the influence of Chinese culture in than to offer supporting suggestions. In the the organizational resilience of local government United States of America, research on after Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan province, groupthink has demonstrated that group China. The semi-structural questionnaire members are willing to go along with a group method is applied in this study. The decision even though they see problems in the questionnaires are based on the responses of group decision. In China, the cultural value of government officers from five heavy disaster power distance and the emphasis on social regions including Beichuan, Pingwu, Mianzhu, harmony suggest that challenging suggestions Shifang, and Luojiang. Eighty four officers of are less socially acceptable than conformity. different levels from the five counties assisted us Thus, examining situations under which to complete the study according to their own employees are willing to offer challenging working experiences after the earthquake. Four suggestions have both theoretical and practical findings are obtained from the research. Firstly, importance. We hypothesize that employees are China is a collectivism country which central more willing to offer challenging suggestions if government can allocate the resources of the they perceive that they are insiders of an whole country more efficiently. Indeed, the organization (Perceived Insider States, SIS, supports and helps from other provinces Stamper and Masterson, 2002) and that they contribute significantly from the descriptions of have bargaining chips such as their past those officers. Secondly, the Chinese culture attainment in the organization. The identity of appeals to the spirits of high responsibility. All an insider puts an employee in a position to the Chinese citizens, especially government contribute and offers some buffer when an officers, pay more attention to collective benefit employee errs (for example, when voicing compared to personal benefit. Those officers challenging suggestions is not accepted). Past

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology attainment is the additional chips for erring study was conducted in free legal aid centres (« because when employees have attained Law and Justice Houses » and « Law shops ») in important accomplishments in an organization, an urban area in France. Methodological their opinions carry more weight. Future procedure combined of prospect, however, may inhibit an employee consultations with legal consultants, semi- from challenging for the fear of disapproval. We directed interviews with the public (N = 46), and hypothesize that employees are most likely to a questionnaire completed by users of legal aid offer challenging suggestions when they (N = 132). Social representations of the justice perceived themselves to be insiders, have system, motives for claiming, and conflict attained much in the organization in the past, trajectories were assessed. Content and but have low future prospects in the lexicometric analyses for qualitative data, and organization. We tested our hypothesis using a correlational, factorial and configural analyses sample of 91 employees in China from different for quantitative ones were realized. Emergence occupations and companies who attended and transformation of disputes appeared as Master’s level classes in a university. Forty-two conditioned by three main social-psychological percent were female. They averaged ten years factors: social representations, social in their career and five years on their jobs. Their interactions, and temporality. Shared lay mean age was 32 years. We found a significant knowledge about justice, interactions with three-way interaction between PIS, past surrounding people or lawyers, and time attainment and future prospect using orientation together participate in the hierarchical multiple regression. Results configuration of “naming”, “blaming”, and supported our hypothesis. To increase the “claiming” stages of disputes transformation. likelihood that employees would offer Perceived accessibility of legal contexts and trust challenging suggestions, organizations may in legal institutions act as potential barriers in consider strengthening the relationship with the claiming process. Results highlighted social- their employees and considering how to protect psychological anchoring of individuals’ the future prospect of employees who voice commitment to the legal-claiming process, and challenging suggestions. the dynamic process by which conflicts are transformed – or not – into disputes. It provides Keywords: organisational health, groupthink, group new insights for tackling inequalities in access to decision making, perceived insider status, employee justice, especially for poor or marginalized voice populations. Implications for policies and future researches will be discussed. Claiming rights or claiming justice: A social psychological analysis of disputes Keywords: injustice perception, grievance, disputes, emergence justice

FIEULAINE, N. (University of Lyon), NIKOS, K. Classical and modern prejudice towards (University of Lyon), VALÉRIE, H. (University of intellectual disability: Attitudes of Lyon) undergraduate students at Isfahan University The process by which experiences of injustice are perceived, become grievances, and then are REZAEI DEHNAVI, S. (University of Isfahan), BAGHER transformed into claims and/or disputes is in KAJBAF, M. (University of Isfahan) many respects a social-psychological process. Hence, aims of this field study were 1) to The purpose of this study was to investigate the investigate how citizens facing injurious prevalence of two forms of prejudice towards experiences succeed or fail to form a sense of people with intellectual disability (classical and “entitlement” to some kind of redress and assert modern) in undergraduate students at Isfahan claims in legal institutions; 2) to explore social- University. Through cluster sampling, 189 psychological factors that are important in the students were selected. The participants filled development of disputing behaviors, but also in out a scale of classical and modern prejudice the access to rights, law, and justice. A field towards intellectual disability, developed by

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Nazar Akrami. The data were then analyzed than clients in the Precontemplation stage. through a one sample t-test, paired t-test and Additionally, clients aged 26 years and older ANOVA test. The results indicated that there were more ready to change substance abusing were two forms of prejudice in undergraduate behaviours and more satisfied with treatment students. Students expressed more modern program structure than clients under 26 years of prejudice in contrast with classical prejudice, age. Furthermore, clients who had been in and having more knowledge about mental treatment for longer than 90 days were more disability was related to decreasing classical ready to change substance abusing behaviour prejudice. Two forms of prejudice existed in and more satisfied with the treatment program male and female students that studies in staff and structure than participants who had different academic disciplines not related to been in treatment for less than 90 days. education and psychology of mental disability. Readiness to change is an indicator of likelihood of change, therefore any means to facilitate Keywords: prejudice towards people with client’s increased readiness to change should be intellectual disability, classical prejudice, modern considered. For example, a brief motivational prejudice, mental disorders, prejudice amongst interviewing intervention employed at the students commencement of treatment might influence clients to remain in treatment longer. Younger Client satisfaction and readiness to adults might benefit from a ‘transitional’ court- change in court-mandated substance mandated treatment program that specifically abuse treatment addresses the unique needs of the young adult population, thus improving their readiness to change, satisfaction with treatment, and DUGGAN, K. (University of Tasmania) ultimately their treatment outcomes. A thorough exploration of mandated treatment Court-mandated substance abuse treatment has issues is included in the body of the paper. become a viable alternative to incarceration for substance abusing offenders, despite the paucity Keywords: rehabilitation, substance abuse, of research investigating individual’s treatment Treatment Perceptions Questionnaire, readiness to processes. The aim of this study was to change, court-mandated treatment program investigate whether readiness to change substance abusing behaviour was associated with satisfaction with court-mandated substance Clinically maladjusted and adjusted abuse treatment. A further aim was to couples: A preliminary study investigate the influence that client age and time spent in court-mandated treatment had on DINCA, M. (University Titu Maiorescu), ILIESCU, D. satisfaction with treatment and readiness to (SNSPA, University at Bucharest) change substance abusing behaviour. The Treatment Perceptions Questionnaire (TPQ) and Marital adjustment was originally defined the Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RTCQ) (Spanier & Cole, 1976) as a multidimensional were completed by 35 clients (Mage = 28.47, SD = phenomenon which the Dyadic Adjustment Scale 6.02, 25 males) undertaking court-mandated (DAS) was reported to measure adequately substance abuse treatment. The TPQ measured (Spanier, 1976). The separate dimensions of client satisfaction with the treatment program marital adjustment were reported to be the staff and treatment program structure. The following: (a) consensus on matters of RTCQ assessed client readiness to change importance to marital functioning, (b) dyadic substance abusing behaviours, and categorised satisfaction, (c) dyadic cohesion, and (d) them as being in either the Precontemplation, affectional expression. The purpose of this study Contemplation or Action stage of change based is to explore if and how the behavior pattern of on responses to 12 attitudinal statements the woman or of the man is the one influencing pertaining to behaviour change. Results dyadic adjustment of marital relationships. indicated that participants in the Contemplation Ninety couples (50% males and 50% females) and Action stages of change reported greater aged 32 to 59 years completed the Dyadic satisfaction with treatment staff and structure Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1989). We selected

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology four groups based on the scores of the two major depressive disorder were randomly partners, and considered T scores under 30 as allocated to receive clinician-assisted ICBT for indicators of severe maladjustment. There were depression, or technician-assisted ICBT (with significant differences between the four groups weekly telephone calls from a technician) or to a (t Student). The groups were the following: 1. waitlist control condition. Participants in the Non-distressed couples group (n = 71); 2. clinician-assisted version received access to a six- distressed couples group (n = 8); 3. mixed lesson program plus regular emails and couples group: man with clinical profile, normal telephone calls from a clinician, automatic pattern in woman (n = 7); 4. mixed couples reminder emails, and access to an online group: woman with clinical profile, normal discussion forum. Participants in the technician- pattern in man (n = 4). First, as expected, we assisted version received access to the program, found different patterns of behavior for non- automatic reminder emails, and regular email distressed and distressed couples. Second, if and telephone reminders from a technician. It only the woman has a clinical behavior pattern was expected that the clinician-assisted groups (low scores on affectional expression, would have higher completion rates and better satisfaction and consensus) the man obtained clinical outcomes than the technician-assisted low scores on consensus. If the man has a clinical group. The main outcome measures were the behavior pattern (low scores on affectional Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the expression and satisfaction), the women Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item (PHQ-9). obtained low score on satisfaction. The results Completion rates were high, and both treatment reveal different patterns of marital interaction, groups reduced scores on the BDI-II (p < 0.001) correlating with the behavior of the partners and and PHQ-9 (p < 0.001) compared to the delayed their gender. These findings are important for treatment group, but did not differ from each clinicians active in family counseling and other. Within group effect sizes on the BDI-II psychotherapy, as they reveal important were 1.27 and 1.20 for the clinician and information about the influence of the behavior technician-assisted groups, respectively, and on of the partners on couple relationships. the PHQ-9 were 1.32 and 1.60, respectively. Approximately 60 minutes of clinician or Keywords: marital adjustment, dyadic satisfaction, technician time was required per participant dyadic cohesion, affectional expression, dyadic during the eight-week treatment program. Both adjustment scale clinician and technician-assisted treatment resulted in large effect sizes and clinically significant improvements comparable to those Clinician-guided versus technician- guided internet treatment for depression associated with face-to-face treatment, while a delayed treatment control group did not improve. These results provide support for large SPENCE, J. (CRUfAD (Clinicial Research Unit for scale trials to determine the clinical Anxiety and Depression), St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney), TITOV, N. (University of New South effectiveness and acceptability of technician- Wales), ANDREWS, G. (University of New South assisted ICBT programs for depression. This form Wales), DAVIES, M. (St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney), of treatment has potential to increase the MCINTYRE, K. (St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney), capacity of existing mental health services. ROBINSON, E. (St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney), SOLLEY, K. (St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney) Keywords: internet-based interventions, cognitive behavioural therapy, treatment, depression Recent studies indicate that Internet-based Cognitive Behavioural Treatment (ICBT), when Cognitive functioning following liver guided by a clinician, is as efficacious as face-to- transplantation for alcohol-related liver face Cognitive Behavioural Treatment. Emerging disease: A prospective study evidence indicates that non-clinicians (technicians) can also efficaciously administer CONNOR, J. (Alcohol and Drug Assessment Unit, ICBT. The question is, would reminders from a Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane / The technician be as effective as guidance from a University of Queensland), PEGUM, N. (Princess clinician? One hundred and forty people with Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane), FEENEY, G. (Princess

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Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane), YOUNG, R. (Princess perceptions of health and wellbeing and support Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane) factors at work. Specifically, the relationship between support factors (peer level, supervisor This study aims to identify the pre- and post- level and organisational level) and employee operative neuropsychological and psychosocial health and wellbeing were investigated. functioning of patients who require liver Participants included 106 employees recruited transplantation as a result of alcohol-related utilising a snowballing technique. The majority of liver disease. A comprehensive participants were under 30 years of age, neuropsychological (WAIS-III, WMS-III, Trails employed full time with male and female [A&B], Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure) and participants equally represented. Health and psychosocial assessment (Beck Depression wellbeing was measured using the short form 8- Inventory, Psychological Adjustment to Illness item Health Survey (SF-8) and Personal Scale) was conducted with 92 patients requiring Wellbeing Index (PWI) respectively. Perceived liver transplantation. Follow-up assessment was organisational support (POS) was measured conducted with 42 patients, 12 months post utilising the POS measure, while supervisor successful transplantation. Patients performed support, job involvement and peer support were significantly below the normative sample on measured using subscales from the Work tests of non-verbal cognitive functioning and Environment Scale. As predicted, organisational immediate and delayed memory tasks pre- support factors did not predict health or transplantation. Difficulties with executive wellbeing in individualist cultures. In contrast, in functioning, depressive symptomatology and collectivist cultures, the organisational support vocational functioning were also identified. factors were found to predict mental health. With the application of repeated measures Also, in collectivist cultures the organisational MANOVA and Reliability Change Indices, support factors accounted a significant amount significant improvements were observed from of variance in personal wellbeing. Supervisor pre- to post-transplantation in non-verbal support on its own contributed 19.3 per cent of cognitive functioning, memory, and executive unique variance in personal wellbeing. functioning domains, along with significant Furthermore, the organisational support factors reductions in depressive symptomatology and (POS, Supervisor Support, co-worker cohesion) vocational difficulty. Additional knowledge of together accounted for a significant amount of the cognitive and psychosocial sequelae variance in mental health. Additionally, associated with alcohol-related liver disease may organisational factors also contributed a assist in the management of patients leading up significant amount of variance in personal to transplantation surgery. The cognitive and wellbeing. The findings of the current study psychosocial gains and residual difficulties suggest that the relationship between observed post liver transplantation present new organisational support factors and health and and important data to assist planning for optimal wellbeing is influenced by cultural differences. recovery and post-operative care. Keywords: cultural diversity, individualist cultures, Keywords: liver transplantation, alcohol-related collectivist culture, organisational support, well- liver disease, cognitive functioning being

Collectivist versus individualist culture: Community collaboration in defining Differences in perceptions of health and outcomes: Wellbeing among Sudanese in wellbeing and support factors at work Australia

WONG, A. (Deakin University), VON TREUER, K. MURRAY, K. (San Diego State University) (Deakin University), FULLARTON, C. (Deakin University) Thousands of refugees enter resettlement countries each year after experiencing This study aimed to examine differences persecution and threats to their safety and between individualist and collectivist cultures in wellbeing in their homelands. Economic pressures and cultural norms proscribed by the

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology resettlement country frequently drive the goals and action for newly arrived refugees and may or may not research: How the development of a coincide with refugee goals, beliefs and men’s health calendar can help to change experiences. The current study explores young men’s attitudes towards their Sudanese perspectives on positive and negative health in the United Kingdom factors influencing adaptation and hopes and fears for their futures in Australia. The current RICHARDS, M. (Manchester Metropolitan study recruited 10 adults from Sudan (Mean age University) = 36.50, SD = 8.06) who had been in Australia an average 5.2 years and were purposefully One of the major issues in health today is the selected to represent a range of ages, life reluctance of men to acknowledge health experiences and gender (5 males, 5 females). problems and to find solutions to resolve them. Participants completed a semi-structured In addition, young men in the United Kingdom interview in English which lasted approximately (UK) are more likely than any other group to 60 minutes. The interviews were transcribed and commit suicide, break the law, be unemployed, analysed using a systematic approach (Miles & have no qualifications and have low self esteem. Huberman, 1994). Participants described their In collaboration with a young men’s project in views on positive and negative futures in Manchester, UK, in one of the poorest places in Australia and people within their community the UK, a young men’s group was developed to they view as doing well and poorly in create a men’s health calendar. The aims of this resettlement. The participants spoke of the project were to identify the most pertinent areas importance of maintaining connections with and of male health, which the young men identified providing for one’s family and community, both themselves. A semi-structured programme of in Australia and Sudan, through obtaining activities was devised considering male health employment and laying a positive foundation for issues and young men were invited aged 18 to future generations. They highlighted fears for 25 to participate in the programme. The young the future as including lack of access to men identified and actively participated during employment, systemic concerns regarding sessions around issues related to alcohol, drugs, political and racial tensions, loss of Sudanese sex, relationships, exercise, help accessing culture, and negative unforeseen events such as services, talking more, diet, taking less risks, poor health. Participants identified three factors positive hobbies and self image. A positive influencing adaptation among Sudanese in informal learning environment was created for Australia including: basic skills such as English the young men to reflect on their own ‘health abilities; family factors and social losses; and, issues’. They developed skills in debate, personal beliefs and attitudes toward life in discussion, photography and simple cooking Australia. The current analyses underscore techniques. Semi-structured interviews and common themes in human desires for social questionnaires were used to explore the health connections and self-sufficiency underneath a issues they identified and how they might look fabric of unique cultural values, beliefs and ways to change if change was necessary. The of life among people from a refugee background. questionnaire aimed to find what their attitudes Incorporating cultural perspectives in the to health issues were and the interviews went development and implementation of deeper to discover possible solutions in changing resettlement and health services and policies their attitudes. It was found that there are has received growing emphasis in some of the serious gaps in their knowledge on the Australian service components for good reason. importance of health. However, through simple Discussion of study limitations and future efforts discussion and debate during the activities, it which incorporate culturally salient supports and was collectively highlighted what the problems foster cross-cultural dialogue and mutual were, and solutions were identified to change understanding is provided. attitudes. It can be concluded that community psychology and action research are important Keywords: refugees, resettlement, well-being, and useful approaches in highlighting health adaptation issues in young men and seeking solutions to

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology change their attitudes successfully and Comparative optimism between potentially for the long term. offenders and legalist drivers: Impact of rehabilitation training courses Keywords: male health, young men's group, semi- structured programme of activities, health PERRISSOL, S. (Cognition, Langue, Langage et attitudes, community psychology Ergonomie - Laboratoire Travail et Cognition (CLLE- LTC)), SMEDING, A. (Cognition, Langue, Langage et Ergonomie - Laboratoire Travail et Cognition (CLLE- Comparative assessment and LTC)), LAUMOND, F. remediation of adaptive behaviour skills of some children aged 3-10 years In France, despite recent improvements during the last seven years, 4443 people were killed in a AKINSOLA, E. (University of Lagos), GOMA, R. (University of Lagos) car accident in 2008. Many measures were adopted by the French government to decrease the accidents: raise of police control to detect The aim of this study was to assess the the presence of alcohol, decreased speed limit developmental level of adaptive behavior skills etc. Since 1992, the government has introduced of some children aged 3-10 years, and determine driver’s licence penalty points: each driver has if training can improve the school adaptive 12 points and each offence takes away some behavior skills of those found to be deficient in points. If the driver loses all his points, he has to this area. A cross-sectional method of take the driving test again. One way to recover administering an adapted version of Harrison four points is to go to driver-rehabilitation and Oakland’s (2008) adaptive behavior training courses. These courses stress the risks of assessment system (ABAS-II), home and school driving. (eg. braking distance…) There were two editions, was used. It was administered to 250 goals of this study. Our first goal was to children from intact homes, 25 from an determine whether traffic regulation offenders orphanage and 25 from a special school for have a weaker risk perception than legalist children with special needs, within the age range (persons who have not lost any points) ones. of 3 to 10 years. An intervention program was Offenders would consider themselves better mounted for those found to be deficient in the drivers with better control in driving situations school adaptive behavior skills using the method than other drivers. This consideration would of “at least prompt adaptive skills”. This second cause driving offence behaviors. The second goal phase at the time of submitting this abstract was consisted in verifying the effects of driver- not yet concluded. The results obtained in the rehabilitation training courses on risk first phase of the study indicated that children perception. We made the assumption that the from intact homes possessed better over-all training courses would reduce risk perception adaptive behavior skills than children from the and comparative optimism (perception of low orphanage and the special school. It is expected risk relative to peers, Radcliffe and Klein, 2002). that the school related adaptive behavior skills Three groups (n = 20 in each group) were of children that are now being given training constituted: legalist drivers, offenders before a would significantly improve after the training. training course and offenders after a training The results of the first part of the study reflected course. All participants had to fill in a the importance of parental involvement in the questionnaire measuring comparative optimism development of competent adaptive behavior in six driving situations (three involved high skills of children and the need for caretakers of control from the driver whereas three others children, other than parents, to be more involved weaker control). Results revealed 1/ an involved in the development and training of interaction effect type of driver x control adaptive behavior skills of children under their situations; offenders are more optimistic in the care. probability of having an accident than legalist ones, but only in the high control condition; 2/ Keywords: assessment, remediation, adaptive the course seems to reduce the optimistic bias behaviour skills, children, developmental level of offenders; results seem not to differ from those obtained with legalist ones. Discussion will

1093 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology focus on implications for driving initiation and also improved significantly and comparably in continuing education. the two groups. Cognitive (overall level of cognitive function, attention, executive, verbal Keywords: driving behaviour, risk perception, fluency, facial discrimination, verbal memory) driver-rehabilitation training course, traffic outcome in the two groups was comparable. accidents, driver control However, the MCI group showed greater decline in visual memory. Prevalence of MCI in this surgical sample was comparable to that reported Comparison of cognitive and quality of life outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease with in tertiary care and community samples. This and without mild cognitive impairment study confirmed positive motor and quality of after bilateral subthalamic deep brain life outcomes in PD after STN DBS and found stimulation that the outcomes are comparable in patients with and without pre-surgical mild cognitive impairment. As a group, patients with MCI TRÖSTER, A. (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), FIELDS, J. (Mayo Clinic, Rochester) before surgery may be at risk of greater visual memory declines after surgery than those without MCI. These declines may not have Little literature exists about neuropsychological dramatic functional implications however, as effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in self-rated satisfaction with cognition after Parkinson’s disease (PD) with dementia, but surgery was comparable in the two groups. patients with dementia are typically not Future studies with larger samples, and defining candidates for DBS. Subthalamic (STN) DBS in MCI in a variety of different ways, are needed to patients without dementia is generally confirm the present findings. considered safe from a cognitive standpoint and is associated with quality of life (QOL) gains, but a minority of patients experience cognitive Keywords: deep brain stimulation, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, quality of life, mild cognitive declines. Whether pre-existing mild cognitive impairment impairment (MCI) affects DBS outcome is unknown and is addressed in this preliminary study. Twenty-four patients who underwent Complementary and alternative simultaneous bilateral subthalamic DBS surgery medicine use and distress among participated in the study. Patients were assessed Australian women with cancer: A about a month before and four months after prospective longitudinal investigation surgery. MCI was defined independently of outcome measures in each of five domains on BEATTY, L. (Flinders University), ADAMS, J. the basis of scores 1.5 SDs or more below age- (University of Queensland), SIBBRITT, D. (University appropriate means (without functional of Newcastle), WADE, T. (Flinders University) impairment): attention (Digit Span Backward or Spatial Span Backward), language (Boston While several cross-sectional studies have Naming Test), executive function (Stroop examined the medical, demographic and Interference Condition), visuospatial (Visual psychological correlates of Complementary and Organization Test), and memory (Logical Alternative Medicine (CAM) use among women Memory delayed). Quality of life was assessed with cancer, few prospective longitudinal with the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire investigations have been reported. The purpose (PDQ). Seven patients had pre-operative MCI (six of the present study is to prospectively examine single domain; one multiple domain; all but one (i) whether pre-cancer distress is predictive of non-amnestic). The groups with and without MCI CAM use at cancer diagnosis, (ii) whether CAM were comparable on key demographic (age, use predicts distress after cancer, and (iii) education, handedness, gender) and disease whether CAM mediates the relationship variables (age at onset, disease duration, between pre- and post cancer-related distress. medication). Motor outcomes assessed with the Four waves of data from the Australian Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health were were favorable and comparable in the two analysed. The participants were women who did groups, as were stimulation parameters. QOL not have cancer at Survey One, but who

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology reported developing cancer at subsequent countries were sentenced to win. As a result, surveys. Women from all age cohorts (‘Younger’: they will usually experience a favorable aged 18 to 23, ‘Mid’: aged 40 to 45; and ‘Older’: consequence in the market of the host country. aged 70 to 75) were included. The measures In this paper I argue that the lawsuits are included CAM usage (‘How many times have you important for these emerging multinational consulted an alternative health practitioner in firms to reveal their capabilities, as a signaling the past 12 months?’); cancer status (‘Have you mechanism to convince the customers in the been diagnosed in past 3 years with cancer?’); host country. This study employed a two factors’ and distress (Medical Outcomes Study Short- between-subjects design. The two factors are Form 36, SF-36; Centre for Epidemiologic Studies lawsuit responsiveness (proactively-reluctantly) - Depression scale, CES-D; and the Goldberg and the competitiveness of the opponent Anxiety and Depression Scale). Longitudinal (strong-weak). As such this yields four cells, and analysis of the relationship between CAM use for each cell I assigned 15 subjects. Thus in total and distress was conducted according to a time- there were 60 foreign students who took part in lag model using Linear Mixed Modelling, which this study. The subjects are postgraduate models repeated measures, controls for missing students in Hangzhou, China and Reading, data, and establishes causality. The changes in United Kingdom. The subjects are asked to prevalence over time for CAM usage and distress review the materials presented in an in-basket within each age cohort and by cancer type will manner, and then evaluate the capability of the be discussed. Findings from the prospective firms from developing countries, and indicate predictive and meditational analyses of the (i) willingness to buy products or services from combined samples and (ii) separate age cohorts these firms. The results show that the main will then be presented. It is anticipated that the effects of the two factors are both significant. findings of this study will provide longitudinal Lawsuit response proactiveness and confirmation of the correlations previously competitiveness of the opponent positively observed between distress, CAM and cancer. influence capability evaluation and purchasing That is, this study will provide insight as to willingness. In addition, the interaction between whether utilising CAM is an effective the two factors is also significant. With a high intervention for managing the distress arising level of proactiveness of response, no matter from cancer diagnosis, and whether particular how strong or weak opponents are, the age groups obtain greater benefit. evaluation will be high. While with reluctance of response, the stronger opponents will yield Keywords: complementary and alternative higher capability evaluation and purchasing medicine, cancer-related distress, women's health, willingness. The results suggest that the global anxiety and depression scale, cancer completeness of capability revelation is diagnosis positively linked with the purchasing willingness, and I argue that signaling effect is the underlying Completeness of capability revelation mechanism behind the phenomenon. In and signaling effect: Lessons learned conclusion, the customers in the foreign host from intellectual property lawsuits markets need the comprehensive revelation of companies’ capability to build confidence over the products they are buying. Finally, the LI, K. (Global Entrepreneurship Research Centre, Zhejiang University), WANG, Z. M. (Zhejiang practical implications are also discussed. University) Keywords: intellectual property lawsuits, This study investigates the signaling effect of international trade conflict, competitiveness, product buying, purchasing willingness intellectual property lawsuits as a mechanism of capability revelation. Partly because of the inherent international trade conflict, intellectual Computer-mediated group discussion to property lawsuits are particularly common achieve consensus nowadays. However, the results of the lawsuits are quite interesting, as there are several cases RAMDHANI, N. (Gadjah Mada University), AFIATI, in which the weaker companies from developing N. (Gadjah Mada University)

1095 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The study aims to identify the influence of reliability analyses, Confirmatory Factor Analysis discussion mediums towards aggressiveness and (including two-order CFA and Multiple CFA), and communication satisfaction when discussing Multiple-Indicator-Multiple-Cause modeling. The different issues. An experiment is conducted to results show acceptable reliability of MES-UC in compare three discussion mediums, namely: Chinese a university student sample; the face to face (FtF), computers mediated construct of MES-UC in the Chinese university communication with real name (CMR), and student sample is consistent with the one in computer with closed identity (CMA). The Martin’s study (2005); girls broadly reflect more discussed matters include social dilemmas and a adaptive levels of motivation and engagement criminal puzzle. Ninety students from Gadjah than boys; higher grade-level students reflect Mada University participated in the experiment. less adaptive motivation and engagement than They had their discussions in small groups their lower grade-level counterparts; adaptive consisting of five participants. To ensure dimensions of motivation is positively correlated accuracy in data collection, three groups also with between-network constructs (academic discuss the same matters with the same satisfaction and adjustment); while impeding medium. Aggressiveness is more evident in the and maladaptive dimensions is negatively criminal puzzle and the CMA group. The FtF correlated with them. The cross-cultural medium became the most satisfying means of adaption version of MES-UC will be applied in communication. Highest domination was further research that will examine the process of reported in discussing social dilemma as well as engagement in learning among Chinese the CMA medium. The participants in the CMA university students. and CMR groups felt they had better discussions compared to the FtF participants. On the other Keywords: motivation, engagement, cross-cultural hand, the FtF participants also felt they had validity, better discussions compared to the CMA or CMR groups. FtF is the best medium to be used in Conflict-handling styles communication. Users believe that the medium they choose is the best. CERNI, T. (University of Western Sydney / The Scots College, Sydney) Keywords: discussion mediums, aggressiveness, communication satisfaction, social dilemmas, criminal puzzle The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between information-processing systems and conflict-handling styles. According Confirmatory factor analysis of the to the cognitive-experiential self theory (CEST; Chinese version of Motivation and Pacini & Epstein, 1999), all behaviour is guided Engagement Scale-University/College by two information-processing systems: a (MES-UC) rational and an experiential system. Although Rahim (1983) and his colleagues conducted LI, X. (The University of Hong Kong) extensive research on the five styles of handling interpersonal conflict, no research has examined During the past twenty years, the concept of the connection between the CEST information- students’ engagement has received increasing processing systems and the five conflict-handling attention in educational psychology. Martin styles. An on-line survey was used by a large (2005) proposed a use-inspired and integrative sample of undergraduate students (N = 426) to motivation and engagement model which has examine the relationship between CEST been validated in many domains. But the cross- information-processing systems and conflict- cultural use has not been explored given that it handling styles. The survey consisted of a short is an important concern for its generalization. In demographic questionnaire, the Rational- this study, Martin’s Motivation and Engagement Experiential Inventory-Long Form (REI-L), the Scale-University/College (MES-UC), was adapted Constructive Thinking Inventory (CTI) and Rahim and administered to 832 Chinese university Organizational Conflict Inventory (ROCI-II). Only students. The cross-cultural validity of the scale students who held jobs were invited to complete was examined based on ,

1096 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the on-line study. The rational system, explaining how the groups of stakeholders construct experiential system and constructive thinking the relationship between safety and innovation and had significant positive relationships with both how this influences design and innovation in medical the integrating and compromising conflict- device design. Whilst one of the themes was handling styles. Additionally, the rational system orientated towards creativity; the second was orientated towards facilitating the implementation of had a positive relationship with the dominating those ideas; illustrating that the stage of the process conflict-handling style. The experiential system and safety instruction had significant impacts on the and constructive thinking had a positive social construction of innovation in safety relationship with the obliging conflict-handling environments. The findings showed that one way to style. The rational system and constructive ensure safety in design within such environments is thinking had a negative relationship with the to prioritise safety education and communication avoiding conflict-handling style. This study is over other factors. To the extent that these findings unique in that it was able to show a positive are generalisable to other innovation intensive and relationship between the CEST information- safety critical industries, they are relevant to those processing systems and conflict-handling styles that make policy in safety critical areas. Communicating safety relevant information to with the existing literature supporting the designers needs to take into account how designers connection between transformational leadership construe risk, so that communication can be framed and conflict-handling styles. This provided a in ways designers will both understand and find good rationale for considering how the CEST credible. The present findings indicate risk information-processing system, conflict-handling communications need to take into account at least styles and transformational leadership could fit two views on reconciling the tensions between together. innovation and safety. Implications of safety culture in this environment will also be discussed.

Keywords: information processing, conflict-handling styles, cognitive-experiential self theory, Keywords: creativity, safety, innovation, risk taking, transformational leadership, constructive thinking experimentation

Constrained innovation: How designers Construction of a parental support scale innovate within the boundaries of safety MAO, C. H. (National Chiao Tung University) CHEYNE, A. (Loughborough University Business School), WIMALASIRI, V. (University of Plymouth), This research aims to establish a Parental COHEN, L. (Loughborough University), HISLOP, D. Support Scale under the hypothesized context of (Loughborough University), BEESLEY, N. relational approach to career theory. Two (Loughborough University), DANIELS, K. (Loughborough University) studies are included. Study One used exploratory factor analysis to construct a Parental Support Scale, and obtain the factor constructs. Effective design can reduce or eliminate many Participants consisted of 215 college students in problems associated with products in use; however, Taiwan. Based on the theoretical framework, the there remain tensions between the risks and experimentation involved in innovation and the risk author classified five factors containing 33 aversion inherent in regulated, safety critical questions. These five factors were emotional industries: The cognitive processes involved in support, esteem support, information support, innovation are very different from those involved in tangible assistance and social integration. Study safety. This paper examines ways in which designers Two was utilized confirmatory factor analysis to deal with the twin hurdles of innovation and safety in verify the factor constructs of the Parental safety critical industries. The data presented is taken Support Scale in Study One. Participants from interviews conducted with 20 participants who consisted of 435 college students in Taiwan. are stakeholders of the design process of the medical After the exploratory factor analysis, four factors devices industry in the United Kingdom. Participants were extracted: “Emotional Support factor”, belonged to one of four distinct stakeholder groups: Designers (11); design academics (two); production “Recognition and Respect factor”, “Information managers (one); and regulators (six). Information was Provision factor”, and “Tangible Assistance obtained through semi-structured interviews. factor”. And these four extracted factor Template analysis generated two distinct themes constructs were consistent with the theoretical

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology model. Only the Social Integration construct collected by the advertising firms in some of the from the original framework was not included. FSS could be described as reactive; however, Besides, “Recognition and Respect factor” more recent approaches have shifted to a more differed slightly from the original Esteem proactive approach. Instead of how do you like Support. After the confirmatory factor analysis what we have made/what we offer (proving in a procedure, the original model which contained post hoc approach that what we have done is second-order latent variables was below the good), there are opinion surveys now designed acceptance threshold. Therefore, this model to ask the consumers what products they would required further modifications. After changing like to see, and how they could be improved. into first-order constructs, and three questions Data collected in five countries will be compared being removed, we got an optimal model in on proactive and reactive approaches across which the chi-square value was lowered to several product categories. Consumer data 277.63, the Root Mean Square Error collected using a traditional product approach Approximation (RMSEA) reduced to 0.074, the tends to be more reactive, whereas consumer Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) increased to 0.92, data collected using more recent methods using and the Standardized Root Mean Square a marketing approach (where consumer Residual (SRMR) value decreased to 0.05. opinions are used to generate products and Furthermore, the factor loading of observable improve current products/services) tend to be variables all met the level of significance, more proactive in their approach. This shift can demonstrating the observable variables were be linked to the shift from Communism to post- enough to reflect their constructed latent Communism in the ways consumers perceive variables. The standardized parameter values their rights and vote with their feet in a more were all significant, indicating the latent capitalist approach. The shift of consumer variables and the observable variables were opinions is matched by the shift in the field of significantly correlated. The construct reliability consumer research, as researchers (primarily of all four latent variables was higher than 0.6, psychologists working in the advertising and signifying all latent variables had sufficient marketing fields) move from more economic construct reliability. Based on the reliability approaches to more modern approaches to analysis in Study One, and the standardized researching consumer opinions and attitudes. parameter values and evaluation of internal model fit in Study Two, the results showed that Keywords: consumers, reactive approach to observable variables had good reliability and was consumer research, proactive approach to sufficient to reflect their constructed latent consumer research, marketing, capitalism variables. The modified model exhibited high degree of model fit. Contribution of the French Society of to the identification Keywords: parental support scale, relational and accreditation of sport consultants approach to career theory, esteem support, tangible assistance, social integration DEBOIS, N. (INSEP)

Consumer psychology: Moving from The paper presents how the French Society of reactive to proactive consumer research Sport Psychology (SFPS) initiated a procedure of accreditation for consultants in sport psychology PARDO, N. (California Southern University) to promote an ethical intervention in elite sport. The concerned consultants are either The transition from Communism to Capitalism in certificated in sport sciences with a a few of the FSS (Former Soviet States) has specialization in sport psychology, or certificated meant a shift in the way consumers view in psychology (with the title of psychologist) with themselves, as well as the way their opinions are a specialization in sport sciences. The committee measured by the consumer researchers. This for evaluation consists of 8 members (4 from the presentation will discuss the way consumer managing council of the SFPS and 4 other research has changed in recent years from a members of the SFPS). The evaluation rests both reactive to a proactive approach. Data initially on certification, professional experience and

1098 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology ethical observance. The athletes and coaches investigation of Memory System, Attention encounter more and more difficulties with System, Visual Agnosia, Constructive Apraxia and increasing entitled people who offer them Language. Executive Functioning was tested by services in mental preparation without any the Stroop Color Word Interference Test and the specific education in sport psychology nor Attentive Matrices to evaluate selective ethical limits. To prevent this kind of attention, the Verbal Fluency Test to evaluate unwarranted practice and better inform the mental flexibility, the Frontal Assessment French sporting area, the French Society of Sport Battery (Subtest 5: Go-No-Go) to evaluate Psychology has undertaken to draw up an inhibitory control, the Brixton Test to evaluate informative list of warranted sport consultants rule learning and set shifting, and the Tower of and sport psychologists. Today, the procedure is London to evaluate planning abilities. According always in progress and more and more to Petersen’s classification of MCI (amnestic consultants submit for an accreditation. This versus not-amnestic, single versus multiple experience sets up an example of the domain), MCI Type II represents the majority importance of scientific associations to sub-category of the whole sample. Within contribute to an ethical practice of sport frontal domains impairment, inhibitory control, psychology in elite sport. planning and sequencing tasks with rule changing, are more frequently deteriorated. Our Keywords: sport psychology, French Society of Sport research confirms that the starting Psychology, accreditation symptomatology consists of executive functioning decay in a considerable average of MCI subjects, even if declarative memory deficits Conversion of mild cognitive impairment are the most frequently impaired. The into dementia: Predictive role of premature executive impairment represents a cognitive deficits in executive functioning decisive risk factor for the conversion of mild cognitive impairment into dementia. Moreover certain areas of executive functioning are more TIMPANO SPORTIELLO, M. (University of Pisa), fragile than others. These conclusions suggest CAMMISULI, D. (University of Pisa) that future research should pay attention to dysexecutive dysfunction as the main cofactor From a historical perspective, clinical research along with memory decline in mild cognitive on neuropsychological features of dementia in impairment and dementia. subjects suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has focused mainly on Keywords: mild cognitive impairment, dementia, declarative memory role. This approach has led executive function, neuropsychological assessment, to overestimating memory decline rather than declarative memory the broader cognitive deterioration that afflicts the majority of individuals with MCI. Recently, literature has emphasized the combination of Coping in difficult situations by youth memory disorder and dysexecutive dysfunction endangered with social exclusion (particularly characterized by deficits in selective attention, response inhibition, planning and WILCZYNSKA, A. (University of Silesia), BARGIEL- mental flexibility) as risk factors for the onset of MATUSIEWICZ, K. (University of Warsaw) dementia. Within this way of looking, it will probably be the new configuration field for The objective of this research was to determine further investigation. The present study takes the relation between psychological personality aim at analyzing neuropsychological profile of constructs and how youth endangered with MCI subtype (Amnestic MCI Multiple Domain) social exclusion function in difficult situations. with cognitive deficits in executive functioning to The research involved 122 subjects – evaluate if they represent the highest risk of adolescents from middle and secondary school incipient dementia. One hundred subjects with a students, representing various family and social neuropsychological diagnosis of MCI formed the experiences. The subjects were examined with sample. They were assessed by a wide reference to their level/degree of social neuropsychological battery which included the exclusion risk, ways of coping in difficult

1099 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology situations, locus of control (LOC), pragmatism, This study examined family support as a and the need of social approval. The subjects mediator of the relations between coping styles were divided into four groups representing (active and support seeking) and wellbeing in various levels of social exclusion risk as well as high school students. Participants were high various, characteristic of each group, methods of school students (N = 156) aged 12 to 16 years (M coping in socially difficult situations. The tool = 13.44 years, SD = .85). Forty five percent of applied in order to compare the average results the sample was female. The measures used in of the above variables in individual groups the study included the WHO Well-Being Scale – 5 endangered with social exclusion was the single- (Heun et al., 1999), the Child and Adolescent factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistically Social Support Scale (Malecki, et al., 1999) and essential differences were found with the scales the Children’s Coping Strategies Checklist (Ayers of Coping (F(118, 3) = 9.66; p < 0.001) and LOC et al., 1996). Participants completed the (F(118, 3) = 7.02; p < 0.001). The analysis of measures in one testing session at school. correlations between the variables revealed a Regression analyses, using the procedures strong relationship between preferred outlined by Baron and Kenny (1996), preventive behaviours in difficult situations and investigated whether family support mediated LOC: r2 = 0.75 (p < 0.001). In addition, during the the link between coping strategies (active and research, it was possible to observe statistically supportive) and wellbeing. Significant, positive essential correlation factors between: the group linear associations were found between coping endangered with social exclusion and the (active and support seeking) and wellbeing, variables of Coping r2 = 0.44 (p < 0.001); LOC r2 = between coping (active and support seeking) 0.38 (p < 0.001) and Need of Social Approval r2 = and family support, and between family support 0.18 (p = 0.048), as well as between the Need of and wellbeing (r = .43, p < .01). Using mediation Social Approval and preferred preventive analyses, results show that when family support behaviours r2 = 0.56 (p < 0.001) and Locus of was entered into the regression equation with Control r2 = 0.54 (p < 0.001). The statistical active coping, family support was the only analysis revealed that subjects of the group significant contributor to the relationship with representing the highest risk of social exclusion wellbeing (z = 2.25, p = .02). Similarly, when are characterised by external LOC and escapist family support was entered into the relationship methods of coping in difficult situations. A very with support seeking coping, only family support low or very high result on the self-monitoring remained a significant contributor to the scale reveals unadaptiveness of social relationship with wellbeing (z = 3.28, p = .00). behaviours, rigidity or excessive adaptation to This study examined the extent that coping social environment in isolation from one’s own styles (active and support seeking) and family needs. The subjects from the group representing support account for wellbeing in high school the highest risk of social exclusion probably students. Mediation analyses found the effect of ignore social signals enabling social inclusion. either active coping strategies or support The discussion will be concerned with the ways seeking coping strategies on wellbeing occurred of identification of such processes in endangered as a result of the relations between each of the environments and the methods of therapeutic different coping strategies and family support. work. The results of this study highlight the importance of supportive family relationships to coping Keywords: personality constructs, youth social styles and as predictors of wellbeing in high exclusion, social approval need, locus of control, school students. self-monitoring Keywords: support-seeking, well-being, support, Coping styles and family support as child and adolescent social support, children's predictors of well-being in high school coping skills students Coping styles, affective responses and LUDLOW, T. (Griffith University), HOOD, M. (Griffith examination performance of university University), SEE, L. (Griffith University), DALE, R. undergraduates (Griffith University)

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

BRIGGS, E. (University of Southern Queensland), of implementing programs for undergraduate TERRY, P. (University of Southern Queensland) students to encourage their use of adaptive rather than maladaptive coping strategies. Previous research has shown that emotional intelligence has an indirect beneficial influence Keywords: exam performance, emotional on exam performance among university intelligence, coping, problem disengagement, students by reducing psychological distress and affective responses negative mood states. The present study sought to extend this line of investigation by assessing Coping with chronic life threatening whether the coping styles of students also illness: The Filipino adolescent’s influenced the impact of affective responses on experience examination performance. A sample of 329 undergraduate students from an Australian RAMOS, H. (IWHO, University of Nottingham university completed the Coping Orientation to Malaysia Campus) Problems Experienced (Brief COPE) to establish coping styles. They then completed the Brunel This study looks into the process of coping for Mood Scale (BRUMS) and the Depression, the Filipino adolescent with chronic life Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) on three threatening illness. A chronic illness is defined occasions during a university semester to as a “a condition that lasts for a substantial monitor affective responses. Examination period of time or that has symptoms that are performance at the end of semester was debilitating for a long period of time” (Perrin, recorded. Affective responses showed that 1985, p. 2). It often involves the presence of participants found university study to be multiple physical and psychological symptoms stressful. They reported high levels of that are highly pervasive and emotionally psychological distress throughout the semester, stressful (Squirres, et. Al 2002). The life of an with mean values for all subscales above the adolescent is generally made more difficult by ninetieth percentile. Similarly, mood responses the need to balance the developmental were above the norm for negative mood demands of adolescence and the challenges dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis brought about by the diagnosis of chronic life identified four coping factors, termed approach, threatening illness. Using a multiple case study avoidance, reframing and problem design, the study documented the experiences, disengagement. Regression analysis showed that hardships, and coping of 10 chronically ill high scores for avoidance and problem adolescents aged 14-19 years with an illness disengagement predicted psychological distress duration that ranged from 4 months to 19 years and negative mood states over the three testing as reflected on their own narratives based on in- occasions. Psychological distress mediated depth interviews. Results indicated that chronic relationships between coping styles and illness changed the world of the adolescent and negative mood states at mid-semester and pre- made living a challenge. The reactions of the examination. Coping styles and mood responses adolescents to their condition varied greatly predicted examination performance, whereas from disbelief to active acceptance, to denial psychological distress did not. Use of problem and resignation. The study highlights some disengagement as a coping strategy was uniquely Filipino ways of coping with chronic associated with poor exam performance, illness such as the use of insights, reflections and whereas higher mid-semester and pre-exam the instrumental role of families in helping these tension, higher pre-exam vigour, and higher mid- adolescents to find unique ways to cope with semester fatigue were all associated with good their health conditions and live enriched lives exam performance. Results showed that coping with, and not despite of, their illness. styles of university students predicted psychological distress, mood responses and exam performance during the course of a Keywords: coping strategies, chronic illness, semester of study, and highlighted the negative adolescence, Filipino, case study effects of avoidance and problem disengagement coping. This raises the possibility

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Core concepts of Self: Therapeutic value measure loadings on the subjective and and the development of an inventory for objective constructs of the self is also presented, their measurement as a means of providing empirical data for this core therapeutic model. BRABIN, P. (Monash University) Keywords: self-concept, self-esteem, self-valuing, Some 30 years ago the self-esteem movement inventories advocated the promotion of high self-esteem to replace the suffering of low self-esteem. This Corporate performance and work stress ‘movement’ has influenced policy and of contact centers in Manila, Philippines procedures in educational and parenting programs world-wide. Sadly, this has not led to REYES, G. (University of Santo Tomas) the desired outcomes for ‘happiness’ in our current society. Instead, the rates of depression The booming contact center industry in the and suicide have increased several-fold. Philippines is characterized by intense, global Inspection of typical ‘self-esteem’ inventories competition with the goal of optimizing indicates they usually measure an externally corporate performance. Contact center agents in validated self-construct, expressing high levels of this industry experience varying work stress subjective control yet lacking the notion of an levels caused by inherent and unique dynamics internally validated self-identity. While the of the job. This investigation aimed to determine construct of ‘self’ has been part of psychological the relationship between Philippine contact theory since Freud and Kohut, empirical science centers’ corporate performance and their has largely ignored a construct not readily agents’ work stress levels. Descriptive- observable. Karen Horney, however, did suggest correlation method was used to measure the a framework for analysis; self idealisation and its levels and analyze the relationship between the mirror image self hatred juxtaposed with their variables of this study. Specifically, corporate qualitatively different self realisation. Her work performance is evaluated using the profitability influenced Albert Ellis in his theory and ratio analysis of financial statements of four application of Rational Emotive Behaviour selected contact center corporations in Manila, Therapy. Although focussing on self- acceptance Philippines. Work stress of 257 rank-and-file as a core component of the theory, Ellis failed contact center agents from the four selected explicitly to differentiate the core irrational self, contact centers were measured using the Job Horney’s duo of self-idealisation and self-hatred, Stress Survey (JSS), a standardized psychological from the core rational self defined by self- instrument developed by Spielberger and Vagg realisation. Despite recognising the dynamic (1999). Four out of the five ratios (i.e. Return on differentiation between these – living to prove Asset and Equity, Asset Turnover, and Net Profit oneself versus living to enjoy oneself – Ellis did Margin) indicate high profitability, as compared not clearly articulate the risk of remaining to global industry standards. Although there is subjectively bound within the self. This paper no significant difference among corporate proposes a model which articulates and expands performance of the selected contact centers, an objective concept of self, the internally Company D stands out as it is the only company validated OK self (who I am) and the value-laden that surpassed industry standards on all five duo, the Not-OK self (what I am) with its profitability ratios. Company A is also notably defensive reaction the Not-Not-OK self (what I profitable with the highest average of 0.80 in the should be) which emerges from attempts to five profitability ratios among other companies. prove that one is not Not-OK. This model Contact center agents are moderately stressed describes numerous processes related to living as indicated by the average JSS t-score of 59 an emotionally healthy life and clearly locates while company-specific t-scores range from many common sources of distress, including average to high work stress. Company A has the personality disorder, providing a readily healthiest level and a moderate level of work assimilated framework for case formulation in stress while Company D has the highest and therapy. The development and preliminary data most unhealthy level. Pearson Correlation for a ‘self-valuing’ inventory designed to

1102 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology results at 0.05 level of significance show that habits and sexual life. Lung capacity, one of the corporate performance is significantly and indicators of body's functional capacity, was negatively correlated with work stress. significantly related to the use of drugs, tobacco Specifically, high corporate performance of and alcohol and health concept. In conclusion,1) contact centers is related to low and moderately There was a distinct correlation between the stressed agents. The contact center agents who action tropism of lifestyle and physical fitness; 2) have healthy work stress levels tend to belong to There was distinct correlation between the highly profitable organizations while those with height, weight of urban residents and work and high and unhealthy work stress are associated sleeping; 3) There were distinct correlations with organizations which are not as profitable. among the lung capacity of urban residents, the The coefficient of determination also shows that use of substances, tobacco and alcohol health work stress accounts for 5% to 26% of the values; 4) There were distinct correlations variability in corporate performance, and vice among the reaction time, the use of substances, versa. Therefore, sustained success of Philippine tobacco and alcohol, health habits, sexual life contact centers involves various salient business and life satisfaction; 5) This research pointed out factors including healthy contact center agents the theoretic model to promote the adults` who are motivated by moderate work stress. physical fitness for the first time. Moreover, improving the quality of work life of contact center agents may directly translate into Keywords: urban residents' lifestyle, life better corporate performance. satisfaction, health habits, substance abuse, adults' physical fitness Keywords: corporate performance, company profitability ratios, work stress, rank-and-file Cover story: Body image messages on the employees, global industry standards cover of popular Australian weekly magazines Correlation research of urban residents’ lifestyle and physical fitness BONGIORNO, L. (Deakin University), KING, R. (Deakin University) MINGQIU, F. (Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications) Recent ethological theories of social anxiety have emphasized that social anxiety is related to The aim was to research the correlation of perceptions of social rank. While a submissive Urban Residents’ Lifestyle and Physical Fitness. type of social anxiety (cf. DSM-IV-TR) has been Two hundred urban residents were selected extensively studied, recent cluster analytic randomly who were twenty to fifty nine years studies have identified a variation associated old in Chongqing. A lifestyle questionnaire was with dominant/aggressive, impulsive and used and 190 valid questionnaires were disinhibited behaviours. Viewed through the returned. The results were: 1) All the subjects` lens of , this type shares average scores of physical fitness were more similarities with narcissistic personality. than 25, which is in the excellent level. For all Therefore, the current study sought to explore subjects, the physical fitness scores of 40 to 49 the role of narcissism in social anxiety. In and 50 to 59 years old were slightly lower, but response to notices on social anxiety websites, the scores were between 22 and 23, which is in 349 people completed a questionnaire. The the good level. 2) The lifestyle scores of females questionnaire measured social anxiety (Social were higher than those of the males. The group Interaction Anxiety Scale), narcissism of 40 to 49 years olds had the highest scores, (Narcissistic Personality Inventory), covert followed by the group of 50 to 59, 20 to 29 and narcissism (Hypersensitive narcissism scale), 30 to 39 year olds; 3) There was a distinct narcissistic pathology (Narcissistic Personality correlation between physical fitness and Disorder scale), anger (Dimensions of Anger lifestyle. Reaction time, which is one of the Reactions), Shame (Experience of Shame Scale) indicators of physical constitution, had a and Depression (Depression, Anxiety, Stress significant relationship with the use of drugs, Scale). The sample was heterogeneous with 150 alcohol and tobacco, life satisfaction, health participants in North America, 141 in Europe, 40

1103 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology in Australia/New Zealand, 10 in Asia, and seven and a four factor ad-hoc scale (“Economic in other regions. Ages ranged from 18 to 74. Perception”, “Consumption”, “Purchasing Styles” Cluster analysis of the data revealed the and “Lifestyle”). The data was analysed using presence of five distinct social anxiety clusters. SPSS 16.0 and a range of statistical analyses Subsequent multivariate analysis indicated that were conducted including descriptive statistics, the groups significantly differed on social correlations, and non-parametric techniques. anxiety, narcissism and anger. On the basis of Most of the respondents state that the country group differences in these variables, the groups is facing a crisis; however, they think that the were labelled: narcissistic social anxiety group economic situation has not changed by the crisis. (NSA), covert narcissistic social anxiety group On the other hand, respondents believe that (CNSA), angry covert narcissistic social anxiety their economic situation is slightly lower than in group (AnCNSA), general social anxiety group the currently overall country, although this (GSA) and low social anxiety group (LSA). In perception is the opposite when considering the terms of social anxiety, the covert narcissistic pre-crisis period. Moreover, respondents groups were more impaired than the other consider that changes in the overall evolution of groups. Additionally, all three social anxiety consumption have not been significant except groups with narcissistic characteristics evinced for leisure activities. Also, according to higher scores on measures of depression and respondents, there have been no changes in shame than the non-narcissistic social anxiety most purchasing styles except for "prices and groups. The current results are consistent with shops comparison”, “quality-price focus", Paul Gilbert’s ethological model of social anxiety. "purchase of second brands or generic" and Viewed from this perspective, the narcissistic "information increase before the shopping/buy". social anxiety groups can be characterised as In all these cases there has been an increase in individuals who have a perception of low social those activities. Respondents affirm that the rank (high social anxiety) coupled with a desire only changes that have occurred regarding to for power, control and grandiosity (high lifestyles are: a decrease in “going out” or “going narcissism) but feel unable to “challenge” those out for a meal” and an increase in “home meals” perceived to be dominant for fear of the and “extend the useful life of objects”. interpersonal consequences of such a challenge. Regarding “hedonic balance” and “economic More broadly, the current results suggest that perceptions” it is not possible to conclude that social anxiety is a broad and heterogeneous exist a significant relations between them with phenomenon, and that re-analysis of social our sample. Some variables may be modulating anxiety using alternative theoretical paradigms the effect of the crisis. Currently work is focused (such as ethology) yields meaningful distinct on expanding the sample with other different variations of the disorder. households and on controlling those variables.

Keywords: body image, print media, disordered Keywords: crisis perception, , eating, Australian women hedonic balance

Crisis and consumer behaviour: A pilot Cross-cultural adaptation of the U.S.A. study in Spain students in China

PRADO GASCO, V. J. (Universidad de Valencia), YAN, W. (East China Normal University) QUINTANILLA-PARDO, I. (University of Valencia) More and more international students are The aim of the study was to describe the coming from the U.S.A. to China. There were economic perception of Spain by Spanish people 223,499 foreigners studying in China by the end and to analyse the links between “crisis of 2008, with students from the U.S.A. ranked perception” and “consumer behaviour” and its second. The objectives of the current research influence in “hedonic balance”. The study were to understand students’ adaptation to sample comprised 50 households and situations and strategy in China, and explore the participants completed the Satisfaction with Life main factors influencing their psychological and Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1984)

1104 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology sociocultural adaptation, as well as how their Keywords: Cross-cultural adaptation, Multicultural adaptation influences their studying personality, Sociocultural adaptation, Psychological performance in China. International students adaptation, International students from the U.S.A. who had studied in Shanghai (east China) or Chengdu (south-west China) for Cross-cultural study on peer experience three months or more completed questionnaires and loneliness of Chinese and American (N = 65). The core variables were sociocultural children adaptation, psychological adaptation and acculturation strategy. The antecedent variables ZONGKUI, Z. (Hua Zhong Normal University), were multicultural personality, cross-cultural XIAOJUN, S. (Hua Zhong Normal University), YEH, H. communication self-efficacy and Chinese (Memphis University), COHEN, B. (Memphis language competency, and the outcome variable University) was studying performance. The results showed that for acculturation strategy 58.5% of the Multiple mediating effects between peer sample adopted separation, 13.8% experience and loneliness were investigated in marginalization, 12.3% integration, and 7.7% this research among Chinese children. The assimilation For adaptation, sociocultural influence of peer interaction on loneliness in the (M=3.94, SD=0.55, 1-5 rating) and psychological comprehensive ecological background (China & adaptation (M=3.69, SD=0.56, 1-5 rating) was America) was also taken into consideration. good, and for antecedent variables, two sub- Sociometric nomination and questionnaire dimensions of multicultural personality, method were applied in this study. Participants openness and emotional stability and cross- were 430 Chinese children and 165 American cultural communication self-efficacy, were children in elementary school from grade four to significantly positively correlated with both six. The children completed Peer Nomination, adaptation variables. For outcomes, two Friendship Quality Questionnaire, Class Play, and adaptation variables were significantly positively Who am I?, in June 2005. Cross-cultural design correlated with performance. Flexibility, was employed in the study. The data were emotional stability, cultural empathy, self- mostly analyzed by t- test, SEM and MANOVA. efficacy and Chinese language competency were The results of the study are as follows: (1) A the main factors influencing two adaptation significant correlation was found between peer variables, and these two variables influenced experience and loneliness; (2) Chinese children performance. The general trends of the current get higher scores on friendship quality, while research were consistent with previous research American children get higher scores on self- about international students in other countries, perceived social competence and loneliness; (3) but there were some differences. Although more Social behavior had an impact on loneliness than half of the students adopted separation through four different types of mediating path: strategy, most of them adapted well in China. (a) social behavior→ social preference →self - Their choices of strategies were due to living and perceived social competence→loneliness, (b) studying together with their conations in most social behavior→friendship quality → self - situations. Social initiative, one sub-dimension perceived social competence → lonelines, (c) of multicultural personality, did not show social behavior→friendship quality → significant positive correlation with adaptation. loneliness, and (d) social behavior→ self - The reason for this is not clear; however one perceived social competence→ loneliness. possibility is that students perceived that There was only an indirect relationship between Chinese culture did not emphasize social loneliness and social preference, and there were initiative. Future research may include more direct and indirect relations between loneliness samples from other regions of China and and friendship quality. Self-perceived social qualitative research such as interviews can be competence was the most powerful predictor of used to gain specific information about students’ loneliness. (4) The predictive power of friendship adaptation. Personal change can be included as quality to self-perceived social competence; and one of the outcome variables. self-perceived social competence to loneliness in China are greater than in American. The conclusions drawn from this study are as

1105 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology follows: (1) Chinese children get higher scores on consistent across all three samples (-.32 ≤ r ≤ - friendship quality while American children get .30). In addition, based on a derivation of the higher scores on self-perceived social Brogden-Cronbach-Gleser utility model, the total competence and loneliness; (2) there was no monetary savings for these companies in using significant cultural difference on the functioning the integrity test for selection was estimated at pattern between peer experience and more than $391,000 by preventing loneliness; and (3) the predictive power of counterproductive behaviors. This study friendship quality to self-perceived social provides compelling evidence towards the competence; and self-perceived social effective use of integrity tests cross-culturally for competence to loneliness in China are greater personnel selection. The results support the than those in America. validity generalization literature by showing successful transportability of validity across Keywords: loneliness, children, cross-cultural, different settings, and attest to the relevance of friendship, Chinese integrity as a key job requirement cross culturally. Finally, the results of this study are believed to be of particular importance to the Cross-cultural validity of integrity numerous organizations and practitioners using testing: A tale of three banks integrity tests internationally today.

FINE, S. (Midot) Keywords: integrity, counterproductive work behaviour, cross-cultural personnel selection, Integrity is universally considered to be a key predicting work behaviors, employee selection requirement for a variety of jobs, and integrity processes tests have increasingly found their places in employee selection processes around the world Cultural activities and math literacy as a result. Integrity tests are especially among Saoras in India: Learning as prevalent among financial institutions, where dialectic between self, meaning systems preventing Counterproductive Work Behaviors and boundary concepts in MLE Plus (CWB) is paramount. Despite consistent research schools describing the effectiveness of integrity tests for predicting CWB, very little data is available from PANDA, M. non-American samples, and even fewer from cross-cultural comparisons. The present study, therefore, aims to provide contributing evidence Numerous artifacts, cultural concepts and towards a better understanding of the cross- practices mediate mathematics learning, both in cultural validity of integrity testing in general the community and in school. At home, and the financial sector in particular. This study mathematical concepts, ideas and numbers are was based on data collected from 1,632 job embedded in children’s everyday activities like applicants from three large financial institutions play, shopping, making brew, cultivating, house located on three continents: South America making etc. Saora child, like any other child (29%), Asia (31%), and Eastern Europe (40%). All anywhere in the world, learns many applicants were administered a commercially mathematical concepts and ideas by engaging in available integrity test as well as a CWB these artifacts. In school, she finds the language admissions survey as part of their selection (and, therefore, the cultural concepts) and the processes. Significant test score differences were artifacts (such as textbooks, note books, games, found across the groups, as expected measurement, writing using a specific considering the large cultural differences convention) in mathematics and science class between them. However, no evidence of neither familiar nor comprehensible. In order to adverse impact for age or gender was found for make learning meaningful, culturally relevant any sample, which is critical for adhering to legal and worth engaging in, we intervened in four and international best practice standards. The multilingual education (MLE) schools in Saora operational validity for predicting CWB was areas using the principles of CHAT (the third significant overall (r = -.30), and was remarkably generation Cultural Historical Activity Theory as espoused by Engestrom and Cole, 1997). We call

1106 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology this program MLE Plus since, along with using items in the measurement instrument. A five- children’s language(s) in the classroom, we tried factor structure was identified for the epistemic to create numerous contact points between beliefs through a principal component analysis Saora children and school mathematics of the participants’ responses to the 39 items in discourse by allowing many boundary concepts the questionnaire. MANOVA identified a to operate between Saora artifacts and cultural significant difference among the groups of practices and school mathematical students educated in different systems of concepts/discourse through specially designed secondary education in terms of two of the five pedagogic practices. This paper discusses how identified factors. In addition, a significant the classroom discourse took the shape of many difference was also identified between the two interlinked spirals and learning in these groups of students differing in their previous classrooms was more a byproduct of the English language learning experience in terms of dialectical relationship between Saora artifacts one of the five factors. Meanwhile, no significant (like Saora number system, Saora folk games, difference was identified in terms of their make belief plays etc.), meaning systems, school epistemic beliefs between the groups of mathematics concepts and the agencies of Saora participants differing in the demographic children and teachers. We clearly chose a little variables, i.e. age, gender, and declared subject more messy, chaotic but multi-voiced major. The results suggest that students might multimodal non-linear spiral discourse over a have different epistemic beliefs if they were clean, clearly laid down linear discourse. educated previously in a different educational system, even if they all share the same cultural Keywords: mathematics, Saora, Cultural Historical backgrounds, including the native language. Activity Theory, classroom discourse Thus, it is likely that education could make an impact on personal epistemology, at least on the one that was measured in this study. Cultural influence on personal epistemology: Variations of epistemic beliefs of Thai university students Keywords: personal epistemology, beliefs, epistemology questionnaire, epistemic beliefs, cultural influences FUJIWARA, T. (Mahidol University International College) Customer orientation and type of organization : Impact on levels of The purpose of this study was to explore the achievement and control orientation of cultural influence on personal epistemology an organizational climate through comparison of groups of students sharing the same culture except one aspect: type of secondary education. This study VERGHESE, M. (MATS University), SINGH, P. (Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University), VERMA, O. P. (Pt. investigated the nature and dimensional Ravishankar Shukla University) structure of the beliefs about knowledge and knowledge acquisition held by Thai university students. It further examined whether their The aim of this research was to analyze the epistemic beliefs were significantly different differential effect of high/low customer among the groups of Thai students educated in orientation on the achievement and control different secondary educational systems. The orientation of organisational climate, and to see participants of this study (N = 405) were how the type of organization (public and private) recruited from undergraduate students studying effects the achievement and control orientation in a Thai university. They were all Thai native of organisational climate. About 500 employees speakers and of Thai nationality. The students of Public and Private Sector Banks of completed a 39-item questionnaire, developed Chhattisgarh region, India, were requested to for this study from two versions of Schommer’s respond on a given scale for measuring their (1998) Epistemology Questionnaire. The perception on prevailing levels of Customer participants were asked to indicate how they Orientation in their banks along within its agreed or disagreed with the statements about Organisational Climate. To measure Organization domain-general epistemic beliefs given in the Climate, a comprehensive tool prepared and

1107 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology developed by Udai Pareek (1997) was used organizational climate as control oriented. High called Motivational Analysis of Organisational- customer orientation leads to low control Climate (MAO-C). MAO-C was designed to study oriented climate. organisational climate, with special regards to motivation. To measure perceived customer Keywords: customer orientation, organisational orientation, a scale has was developed by the climate, achievement orientation, control investigator. To test the significance of orientation, private sector bank employees differences, the F-ratio was calculated. The results showed that the high customer oriented Cyberspace, interactive media and video employees perceived their organization to be games: The impact on psychological more (M = 69.55) achievement oriented development and well being compared to low customer oriented employees (M = 64.05). F-ratio was found to be significant CAMPOS, W. (Helplines Australia) (F = 15.95, p = 0.01), indicating a significant difference between the two groups with respect to their perception organizational climate. The The aim of this research was to discuss how obtained results showed that the high customer interactive technologies impact on a person’s oriented employees perceived their organization relationships and emotional and social well- as less control oriented (M = 45.33) compared to being. The new frontier of cyberspace, low customer orientation employees (M = interactive media and video games, are 53.33). The F-value was found to be significant (F increasingly mimicking real life experiences, = 23.29, p = 0.01) indicating a significant which calls for a revision on how they are difference in the two groups with respect to developed and legislated. The method will their perception of control dimension of involve gathering qualitative evidence utilising organisational climate. The mean score of video, media and case studies on the following: employees working in Private Sector Banks was (1) Game developers, designing interactive found to be more on achievement dimension (M environments to induce emotional responses = 73.81) compared to the mean score of and reactions; (2) Interactivity of cyberspace employees working in the Public Sector Banks allows many services (including counselling) to (M = 61.20). It indicates that employees of take place in this environment, with little private sector banks perceived the climate of legislative framework to assist consumers; (3) their banks as more achievement oriented than Addictive behaviours relating to interactive employees of public sector banks. The F-ratio (F devices, such as texting, social networking, = 73.48. p = 0.01) was found to be significant. interactive video games and multiplayer Findings in this regard indicate that the mean environments, (4) Educational and control score of private sector employees (M = developmental issues that require stringent 42.20) was less compared to private sector policies, regulations and legislations to guide and employees (M = 55.04). The F-value (F = 36.04, p inform parents, protect children as well as = 0.01) was also found to be significant providing health and safety guidance for indicating thereby a significant difference consumers. Research on this area is emerging between the two groups. In other words with a number of social and psychological employees of public sector perceived their studies show both positive and negative views organization as more control oriented compared on the uses of technology media. Presently to private sector bank employees. The main however the body of research is inconclusive finding of this research work is that the high regarding the impact of interactive media has on customer orientated employees perceived their children’s and adolescent’s development. There organization as more achievement oriented are emerging trends to indicate that utilising this whilst low customer oriented employees media excessively can induce addictive perceived their organization as more control behaviours impacting on persons’ social and oriented. Similarly, private sector bank emotional well being. There are also trends to employees perceived their organizational indicate that a person’s social and economic well climate as achievement oriented while public being is enhanced by utilising this technology. sector bank employees perceive their However the broader social context of how appropriately the interactive media to “fits in”

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology with people’s everyday lives is often overlooked Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) programme as the technology presently being developed is for children delivered through a computer game. increasingly being developed to engage and It is played by children in clinical sessions with encroach on people’s lives. Technology has a their therapist. It delivers a CBT programme for number of uses that can enrich people’s well the treatment of young people who experience being which can most commonly be seen in the anxiety and mood disorders. Core principals of a area of disability and rural and remote services. CBT intervention are taught to a young person There are also increasing educational uses that by a computer character called David can be immensely beneficial for parents, gNATenborough who presents the cognitive educators and service providers. However with a model for internalizing problems where Negative large proportion of this technology being utilized Automatic Thoughts are introduced as gNATs. In for entertainment and being increasingly playing the game over six sessions the young developed to get people’s attention and evoke person is taught thought monitoring (gNAT emotions there are a number of issues that trapping), thought restructuring (gNAT psychologists should be addressing, including: swatting), and core belief appraisal and (1) Developmentally appropriate content; (2) restructuring (following gNATs back to their How the uses of technology impact on day to hive). The PC game format and characterisation day life, and people’s perception of relationships of CBT techniques makes the programme and social and moral norms; (3) How does the appealing and easily accessible for children. technological environments impact on people’s Preliminary results on the effectiveness of the ability to express themselves, be creative and programme with anxiety, mood and freedom of speech, considering the diversity of somatisation difficulties will be presented. David people’s cultures, nationalities and gNATennborough’s Island effectively combines communities; (4) People’s ability to trust and be interesting characters in a PC game world with emotionally engaged to the content; (5) How to direct intervention from a clinical psychologist to assist societies, communities, people and teach young people with internalizing difficulties individuals to contextualize (make sense) how to benefit from CBT. between real life and technological environments; (6) How does (or should) Keywords: cognitive behavioural therapy, anxiety, interactive media impact on the most profound mood disorders, young people, internalizing human emotions, such as love, anger, trust, difficulties honesty. Social dynamics can impact on people at a personal level, for example, work-family Dealing with diversity and dissent in time, privacy, confidentiality and cyberbullying. cross-cultural virtual teams: Convergent Some of the social and financial costs of using qualitative and quantitative analysis technology include the “technological inflation”, keeping up with the Jones’ and the have or have SEYR, S. (ETH Zurich), VOLLMER, A. (ETH Zurich) not mentality.

Collaboration in a globalised environment Keywords: interactive technologies, addictive behaviours, emotional well-being, social well-being, implies specific requirements and possibilities. cyberbullying Increasing numbers of allocated teams are challenged with new communication forms and organisational and cultural differences. Because David gNATenborough’s Island: A new of the structural complexity and difficulty to computerised CBT game for children reach this target group, they are seldom addressed in research studies. In order to fill this O' REILLY, G. (University College Dublin), COYLE, D. gap, two highly virtual operating teams from a (Trinity College Dublin), MCGLADE, N. (University Swiss engineering company, with collaboration College Dublin), DOHERTY, G. (Trinity College partners in Croatia and India, have been studied Dublin) for over 12 months. To identify when diversity emerges and how it is dealt with in allocated This oral presentation will describe David collaboration, we used a multi-method gNATenborough’s Island, a new six-session approach. In the first step, expert interviews

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology with 17 project leaders and key project team children’s other-regarding preferences indicated members took place. Summative analysis that human egalitarianism and parochialism identified foci for further research: management have deep developmental roots and the of dissent against the background of cultural simultaneous emergence of altruistic sharing differences, mutual learning for process and and parochialism during childhood. Ernst Fehr organisational improvement, and believed the results were perfectly interpreted communication climate and tools in use. In the by the evolutionary theories. However, we following phase we conducted guideline-based highly doubted the universality of the interviews with 16 experienced team members conclusions and explanations so we replicated from the three respective locations. the experiments using the same designs and Confirmatory analysis displays the assumed methods to investigate the egalitarianism and differences in culture, communication, and decision-making in Chinese young children. We conflict management, and provides recruited 243 young children (aged 4-8 years) opportunities for mutual learning. Similarity is from a kindergarten and a primary school in found regarding the preference of face-to-face China for our experiments so as to learn about communication whenever possible and getting the development about Chinese children’s to know the other members personally to concepts of fair, generous and other-regarding overcome cultural differences. In the final step, preference. We also analyzed the reasons for 15 allocated team members of ongoing virtual the differences of cognitive egalitarianism. Each projects completed a total of 30 event-based child played the pro-social game, the envy game questionnaires each time a communication and the sharing game against anonymous event took place within a defined period. partners. The partners came either from the in- Correlation analysis identifies specific situations group or from an out-group. Results show that where differences and dissent emerge. The the concepts of sharing fairly and altruism have perception of the communication climate and emerged to some degree between the ages of 4 conflicts relates to the character of the and 8. In addition, Chinese young children’s communication event, such as intention, other-regarding preferences assume fairness structure and complexity of content. The results that develops strongly between the ages of 4 are currently brought together and practical and 8. Moreover, fairness is strongly shaped by suggestions for structuring collaboration in parochialism, a preference for favouring the virtual projects are made. Strengths and members of one’s own social group. The results limitations of our approach will be discussed as above are identical to Fehr’s; however, Chinese well as implications for further research. The children show significant differences to western results may affect conflict management in cross- children in some aspects. In a contrary direction, cultural cooperation. parochial egalitarianism emerges more frequently in Chinese boys than Chinese girls. Keywords: collaboration, virtual operating teams, Fehr’s conclusion and explanation about cross-cultural issues, communication differences in gender in the view of the evolutionary theories cannot apply to the results above at all. These results indicate human Decision-making and egalitarianism in egalitarianism and parochialism do have deep Chinese young children developmental roots, but the universality of the evolutionary theories concerning CHEN, H. (Nan Kai University in China), YUE, G. ( egalitarianism’s development in young children Nan Kai University of China), SUN, S. (Nan Kai must be scrutinized in the context of multi- University of China) cultures with discretion.

Human social interaction is strongly shaped by Keywords: other-regarding preferences, young other-regarding preferences. These preferences people, cultural diversity are important for a unique aspect of human sociality – large scale cooperation with genetic strangers – but little is known about their Deepening the in-depth interview: A case developmental roots. Ernst Fehr’s research study of the athlete-to-coach transition published in Nature (2008) showed that young

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology using conversations and projective data Deliberate self-harm, childhood trauma gathering techniques and dissociation in a homeless sample

KAVANAGH, T. (Victoria University), ANDERSON, M. MORRIS, C. (Deakin University), MILDRED, H. (Victoria University) (Deakin University)

The aims of the current study were: (1) to Childhood trauma (CT) is assumed to play a role construct an in-depth picture of one individual’s in the development of both dissociation and transition from athlete to coach in an attempt to deliberate self-harm (DSH), although conjecture learn more about relocation within sport after exists regarding the impact of different types of athletic retirement; and (2) to determine if the trauma. The purpose of this study was to Athlete Apperception Technique (AAT; Gibbs, investigate the extent and association of DSH, 2006) could elicit material that complemented, CT, dissociation and substance abuse in a illuminated, and added to the information homeless population, as well as to examine the gathered from the in-depth interview, and help relationship between DSH, types of CT and provide a more complete picture of the lived dissociation in more detail. Eighty homeless experience. This research used a qualitative participants who presented to a housing service approach to explore the transition experience of completed a questionnaire comprising housing a retired tennis player who became a coach. The and demographic questions, as well as a variety participant’s story was collected using an in- of standardized measures investigating depth semi-structured interview and is childhood trauma, dissociation and deliberate presented as a case study. The AAT, which is a self-harm. Due to extreme skew in some projective technique designed specifically for variables, data were analysed using non- athletes, was also administered. This tool is parametric testing and logistic regression. designed to tap into athletes’ personality Results identified high rates of pathology across features, relationships, anxieties, motivations, the range of measures used, when compared perfectionism, and so forth at the conscious and with community sample scores. Positive subconscious levels. It involves presenting associations were found between, DSH, athletes with ten ambiguous images relating to dissociation, drug abuse, emotional abuse, different sport situations. Athletes are asked to physical abuse, emotional neglect and physical create stories based on the images, and their neglect. No such associations were found responses are analysed using sport psychology between DSH and sexual abuse, alcohol use, or and psychodynamic formulations and length of homelessness. When comparing interpretations. The data collected from the AAT individuals who did, with those who did not were used to complement and add to the report DSH, similarly there were significant participant’s in-depth interview. The information differences identified between groups for all collected from the interview shed light on the variables except sexual abuse, alcohol abuse or athlete-to-coach transition, and highlighted the length of homelessness. Dissociation and messiness and complexity of the lived physical abuse emerged as strong predictors of experience. The participant’s responses to the DSH in this sample, particularly when comparing AAT images complemented, clarified, and added those who reported no DSH with and those who to the in-depth interview, and allowed a greater, are, or have been, frequent self-harmers. In and clearer, understanding of the athlete-to- conclusion, results serve as a reminder that coach journey. The AAT is an exciting tool and homeless people are a very vulnerable group might be a useful technique that sport along a range of physical and psychological researchers and practitioners could use to access dimensions. Service providers working with the processes that are not easily studied using homeless may need to be more proactive both common data collection methods. in identifying, and assisting interested individuals to link with psychological support as Keywords: athletes, coaching, sport, athlete well as accommodation services where such apperception technique, qualitative and behaviours are present.

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: dissociation, deliberate self-harm, allocated communication time with international childhood trauma, homelessness consultants and assistance with occasional problems of group dynamics. The Dentistry and design: An interprofessional online learning project is an interprofessional online learning authentic action-based learning program which program in oral health promotion successfully enables dental students to understand and use graphic media effectively in HOWE, E. (University of Sydney), SCHNABEL, M. oral health promotion. (Chinese University of Hong Kong), LOPEZ, A. (University of Sydney) Keywords: dental caries, oral health promotion

Dental caries is the most prominent chronic Depressive symptoms in university: A disease affecting oral and systemic health. It is cross-sectional study with Portuguese preventable but nevertheless presents as a Students global pandemic affecting all age groups, despite measures for its prevention being known and SANTOS, M. L. (University of Aveiro), PEREIRA, A. available for decades. Key factors in the failure (University of Aveiro), VEIGA, F. (University of of oral health promotion campaigns have been Lisbon), KHAWAJA, N. (Queensland University of poor understanding of the relevance of oral Technology) health literacy and the tendency to define literacy without reference to semiotics or other Depression is one of the most common and visual design components. The interprofessional devastating mental health problems among dentistry/design project aims to teach students higher education students. The aim of the the skills required for successful promotion of present study was to assess depression levels community oral health in published media. and to investigate the association of socio- Dentistry and design students collaborated to demographic variables with depressive devise solutions to the problem: how can the symptoms in Portuguese university students. A message “Tooth decay can be stopped, reversed total of 666 subjects completed the Portuguese and prevented” be communicated effectively to version of University Student Depression various target community audiences (parents, Inventory (USDI; Khawaja & Bryden, 2006) and children, adolescents, ethnic groups, etc). The answered a group of questions regarding socio- groups were required to design promotional demographic data. Statistical analysis consisted products (brochures, booklets, games, mainly of mean comparisons between groups PowerPoints) for use by health educators. In and correlations. The results showed that 11% of 2009, the project was expanded as a virtual students suffered from mild levels of depression interprofessional collaboration, Hong Kong and 4% of moderate or severe levels. When architecture students acting as design demographic factors were considered, females consultants to Australian dentistry students. presented more depressive symptoms than Promotional designs were presented in virtual men. No differences were found between those seminars and evaluated in terms of health who left home and those still at home or evidence (community dentistry) communication between first year and following year students. (behavioural sciences) and design competence A negative association between the perception (architecture) by both experts and students. of academic achievement and depressive Results of student focus group evaluation were symptoms was found. These findings may help analyzed using N-Vivo. Sixty-six promotion define vulnerable groups and therefore guide programs, of quality suitable for publication as the development of prevention and mental determined by the two teaching faculties, were health promotion initiatives in campuses. developed and used during Australia’s Oral Health Awareness Week. Students reported confidence in learning design skills and Keywords: depression, academic achievement, mental health promotion understanding audience demographics and text literacy. Although they found self-directed learning motivated effort, they requested Detached concern and burnout

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

LAMPERT, B. (Leopold-Franzens-University concept of Detached Concern could be Innsbruck), IWANOWA, A. (Leopold-Franzens- worthwhile and have practical value for University Innsbruck) preventing people in human service professions from falling victim to chronic emotional burden. In the field of nursing for the elderly empathy is one key issue for optimal service quality. Keywords: Burnout, Emotional burden, Elderly However, too much of it constitutes an intense empathy, Helpers, Detached concern emotional burden for helpers. Helping relationships are characterized by high Developing argument evaluation skills emotional demands, which play an important with the Reason!Able software in senior role in developing burnout (Maslach, 1978, psychology students 1982). Detachment might be an important factor in dealing with these emotional stressors. Yet CÁZARES, A. (Universidad Pedagógica Nacional) too much emotional distance has negative consequences for performing effectively in the job. A sense of Detached Concern (Lief & Fox, The aim of the study was to develop in 1963) is required, which means a professional psychology undergraduate students abilities balanced attitude at work with clients related to argument evaluation, one of the most characterized by emotional distance on the one valuable critical thinking skills (CTS) in sciences hand and genuine concern on the other hand. such as Psychology. Participants were 50 senior Up to date rarely any empirical support for the psychology students from two research seminars relationship between Detached Concern and related to special education in educational burnout as well as workers` well-being is psychology. Participants completed Argument available, in spite of the theoretical fact that Evaluation Test (Version CT7; Stanovich, K. E., & Detached Concern is described as a meaningful West, R. F., 1997). This test contains 23 coping strategy (Le Blanc et al., 2007; Maslach, statements about informal arguments that 1978, 1993; Maslach, Schaufeli & Leiter, 2001; students must to answer using a four-point Schaufeli & Enzmann, 1998). Based on Likert scale. It also contains the Evaluation of theoretical considerations and results of 16 Counter-Arguments Questionnaire, which qualitative interviews, a scale was designed to measures the ability to evaluate counter- measure Detached Concern because established arguments. Participants also used the stand- instruments do not exist. Three hundred and alone Windows-based program, Reason!Able. In ninety-one employees in elderly care were this program, students are guided through the surveyed using self-reported questionnaires. The complex processes involved in representing and psychometric quality of the generated scale was evaluating reasoning on any topic. The program examined. Exploratory and confirmatory factor covers two abilities: critical evaluation and analyses were conducted for the factor argument production (Gelder, 2001). The structure. Path diagrams and one-way ANOVAs current study was based on an explicative study were applied to investigate the relationship of founded in an experimental design. Participants Detached Concern and burnout. First results were allocated to one of two groups (25 per show very good reliability and construct validity group). The experimental group was trained to of the generated scale. Exploratory analyses use the Reason!Able software and used the indicated two factors. Confirmatory analyses program while they worked on their thesis supported the two-factor-structure. Based on projects within a special education seminar. different levels of Detachment and Concern four They were asked to argument and critically types of Detached Concern were derived. evaluate different topics covered in the special Successful Detached Concern was associated education needs subject as well as the research with significantly lower levels of exhaustion and problems and objectives related to their depersonalization, significantly higher levels of dissertations. The control group did not use the personal accomplishment and significantly software. Both groups completed the Argument better health-indicators. Presented first results Evaluation Test at the beginning and the end of indicate the significance of Detached Concern in the semester. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients the context of burnout. More research into the were obtained for both scales in the instrument,

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Arguments (.75) and Counter-Arguments (.79). Grade One experienced more positive emotion An independent samples t-test showed no than other grades; students in Grade Two significant statistical differences between means experienced more negative emotion than other (p ≤ .134) for both groups, experimental and grades. Arts students had more positive emotion control, in the pre-test. An independent samples and less negative emotion than the specialties of t-test for shows significant differences between Science, Engineering and Technology students. means (p ≤ .001) for both groups, experimental The CAEQ developed in the present study and control, in the post-test. Working with attained acceptable psychometric properties. Reason!Able software for one semester helped College students experience diverse emotions in to develop arguments evaluation skills in senior their academic career. Positive emotions were students while they were using the program to the major class-related academic emotion in evaluate their own dissertation arguments. Chinese college students.

Keywords: argument evaluation, critical thinking, Keywords: positive emotion, negative emotion, reasoning class-related academic emotions, positive/negative affect scale, gender Development and application of a class- related academic emotions Development and validation of the Child questionnaire for college students Behaviour Assessment Instrument (CBAI) MA, H. (Tianjin Normal University), LU, Y. (Tianjin Normal University) SAMARAKKODY, D. (Monash University Accident Research Centre), FERNANDO, D. (University of Colombo), PERERA, H. (University of Colombo), The aim of this research was to develop a Class- MCCLURE, R. (Monash University Accident related Academic Emotions Questionnaire Research Centre), DE SILVA, H. (Department of (CAEQ) for college students, and to research the Health) class-related academic emotions' characteristics of college students. The method combined Behavioural abnormalities of children have theory with job analysis to develop a grown to epidemic proportions and create a questionnaire, and the questionnaire was used larger social and economic burden to society. with 585 college students (319 males and 266 Young children with behavioural problems are at females). A self-report instrument measuring a greater risk of developing psychiatric disorders college students’ enjoyment, pride, hope, relief, in later life. These disorders have a good anger, anxiety, shame, hopelessness and prognosis if treated at the onset and therefore boredom was developed. The Cronbach α should be identified early and referred for coefficients and test-retest stability coefficients appropriate care. The aim of this study was to of the sub-tests ranged from 0.61 to 0.82 and develop and validate a screening instrument to 0.50 to 0.79. Confirmatory factor analysis identify behavioural abnormalities of children showed that the questionnaire had good aged 4 to 6 years in the community. Following construct validity (RMSEA = 0.068; NNFI = 0.92; systematic review of literature, 54 variables CFI = 0.93). Correlations of sub-tests as well as were identified. Three round Delphi technique with the Positive / Negative Affect Scale were was used to reach consensus in a panel of moderately correlated. Through surveying 585 experts. Experts included paediatricians, child college students, this study explored the psychiatrists, child psychologists, community characteristics of class-related academic physicians, policy makers and service providers emotions of college students. The results for children with behaviour abnormalities. The showed that the means of seven sub-tests criterion validity and construct validity of the (except for anxiety and anger) were greater than developed instrument was assessed in a the theoretical mid-value and the top four were community sample of 332 children aged 4 to 6 positive emotions. In addition, significant effects years. The reliability of the instrument was of gender, grade and major in college students assessed by test-retest method and internal were found. Boys experienced more anxiety and consistency analysis. Child Behaviour boredom and less relief than girls. Students in

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Assessment Instrument (CBAI) containing 15 process of alternative entry to the College. A items was developed following the Delphi consortium from five universities is in the technique. The scoring method for CBAI based process of developing this examination to on the frequency of the problem behaviour, comprise three components. A written resulted in an area under the Receiving examination will evaluate knowledge of the Operating Characteristic curve of 0.94 (95% field; a second stage will assess complex case Confidence Interval is 0.92-0.96). At cutoff of formulation, treatment planning, and higher- greater than or equal to 16, the sensitivity of level analytic skills related to case management CBAI is 88.52% and specificity is 81.54%. The in its cultural and ethical context; a third in-vivo mean score of children with behavioural examination assesses applicants through a series abnormalities (21.37) was significantly higher of examination “stations” to evaluate the broad than that of children with normal behaviour range of skills required for competent practice as (7.040). The Cronbach’s alpha exceeded a clinical psychologist, including assessment, Nunnaly’s criterion of 0.7 for items related to formulation, treatment, process and ethical inattention, aggression and impaired social practice domains.. The overall framework is interaction. The Child Behaviour Assessment based upon competencies in the domains of Instrument is a valid and reliable screening Theories and Knowledge, Assessment, instrument to identify behavioural abnormalities Interventions, Research and Evaluation, of children aged 4 to 6 years in the community. Professional Practice and Non-psychological Components. A pool of multiple-choice items Keywords: community screening, behavioural was derived from several sources, including abnormalities, child prognosis, child psychology, existing item pools from commercial sources and child assessment teaching programs of the consortium. Case vignettes for the second and third stages were again derived from several sources, including Development of a formal examination of clinical psychology knowledge and skills existing teaching material and cases from the consortium’s teaching clinics. A complex examination process has been developed in HELMES, E. (James Cook University), PACHANA, N. response to the request for a measure to (University of Queensland), O'DONOVAN, A. (Griffith University), MURRAY, G. (Swinburne evaluate critical clinical competencies of University), SOFRANOFF, K. (University of individuals’ educational backgrounds that are Queensland), BAILLIE, A. (Macquarie University), not equivalent to conventional clinical training. KYRIOS, M. (Swinburne University) Procedures planned to evaluate the validity of the examination include formal content analysis, Clinical training in psychology is in transition in together with criterion validity studies using Australia. The current system of a four-year graduates and senior students of existing undergraduate degree with two years of training programs. supervised practice permitting practice is transitioning towards one in which two years of Keywords: clinical training, competency-based formal training together with supervised practice examination, psychology qualifications in Australia, and research will become standard. As part of entrance examination for Clinical College the process of moving towards national membership, competency domains of psychologists registration of professional psychologists, a formal examination has been proposed for those Development of a Male Masking graduates without at least a Master’s level Behaviour Scale (MMBS) qualification to join the Australian Psychological Society’s College of Clinical Psychologists, so that GARGIULO, R. A. (Deakin University), WALKER, A. their experience can be recognised. Here we (Deakin University) describe the format and developmental stages of this examination. The College of Clinical An existing body of literature (Brownhill, 2003; Psychologists of the Australian Psychological Cochran & Rabinowitz, 2000; Rutz, 1999) argues Society tendered for the development of a that gender differences exist in the way competency-based examination as part of the depressive symptoms are expressed, managed

1115 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology and controlled. Conventional assessments of The aim of the present study is to investigate the depression do not seem to target behavioral development of gender personality in Japan. issues specific to men and as a result the extent Participants include 768 Japanese adults (339 to which these measures can specify gender males and 427 females). The participants were differences in depressive symptoms is divided into three age groups: young adults (20 questionable. A review of the literature to 25 years old; 77 males and 114 female identified only one gender sensitive measure, university students), adults (25 to 46 years old: but this measure was developed with a 198 mothers with young children), and older European sample, and has not been tested in an adults (57 to 81 years old; 262 males and 115 Australian context. The aim of the present study females). The participants were asked to fill out was to develop and validate a male masking the Japanese Gender Role Index consisting of ten behaviour scale that could indicate depressive masculine and ten feminine items with ten non- symptoms in men. The development of the Male gender items. There is no significant gender Masking Behaviour Scale (MMBS) was difference between young males and young conducted in two phases. In Phase One, 101 females, whereas significant differences were items were generated based on seven categories found in both masculinity, t (df = 357) = 4.60, p < identified in the literature. These items were .001, and femininity, t (df = 351) = 5.25, p < .001, assessed by a small group of Psychology experts between older males and older females. (N = 36) to establish content and face validity. In Examinations of generational differences phase two, the items were further refined and showed that male older adults scored validated against other measures of depression significantly higher than young adults in both such as the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale masculinity, t (df = 329) = 12.57, p < .001, and (DASS) and the Mini Mood and Anxiety Symptom femininity, t (df = 324) = 14.36, p < .001, whereas Questionnaire (Mini MASQ) with 143 female young adults scored significantly lower participants from the general population. A four than adults and older adults in both masculinity, factor structure obtained by a factor analysis of F(2, 414) = 35.78, p < .001, and femininity, F(2, the data and the overall MMBS were found to 413) = 81.58, p < .001. The results of the present have good reliability Alphas. Convergent validity study are consistent with Block’s model (1973) of the MMBS was established with significant which postulates the association between correlations between the MMBS, the DASS and personal maturity and the integration of the MiniMASQ. The results of this study did not masculine and feminine personality traits. support the seven broad categories initially identified in the literature (Brownhill, 2003; Keywords: Japanese, masculinity, gender Cochran & Rabinowitz, 2000; Rutz, 1999). In personality, personal maturity, generational examining the four factor structure of the MMBS differences it is evident that the seven categories have been collapsed into four factors measuring male Development of the test of Chinese masking behaviours. This study constitutes a first employees’ competency in private and step, suggesting evidence of the construct foreign enterprise validity of the MMBS. Further studies could validate the MMBS using a clinical sample and XU, J. P. (Beijing Normal University), YANG, M. other cultural groups. (Beijing Normal University), WU, L. (Beijing Normal University), TAN, X. Y. (Beijing Normal University) Keywords: depression, male masking behaviour, anxiety, assessment of depression The purpose of this study is to develop a test of general employees’ competency in private and Development of gender personality in foreign enterprise based on the competency Japanese adults model on technical, financial, marketing, administrative, service and managerial KATSURADA, E. (Kwansei Gakuin University), employees in private and foreign enterprise. The SUGIHARA, Y. (Los Angeles County Department of test of general employees’ competency in Mental Health) private and foreign enterprise was developed based on the competency model, which was

1116 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology conducted using document analysis. One Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder thousand and sixty employees of private and (ODD/CD), anxiety disorders and depression. foreign enterprise from different part of the Upon receiving ethics approval, cross-sectional country were assessed by the test. The test was data was obtained from case files of 1,000 composed of 105 items and 21 sub-scales, which Singaporean children and adolescents who were respectively named as communication received treatment at a mental health institution skills, achievement oriented, learning capacity, in Singapore. These children range from 4 to 18 client oriented, self-confidence, years of age. Using data gathered from conscientiousness, initiative, professional completed CBCL forms, two broad-band scales dedication, ability to analyze and judge, ability to (Externalizing and Internalizing) and three reason and abstract, integrity, innovation, narrow-band syndrome scales (Attention relation establishing, influence power, insight Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and into interpersonal relationship, organizing and Anxious/Depressed) were selected for analysis. coordinating ability, team work spirit, On a broad-band level, CBCL Externalizing and encouraging capacity, executive ability, planning Internalizing scales were shown to differentially capacity and so on. Reliability analyses, predict clinician-diagnosed externalizing and confirmatory factor analyses and correlation internalizing disorders respectively. On a analyses showed the reliability and validity of narrow-band level, CBCL Attention Problems, the scale achieved the psychometric criterion. Delinquent Behavior, and Anxious/Depressed The difference of the test scores between scales differentially predicted ADHD, ODD/CD, excellent performance group and common anxiety disorders and depression respectively. In performance group was significant. The demonstrating the diagnostic accuracy of the reliability and validity of the test are strongly CBCL, study findings illustrate that parent-rated supported. The test could be effective to identify CBCL scales possess the ability to discriminate excellent employees and could be an effective among various clinician-diagnosed disorders. tool for staff selection, training and performance This supports a multi-informant approach to appraisal. clinical diagnosis, which involves not only clinicians, but also parents and others who Keywords: staff selection, employee competency, interact frequently with the child and are able to group performance, staff training, performance provide important perspectives on the child’s appraisal behavioral and emotional problems. Additionally, results suggest that a dimensional approach to clinical diagnosis complements a Diagnostic accuracy of the Child Behavior Checklist for externalizing and categorical approach as the former provides internalizing disorders in Asian children valuable insight into the severity of a child’s and adolescents problems. Diagnostic accuracy of the CBCL on both broad-band and narrow-band levels also support the reliability and robustness of the SEAH, S. L. (Nanyang Technological University), ANG, R. (Nanyang Technological University), FUNG, CBCL as a rating scale in its totality. D. S. S. (Institute of Mental Health), OOI, Y. P. (Institute of Mental Health) Keywords: diagnosis of childhood mental disorders, externalizing and internalizing psychopathology, Recent research advocates an integration of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dimensional approach to clinical diagnosis, Achenbach’s parent- categorical and dimensional approaches, and a rated Child Behavior Checklist multi-informant approach, to the diagnosis of childhood mental disorders. In view of this, the present study sought to examine the diagnostic Dialectic behaviour therapy (DBT) with accuracy of Achenbach’s parent-rated Child torture and trauma clients at The New Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for clinician-diagnosed South Wales Service for the Treatment externalizing and internalizing psychopathology, and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS): A case as well as for specific childhood mental study disorders, namely Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),

1117 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

HOL, G. (The New South Wales Service for the BARGIEL-MATUSIEWICZ, K. (University of Warsaw), Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and WILCZYSKA-KWIATEK, A. (Silesian University) Trauma Survivors (STARTTS)) The great progress that has been made in the This case study elaborates on Dialectical application of dialysis lets patients with end- Behaviour Therapy (DBT) that was implemented stage renal disease live in satisfactory somatic in a treatment of a female client from Sierra states for many years. Patients’ well-being Leone who had been experiencing symptoms of becomes a raised question more and more Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and often. The main aim of the presented study was dealing with suicidal thoughts. Treatment was to compare self-esteem and social functioning of conducted at the New South Wales, Service for dialysis patients to people from general the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and population. The study was a randomized Trauma Survivors (STARTTS). The assessment controlled trial using a convenience sample of included Harvard (PTSD 2.20) and Hopkins 102 fully informed and consenting patients with (Anxiety 3.80, Depression 2.53) Checklists and end-stage renal disease and 102 people from PTSD (3.00) questionnaire. As the client was general population. The instruments comprised highly symptomatic, DBT was utilized in order to of the Self-Esteem Inventory and Social Contact reduce the symptoms and improve her mental Inventory. The results show that there are health condition. DBT has a number of differences between dialysis patients and the distinctive defining characteristics. As its name general population in the case of Physical Self- suggests, its overriding characteristic is an esteem and Acting/Task Self-esteem. Dialysis emphasis on "dialectics" - that is, the patients’ Physical Self-esteem (M = 10.26) is reconciliation of opposites in a continual process lower than healthy peoples’ Physical Self-esteem of synthesis. The most fundamental dialectic is (M = 13); t(101) = -5.56, p < .001. Dialysis the necessity of accepting the client just as she is patients’ Acting/Task Self-esteem (M = 19.87) is within a context of trying to teach her to change. lower than healthy peoples’ Acting/Task Self- The assessment included Harvard (PTSD 2.20 esteem (M = 21.55); t(101) = -2.89, p = .004. reduced to 0.80) and Hopkins (Anxiety 3.80 There are not any differences in case of Social reduced to 0.50, Depression 2.53 reduced to Self-esteem t(101) = .30, p = .77 and Emotional 0.40) Checklists and PTSD (3.00 reduced to 0.20) Self-esteem t(101) = .38, p = .71. There is not any questionnaire. DBT has been utilised in a form difference in the case of Social Anxiety t(101) = - of cognitive-behavioural therapy, in order to 1.27, p = .21. On the basis of the presented study help the client to learn problem-solving it is possible to claim that there are some techniques for dealing with stressful experiences differences between dialysis patients and in her life. It appeared important for the client general population as far as self-esteem is to improve social skills and control anger and concerned. There is no difference in case of depression. As the client experienced multiple social anxiety. This research shows that dialysis psychological, physical and sexual traumas and patients need some psychological support, but losses in her country of origin, her Autonomic generally their social adjustment level is quite Nervous System (ANS) reacted excessively to good. stressful stimuli and it took her a long time to achieve homeostasis. DBT helped the client Keywords: well-being, self-esteem, social address multiple traumas and suicidal thoughts functioning, dialysis patients, somatic state by utilising the following DBT aspects: a) Mindfulness, b) Emotional Regulation, c) Distress Tolerance, and d) Interpersonal Relationships. Differences between Chinese and New Zealand Students: The impact of the statistical method Keywords: torture survivors, dialectical behaviour therapy, multiple trauma, trauma SHULRUF, B. (University of Auckland), ZENG, M. (Hong Kong University), WATKINS, D. (Hong Kong Dialysis patients’ self-esteem and social University), HONG, F. (Nanjing University) anxiety

1118 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The aim of this research was to compare the with studies of acculturation frequently impact of statistical techniques on exploring how those values and behaviours measurements of Collectivism and Individualism. change over time when people enter a new Attributes of Collectivism and Individualism cultural context. As values and behaviours (using the Auckland Individualism and change, particularly across generations, Collectivism Scale) were compared across dissonance may arise as there are discrepancies undergraduate students from Mainland China (n between self-reported values and behaviours. = 172) and New Zealand (n = 210). Two statistical The current study examines how differences techniques (T-Test and k-mean cluster analysis) between ratings of values and behaviours were used to compare the samples and establish contribute to psychological distress in a sample the differences in the results. The mean scores of diverse young adults. The current study on both Collectivism and Individualism of the surveyed undergraduate university students Chinese sample were lower than those of the (840 females, 328 males) with a mean age of European New Zealanders (3.35 versus 3.94 and 18.9 (SD = 2.3) and included 714 Whites, 196 3.47 versus 4.33 accordingly, p < .001). This Asian-Americans, 172 Latinos, and 84 African- result does not indicate which population is Americans. Participants completed Matsumoto’s more collectivist or individualist than the other. Individualism-Collectivism Interpersonal The k-mean cluster analysis found that among Assessment Inventory (ICIAI) and the 58-item the Chinese sample, 41% identified as collectivist Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) along with and 24% were individualist whereas among the demographic information and reports of New Zealanders, 37% were individualist and 22% discrimination in the past year on the General were collectivist (p < .0001). It is noteworthy Ethnic Discrimination (GED) scale. Difference that among the Chinese 30% had high scores scores were calculated to assess discrepancies in and 5% had low scores on both collectivism and individual ratings of their values and behaviours individualism whereas among the New with family members on the 19 items on the Zealanders this trend was reversed (4% and 37% ICIAI and four subscales (social harmony, social respectively). In conclusion, cluster analysis may identification, self-control, and social sharing of provide important information which cannot be recognition). There were significant group yielded from t-tests when psychological differences for all subscales on the ICIAI, except attributes (in this case within cultural contexts) for the behavioural self-control subscale; with are compared across different populations, Asian-American students consistently reporting particularly when the measures are constructed higher scores (greater collectivism) for each of by more than one factor/domain. Cluster the subscales. Regression analyses controlling analysis may provide some mitigation for biases for age (b = -.863, p<.05), gender (b = -5.760, relating to culture and/or language differences, p<.01), and reports of discrimination in the past for example, the tendency to use the low or the year (b = .633, p<.001), found that differences high end of the scale. between self-reported values and behaviours on the ICIAI significantly predicted (b = .446, Keywords: collectivism, individualism, psychological p<.001) total scores of symptomatology on the attributes, cultural context, cluster analysis HSCL-58. The current findings replicate prior research which has found cross-cultural differences in reports of values and behaviours. Differences between values and Moreover, it underscores the importance of behaviors among diverse undergraduate dissonance among young adults, during an students important time of identity development and has implications for future research on MURRAY, K. (San Diego State University), KLONOFF, intergenerational conflict and the processes of E. (SDSU/UCSD Cancer Disparities Partnership), acculturation. Discussion of the limitations of the GARCINI, L. (SDSU/UCSD Cancer Disparities Partnership), BARNACK-TAVLARIS, J. (SDSU/UCSD research and recommendations for further Cancer Disparities Partnership) inquiry is provided.

Studies have highlighted differences in the Keywords: values, psychological distress, reports of values and behaviours across cultures, acculturation, young people

1119 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Differences in Japanese mothers' touch Keywords: maternal touch, nurturing scenes, by nurturing scene: Focusing on playing, Japanese Touch Rating Scale, mother-infant crying, feeding and putting infants to interaction sleep Different video game playing habits ASO, N. (Japan Women's University), IWATATE, S. related to attentional function (Japan Women's University) SUZUKI, D. (Tohoku University), IWASAKI, S. The purpose of this study was to examine (Tohoku University) whether maternal touch of four-month-old infants by Japanese mothers differs depending Previous studies suggest that playing video on four nurturing scenes: playing, crying, games improves attentional functions (Green et feeding, and putting infants to sleep. We carried al., 2006). However, it may be considered that out a questionnaire survey using the Japanese different video game play habits such as Touch Rating Scale with 901 mothers of four- frequency, playing time and types of games month-old infants. Based on the findings of would lead to differential development of three preliminary research studies, we attentional functions in their players. In this established 19 categories of touch (touching, study, we examined whether attentional stroking, rubbing, holding up infant’s hands or functions differ depending on different types of feet, waving infant’s hands or feet, patting, video games engaged at different ages with poking, tickling, picking infant up, changing questionnaires including the one that purported infant’s position, quietly swaying, shaking, to measure attentional functions. Questionnaire holding infant’s hands or feet affectionately, data were collected from a total of 300 massaging, pinching, kissing, holding, hugging, participants (191 men, 109 women). All and supporting infant’s body) and four nurturing participants were undergraduate and graduate scenes (playing, crying, feeding, and putting students, aged 18 to 25. Questionnaires were infants to sleep). Participants were asked to composed of two domains. One domain asked evaluate on a five-point scale the frequency of about video game play habits, such as the 19 categories of touch in the four nurturing frequency, hours of playing, preferred types of scenes and the mean scores for each were games and game career. The other domain calculated. The data were analyzed using a 4×19 measured individual characteristics related to Kruskal-Wallis test. The main effect of nurturing attention related functions with Attentional scene was found to be significant. The factor of Function Scales, Attentional Effort Scale nurturing scene was then evaluated with the (measuring ability to exert active attentional Mann-Whitney U test for multiple comparisons. control over attentional concentration and The major results were as follows: in the playing sustained attention), Cognitive Failure scene, mothers used significantly more frequent Questionnaire (CFQ; Broadbent et al., 1982, maternal touch categories of touching, stroking, measuring ability related to traffic accident rubbing, holding up infant’s hands or feet, tendency), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version waving infant’s hands or feet, poking, tickling, 11 (BIS-11; Patton et al., 1995), Thought shaking, holding infant’s hands and feet Occurrence Questionnaire (TOQ; Sarason et al., affectionately, massaging, pinching, kissing, and 1986) and Boredom Proneness Scale (BP; Farmer supporting infant’s body than in the three other et al., 1986). First, based on frequency of playing nurturing scenes. In the playing scenes, mothers video games within the past six months, we used various kind of touch in order to draw the divided participants into three groups: high infant`s smile to please infant. Thus, maternal frequency video game player group (HVGP), low touch of young infants shows different frequency video game player group (LVGP) and characteristics for each of the four nurturing no video game player group (NVGP). It was scenes, suggesting that maternal touch can be found that HVGP were more hyperactive (being functionally used depending on the nurturing impulsive and prone to boredom) and poor in scene. active control (such as low abilities of attentional switching and attentional efforts) than LVGP and NVGP. Furthermore, it was found that the

1120 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology differences of the age when participants got placenames etc, which parallel to 1 and never most involved in their video games were heard of before; (3) proverbial knowledge: a associated with attentional abilities in HVGP. name of mark, well-known placenames etcetera. Participants who got most involved in them in Two hundred and ten photographs ware labeled middle adolescence (high school) were higher in equably into three sorts as Chinese sentences. impulsiveness and weaker in attentional efforts, The two pressing the reactor’ keystroke but participants who got most involved in methods, (1) changelessness: mouse leftward childhood (elementary school) were lower in keystroke is “yes”; rightward is “no”, (2) impulsiveness and stronger in attentional appointment: in conformity to the screen in the efforts. We conclude that playing different types underside left “yes” or right “yes” and right “no” of video games during development is related to or left “no”. One hundred participants took part attentional functions. Participants who currently in the series experiment. ERP was recorded in played video games intensively were more the series experiment using the Neuroscan 4.3 hyperactive and poor in active control. system with 64 scalp electrodes in standard 10 Furthermore, particularly those participants to 20 placement. The deceptive response, (HVGP) who became involved in video games in compared to the honest response, was longer in middle adolescent were higher in impulsiveness reaction time and lower in the correction rate, and weaker in attentional efforts. In contrast, the ERP amplitude evoked was smaller while the participants who played them during childhood ERP amplitude evoked by strange-ID information were lower in impulsiveness and stronger in was smaller than that of self-ID information in attentional efforts. Although it is not possible to the interval of 550 to 800 milliseconds. The explain these results in terms of direct cause and difference in terms of ERP amplitude on the left effect between these factors, they suggest that brain was greater than that on the right brain. In video game play habits affect people’s conclusion, 1. The left brain may be more attentional functions differently depending on involved in the process of deceptive response. the age of most active involvement. So choosing the ERP data from the left brain for analysis will be better able to identify the Keywords: video game playing, Attentional deceptive response. 2. The executive control Function Scale, Attentional Effort Scale, Cognitive process existed in the deceptive response may Failure Questionnaire, impulsivity consume more psychological resources, which makes the psychological resources used in the information processing decrease. These Differential effects of practice on the dissimilar cognitive attribute processes mentioned above may be the reason why the used for truthful and deceptive ERP data between the deceptive and honest responses: An event-related brain response is different. 3. Chinese sentences can potential study be used as effective stimuli material in the deception detection with ERPs. LIU, H. (Chinese people’s public security university) Keywords: event-related potential, deception detection, Chinese sentences The aim of this research was to provide some suggestions for how to choose and organize stimuli efficiently during the deception Difficulties in facial emotion recognition detection. Event-related potentials (ERP) and in post-traumatic stress disorder Behavior were recorded while participants made truthful and deceptive responses about the LEE, Y. (Chung-Ang University), LEE, J. H. (Chung- Chinese sentence which forms subert-six words Ang University) and the photographs. The 700 Chinese sentences ware labeled equably as three sorts: Individuals with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (1) self identity (birthday, homeplace, the twelve (PTSD) tend to attribute more negativity towards Earthly Branches, stature, shoes size etc; and self threatening (negative) stimuli. The purpose of related information: self parents name, this study is to examine processing of facial placenames which the participant have been to emotions in a sample of PTSD patients. By using sometimes ago, etc. (2) unrelated date, name, a Morphed Facial Emotion Identification Task,

1121 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology we aim to investigate emotional sensitivity of CROME, E. (Macquarie University) sexual abuse victims on their accuracy. Individuals with PTSD have been associated with Social phobia, characterised by a fear of negative atypical processing of emotion. According to evaluation or embarrassment, is a prevalent Litz’s advanced network model, Trauma cues disorder in community and clinical samples. It is prime fear-related information processing, has an early onset and chronic course and is which in turn temporarily inhibit the ability to associated with negative psychosocial outcomes experience emotions of incompatible valence and co-morbid disorder. Current categorical (e.g. positive affect). However, research has conceptualisations of social phobia lack provided little evidence indicating how sexual empirical support. The aim of the current study abuse victims’ processing of emotion might vary is to explore the latent structure of social phobia with the valence. Participants will include a to determine whether “social phobia” reflects a diverse sample of PTSD patients (PTSD group, n = discrete and qualitatively different condition, or 15) and those with no history of abuse (Control alternately, whether all people experience a group, n = 15). Prior to the task, the participants degree of social phobia. Data from two large will rate the affective and arousal valence of the scale community surveys in Australia (National facial emotion expression stimuli. Participants’ Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing reaction times and labeling of emotions (Happy, (NSMHWB), 1997) and the United States Neutral, Fearful) will be measured using a (National Comorbidity Survey – Replication: NCS- Morphed Facial Emotion Identification Task by R) were used. In both samples, a subsample of identifying facial expressions morphed from respondents screening into the Composite neutral to maximum intensity. They will then International Diagnostic Interview social phobia complete various self-rating scales designed to section were selected for analyses. Three assess impulsiveness, post-traumatic stress mathematically distinct taxometric procedures symptoms, depression, and anxiety. This study is (MAXEIG, MAMBAC and LMode) were used, currently in progress. It is expected that, the along with various consistency tests. Indicators PTSD group will display faster reaction times for analyses were constructed using current than the control group when labeling emotional DSM-IV social phobia diagnostic criteria and facial expression and will correctly identify facial personality factors (e.g., neuroticism) reported affect at an earlier stage, and this result will be to be related to social phobia. A majority of most pronounced for fearful faces. In contrast, analyses in both samples supported dimensional the PTSD group will show slower reaction times structure of social phobia. A MAXEIG analysis in and correctly categorize facial emotion at a later the NSMHWB sample identified a small peak stage for happy faces. These results will which identified a potential small-base rate demonstrate that participants with PTSD are taxon; however, this was not observed in the more sensitive for fearful faces, but less NCS-R sample. These results are consistent with responsive for happy faces than controls in a growing body of evidence supporting identifying emotional expressions. This is an dimensionality of social phobia. Support for empirical study to investigate the mechanism of dimensional structure of social phobia has processing facial emotions in a sample of PTSD important implications for assessment, individuals. The predicted results may provide diagnosis, measurement and treatment. valuable information in understanding the Dimensionality supports using assessment impact of PTSD on social-cognitive processing measures focusing on the degree of social and assist in the development of possible phobia symptoms experienced and levels of treatment solutions for PTSD patients. meaningful change following treatment. Dimensionality also supports using statistical Keywords: Morphed Facial Emotion Identification methods such as factor analysis and item Task, processing of emotion, post-traumatic stress response theory models. Applying dimensional disorder, fear-related information processing, facial models for psychopathology has important emotion expression stimuli implications for and early intervention. Dimension or category? A taxometric analysis of social phobia

1122 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: social phobia, dimensionality, Discrimination against older workers: categorical conceptualisations The role of implicit attitudes

Disadvantage and prosocial behavior: MALINEN, S. (University of Canterbury), JOHNSTON, The effects of the Wenchuan earthquake L. (University of Canterbury)

RAO, L. L. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), HAN, R. Negative attitudes and discriminatory practices (Chinese Academy of Sciences), REN, X. P. (Chinese towards older workers are well documented. Academy of Sciences), BAI, X. W. (Chinese Academy However, the role that implicit attitudes may of Sciences), ZHENG, R. (Chinese Academy of play in such discrimination has not previously Sciences), LIU, H. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), been explored. The objective of the present WANG, A. J. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), LI, J. Z. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), ZHANG, K. research was to investigate implicit ageism in an (Chinese Academy of Sciences), LI, S. (Chinese employment context. Implicit and explicit Academy of Sciences) attitudes towards older workers were measured, and a mental imagery exercise was used to investigate the malleability of bias. The The evolution of prosocial behavior is one of the relationship between attitudes and behaviour most compelling puzzles facing scientists. An toward a younger and an older worker was earlier study showed that being at a territorial investigated in an employment interview disadvantage promoted children’s prosocial exercise. Negative implicit bias against older behavior. The May 12, 2008 Chinese earthquake relative to younger workers was found. There of 8.0 magnitude on the Richter scale placed was some evidence for the effectiveness of residents in devastated areas in a disadvantaged mental imagery in alleviating such bias. The position. We conducted three sequential surveys explicit attitudes were relatively positive and to test our hypothesis that residential influenced by the mental imagery. The results devastation would evoke more prosocial also showed some evidence of youth bias in the behavior. A total of 8,023 residents in three non- interview situation. The present research devastated areas (the Tangshan area in Hebei showed that negative implicit attitudes exist Province, Fujian Province and Beijing City) and towards older workers. The implications for both two devastated areas (Sichuan Province and older workers and employers are highlighted in Gansu Province) participated in the post- the context of the ageing workforce. earthquake surveys. All participants were recruited by going door to door and asking people to take a survey, and all were given a Keywords: ageism, attitudes, negative implicit bias small present (such as a bar of soap, a towel, or a packet of washing powder) in return for their Diversity in Community Mass Syndrome participation. As expected, the results revealed (CMS): Evidence based analysis that the degree of prosocial behavior increased with an increasing level of residential SINGH, A. P. (Government Maharani Laxmi Bai Girls devastation, but decreased with the passage of Postgraduation College) time. However, we also found evidence that a catastrophic disaster leaves a long-lasting effect Mass psychogenic illness is characterized by on prosocial behavior. The results supported our symptoms, occurring among a group of persons hypothesis that prosocial behavior could be with shared beliefs regarding those symptoms, induced by individuals being at a disadvantage. that suggest organic illness but have no These findings should improve the conceptual identifiable environmental cause and little understanding of the origin of prosocial clinical or laboratory evidence of disease (Am behavior. Fam, 2000). Community Mass Syndrome (CMS) is being interpreted as normal behavior where Keywords: prosocial behaviour, residential hundreds to millions of people of more or less devastation, catastrophic disaster, individuals being the same community with the same beliefs are at a disadvantage, prosocial behaviour motivated towards a certain type of behavior acceptable in the society with one, or more than

1123 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology one, common goals (Singh, 2005). The was otherwise abandoned in community or Community Mass Syndrome (CMS) was first society. This evidence based study concludes reported in the fifteenth century as “Tarantism” that there is diversity in CMS and further meta- in the context of normal behavior in Germany, analyses and research are required for and in the rest of Europe it was known as psychosocial, cultural, political, commercial and St.Vitus’s dance. The behavior was similar to the religious mega events. ancient orgiastic rites where people worshipped the Greek God Dionysus. These rites had been Keywords: community mass syndrome, community banned with the advancement of other religions, behaviour, mass psychogenic illness, dance, but they were deeply embedded in the culture historical evidence of mass gatherings and were apparently kept alive in secret gatherings. With time, the meaning of dance Do foils safeguard against false changed so that the participants were no longer identification decisions? Comparing sinners and dance became a source of “cure”. choosing and accuracy rates in The CMS became the undefined method of simultaneous lineups and showups catharsis, relaxation, in some cases cure, and a means of mental hygiene. The aim of the SAGANA, A. (Maastricht University), SAUERLAND, present evidence-based study is to explore, M. (Maastricht University) analyze and classify CMS including its symptoms, types, geographical expansion and diversity. The method adopted for this study is evidence based There has been much discussion about which analysis focusing on symptoms, history, etiology, lineup procedure (simultaneous vs. sequential types and outcome. The historical evidence is vs. showups) is most suited to finding the guilty collected from the twelfth century to twentieth while at the same time protecting the innocent. century. The present analysis examines the The arguments made mostly rely on the relative- origin, history, geographical area, age, gender, absolute judgement model (Wells et al., 1984). duration and behavioral differences in the In the present study, 384 participants watched a diversity of CMS. The results indicated that videotaped staged theft of a wallet. Thirty diversity in CMS occurs, and with time some minutes later they were asked to make an symptoms have been added or eliminated and identification from a target present (TP) or thus diversifying its form, from psychogenic target absent (TA) lineup. Four identifications illness to religious form to political form to were made in total, one of the suspect, one of commercial form etc. The CMS is classified in the victim and one for each of two bystanders. religious, political, commercial and For half of the participants, the lineups undifferentiated types. The feast of fools was a presented were showups, for half simultaneous, very popular medieval celebration for Roman six-person-lineups. For each participant, two Catholics. World Youth Day has a young history identifications were presented as TA and two as of twenty years in Europe. Since twelfth century TP. It has been argued that a showup creates in Hajj hundreds of thousands of Muslim pilgrims unreasonably high risk that an innocent suspect participate in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The carnival will be chosen. For this reason, a suspect is tradition still flourishes in Belgium, Italy, France, always to be presented in the context of a and West Germany. In the Western Hemisphere, number of foils, that is, fillers who are known to the principal carnivals are those of a commercial be innocent. According to Gonzales et al. (1993), nature in Rio de Janeiro and the Mardi Gras in eyewitnesses express greater caution because of New Orleans. The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi the presence of foils in the lineup. However, Gras (SGLMG) is a unique Australian festival. It is recent findings (Steblay et al., 2003) indicate a party of the rarest and most uninhibited kind that there are lower choosing rates in showups and it is the single largest night-time parade of compared to simultaneous and sequential its kind in the world. The fall of the Berlin Wall, lineups, which is consistent with the idea that the non-cooperation movement in India, and the the similarity structure of a lineup created by the Bloody Sunday of the Russia Romanian addition of foils might affect criterion Revolution are evidence based examples of placement. Consistent with this idea, our political CMS. All exhibit behavior in mass which preliminary results show that the choosing rates in showups are much lower for both TA (16% vs

1124 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

62%) and TP (33% vs. 70%) lineups. The results levels of initial performance. However, whether will be discussed with regard to lineup the cognitive gains shown in training generalize administration and the need for filler persons. to everyday performance is not known. Success in the initial stages of the program led to Keywords: lineup procedure, showups, sequential improved retention, highlighting the importance lineups, simultaneous lineups of a sense of achievement for persisting with training. Does cognitive fitness training work? Keywords: cognitive fitness, healthy ageing, visuo- motor coordination WELLS, Y. (La Trobe University), SHATIL, E. (CogniFit) Does emotional intelligence influence employees’ job outcomes? Some evidence One determinant of healthy ageing is cognitive from the Indian information technology capacity. Several programs have recently been industry designed to promote cognitive fitness. The aim of the current study was to conduct an independent appraisal of one of these programs PRADHAN, R. K. (Indian Institute of Technology), MAITRA, D. (Amity University, Noida) to determine whether it is beneficial and, if so, for which subgroups of participants. Participants’ performance on a range of tasks was measured The present study examines the influence of in a 45-minute baseline assessment prior to an emotional intelligence on employees’ job individualized program of exercises being set. outcomes (job performance and job satisfaction) Participation then required 20 minutes of in the Indian Information Technology (IT) training three times per week. Measures of industry. The study also investigates the performance were then taken at three further relationships among emotional intelligence, points. Slightly more women than men stress and coping of IT professionals. The study participated in the program. Participants’ was conducted on a sample of 126 young average age was 64 years. Two-thirds were executives randomly selected form a group of IT highly educated. The majority had no health companies located in the Kolkata metro city of problems and used a computer daily. Over 1800 India. The findings of the study revealed that participants commenced the program, but by emotional intelligence positively correlates with Time Three, only 423 remained. Significant job outcome variables and executives coping. overall group differences in performance on the Regression analysis was used to observe the tasks were observed. Women performed better effects of Emotional intelligence on job outcome than men on several tasks, and good health, variables. Based on the results, detailed tertiary education, computer experience, and theoretical and practical implications of the being younger rather than older all promoted findings are discussed. high performance. Performance on all measures improved significantly over the course of the Keywords: emotional intelligence, stress, job training. The greatest improvements were noted satisfaction, job performance, executive coping for Visuomotor coordination and Short-term memory. Women improved more than men on Does human resource management both of these tasks. However, Reaction time (HRM) really matter in tourism improved most for people with serious health organizations? Strength of HRM systems problems and those with low levels of from a managerial perspective education. Multivariate analysis of attrition showed that persisting with the program varied CORREIA, A. (Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal / by age, health, and education, and both with ESCE), BENTES, L. (University of Aveiro), CHAVES, F. performance at Baseline and with improvements (Lisbon University Institute), GOMES, J. (Lisbon over time. Overall, the program resulted in University Institute) significant improvements with training in all domains, especially for participants with low

1125 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Strategic Human Resource Management (HRM) effects of four important factors (i.e., job directs attention to the ways in which the HRM relevant attributes, organizational attributes, system is critical to organisational effectiveness. applicant perceived fairness, and interviewer Several authors have urged scholars and behavior) and the mediating roles of multiple managers to devote time and efforts to applicant fit perceptions in a field interview understand the associations between HRM and setting. Data were collected from 289 applicants organizational performance (Becker and participating in job interviews. The participants Gerhart, 1996). Bowen and Ostroff (2004) were invited to complete questionnaires after responded to this plea, and introduced the their interviews. In order to prevent the concept of strong HR systems. In such systems, concerns of social desirability effects, the true messages regarding what is appropriate purpose of the research was undisclosed and all behaviour are communicated to employees in an participants were told that the results would be unambiguous and consensual way. Hence, HR used only for research purpose and unrelated to systems must possess a set of unique features, the final results of the job interview. The results which relate to the process by which a of structural equation modeling showed that consistent message about HR content is sent to organizational attributes were positively related employees. HR strength affects the way people to organizational attractiveness. Applicant-job fit interpret their surrounding environment, that is, fully mediated the relationship between job the situation strength. Stronger HR systems lead attributes and organizational attractiveness. to stronger situations, and weaker HR systems Applicant-organization fit mediated the effects lead to weaker situations. Based on seven semi- of perceived procedural justice and interviewer structured interviews to HR managers in hotels, ingratiation behavior on attractiveness. we explored the attributes which make a HRM Moreover, the results also indicated a positive System strong or weak. Data was compared with relationship between applicant received job the theoretical propositions of Bowen and offers and attraction. Building on previous Ostroff, and results offer some insights regarding research findings on organizational each of the attributes put forward by authors. attractiveness, the present study simultaneously We observed that none of the constructs seem tested the mediating roles of applicant-job, to be part of the agendas of the HR function. The applicant-organization, and applicant- attributes which were less supported were: interviewer fit within a field interview setting. understandability, validity and justice. With regard to the current results, organizations Implications are drawn in respect to the way HR may consider to utilize their recruitment efforts communicates with employees. and applicant perceived attractiveness through enhancing positive images, providing job related Keywords: human resources, management, information and assigning well-trained organizational performance, organizational interviewer in the recruitment process to communication, employees strengthen different important applicant fit perceptions. Does job, organization, procedure or interviewer really matter? Testing the Keywords: organisational attributes, organisational mediating mechanisms of multiple fit attractiveness, applicant job choice, job interviews, perceptions on applicant attraction recruitment process within a field interview context Does task type affect the efficacy of YANG, I. W. (National Chiao Tung University ), performance goals: A comparison of YANG, I. W. (National Chiao Tung University), CHEN, discovery and instruction-based skill C. C. (National Taipei University of Technology), acquisition HSU, Y. Y. (National Taipei University of Technology) HOWE, A. (University of Sydney)

To realize how applicant reaction mechanisms A growing body of research from the cognitive affect organizational attractiveness and domain has suggested that performance goals applicant job choice, the present study tests the impair the acquisition of cognitive skill due to

1126 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology their inhibitive effect on systematic task high gender equality. Self-developed scales exploration. This research however has typically measuring importance and achievement of employed complex control tasks where skill success criteria were distributed to 184 German acquisition is dependent on discovery-based (women n = 46) and 70 Polish entrepreneurs learning. The present research sought to (women n = 31). Underlying structure of determine whether performance goals resulted importance and achievement was established in poorer skill acquisitions under instruction- using structural equation modelling, while based skill acquisition. Eighty two undergraduate cultural and gender differences were analysed psychology students’ were instructed to perform using parametric statistical tests. Confirmatory the Kanfer-Ackerman Air Traffic Control task factor analyses revealed a five-factor solution for under one of four conditions in a 2x2 design. both importance and achievement ratings. Participants were either given performance or Importance consisted of personal fulfilment, exploration goals coupled with specific or non- workplace relations, community impact, specific feedback. Results suggested that personal rewards and company performance, performance goals and specific feedback were while achievement included financial outcomes, more beneficial for both task acquisition and personal balance, dynamism/growth, workplace transfer performance under learning from relationships and community impact. Polish instruction conditions, contrary to the entrepreneurs scored significantly higher on the predictions of a number of cognitive theories of importance of personal rewards (p < .001) and skill acquisition. It appears that performance evaluated themselves to be less successful goals can be effective in facilitating skill compared with their German counterparts. acquisition under instruction-based learning. More precisely they reported lower achievement on workplace relations (p < .001), Keywords: skill acquisition, instruction-based dynamism/growth (p = .03) and community learning, feedback, performance goals, cognitive impact (p = .05). In line with our hypothesis that research gender differences will be more pronounced in a culture of low gender equality, German females attached significantly higher importance to Does the importance and the achievement of entrepreneurial success community impact (p = .04) compared with criteria vary across cultures and males. Additionally they scored higher on this genders? success criterion (p = .02) and workplace relations (p = .04), however lower on the total success achievement. Interestingly, Polish DEJ, D. (Dresden University of Technology), CZERNEK, M. (University of Silesia), PARUZEL, M. female entrepreneurs attached lower (University of Silesia), STEPHAN, U. (Katholieke importance to workplace relations comparing Universiteit Leuven) males (p = .01), however it was the only one gender difference we found. This study contributes to research on gender diversity in Entrepreneurial success is considered to include entrepreneurship by demonstrating that gender multiple criteria of a financial, non-financial, differences are not the same across cultures, social and psychological nature. Previous studies therefore cultural background should be taken reported women attach higher importance to into account when exploring gender differences socio-emotional aspects of success such as and similarities. workplace relations and community impact. At the same time, women were found to be less successful in terms of objective success criteria Keywords: entrepreneurial success, socio-emotional including growth and financial performance. The aspects of success, achievement, gender present study introduces culture as an essential differences, workplace relationships variable to extend our understanding of gender differences in entrepreneurial success. We Does the pattern for autobiographical hypothesized that gender differences in memory and arousal vary among breast importance and achievement of success criteria cancer patients with and without PTSD? will be more pronounced in a culture of low gender equality (Germany) than in a culture with

1127 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

MAKKAR, S. (University of Delhi), KHOSLA, M. (Domestic Violence Response Training). It is a (University of Delhi) project funded by FaHCSIA and DoHA for Practice Nurses and Aboriginal Health workers in This study examined how breast cancer patients rural and remote areas. The aim is to increase diagnosed with and without post traumatic awareness and train workers to identify, stress disorder (PTSD) varied in memory patterns respond appropriately and refer clients to and arousal. A mixed method study was chosen specialised Domestic/Family Violence services. to address the research objective. Thirty breast This training has been in the form of either two cancer (Stage I-III) patients were chosen for the day workshops or an online version and has study who completed the screening tool been delivered against a recognised Unit of Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Competency. Topics include effects on children, (DAPS; Briere, 2001) and Autobiographical links to mental health, risk assessment and Memory Test (AMT; Williams and Broadbent, safety planning. Of the 800 health professionals 1986). Their arousal level was assessed before who have been trained, most were nurses or and after the retrieval of memories in response Aboriginal Health workers but also included to cue words. Among the thirty patients, five were other health workers such as psychologists demonstrated PTSD symptoms and the other 25 and counsellors. The effectiveness of the training did not fulfill the PTSD criteria. PTSD group has been evaluated after the workshops and the recalled more over-general memories on the online version and again at the end of 2 year AMT while the non-PTSD group recalled more period. The evaluations show the need for the specific memories. In addition, PTSD as training, increased awareness and confidence compared to non-PTSD women displayed higher amongst workers and that the training has been levels of arousal. The narratives of the life used to assist clients once back in the workplace. experiences as revealed in the word cueing test All health professionals are in an ideal position surfaced prominent themes across the to identify and respond to clients experiencing responses. Themes that emerged were beliefs, abuse. With appropriate training they can health, work, society and social relationships. identify and refer families on to specific services This study suggests that a life threatening illness like breast cancer can precipitate PTSD Keywords: domestic violence, domestic violence symptoms and result in changes in cognitive and response training, health care providers, family physiological domains. Thus, research is needed abuse to examine the effects of PTSD symptoms on immune responses, cancer outcome, and Driving better with distraction: Auditory adherence to medical regimens. attention can decrease visual inattentional blindness Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, cancer patients, memory patterns, arousal, BEANLAND, V. (The Australian National University), autobiographical memory PAMMER, K. (The Australian National University), COLTON, D. (The Australian National University) Domestic violence response training for health professionals The relationship between auditory and visual attention has both theoretical importance and WHITE, K. (Lifeline Australia) practical relevance to domains such as driving. Evidence suggests that talking on a cell phone Domestic/Family Violence affects one in three impairs visual attention (Scholl, Noles, Pasheva, women between the ages of 15 to 44 in & Sussman, 2003; Strayer, Drews, & Johnston, Australia in their lifetime and many children 2003). Some research suggests that attending to witness the abuse. However, many health auditory stimuli produces failures of visual professionals receive little or no training on how awareness (Pizzighello & Bressan, 2008), while to respond to families experiencing abuse. Since other research suggests listening to music can July 2007, approximately 800 health improve visual attention (Olivers & professionals have been trained in DiVeRT Nieuwenhuis, 2005). We used a moderate-load sustained inattentional blindness (IB) task,

1128 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology combined with a low-load auditory listening dichotomies have some anecdotal appeal, they task. Participants tracked shapes that moved are unsatisfactory because they lack a clear around the display and occasionally “bounced” theoretical mechanism for relating important off its edges. During critical inattention trials an latent individual differences’ variables affecting unexpected object (UO) crossed the display. decision making processes, and because they There were 104 participants (70 female) in three imply that individuals tend to be of one type or conditions: no-audio participants (n = 33) heard another. There is no empirical evidence for these either silence or low background sounds; simple dichotomies and we suggest a different instrumental participants (n = 35) listened to distinction between propensities toward a more instrumental music through headphones; and intuitive decision style or a more analytical style language participants (n = 36) listened to either that need not be mutually exclusive. Mutually short stories or pop music with lyrics. Sixty-four exclusive dichotomies seem contrary to what we percent of no-audio participants experienced IB witness in both everyday decision making and (i.e., failed to notice UO). IB was significantly expert decision making. Experts such as airplane lower in the language condition (44% IB) pilots, emergency room physicians, compared to no-audio, χ2 (1, N = 36) = 5.71, p = stockbrokers, and firefighters who must make .023. IB was also reduced in the instrumental both deliberate analytical decisions and quick condition (54% IB) but the difference was not intuitive decisions seem to have mechanisms significant, χ2 (1, N = 35) = 1.31, p = .292. Within that allow them to move from one mode to the language condition, there was no difference another as the situation warrants. We describe in IB comparing short stories (45% IB) with pop exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses music (44% IB), χ2 (1, N = 36) = 0.01, p = .604. indicating that analytical and intuitive styles are Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated no robustly identified and validated and reflect significant differences in primary task accuracy independent psychological latent variables. across trials comparing experimental conditions, Correlations with other widely used individual F(2,97) = 1.44, p = .243, and noticers versus differences measures are presented and suggest nonnoticers of the UO, F(1,97) = 0.85, p = .358. strong concurrent and discriminant validity. We We found that IB decreases when listening to provide empirical evidence that these two styles auditory stimuli, specifically language-based are not opposite extremes on a single audio. Our results support the idea that IB can continuum, where strong endorsement of one result from overinvestment in the primary task style precludes endorsement of the other. In (Olivers & Niewenhuis, 2006). Focusing attention particular, we present results that suggest an on a single task prompts observers to block all interesting relationship between endorsements potential distractions, whereas distributed of decision styles and self-efficacy. Individuals attention allows the opportunity to notice who report a propensity for either an analytical unexpected objects that are unrelated to the or intuitive decision style are much more likely primary task. to experience greater self-efficacy. Further, those individuals who endorse both styles report even higher self-efficacy. We argue that this Keywords: attention and driving, auditory attention, visual attention, inattentional blindness, evidence suggests that in applied decision unexpected objects environments the most self-efficacious decision makers may be those who show flexibility in their decision style – that is, those who are Dual decision making styles can enhance willing to endorse both approaches, depending self efficacy on the demands of the situation. We argue that to enhance decision self efficacy it does not NYGREN, T. (Ohio State University), PAULSEN, A. matter whether you have a dominant decision (Ohio State University) style, as long as you endorse both and feel comfortable using either. Popular applied decision making models have categorized individuals as either “rational” or Keywords: decision-making, analytical and intuitive “emotional”, and more recently as either decision making, self-efficacy, expert decision “maximizers” or “satisficers.” Although these making, latent psychological variables

1129 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Early intervention with children who Economic circumstances as a motivator witness domestic violence for fraud amongst non-gamblers, gamblers and problem gamblers WORTHY, S. (Metropolitan State College of Denver) ENGLAND, M. The data for presentation was collected as part of a three year, U.S. federal demonstration grant The aim of the current study was to examine conducted by a group of agencies in Colorado to whether a severe change in economic assist children in rural areas who witness circumstances triggers fraud. The recent domestic violence. The data to be presented are economic crisis provides a critical circumstance the results of the pre-treatment and post- against which changes in indicators for fraud treatment measures designed to understand the amongst non-gamblers, gamblers and problem impact of proactive treatment on children who gamblers are measured. The implications for the are observers of family violence within their changes provide evidence regarding the home. As part of the grant, 108 children motivation to commit fraud. A more thorough participated in the study due to their parent understanding of the motivation to commit being treated for mental health issues related to fraud can provide a basis to take more effective domestic violence. The children were assessed preventative action. using the age-appropriate form of the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC). All participants were Keywords: fraud, gambling, economic, problem- administered the assessment tool prior to gambler, fraud-prevention treatment. The children were then treated with a combination of individual and group therapy. Educational diagnosis by graphical The TSC was again administered at termination testlet response model or after six months of treatment, whichever came first. There are eight sub-scales as part of the TCS. Those sub-scales include anxiety, OHMORI, T. (Tama University), SHIGEMASU, K. (Teikyo University) depression, anger/aggression, posttraumatic stress introversion, posttraumatic stress avoidance, posttraumatic stress arousal, This study shows a new adaptive testing method dissociation, and sexual concerns. Out of the for diagnosing students’ misconceptions or eight sub-scales, five areas demonstrated errors (which are called bugs) with the Bayesian significant improvement on the post-treatment network model. Item Response Theory (IRT) measure. In addition, the TCS provides a model is often used for usual adaptive testing, Posttraumatic Stress Total (PTS Total) score. In but when those tests are made up of testlets this case the PTS Total score also yielded a which are groups of test items, standard IRT significant positive change. Children who witness models are often not appropriate due to the domestic violence experience symptoms of assumption of local dependence between items trauma. These symptoms are not typically or testlets. Some testlet-based IRT models have significant enough for them to be referred for recently been developed under such conditions treatment by parents, teachers, or school (Wainer et al., 2000), but there are not so many. counselors. However, these symptoms can be In this study, avoiding the local independence identified by using appropriate assessment problem, a Bayesian network model is strategies. More importantly, early mental introduced to represent the structures within health intervention can reduce these trauma testlet and also relations between each testlet symptoms. This early symptom reduction may directly and intuitively. Incorporating bug model ameliorate more significant symptom expression to the adaptive testing, not fully mastered and more serious problem behaviors in the students can realize their abilities. The future. simulation study shows the validity of this method, and also real data (arithmetic) is applied to this method. This study can be Keywords: domestic violence, trauma, early intervention applied to all educational testing, especially arithmetic. If a new web based testing (WBT)

1130 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology system would be constructed, it will provide Effect of 30 practices in improving advice to misunderstanding students for attention in children with ADHD correcting their errors. GHOLAMI, M. (Islamic Azad University), Keywords: students, students' errors, Bayesian AZHDEHFAR, L. (Ruzbeh Clinic), GOLKARIAN, P. network model, item response theory, adaptive (Islamic Azad University Tehran) testing The most common problem in children with EEG biofeedback in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) complex PTSD comorbid with substance is the attention deficit. The main goal of this abuse study is improving the ability to concentrate in children with ADHD by training and practicing 30 ASKOVIC, M. (New South Wales Service for the special activities for developing attention within Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and five months. Among children coming to Ruzbeh Trauma Survivors) Clinic with ADHD, ten were chosen and the mean age of this group was 8 years and 3 This presentation aims to provide an overview of months. They were divided randomly into two the innovative clinical work of the New South groups of five, and the children in one group just Wales Service for the Treatment and received pharmacotherapy (control group) and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors the other five children received (STARTTS) using electroencephalographic (EEG) pharmacotherapy and 30 practical exercises biofeedback as an adjunct to psychotherapy during five months (experimental group). After when working with complex post-traumatic treatment, individuals in both groups were stress disorder (PTSD) comorbid with substance tested by the Test of Everyday Attention (TEA) abuse. A detailed case study will be used to which estimates permanent attention, show how EEG biofeedback is conducted with transforming attention and selective visual torture and trauma survivors and integrated attention, through three ways (auditory method, with psychotherapy. A two-step approach will be visual method and pencil and paper method). described. The first step begins with Sensory The cut off mark is five and the experimental Motor Rhythm (SMR) training for regulation of group's mean was 3.90 in pretest and the the client's physiological arousal and reduction control group's mean mark was 3.82 and the in fear response. The second step entails work post test was totally different. In the control on addiction via deep state Alpha/Theta training group it was 5.30 and in the experimental group combined with the constructive visualization of the mark reached at the point of 7.1. The 30 the desired outcomes. A series of psychological practical exercises play an efficient role in and physiological pre and post treatment improving attention in children with ADHD. measures including Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, Hopkins Symptom Checklist, Test Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, of Variables of Attention and Quantitative test of everyday attention, attention, concentration Electroencephalogram will be presented. Long term positive changes in the client's Effect of 70 practices in decreasing psychological and physiological state will be learning disorders in children with discussed. Based upon our extensive practice of ADHD EEG biofeedback, this paper will explain how this intervention, when integrated with GHOLAMI, M. (Islamic Azad University), psychotherapy, offers an effective approach to AZHDEHFAR, L. (Islamic Azad University Tehran), successful treatment of traumatized clients with GOLKARIAN, O. (Ruzbeh Clinic) complex presentations. As we know children with ADHD are more Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, vulnerable to have learning disorders. The electroencephalographic feedback, attention, question is do the 70 sensory-motor activities sensory motor rhythm training, fear response have effective role in decreasing learning

1131 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology disorders? Among children coming to Ruzbeh The results indicated a positive linear Clinic with ADHD, 16 first grade students were relationship between age and perception of chosen. They were divided randomly into two fairness in the Public Sector Bank (older groups of 8 with the children in one group only employees found their performance appraisals receiving pharmacotherapy (control group) and fairer) and a negative relationship for the Private the other 8 children receiving pharmacotherapy Sector Bank (younger employees perceived and 70 sensory-motor exercises during six more fairness with their appraisal practice). This months (experimental group). Before and after study shows the needs of younger employees treatment the Grade Point Average (GPA) of not being met in Public Sector Bank and older individuals in both groups was compared. In the employees in Private Sector Bank. Both banks pretest, the GPA of the control group was 13.30 need to develop HR practices and policies that of 20, and the experimental group's GPA was address employee differences. 13.25 of 20. Post test was totally different. In the control group it was 16.50 of 20, and in Keywords: age differences, employee differences, experimental group the GPA reached at the performance appraisal, perceived fairness, point of 19.30 of 20. The 70 sensory-motor employee appraisal exercises have an efficient role in eliminating learning disorders in children with ADHD. Effect of spatial attention on dynamic expression processing Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disorders, attention, sensory-motor ZHANG, L. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), ROEDER, activities B. (University of Hamburg), ZHANG, K. (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Effect of age on fairness perceptions: A comparative study on Indian Banks Affective expression is one of the most salient events for human survival and successful social PURANG-SINHA, P. (Indian Institute of Technology interactions. Many studies have revealed spatial Bombay), SHRIVASTAVA, A. (Indian Institute of modulation on affective expressions. In fact, Technology, Bombay) emotions are usually perceived by combining facial and vocal expressions in everyday life. This study aimed at examining the effect of age More important, dynamic and static facial on the perception of fairness of different expressions are processed differently. However, performance appraisal systems in Indian banks. few studies are concerned with dynamic Liberalization of economic policies has brought expressions. Our study used dynamic real-life significant changes in the structure and facial expressions and vocal prosody and operations of Indian banks. Past researchers explored the spatial modulation on the have compared Public and Private Sector Banks processing of multisensory affective expressions. and found differences in structures, use of Sixteen volunteers (five male; M = 24.7 + 4.2 technology, economic efficiency, Human years) participated in this research. The stimuli Resources (HR) systems, etc. Employees of included videos with an actor uttering a bi- diverse age-groups differ in terms of their needs, syllabic word in angry, happy or neutral values, and expectations and organizations face emotion. Mean duration of the stimuli was 700 the challenge to address these ‘differences’. This milliseconds (SE = 26 milliseconds). Participants study explores the effect of age on the were seated in front of a computer screen. In perception of fairness of performance every block, participants were asked to pay appraisals. A survey research was conducted in attention to one side (left/right) only and two banks with a total sample of 340 bank detected a 200 millisecond interruption in the employees from a leading Public Sector (N = facial expression. There were sixteen blocks in 230) and a Private Sector Bank (N = 110) in India. the experiment (a total of 132 stimuli in one Convenience sampling was used to collect the block, and 24 of them with the interruption). The sample. Performance Appraisal Fairness Scale behavioral responses and with eight dimensions was adapted from electroencephalographic results (EEG) were Thurston (2001). Regression analysis was used. recorded. From the behavioral results, the

1132 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology average reaction time to the targets was 1324.3 design was used. An initial sample of 600 Tibetan + 12.8 milliseconds. Participants’ accuracy of refugee students aged 12 to 19 years detection was 93.45 (SE = 0.016). There was no participated in the study. They were significant difference among emotions. From the administered a questionnaire measuring the EEG results, spatial attention effect was found level of stress, anxiety, coping styles, self- short after stimulus onset (100 to 120 confidence and emotional intelligence. Using a milliseconds). The mean amplitudes were median split the sample was divided into two marginally significant at ipsilateral parietal- equal sized groups. Participants scoring below occipital sites (Difference = -.433, p = .073) and the median score were randomly assigned to midline parietal sites (Difference = -0.689, p = two equal sized groups (experimental group and 0.058). From 240 to 280 milliseconds, attended control group). The experimental group was ERPs were more negative at contralateral assigned to a standardized training module parietal-occipital sites (Difference = -.707, p < consisting of ten life skills for four months on .05). There was a sustained difference at late average. The participants were assessed on life component (380 to 580 milliseconds, main effect skills and if it was required, they were retrained of attention F = 5.041, p < .05; 660 to 900 until they achieved the pre-set standard. After a milliseconds, main effect of attention F = 7.889, gap of two weeks of attaining the set standards p < .05). However, no significant and steady they were administered the same questionnaire. emotion effect was found. Facial-specific The Pre and Post intervention data were component N170 was found in all conditions. analyzed using ANCOVA and paired t-tests to The expressions perception was modulated by measure the effectiveness of life skill spatial attention. However, expressions as the intervention on the psychosocial factors. In the salient stimuli were processed fast even in the pretest, experimental and control group differed unattended location and irrelevant to the task, significantly only on trait anxiety. However, after no matter which kind of emotion valences. N170 the life skills interventions, paired t-test revealed was not modulated by spatial attention and that there was a significant difference between facial emotion valence. experimental and control group on perception of stress, anxiety (state and trait), use of coping Keywords: affective expression, facial expression, strategies, self-confidence and emotional facial emotion valence, spatial attention intelligence. Life skills interventions which have been previously found effective in combating HIV, AIDS, smoking, teenage pregnancy also

contributes greatly to manage stress and anxiety

and enhance coping skills, self-confidence and

emotional intelligence among adolescents.

Keywords: life skills, stress, anxiety, coping, self- confidence

Effectiveness of a life skills intervention Effects of an educational television on psychosocial parameters among program on reduction of prejudice Tibetan school adolescents towards schizophrenia

BISWAS, U. (The Maharaja Shivaji Rao University of ITO, T. (Wako University), KODAIRA, T. (Seirei Baroda) Christopher University)

The present study examined the effectiveness of The present paper reports on the development life skills interventions in reducing stress and of television-based education to reduce the anxiety, strengthening coping styles, self- Prejudice Towards Schizophrenia (PTS) of confidence and emotional intelligence among nursing students. The television (TV) program Tibetan refugee adolescents studying in SOS was derived from a thirty-minute educational Tibetan Children’s Village in the Indian state of program which featured a newly married couple Himachal Pradesh. A pre-post controlled trial with schizophrenia. The effects of the TV

1133 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology program were measured by the Attitude toward annual income, and QOL (KINDL(R) Parents’ Mental Disorder Scale in a pre and post-test. version). Results indicated that the group with Scores on the Social Distance Scale (M = -.30, F high annual income also had high QOL scores. (1, 276) = 97.014, p <.001) and the Bad Image Mothers in the higher income group tended to Scale (M = -.83, F (1, 276)= 820.164, p < .001) control the child's media use, and mother and were smaller after program viewing with larger child were involved in the media together. We for the Bad Image Scale (ES = 1.84.) conducted a pass analysis on annual income, than the Social Distance Scale (ES = .55). The QOL score and media contact condition, and percentage of attitude change in the desired found that annual income influenced the type of direction was 98% for the Bad Image Scale, and media contact, and type of media contact 69% for the Social Distance Scale. Attitude influenced children’s QOL. It was indicated that change was observed in most of the participants. QOL related to; types of involvement of the Results of the present study indicated that even parent and child during media contact, the a short, 30-minute TV program can be effective parent’s feeling towards media, and the in reducing PTS. household’s annual income. The results of this study also showed that annual income Keywords: stigma, schizophrenia, prejudice, influenced the type of media contact, and the nursing, image type of media contact influenced children’s QOL.

Effects of electronic media use on Keywords: electronic media, children, quality of life, children’s quality of life: Website survey mothers, parental involvement for mothers Effects of self-evaluation of computer HASEGAWA, M. (Yokohama-City University), proficiency on computer self-efficacy in SAKAMOTO, A. general information education

This study addresses the question “what are the KAGEMURA, Y. (Koshien University), HARADA, A. factors that enhance children’s Quality of Life (Koshien Junior College) (QOL)”? Children in the modern era are exposed to electronic media such as TV and video games The present study explored the relationship of for many hours. Does contact with electronic computer proficiency used by general media enhance or lessen children’s QOL? In this information education and computer self- research, we conducted a two-wave panel study efficacy, testing the instability of computer self- targeting mothers who have elementary school efficacy and computer anxiety in general children in order to investigate whether media information education. We conducted a survey contact affects childrens’ QOL. We also on “self-evaluation of computer proficiency”, examined the differences in media influences by “computer self-efficacy” and “computer anxiety” socio-economic status. Research subjects were which was administered three times (April, June, 2531 mothers who have elementary school July) to 212 university students. The scores of children. Participants were recruited from the “self-evaluation of computer proficiency” were registrants of an internet research company. categorized into three groups (Low group, The participants completed two identical Middle group, High group). The result indicated website surveys two months apart. The first that the interaction between three times and survey was conducted in March 2009, and the groups of computer proficiency was significant in second survey in May 2009. We measured the both” computer self-efficacy” and “computer length of time a child was exposed to TV, video anxiety”. High group in July was higher than in games, mobile phone and computers as media June, and low group in July was lower than in contact (weekdays and holidays), the type of June. Furthermore, it was indicated that involvement of the parent and child during students lost their confidence and increased media contact (e.g. “There is a limit on television anxiety when they learned the unknown course watching time”, “My child watches television contents. alone”), the parent’s feeling towards media (e.g., “It is possible to be impressed”), the household’s

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: computer proficiency, self-efficacy, this one-month study (twice a week, two hours computer anxiety per session). Forty-five subjects (males, 19 to 25 years old, M = 21.9; SD = 1.33) were involved. Effects of snowfall on seat belt use They were from three levels of training (fifteen subjects each). An adapted Aggression SIMSEKOGLU, Ö. (Izmir University of Economics), Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) and Story LAJUNEN, T. (Middle East Technical University) Completion Task (Dill, 1997) were used to measure aggressiveness. Results showed that the 'Pencak-Silat' training program significantly The present study aimed to investigate the increased aggressive thoughts (Level One, t = effects of adverse weather conditions (snowfall) 0.995; Level Two, t = 0.986; Level Three, t = on seat belt use and child restraint use among 0.981; α = 0.005) and feelings (Level 1, t = 0.990; Turkish car occupants. A total of 611 front seat Level Two, t = 0.990; Level Three, t = 0.977; α = occupants (drivers and front seat passengers) 0.005). The results are in line with the General were observed for their seat belt use, age and Aggression Model (Anderson & Bushman, 2001). sex. Also, 137 child passengers were observed Based on these results, improvements of the for their seat belt use, age and seating location. training program should be recommended and In order to study the effects of weather on seat developed. belt use, observations were conducted in two different times with two different weather conditions (sunny dry weather versus cold Keywords: aggressiveness, Indonesian traditional weather with snow on the road). Chi-squared training program, aggressive thoughts, aggressive feelings, story completion task analysis revealed that a significantly higher proportion of the observed drivers, front seat passengers and child passengers were using a Efficacious social control in seat belt in bad weather than in good weather neighbourhoods prevents antisocial condition. Increase in seat belt use in adverse behaviour: Mediation of socialization weather conditions compared to normal and unstructured activities weather conditions suggests that effects of adverse weather conditions are compensated by YOSHIZAWA, H. (Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University), using a seat belt. However, the increase in seat YOSHIDA, T. (Nagoya University), HARADA, C. belt use in adverse weather conditions was still (Nagoya University; Japanese Society for the far from sufficient for car occupant safety. Promotion of Science), PARK, H. J. (Aichi Bunkyo Women’s College), NAKAJIMA, M. (Mie University), OZAKI, M. (Kanazawa University) Keywords: seat belt use, driver safety, weather condition effects on driving, car occupant safety On the subject of preventing antisocial behaviour by efficacious social control in Effects of the 'Pencak-Silat' training neighbourhoods, collective efficacy (Sampson et program on the aggressiveness of al., 1997) has been explained using two participants theoretically distinctive mechanisms: (1) the successful socialization of children at the SRISAYEKTI, W. (Padjadjaran University), KEMAS, community level, which develops their aversion M. A. (Padjadjaran University, Bandung) to antisocial behaviours, and (2) the imposition of restrictions on unstructured activities that This study was a continuation of a descriptive increase the probability of children engaging in study on the aggressiveness of participants of antisocial behaviours. We hypothesized that the the Indonesian traditional defend-sport 'Pencak- lack of collective efficacy within communities Silat' training. It was intended to find out could be mediated by certain types of social whether the training program had a significant information-processing and degrees of self- effect on the aggressive thoughts and feelings of regulation. A lack of collective efficacy would participants. Interrupted time-series with increase children’s exposure to violence within sequential multiple group – multiple the community, which could eventually lead intervention design (Glass, 1975) was applied in them to engage in similar acts (i.e. unstructured

1135 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology routine activities). A total of 503 undergraduates sample, effectively contributing to the were instructed to recall their early-to-middle recognition of NFB as an evidence-based adolescence periods (from elementary school to practice. It was anticipated that this study would junior high school) when answering the demonstrate improvements in the core questionnaires. The perceived level of collective symptoms of executive dysfunction (poor efficacy and the frequency of exposure to behavioural and metacognitive self-regulation) violence in the communities they belonged to following NFB intervention. The present study were assessed using self-report items. Positive also aimed to investigate the minimum number and negative aspects of social information- of neurofeedback training sessions required to processing were assessed by social rule demonstrate significant improvements as appropriateness, normative beliefs about indicated by client reports and quantitative aggression and cognitive distortion scales. The measures. The secondary aim of the study was level of self-regulation was assessed by using the to establish the viability of using clinical data for social self-regulation scale. Routine activities longitudinal studies to investigate the retention were assessed through memories of of NFB treatment effects. Participants were unstructured socializing activities during high patients seen at a private clinician’s practice in school years. Antisocial tendencies were Toowoomba, Australia. The participant pool assessed based on the estimation of the consisted of both males and females aged seriousness of the delinquent behaviours of the between 6 and 12 years. They were referred to respondents, along with their experiences in the the clinic by their general practitioner or primary past. The results of structural equation modeling caregiver(s) and received treatment on a fee for revealed that the effect of collective efficacy on service basis. The participants were assessed to antisocial tendency was perfectly mediated by be demonstrating symptoms of executive social information-processing and self-regulation dysfunction, predominantly associated with (i.e. socialization indices); further, the frequency developmental disorders of childhood such as of exposure to violence was found to be partially ADHD, PDD, or Anxiety. Some of the mediated by routine activities. These findings participants were on an existing treatment plan provide evidence that high informal control (i.e. of psychostimulant medication while others collective efficacy) fosters community level were seeking psychological intervention as a socialization and eventually decreases the non-invasive method of treatment. At the time likelihood of antisocial behaviour. On the other of consultation, the clinician obtained informed hand, the lack of informal control within the consent in writing for data to be de-identified community (i.e. social control dysfunction) and collated in the event of a future study. All increases the crime rate of the area as well as participants engaged in at least one session of the likelihood of children engaging in neurofeedback training within the past two unstructured and antisocial behaviours. Future years. The study is currently in progress. research in this area should include longitudinal investigations and community level analyses. Keywords: neurofeedback, behavioural self- regulation, meta-cognition, executive dysfunction, Keywords: antisocial behaviour, social control, developmental disorders collective efficacy, social information-processing, self-regulation Effort counts and achievement goal matters: Patterns of credit and blame in Efficacy of neurofeedback as a treatment pursuit of achievement in a Chinese for executive dysfunction: Establishing society best practice from clinical evidence FWU, B. (National Taiwan University) ANIFTOS, M. (Inclusive Education Services (R)), MCKENNA, M. (University of Southern Queensland) Previous research indicates that more credit is given to academic success whereas less blame is The primary aim of the present study was to assigned to failure. This study argues that investigate the clinical utility and ecological patterns of credit and blame may vary with validity of neurofeedback (NFB) in an Australian levels of effort and types of achievement goals.

1136 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Academic goals, like maths achievement, are for 1-3 months, the children were able to use burdened with high social value, whereas non- antecedent-focused responses by themselves academic goals, like art, are endowed with high (attention deployment and cognitive change), personal value in Chinese tradition. Scenario and their response-focused actions decreased. questionnaires were administered to 720 high Children with supports from others could sort school students in a Taipei metropolitan area in adaptive response alternatives that could be Northern Taiwan. Statistical analysis of MANOVA used in various kinds of situation to regulate was applied to analyse the data. The results their emotion. show that: (1) the moral value of effort-making in pursuit of achievement goals; (2) in case of Keywords: emotion regulation, antecedent-focused, success, there were larger differences in credit response-focused, leukemia, children assignment between ‘diligent’ and ‘idle’ students in the maths than in the art domain; and (3) in Emotional evaluation and cognitive the failure situation, there were larger activity: Examining the condition and discrepancies in blame infliction between internal mechanism ‘diligent’ and ‘idle’ students in the maths than in the art domain. The findings shed light on how students learn in the Chinese cultural tradition, FANG, P. (Capital Normal University), MA, Y. (Capital Normal University), XU, H. (Capital Normal and add a new perspective to the existing University) literature of credit and blame in the educational setting. This study intends to explore the internal mechanism that reveals how elicited emotional Keywords: effort, goal matters, credit, blame, evaluation influences subsequent cognitive achievement activities, and to help make proper emotional evaluation in daily life, as well as to provide Emotion regulation in children with empirical evidence to improve quality of acute lymphocytic leukemia: A cognitive activities. Four hundred and sixty-five qualitative study of patients and secondary school students are chosen as survivors in Indonesia subjects in two experiments. One experiment explores whether the activated certainty impacts MANSOER, W. (University of Indonesia), FITRI, S. on assured judgment. The other intends to find (University of Indonesia), ATMODIWIRYO, E. which emotional factor impacts the choice of (University of Indonesia) cognitive processing style without an activation process. It has been found that, when asked to The aim of this qualitative study is to examine make assured judgment about their evaluation emotion and emotion regulation among children accuracy, the subjects with different evocative with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia. Data were emotions have significantly different judgments. collected by interviews with four patients (9-13 Without activated evaluation, emotion valence is years) and their parents, and also with two automatically activated. The elicited evaluation survivors (21-24 years) who had the same illness influences the subsequent judgments and during their childhood. Results showed that people take this activated evaluation as both inpatients and survivors, during initial information that affects subsequent cognitive diagnosis and chemotherapy preparation, activities. experienced negative emotions such as feeling sad, scared, angry, and embarrassed. They Keywords: elicited emotional evaluation, cognitive reported that they felt bored when they went processing style, evaluation, evocative emotions through chemotherapy period. To regulate their emotion when they were diagnosed with Emotional experiences, empathy and the leukemia, the children used response-focused influencing factors actions (i.e., crying, angry, hiding their feelings), while antecedent-focused action was provided by others (situation selection and situation modification). After undergoing chemotherapy

1137 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

FANG, P. (Capital Normal University), LI, Z. (Capital emotion regulation strategy, personality and age Normal University), JIANG, Y. (Beijing Sport have no influence on the relationship between University) bias and decision making; but under refused conditions, they have effects on this This study explores the relationship between relationship. When the duration bias is strong, emotional experiences and empathy, as well as the sane and senior students who adopt the the role of emotion regulation and cognitive reappraisal strategy avoid making environmental factors. The results of the study decisions, but the sensitive and the younger will provide evidence and empirical support for students who adopt the expression suppression intervention and treatment in this field. strategy tend to make decisions. The results Experiments and questionnaires were used to show that people have intensity bias and investigate approximately 500 individuals in duration bias when they predict the emotional three studies. This research has found that response to future events. Intensity bias and people with a higher level of emotional duration bias influence whether individuals experiences have more sympathy and less choose to make decisions or not. personal distress. Emotion regulation and emotional experiences have interaction effects Keywords: intensive bias, duration bias, decision with empathy. Environmental factors (including making, forecasting behavioral validity and cultural comparability) and emotional experiences have joint effects Emotional intelligence and its relation to with empathy. The results suggest that human abnormal behaviour: Comparison emotional experiences affect empathy. Emotion between addicted and nonaddicted regulation and environmental factors regulate people the relationship between emotional experiences and empathy. HOMAYOUNI, A. (Islamic Azad University)

Keywords: emotion experiences, empathy, emotion Emotional intelligence (E/I) consists of appraisal regulation, personal distress, cultural comparability of emotion in the self and others, regulation of emotion in the self and others and utilization of Emotional forecasting bias, decision emotion in solving problems. Subsumed under making and related factors? these branches are functions such as verbal and non verbal appraisal and expression of emotion FANG, P. (Capital Normal University), MA, Y. and using emotions to motivate as part of the (Capital Normal University), JIANG, Y. (Beijing Sport utilisation of emotions (Salovey & Mayer’s, University) 1990). Emotional intelligence components are important in psychological functions such as This study integrates the validation of the problem-solving, happiness, stress-tolerance, intensive bias and duration bias in decision- self-actualization and interpersonal relationship. making to explore the relationship between So the research aimed to investigate role of emotional forecasting bias and decision-making, Emotional intelligence in tendency to addiction. and the influencing factors on this relationship. In the sampling process a total of 73 addicted The result can help understand forecasting bias, people and 73 non-addicted people were promote decision-making ability, and improve randomly selected. All participants were decision-making quality. Under accepted requested to complete Schutte's Self- Report E/I conditions, individuals tend to avoid making Test (SSREIT) (33 items). The test measures decisions due to the intensity bias. The ability of E/I in three fields: Appraisal of experiment adopted ultimatum game formulas emotion, regulation of emotion and utilization of and a questionnaire to investigate the research emotion. In order to analyze the data, an questions with 284 school students. Under independent T test was used to compare means accepted conditions, individuals tend to avoid of two groups. Findings indicated significant making decisions if the intensity bias becomes differences between two groups in components stronger; but under refused conditions, this of emotional intelligent. Non-addicted people result is reversed. Under accepted conditions,

1138 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology had more scores in appraisal of emotion, Empirical investigation of family utilization of emotion and general score of environment among aggressive emotional intelligence. However, there was no individuals: Therapeutic implications significant difference in regulation of emotion in two groups. Considering the results, it is KAUR, H. (Punjabi University), SINGH, P. (Punjabi recommended to apply the plans for enhancing University Patiala), KAUR, B. (Punjabi University emotional intelligent components in order to Patiala) increasing abilities and competencies in confronting with crisis and bad events and The study was aimed at exploring various reducing risk of abnormal behaviors, especially elements of family environment that might addiction. predispose the development of aggressive behaviour in individuals. With the knowledge of Keywords: emotional intelligence, addiction, these factors, aggressive behaviour can be emotion expression prevented by incorporating a specific family counseling program to reduce or minimize the Emotional social sharing, emotion presence of such an environment at home. recovery and influencing factors Three hundred individuals in the age range of 14 to 22 years were selected randomly from various schools and colleges of Patiala district of Punjab, JIANG, Y. (Beijing Sport University), MA, Y. (Capital Normal University), HONG, J. (Capital Normal India and were given the family environment University) scale (Moos,1989) and Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) to assess present elements of their family environment and aggression This study attempts to examine the relationship levels. Correlation coefficients were calculated between emotional social sharing (ESS) and to assess the relationship between aggression emotion recovery, and explore the influencing and elements of family environment. Aggression factors on the relationship. The study helps was found be significantly correlated with better understand skills of emotional social conflict (r = 0.16, p < 0.05), expressiveness (r = - sharing, make proper use of sharing in daily life, 0.17, p < 0.05), independence (r = -0.16, p < and provides empirical evidence for 0.05) and organization (r = -0.20, p < 0.05) sub- psychotherapy. This research uses the dimensions of the Family Environment Scale. laboratory experimental method to investigate More specifically, conflicts in families are found 58 volunteers, involving college undergraduates to be related with anger (r = 0.16, p < 0.05) and and graduates. The study shows ESS has a physical aggression (r = 0.17, p < 0.05) sub- significant effect on negative emotion recovery. dimensions of the Aggression Questionnaire but Irrelevant sharing is more helpful for short-time not with hostility and verbal aggression. A highly recovery from negative emotions than ESS, significant correlation has been found between which has no effect on positive emotion the physical aggression and independence (r = - recovery. For respiration rate, the valence of 0.26, p < 0.01) sub-dimensions of the family emotion and type of sharing have an interaction environment. From the findings it can be effect on emotion recovery at different stages. concluded that conflicts in family are found to be Irrelevant social sharing decreases the associated with aggressive behaviour of the respiration rate for positive emotions, and individuals, the more conflict in the family the increases negative emotions. This study shows higher the tendency of its members to behave the relationships between different types of aggressively. On the other hand, family social sharing and emotion recovery are environment which promotes expressiveness, different, and that the relationship is affected by independence and organization may minimize the valences of emotion. Respiration rate is a the probability of developing aggressive sensitive index for the change of emotion behaviour in its members as these elements are valence. found to be negatively correlated with aggression. The above mentioned findings Keywords: emotional social sharing, emotion suggest that by developing a family counselling recovery, emotional valence, sharing, respiration model which would emphasize mainly on rate

1139 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology developing conflict resolution strategies and anticipated positive causal relationship between inculcating expressiveness, independence and the combined eight engagement drivers and organization in family setup, development of engagement was confirmed (standardized aggressive behaviour can be prevented. Parents coefficient = 0.93). However, the anticipated can be informed about the relationships so that positive causal relationship between they can modify their parenting style to avoid engagement and its outcomes was only partially the occurrence of maladaptive behaviors like supported. Engagement had a positive effect on aggression. personal outcomes (employee commitment), but a negative effect on organizational outcomes Keywords: family environment, aggression, India, (productivity and profit). In both instances the conflict, counselling effect was non-significant. Predictive relationships confirmed in this study indicated that effective management of engagement Employee engagement: A validated drivers can significantly improve engagement model levels within an organization. Positive effects at the individual level such as increased HICKS, R. (Bond University), O'REILLY, G. (Bond commitment may also be anticipated. However, University) contrary to previous research, engagement may not always have a positive impact on The aim of the research was to confirm an organizational outcomes such as productivity engagement model that demonstrates the and profit. predictive relationships between engagement; its drivers (antecedents), and outcomes Keywords: engagement, structural equation (consequences) in a multinational travel modeling, organisational outcomes, engagement, organization. Positive relationships were positive relationships anticipated between variables. Model confirmation was conducted in two parts: the Encounters with theory and personal measurement model (engagement and its process: Students' experiences of drivers), and the structural model (engagement, studying Process Experiential Emotion- its drivers and outcomes). Part one of the study Focused Therapy (PEEFT). used confirmatory factor analysis to validate a 52 item engagement scale comprising of eight engagement drivers (senior leadership, team CHONG, M. leadership, work demands, work support, employee empowerment, continuation, To date research on Process-Experiential customer focus, and financial rewards), and an Emotion-Focused Therapy (PEEFT) has focused engagement variable. Part two used structural on therapy outcomes. An investigation of the equation modeling to validate the structural published literature on post-graduate therapist model which detailed the causal relationships training revealed that few authors had between engagement drivers (a latent variable previously examined training from the student with eight confirmed indicators), engagement, perspective. Training in PEEFT involves readings, and engagement outcomes (a latent variable demonstrations, experiential learning via skill with five initial indicators; retention, development and live practice. The aim of this productivity, customer satisfaction, employee study was to examine students’ experiences of commitment, and profit). The measurement PEEFT training, using qualitative methods and model was confirmed with all eight drivers principles drawn from experiential learning. A showing positive loadings onto the latent post-graduate class in Counselling Psychology engagement driver variable (path values ranged and Professional Counselling received intensive between .52 and .82). However, the proposed PEEFT training as part of their course structural model failed to converge. Anticipated requirements. Six volunteers were asked during error in the outcome variables lead to post hoc and after their training to provide, via email, modifications. Convergence was achieved after short written reflections of their experience. grouping engagement outcome variables into Data were analysed using an approach personal and organizational outcomes. The consistent with Grounded Theory. Participants

1140 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology reported both positive and negative experiences intervention program, Energymark, which in their training. They noted how client incorporates a number of mechanisms known to experiences in demonstrations helped them to encourage behavior change, including social feel comfortable and to learn the method; how support, group discussion, goal setting, exercises helped them open up their awareness; feedback, and provision of information from a how experiencing a technique as a client helped trusted source. Currently there are more than when in a counsellor role; and how positive 1500 people involved in the program, which lecturer feedback helped when practicing the involves meetings of existing social networks to method. Participants also noted potential discuss information that is provided to them difficulty using PEEFT and rigidity in how the about sources of energy and emissions. Groups method was applied. They were concerned meet eight times over a period of several about the lecturers’ perceived expectations and months. In these meetings they provide data on assumptions; they also expressed a need for their emissions profile, identify topics for further freedom to critically appraise the theory and to information, set goals to reduce emissions, and learn at their own pace. In addition, the discuss problems meeting their goals. Initial participants described discomfort linked to their results of the program show substantial impacts. own preparation, to the length of the sessions, Positive shifts were found on measures of and to a need for more interpersonal and environmental beliefs, knowledge of climate conceptual safety. Analysis indicated that the change mitigation, attitudes toward climate participants wanted more demonstrations and change topics and intentions to reduce practice, and wanted the theory to be delivered emissions. More importantly, there were more expeditiously in order to facilitate this. substantial behavioural impacts, with They asked for more attention to be given to participants engaging in further information group processes, preparation and debriefing, searches and discussions with others outside the and for more support from their lecturers. The intervention group, and average reductions in participants especially valued the opportunities household carbon footprints of more than 30 to experience PEEFT for themselves, and drew per cent. The Energymark program represents a parallels between their learning experience and cost-effective intervention based on known a therapy experience. The analysis undertaken in principles of applied psychology, which has this study provided a means to explore students’ demonstrated a substantial impact on personal experiences of training in PEEFT. household greenhouse gas emissions. Further research is planned to examine the relative Keywords: process-experiential emotion-focused contribution of each of the intervention therapy, students, grounded theory, training components to the overall outcomes, and to track long-term outcomes. Energymark: A behavioral intervention program designed to reduce household Keywords: climate change, behaviour change, greenhouse gas emissions positive action, applied psychology

GARDNER, J. (CSIRO), DOWD, A. (CSIRO), Enhancing physical activity in the school ASHWORT, P. (CSIRO) context: Experiences of the collaborative planning method Finding ways to promote positive action in response to climate change is arguably the PASI, H. (University of Jyväskylä), LINTUNEN, T. greatest ever challenge to the field of applied (University of Jyväskylä), SUOMI, K. (University of psychology. Emission reduction targets set by Jyväskylä) governments typically do not specify how emissions will be reduced, but it is likely that As physical activity among youth decreases at regulation and other market-based mechanisms the age of 13 when they move from elementary alone will be insufficient. Encouraging individual to secondary school, it is important to find new action through behavior change interventions possibilities for physical activity for them. This will be an important component of the effective may be possible in a school context, if the mitigation of climate change. We designed an recesses and the school yard facilities are

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology utilized effectively. In this study, the goal is to The goal of this study is to identify the learning enhance the physical activity of secondary styles of college students and to investigate how school students in the school context by using they enhance meta-cognition. This research also the collaborative planning method. In this sought to identify gender differences between method, students’ autonomy is supported by Intelligence Quotient (IQ), academic allowing them to participate in the planning performance, meta-cognition and learning process on equal terms with other members of styles. This study focuses on the meta-cognition the school community and researchers. The aim theory of John Flavell. It refers to higher order of the study is to describe the planning process thinking which involves active awareness and and to find out what activities students would be control over the cognitive processes engaged in interested to engage in during the recesses and learning. In line with this research, it investigates how they would improve the school the meta-cognition and learning styles of college environment. For collaborative planning, we students with the following: IQ, gender, and used Optima, an internet based electronic academic performance. The participants were platform designed for online collaborative randomly selected college students of the learning and planning. Optima usernames and University of Santo Tomas (UST), Manila, passwords were delivered to the students during Philippines. They were given the following tests: the lessons, and possibilities to use Optima were Barsch Learning Style Inventory, Meta-cognitive offered during the school days. The students of Survey, Mental Ability Test and Test of Academic one secondary school (n = 300) participated in Performance. This is a correlational study that the planning process. The data consists of the generates quantitative and qualitative sets of discussions in Optima, which were analyzed data that were gathered from UST college using quantitative content analysis. In addition, students, and investigated the associations the main researcher wrote field notes to between the variables. Aside from the goal of describe the planning process. The students the researcher to provide an output for the were most eager to write comments about the recognition of an individual with his or her activities during the recesses and about the potentials, this research helps educators to schoolyard area. For example, a slide, wooden formulate a teaching methodology that is suited stairs, and additional balls were suggested. In to the level of understanding of college students. the beginning, the students were not It also provides data that will help the educators autonomous enough to participate actively, and in designing an instructional material that is therefore the help of the teachers and the conducive to maintaining the learning student union were essential in the planning atmosphere. This research widens educators’ process. We faced the following challenges while and students’ beliefs of how IQ, academic using this method. Firstly, to participate, performance, gender differences, and learning students need to feel that is safe to use Optima. styles influence the meta-cognition of human Secondly, they need to feel that their opinions beings by providing high quality formative are listened to. Thirdly, students perceive feedback. working in Optima as a school task which has to be done during the school days. These factors Keywords: learning strategies, academic need to be considered when using this performance, intelligence quotient, meta-cognition, collaborative planning method in the future. teaching

Keywords: physical activity, collaborative planning, Entrepreneurship from emerging young people economy to developed economy: Entrepreneurial absorptive capability of Enhancing the meta-cognition of college Chinese firms students through their learning styles JIANG, H. (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), BIAN, D. CASTRO, N. (University of Santo Tomas) (EM Lyon Business School)

Ventures from emerging economies to developed economies may face two crucial

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology challenges. One is to adapt the capabilities personal involvement is a major explanatory obtained in the fast-paced emerging economies variable of lay thinking. Personal involvement to the slow-paced developed economies. The (Flament & Rouquette, 2003) corresponds to an other is to maintain the transformed and/or individual’s relationship to a social object, such newly acquired capabilities’ operation at full as threat, and is a combination of three capacity to rapidly achieve leadership in dimensions: threat valuation, personal exposure developed economies. This paper aims to to threat, and perceived capacity to act towards complement the theoretical framework it. The study was run in France and Romania developed by Yamakawa, Peng, and Deeds (low vs. high seismic risk countries) to compare (2008) so as to map out a landscape of newly the social representations of seismic risk among emerged international entrepreneurship studies. participants (N = 486) who had different levels of Using cases studies, we argue the importance of seismic experience/practice and of personal developing the entrepreneurial absorptive involvement. The study was conducted within capabilities in developed economies to the structural approach to the Theory of Social overcome the above difficulties. We would like Representations (TSR), which enables formal to testify the construct of entrepreneurial comparisons among representations with the aid absorptive capability of Chinese venture of its specific methodologies (here, we used the transnational entrepreneurship from emerging standard procedure of the Basic Cognitive market to development market, which will Schemes model, Rouquette and Guimelli, 1992). highlight the future direction of transnational A change in personal involvement in risk should entrepreneurship. A series of propositions are trigger a change in some of the aspects of its accordingly proposed. Our theoretical model of social representation. Which aspects are entrepreneurial absorptive capability may map affected? Results showed that in all groups, the out a whole landscape of the newly emerged social representation of seismic risk displayed international entrepreneurship studies. salient normative aspects and low functional orientation. This structure explains the social Keywords: emerging economies, entrepreneurship, representation’s low efficiency in prescribing absorption, international entrepreneurship, collective conducts (e.g., low engagement in economic ventures collective prevention, educational campaigns, antiseismic retrofitting, etc.). However, participants who had seismic Environmental threats: New empirical findings on the role of personal experience/practice expressed a more functional involvement in the lay thinking about social representation, which was more collective risk. The case of earthquakes practically oriented and stronger in guiding in Romania and France collective conducts. When, in addition to seismic experience/practice, participants also felt involved, their social representations were even ERNST-VINTILA, A. (Universite de la Mediterranee Aix-Marseille II) more practically oriented. However, the effects of personal involvement on the structure of the social representation were only observed if This empirical study focused on seismic risk and participants had seismic experience/practice. In showed how social practices and personal contrast, when participants felt involved but had involvement determine and explain the social no seismic experience/practice, personal representations of environmental threats in the involvement had no effect on their social lay thinking. Its originality consists in 1) representation of seismic risk. These empirical distinguishing risk from hazard from a findings have practical consequences for the psychosocial perspective, and 2) completing an campaign strategies aiming at seismic risk analysis of lay thinking about environmental prevention: 1) when individuals with seismic threats at the collective level of explanation, a experience/practice increase their personal complement to the to the intra- and inter- involvement, their social representation should individual levels often adopted in environmental exert a stronger guidance on collective risk- psychology. Previous studies showed that related conduct (they should be more likely to practices are a determinant factor in shaping engage in collective risk prevention); and 2) in social representations and have suggested that

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology contrast, the strategy consisting in increasing water quality was analysed through a standard individuals’ involvement (fear) without having procedure developed within the structural provided them with sufficient antiseismic approach of the TSR: prototypicality analysis training, is ineffective. (Vergès, 1992, 2002). Results showed that, in both groups, social representations of water Keywords: environmental threats, lay thinking, quality displayed salient normative aspects but seismic risk, social practices, personal involvement only low functional orientation. This structure explains the social representation’s low efficiency in prescribing collective preservation Environmental threats: New empirical conducts. However, in the professionals group, findings on the role of personal the social representation of participants who involvement in the lay thinking about collective risk. The case of water quality reported "high personal concern" with water in the South of France quality was more structured than that of participants who felt "just as concerned as anyone else". In contrast, for lay persons, being ERNST-VINTILA, A. (Universite de la Mediterranee concerned, or not, with water quality did not Aix-Marseille II) contribute to structuring the social representation. Thus, personal involvement This empirical study focused on the lay thinking structured the social representation and about water quality and showed how social increased its prescriptive efficiency, but only in practices and personal involvement impacted the professionals group (i.e., only provided that the social representations of environmental participants had established practices related to threats (water pollution). Its originality lies in water pollution). These empirical findings have completing an analysis of lay thinking about practical consequences for the campaigns of environmental threats at the collective level of water quality reservation. Firstly, when explanation, a complement to the to the intra- individuals with established preservation and interindividual levels often adopted in practice increase their personal involvement, . Previous studies their social representation should exert a showed that practices are a determinant factor stronger guidance on their conducts in shaping social representations, and suggested (preservation of water quality, “best practices”, that personal involvement is a major explanatory etc); and secondly, in contrast, the strategy variable of lay thinking. Personal involvement consisting in increasing individuals’ involvement (Flament & Rouquette, 2003) corresponds to an (concern) without having provided them with individual’s relationship to a social object, such sufficient preservation training, is ineffective. as risk to water quality, and is a combination of three dimensions: risk valuation, exposure to Keywords: environmental threats, lay thinking, risk, and perceived capacity to act towards it. A water pollution, social representations change in personal involvement should trigger a change in some of the aspects of the social representation of water quality. Which aspects Evaluation of cognitive behaviour are affected? The study compared the social therapy group intervention for perinatal representations of water quality among mood disorders participants (N = 96) who had different levels of water quality practice: professionals who FOSTER, G. (Belmont Private Hospital), WILLIAMS, worked in the industrial area of the Berre Pond M. (Belmont Private Hospital), OOSEN, J. (Belmont in Provence (southern France), and lay residents Private Hospital) of that area. Participants’ personal involvement was measured as a selection variable on a six- Postnatal depression is the most prevalent mood point Likert scale. The study was conducted disorder associated with childbirth and affects within the structural approach to the theory of up to 15% of childbearing women. The aim of social representations (TSR), which enables this study was to examine the effectiveness of a formal comparisons among representations with Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) group the aid of its specific methodologies (cf. infra). program on women diagnosed with a perinatal The structure of the social representations of mood disorder. The program had traditional CBT

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology components as well as specific topics and This study focuses on specific characteristics and themes pertinent to perinatal mood disorders soft skills of counsellors. It uses an evaluative designed to target negative cognitions and approach to measure their development over challenge distorted motherhood-specific beliefs. the course of training. The study focus lies in A convenience sample of women admitted to a identifying personality changes and social skills private mental health hospital was used. The related to training. The study does not primarily sample consisted of 87 participants (completed concentrate on the increase of specific data sets) throughout 2007, 2008 and 2009. knowledge. Up to now, training evaluations have Groups were conducted every six weeks with an mostly been based on participants’ self reports average of ten women per group. The program following events. To catch a variety of consisted of psychoeducation topics for one and developmental aspects, the applied instruments a half days per week and one session per week in the presented evaluation model cover a wide with a nurse therapist. Participants completed range of methods and represent a framework three self-report questionnaires pre and post the for evaluating further education and training in a five week treatment program. Three aspects of more complex way. In this study we use a patient functioning were measured: depression multifaceted form of examination and we refer (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS), to different theoretical concepts, for example, anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI) and knowledge and problem solving, personality and the impact of postnatal depression on their emotion theories. All the Instruments intend to primary relationship (Abbreviated Dyadic collect objective data instead of subjective self- Adjustment Scale, ADAS). An analysis of the data assessments by the participants. Results show for 2007, 2008 and 2009 revealed that the that there are changes of personality traits and program made statistically significant differences tendencies of improved recognition of affects – across two of the measures. Specifically, the in addition to receiving the intended coach- women’s depression and anxiety levels were qualification. Finally, we believe that our significantly reduced after completing the generic, yet multifaceted, model to evaluate program. No significant improvement was found coach-training produces valid findings. It in the women’s level of adjustment in their highlights the improved qualifications as well as primary relationship. The results support the the human development of the participants effectiveness of the CBT program in treating during the course. It therefore enables depression and anxiety in women with perinatal assessment of the quality of such training using a mood disorders. A Cognitive Behaviour Therapy broader approach than usual. program which includes topics relevant to perinatal mood disorders and in particular Keywords: counselling training, training evaluation, distorted motherhood-specific beliefs has the training quality, counselling skills, counsellor potential to assist women suffering from knowledge antenatal and postnatal depression. In addition, presenting the program in a group format can Evaluation of programs designed to assist a greater number of women when improve literacy development in at-risk resources are limited. Possible explanations for children: The case for longitudinal non-significant results will be discussed. assessment

Keywords: postnatal depression, cognitive STANISLAW, H. (California State University, behavioural therapy, perinatal mood disorder, Stanislaus), MCCREARY, J. (California State motherhood-specific beliefs, state-trait anxiety University), HENK, J. (California State University, inventory Stanislaus), ESTERLY, J. (California State University, Stanislaus) Evaluation of competence development in professional coach training We examined literacy skill development in at- risk children, and determined how this varied DREXLER, A. (University of Innsbruck), STIPPLER, M. with native language and with participation in (University of Innsbruck), PAUZA, E. (University of “school readiness” programs designed to foster Kassel), MOELLER, H. (University of Kassel) academic readiness in children aged 0-5 years.

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Of particular interest was how conclusions University of Mashhad, produced low scores in regarding program effectiveness derived from Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory screening examination of single grade levels compared determining attendance in group CBT, were with those derived from studying developmental randomly assigned to the experimental and trajectories. A longitudinal design was used to control groups (eight females and four males in assess literacy skills of 168 native English each). The experimental group received eight speakers and 229 English language learners in weekly 90 minute sessions of cognitive Kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 3. All literacy behavioral therapy while the control group assessments were conducted in English. Cluster received no specific intervention. The analysis was used to group children according to measurement scales used were the Self-Esteem the similarity of their school readiness program Scale (Coopersmith, 1972) and the Self-efficacy history. Separate developmental trajectories Inventory (Shere et. al. 1982). After controlling were mapped out for each of these groups. for baseline scores, the experimental group English language learners lagged behind native participants demonstrated significantly higher English speakers in their literacy skills at levels of self-esteem and self-efficacy compared Kindergarten. Children with different school to the control group. These results suggest that readiness program histories differed little in group CBT can enhance self-esteem and self- their literacy skill levels at Kindergarten. efficacy in college students. However, the groups had markedly different developmental trajectories: sizable group Keywords: cognitive behavioural therapy, self- differences emerged in Grade 1 and were esteem, self-efficacy, college students maintained through Grade 3. Furthermore, some clusters of school readiness programs had Evaluation study on the effect of the steeper developmental trajectories for English “Temporary Stop To See” campaign: language learners than for native English Recent findings speakers, helping to reduce the literacy gap for English language learners as the children matured. Programs designed to foster academic NAGATSUKA, Y. (Niigata University) readiness can accelerate literacy development in children aged 0-5 years, and can help English Drivers in our country have “biased” Accident learners overcome the challenges they face Cause Concept (ACC) in that they regard relative to native English speakers. Longitudinal “speeding” and “drunk driving” as most frequent assessments are particularly valuable in causes of accidents regardless of the fact that documenting the impacts of these programs. the common causes of accidents are “perceptual failures”. The writer considered that, to change Keywords: literacy, children at-risk, longitudinal drivers’ dangerous behaviour into desirable assessment, child assessment, program evaluation (safety) behaviour, we must change their ACC because human behaviour is determined by someone’s cognition (concept) of a situation Evaluation of the effectiveness of where they live as Koffka (1935) advocated. To cognitive behavioral therapy in make drivers notice the factual cause of improving college students’ self-esteem accidents, the “temporary stop to see” (TSTS) and self-efficacy campaign developed in 1988 by the writer was conducted at lecture meetings in two GHANBARI HASHEM ABADI, B. (University Ferdowsi transportation companies. Drivers of the of Mashhad), KAZEMEINI, T. (Ferdowsi University of companies served as subjects. Changes of ACC Mashhad) were surveyed by a questionnaire listing fifteen road violations before and after the campaign. The present study examined the effectiveness of The writer first informed drivers only of “the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in improving facts of occurrence of accidents” and then made college students’ self-esteem and self-efficacy. them ponder the “causes of accidents, in other This research was based on a pre-test/post-test words, the kind of worst violations to be control group. Twenty four college students, removed from the road”. After the pondering, referred to a psychological clinic at Ferdowsi

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology drivers noticed that looking carefully and comprises of managers and employees of public observing precisely were the effective measures organizations. Our hypotheses were tested by and realized the importance of perception. means of a multi-source (questionnaire and Drivers were asked by the writer how to achieve archival data) multilevel (managers and this. They pondered again and replied. “By employees) design. We used a questionnaire to making a temporary stop, we can look and measure EBM practices and EBM bases on the attend surroundings precisely”. The biased ACC one hand and common job-related variables on was modified into an unbiased (factual) one by the other hand. Data was analyzed using the TSTS campaign. Drivers were motivated to hierarchical linear models (HLM). To analyze practice a temporary stop at the intersections postulated main effects, structural equation without a signal to avoid perceptual failures. modeling was applied. Data analysis provides Reduction of accidents was attained in the two evidence that EBM emerges in terms of companies following a desirable change of ACC foundation issues for EBM and EBM practices. and behaviours. It was hypothesized that it was Organizational EBM-aspects show positive important for drivers to form a factual ACC to relations between job-related as well as motivate them to perform a temporary stop organizational outcomes. Our findings show that which was considered an essential prerequisite EBM leads to positive outcomes in terms of to a successful perception of surroundings. employees´ attitudes and organizational Based on the campaign activities, a factual ACC outcomes. Increasing EBM bases of was formed, and desirable driving behaviour organizations on the one hand and increasing developed. As a result, accidents have been applications of organizational EBM practices on reduced in the two companies. the other hand result in positive job-related outcomes. These findings underline our Keywords: accident cause concept, perceptual suggestion that EBM presents best management failure in driving, car accident, driving behaviour, practice. Future research should aim at safety identifying critical organizational and personal determinants that promote EBM. Evidence based management – an effective approach for public agencies? Keywords: evidence-based practice, organisation practices, job satisfaction, job-related outcomes, well-being STUMM, S. (University of Mainz, Department of Psychology), DORMANN, C. (University of Mainz), MOHR, N. (University of Mainz) Examining the relationship between admission to a sub-acute mental health Evidence Based Management (EBM) means service and hospital admissions using the best facts available to make critical decisions. A lack of EBM is proposed to PETRENKO, J. (Eastern Health), MILDRED, H. negatively affect organizational productivity. (Deakin University/Eastern Health), GEDGE, R. However, this hypothesis relies on poor (Deakin University/Eastern Health) evidence itself. Moreover there is no widely accepted model of EBM in the literature. In many Western countries, there has been an Consequently we propose a theoretical increasing shift away from reliance on acute framework of EBM and investigate its job- inpatient forms of mental health treatment to related outcomes. We assume that EBM appears community mental health services. However, in terms of EBM bases, to be conceived as there have been some concerns that there is a foundation issues for EBM and EBM practices, significant gap between community and acute which implies making decisions on the basis of mental health services along the continuum of the latest research. Specifically, we examined care. In Victoria a model of short sub-acute whether organizations with common use of EBM residential care has been piloted in an attempt are more successful than those with rare to avoid hospital admissions or reduce their application of EBM in respect to established job- length. These facilities, named Prevention and related variables (job satisfaction, commitment, Recovery Care (PARC), are also designed to be an well-being and work engagement). The sample early discharge option for people leaving acute

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology inpatient units. The aim of the current study was children being consulted, aged three to 14 years to evaluate the effectiveness of a PARC in old, including 19 girls and 13 boys. Each child reducing acute inpatient days, crisis team experiences leaving home and Refuge life contact and improving the mental health of differently. Children and young people people who use the PARC. Data from 182 clients experiencing family and domestic violence were who had used a PARC between January 1st 2006 eager to share their experiences. Responses fell and June 30th 2008 were extracted from the into broad categories including; leaving home, mental health database. Client inpatient days, arriving at the Refuge, living at the Refuge, staff crisis team contact and mental health and services and leaving the Refuge. Overall functioning were measured for the 12 months children and young people consulted were before a client’s admission to PARC and for the happy to be in Refuge as it provided a safe space 12 months post admission. Independent t-tests for them. However there were many challenges were used to analyse the data. Results to living in a Refuge, such as sharing small spaces demonstrated that client mental health and living closely with other families. It is vital to significantly improved across the time of their consult with children when setting out service admission to PARC (a maximum of four weeks). principles for them. It acknowledges their voice Inpatient days and crisis team contact were both and authority in their own lives, and works to significantly lower in the 12 months post PARC empower them, particularly in the case of family compared to the 12 months prior to PARC. and domestic violence. Children have the right Whilst this study is preliminary in nature, to be heard. employing correlational data and lacking a control group, the robust effects in a relatively Keywords: young people, refuge services, domestic large sample are very encouraging. The findings violence, children's empowerment offer considerable early support for the PARC model of mental health care as an effective Exploring relationships between job loss treatment option in acute episodes of the low and obsolescence: Directions for future prevalence disorders. research

Keywords: community, mental health, residential KAUFMAN, H. (Polytechnic Institute of New York care, acute inpatients University)

Experts in their own lives: Engaging with The purpose of this paper is to address how job children in family and domestic violence loss among professionals may be related to the service provision obsolescence of their knowledge and skills. While both job loss and obsolescence have been CAREY, L. (Women's Council for Domestic and subject to research over many years, little is Family Violence Services, Western Australia) known about the relationship between them. This study reviewed, analyzed and integrated The aim of this research was to obtain insight to previous data in order to identify potentially children and young people’s experiences of fruitful directions for future research. Data separation and Refuge Services in order to collected primarily from technical professionals inform future services. Metropolitan Refuges in who experienced job loss included survey Perth were approached to gain a sample for the instruments measuring a variety of constructs, consults. Consent was gained through the including professional obsolescence. Other Refuge as well as guardians, and the children measures related to the possible effects of job were explained the process in child friendly and loss were also utilized. These included the Job age appropriate language. The consults were Preference Inventory by Williams (1965) as an undertaken by two female staff members, and index of flexibility or rigidity with respect to were unstructured group consults. This method occupational role and the self-assurance scale was chosen so as to not guide the responses, from Ghiselli’s (1971) Self-Description Inventory and to combat issues of power arising between to measure self-esteem. The length of time out children and adults. Seven Refuges participated of work was found to be positively related to in the consultation process, resulting in 32 professional obsolescence (r = .49, p < .001) as

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology well as to occupational rigidity (r = .43, p < .001). depth interview of ethnic Chinese respondents However, only among those with high self- will be done in Study 1 to elicit social esteem was obsolescence positively related to representations of the social identity as well as occupational rigidity (r = .48, p < .01). Long-term sub-group classifications; survey questionnaires unemployed professionals experience higher will be fielded in Study 2 with the aim of levels of obsolescence as well as occupational understanding the variances in the social rigidity, but there is a clear question of causality. representations of the subgroups, as well as the Does the length of time professionals remain attitudinal link between self- and social identity. jobless result in greater obsolescence as well as Chinese-Filipino social identity representations, occupational rigidity? Alternatively, are self-referent labels, customs and traditions, professionals who are up to date and more historical events/people salient in Philippine, flexible in the type of job they are willing to China and Chinese migration to the Philippines’ accept, re-employed faster? It is likely that both histories, sub-groups identified within the occur, but a clearer answer to the question of migrant group. Subgroups are differentiated by causality requires longitudinal research. their place of origin in China and length of stay in Obsolescence was related to occupational the Philippines. Phase 2 results are to follow. rigidity only among high self-esteem Communication processes targeted in the study professionals. The role of self-esteem as a are seen to influence self- and social construal. moderator in the relationship can be compared Age at migration and migration status are to Korman’s (1966) results on occupational likewise factors that affect self-construal and choice. The findings with self-esteem highlight social identity. the need for future research to address the complex role of personal characteristics in job Keywords: self-perceptions, social identity, loss. migration, self-construal

Keywords: obsolescence, job loss, job preference Exploring the efficacy of an integrated inventory, self-esteem, occupational rigidity child and family service model: Child development and behaviour outcomes Exploring the Chinese-Filipino social identity: A social representational GIBSON, F. (Institute of Early Childhood Macquarie framework University), GRACE, R. (Macquarie University), MCMAUGH, A. (Macquarie University), CALDIS, E. YU, A. (University of the Philippines-Diliman) (Macquarie University), BOWEN, J. (Macquarie University)

The research explores self-perceptions and social identity representations of the Chinese in While integrated service models are widely the Philippines using the social representations viewed as optimal for intervention in socially framework. In particular, it seeks to understand disadvantaged communities (Ofsted UK, 2009), how Chinese culture and personal and group their efficacy has not been investigated in an migration history are translated into the ethnic Australian context. This study reports child minority’s self-construal and social identity. outcomes in a newly developed integrated Additionally, it investigates the influence of service. Participants were mothers (N = 18) and various communication processes (education, their 27 preschool age children referred to an linguistic ability, social interactions and integrated service in Sydney, Australia. Child adherence to customs and traditions) as well as development using the Battelle Developmental individual (age and gender) and environmental Inventory and an early literacy task was assessed attributes (migration status and parents’ cultural at time of recruitment on 18 children (in their background) in self and social identity mother’s care) and again nine months later (n = development. It will likewise explore Chinese in 16). Mothers also completed an overall rating of the Philippines’ subgroup’s social behaviour (MOR) concerning their preschool age representations. A combination of qualitative children (whether they were in maternal care or and quantitative methods will be utilized: in- not); ratings ranged from ‘much easier than average’ to ‘much more difficult’. At Time 1, 15

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology of 18 children (83%) were in the pass range on related to physical powers have been the Battelle and one child each scored in the investigated by the researchers yet few of the ‘borderline’, ‘clear’ or ‘serious’ indication for studies undertaken to date have specifically referral categories. The most risk apparent sub- concerned female wrestling and implication for domain was Communication (n = 9 in performance enhancement. To achieve the ‘borderline’ or ‘refer’ categories) followed by same, 112 Indian female wrestlers were selected Cognitive (n = 7), Personal Social (n = 4), for surveys. These subjects included those Adaptive and Motor (n = 3 per domain). Early wrestlers who won medals at states and national literacy scores revealed that most children (n = levels and also those who have not won medals. 16) were within age level expectations or above. The Self-concept questionnaire conducted by Raj A total of five (16%) of 27 of children were rated Kumar Saraswat (1984) was used to measure the as “more difficult than average’ (MOR) at Time physical social, temperamental, educational, 1. Analysis of follow-up data at Time 2, nine moral and intellectual aspects of self-concept. months after service entry found no significant Adjustment inventory by Sinha and Singh (1980) change in children’s developmental categories, was used to measure all the dimensions of nor in early literacy scores. There was however, adjustments i.e. home, health, social, emotional, a significant change in regard to mothers rating educational and total adjustments of the of child behaviour (MOR), indicating a perceived subjects. Results show that there is significant improvement in child behaviour from Time 1 to difference in the level of self-concept and 2 (p = .015). These results indicate the difficulties adjustment between national medalist and in capturing developmental change in young national non-medalist Indian female wrestlers. A children involved in multifaceted integrated significant difference has also been recorded service initiatives using more formal measures of between state medalist and state non-medalist development. However, maternal perceptions of female wrestlers as far as adjustment is child behaviour were more sensitive to change concerned, whereas no significant difference has over a relatively short time period. Longer term been found in their level of self-concept. follow-up of children engaged in such services is National and state medalist female wrestlers desirable, as well as the use of measures have been found to be significantly different sensitive to change across key areas of from each other both in their level on self- development. concept and adjustment. From the results of the present study it has become clear that on the Keywords: child behaviour, social disadvantage, psychological predispositions selected for the child development, maternal perceptions, literacy study, they have positive relationships with each other as well as with achievement. So, it has become necessary that female wrestlers must be Exploring the link between self-concept, conditioned not only physically but adjustment and sport performance psychologically as well. So, the coach or the psychologist attached with the team must take KHANNA, D. (Panjab University), LOHAN, U. care of level of self-concept and level of (Kurukshetra University), MALIK, R. (Government adjustment. He must also be acquainted with School Haryana), DAHIYA, R. (Government College for Girls) the technique of managing the hyperactivity of all these psychological variables. Thus, it becomes important that a coach while giving The present paper aims to explore the link coaching must also counsel the player for their between self-concept, adjustment and sports psychological preparations. performance. The study also focuses on assessing the self-concept and adjustment levels of Indian female wrestlers that will impact on Keywords: female wrestlers, sport, sport psychology, adjustment, self-concept their sports performance and identify the implications of these for the drive to enhance sports performance as wrestling is very popular Exploring the nature of obsessive as one of the oldest sports of India, so numerous compulsive checking research studies have been done on it over the years. Although many aspects of wrestling

1150 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

VACCARO, L. (The University of Sydney), JONES, M. treatment strategies to address these most (The University of Sydney), MENZIES, R. (The frequently reported concerns and features. University of Sydney), WOOTTON, B. (The University of Sydney) Keywords: obsessive compulsive disorder, checking compulsions, aggressive obsessions, pathological While people with Obsessive Compulsive doubting, avoidance Disorder (OCD) may present with a range of obsessions and compulsions, for many, Exploring the relationship between ideal excessive, ritualised, time consuming checking affect and emotion regulation behaviours and related obsessions are dominant expressions of the condition (e.g. Fullana et al., YEUNG, D. (City University of Hong Kong), LOK, D. 2009; Samuels et al., 2006). Sub-typing by (City University of Hong Kong) predominant symptom presentation has been suggested to be important since qualitative differences between OCD subtypes mean that According to the Affect Valuation Theory (Tsai, when conducting research into the origin, nature Knutson, & Fung, 2006), Chinese people differ and treatment of OCD, findings may not be from North Americans in the types of emotions generalisable across the different subtypes they ideally want to experience (known as ideal (McKay et al., 2004). In this study we affect). Compared with Americans, Chinese investigated the nature of Obsessive-Compulsive value more low-arousal-positive affect (LAP) Checking (OC-Ch) by examining the type and such as calmness but fewer high-arousal-positive frequency of obsessions and compulsions affects (HAP) such as excitement. The present experienced in a large sample of people study explored the relationship between ideal diagnosed with this subtype. As part of a affect and emotion regulation among Chinese comprehensive pre-treatment assessment the youngsters in order to test whether the type of Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and ideal affect serves a motivational purpose to checklist (Goodman et al., 1989) were guide our way to regulate emotions. The sample administered to 50 people with OC-Ch subtype. consisted of 800 high school and university Additionally, exploration into the nature of these students residing in Hong Kong. They first phenomena was made by examining the completed a set of questionnaires on ideal affect prevalence of features such as pathological and general emotion regulation strategies, doubting, indecisiveness, avoidance behaviours, followed by rating emotional feelings and insight and pervasive slowness. The results of expression in response to six hypothetical this phenomenological exploration are described scenarios. Preliminary results (N = 464) and presented. Overall, participants met criteria demonstrated that individuals who value high- for severe OCD that was causing a moderate to arousal- positive emotions (HAP) were less likely severe level of interference in most areas of to use suppression whereas individuals who their lives. All participants reported experiencing value low-arousal-positive emotions (LAP) checking compulsions and aggressive tended to use more cognitive reappraisal. In obsessions, with high levels of endorsement for response to the six hypothetical scenarios, all checking compulsions and fears and individuals with higher level of HAP expressed obsessions about harm to self or others. Other their emotional feelings to a greater extent, and features prominent in this group were were less likely to avoid subjective emotional avoidance, obsessional slowness, doubting and feelings than did those with LAP. Findings of this indecision. It is argued that enhancing our study reveal that the type of emotions that we knowledge of the nature of specific OCD want to feel may partly affect the types of subtypes, such as OC-Ch may assist in strategies that we use to regulate emotions. It determining disorder related pathogenesis, provides important implications to educators in maintaining factors, prognosis and treatment. order to understand mechanisms of emotion Identifying the underlying variables that mediate regulation among young people. the concerns experienced by people with OC-Ch subtype could enable the development of Keywords: emotion regulation, affect valuation, low-arousal-positive affect, high-arousal-positive affect, regulation strategies

1151 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Exploring the social and cultural factors student mental health and wellbeing. A total of of suicide in Sikkim 1193 university students participated in a study exploring the impact on stress on student VERMA, S. (Sikkim University) wellbeing, completing measures on general distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale), mental health (Depression, Anxiety, Stress The objective of this study was to explore the Scales), and quality of life (WHO Quality of Life – role of social and cultural factors as mediators in Brief) under conditions of low versus high stress suicide as a phenomena occurring in the North (varied by proximity to examinations). Overall, Eastern region of India. A psycho-autopsy the findings revealed that with increasing stress, approach was adopted in which narrative as a students exhibited increased levels of tool of data collection was undertaken. The psychological distress, anxiety, stress, and sample (N = 35) for this study comprised of close depression, and quality of life was impacted. family members of suicide victims. For analyzing Factors such as gender, first language (English the data, Structural Model Analysis was versus other), and student status (Local versus adopted. Data reveals that changes in structures International) and financial security also level (changing value system, individual need impacted on psychological distress and quality of and desire, unemployment, low education, life. Understanding the factors impacting on the changing family dynamics etcetera) leads to mental health and wellbeing of university psychological process (stigmatization, guilt, students with diverse cultural, language and life depression isolation, alienation) triggering style backgrounds are relevant for the provision suicide. Thus, the paper entails detail of educational, psychological and health services understanding of the function of these variables to university students. Implications of the in a specific cultural context. findings of this research for service provision to enhance student wellbeing and mental health Keywords: cultural context, suicide, psycho-autopsy are discussed. approach, structural model analysis

Keywords: university students, well-being, mental Exploring the wellbeing of students health problems, student health, academic studying at an Australian university performance

ANDREWS, A. (The University of New South Wales), Facial expression analysis using motion CHONG, J. (The University of New South Wales), capture and generalized procrustes HEALY, M. (The University of New South Wales), analysis ANDREWS, A. (The University of New South Wales)

KOMORI, M. (Osaka Electro-Communication Mental health problems are one of the leading University), FUKUI, M. (Osaka Electro- contributors to the burden of disease amongst Communication University), NAGAOKA, C. (Kyoto Australians, with anxiety and depression University), KATSUMATA, G. (Osaka Electro- accounting for a significant proportion of this Communication University), KAWAMURA, S. (Osaka relationship. Over the last, decade with the University) internationalization of higher education, the wellbeing and mental health of university Human facial expressions provide various signals students has increasingly become a cause for for social interaction. In many studies on facial concern for university management expression, Facial Action Coding System (FACS) internationally. Student wellbeing and mental which was invented by Ekman & Friesen (1976), health can have considerable impact on has been used. However, most of the studies academic performance and student and that employed FACS focused on ‘static’ facial university community safety. The present study expressions (that is, photographed facial sought to examine the prevalence of mental expressions), instead of ‘dynamic’ expressions, health problems and general wellbeing amongst since conventional FACS methods render it university students enrolled at one Australian difficult to treat dynamic facial sequences. The university, and to explore how stress impacts on present study aims at solving these difficulties by

1152 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology using a motion capture system and Generalized Factors influencing the intention to be an Procrustes Analysis (GPA). GPA converts entrepreneur coordinate data of landmark locations into multivariate normally distributed value that can RIYANTI, B. (Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma be statistically analyzed. Two Japanese Jaya), SUWARTONO, C. (Unika Atma Jaya) undergraduate students provided the facial time sequences. Prior to each recording, the positions The fact of an ever-growing unemployment rate of 19 feature points were marked by blue dots in Indonesia dictates that the country should on each face to define the locations and shapes work hard to boost the number of its of the eyes, mouth, eye brows, etcetera. Each entrepreneurs. One way to overcome the participant played the UNO game with two problem of unemployment is by enhancing the opponents for a few minutes. A facial sequence spirit of entrepreneurship in young people. This of each participant during the game was research is intended to explore the direct and captured using two video cameras (30 frames indirect factors affecting the intention to be an per second; Participant 1, 9846 frames; entrepreneur among students. This study will Participant 2, 8148 frames). Stereo camera emphasize nine traits of entrepreneurship calibration and image rectification were according to Sukardi (1991), personality types performed based on checkerboard pattern using from Miner (1996) and self-efficacy notions OpenCV. The feature points were tracked over (Bandura, 1977) which will be used to describe all frames on each of the movies using a entrepreneurial behavior. Intention was program written by the authors. The 3- assumed to take hold of emotional factors that Dimensional coordinates of the feature points of influence behavior; intention is an indicator of each frame were obtained by triangulation. Each how large one’s effort is to try to perform captured face differed in location and intentional behavior (Ajzen, 1991). In the orientation. In order to standardize them, we context of entrepreneurship, intention was performed GPA on the facial feature points identified as the important property for separately for each participant. Using the GPA, establishing an organization (Katz & Gartner, each face of each frame was represented as 53 1988) and as a predictor of a new reliable dimensional (19 x 3 - 4) normally distributed enterprise (Krueger, 2000). This research values. In order to reduce the dimensions, involves 125 students from the Faculty of principal component analysis (PCA) was eEngineering of Atma Jaya University in Jakarta. performed for each participant. Results Questionnaires and accidental sampling were indicated that the contributions of the first two used. Analysis of structural equation model of principal components (PCs) were relatively large Linear Structural Relation (LISREL) indicated that: for both participants (Participant 1: PC1, 37.0%, (1) personality types from Miner had direct and PC2, 8.7%; Participant2: PC1, 23.6%, PC2, 6.1%). significant impact son self-efficacy, (2) In order to interpret these components, ±3SD personality types from Miner had direct and images of the first and second PCs for each significant impacts on the intention to be participant were plotted. For both participants, entrepeneur, (3) self-efficacy had a direct and the first PC was found to be related to mouth significant impact on intention to be opening indicating that the first PC was linked to entrepreneur, (4) the nine characteristics of smiling. The second PC was related to eye entrepreneurship had direct and significant blinking for Participant 1, and was related to impacts on intention to be entrepreneur. The eyebrow movements for Participant 2. These result of this study is similar with experts’ results suggest that the combination of motion opinions that to be an entrepreneur, certain capture and GPA is an effective method to personality characteristics are needed and self- analyze dynamic facial expressions in social efficacy is important. interactions.

Keywords: intention, self-efficacy, Keywords: facial expressions, human faces, facial entrepreneurship, personality types, self-efficacy action coding system, dynamic expressions, social interaction

1153 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Factors related to intellectual media support and promote socialization of their consumption: Behavior of students so that they have media literacy, self- undergraduate students in Bangkok control and inquiring behavior from a young age.

WONGPINPECH, P. (King Mongkut's University of Keywords: intellectual media consumption, Technology), TANSUWANNOND, C. (Suan Dusit undergraduate students, media, media effect, Rajabhat University) Bangkok

The aims of this study were to examine the Family carer attitudes toward causes of unsuitable behavior with media medications are related to self-reported consumption and to study the relationships medication adherence amongst people between personal factors (media literacy, media with mental illness effect awareness, inquiry and self control) and social factors (socialization from family and DEANE, F. (University of Wollongong), BYRNE, M. influence of peer groups) related to intellectual (University of Wollongong), MORTIMER, C. media consumption behavior. A further aim was (University of Wollongong) to investigate the predictive factors of intellectual media consumption behavior of Others’ beliefs influence our own attitudes and undergraduate students. Qualitative data was behaviours. Parents in particular can affect their collected via in-depth interviews and focus children’s behaviour by influencing their groups from 30 key informants consisting of attitudes and cognitions. The aim of the present scholars, persons involved in child and study was to explore the beliefs that family adolescent development and undergraduate carers had toward medications and to determine students. Quantitative data was collected from a whether these were related to the attitudes and sample of 481 undergraduate students via multi- medication adherence of their family member stage random sampling. The data was collected with mental illness (consumers). Forty adult by questionnaires and analyzed by Pearson carer-consumer dyads independently completed Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis and One- (Horne, Weinman & Hankins, 1999), the Drug Way ANOVA. Both personal factors and social Attitudes Inventory (Hogan, Awad & Eastwood, factors were found to cause unsuitable behavior 1983) and measures of medication adherence. with media consumption. Students did not have Carer and consumer attitudes toward media literacy, inquiry, media effect awareness medications were strongly positively correlated. and self control. They were induced to consume Further, carer attitudes were significantly unsuitable media by peer groups and were correlated with consumers’ self reported unsuitably socialized by family. The educational adherence. However, consumers’ own attitudes sector did not support students’ media literacy were more strongly related to their adherence and thinking system, and they were able to ratings. Consumers and family carers had high easily access unsuitable media. Media producers levels of awareness of each other’s attitudes lacked ethics and entrepreneurs and toward medications. The moderate relationship government officers did not have social between carer and consumer attitudes responsibility. Self control, media literacy, highlights the need to target psycho-educational inquiry, media effect awareness, influence of activities to increase adherence at both carers peer groups and socialization from family had and consumers. There is also a need to better positive correlation to students’ intellectual understand whether attitude transfer between media consumption behavior at the .01 carers and consumers is a two-way process. significance level. Finally, media literacy, self control, inquiry, and influence of peer groups were the co-predictors of intellectual media Keywords: medication adherence, caregivers, beliefs, family, medication consumption behavior that could predict 40% at the .001 significance level. According to the results, organizations, guardians and administers/lecturers in universities should

1154 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Family environment and career Keywords: career orientations, career development orientation among boarders and day inventory, school residency, family environment, scholars decision making

MISRA, U. (Him Giri Nabh Vishwavidyalaya), JUYAL, Feelings and effectiveness: Elementary L. reading teachers

The present study was an attempt to learn about YE, R. (Houston Independent School District, the Family Environment and Career Orientation Research), LU, J. (Shanghai Normal University), GU, of Boarders and Day Scholars. The sample of the H. (Shanghai Normal University), STEVENS, C. present study comprised of 400 adolescents (Independent School District Houston ) equally divided into four different grades (ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth) and Boarders and This research compares four types of fourth Day Scholars. All the subjects were selected from grade reading teachers’ feelings: for profession the Public Schools of Mussourie, Uttarakhand. as a teacher, for school as a group, for Individual testing was done by using quota enthusiasm on teaching, and for responsibility as random sampling technique and administering a teacher; and analyzes relationships of these the Career Development Inventory: School Form feelings with factors regarding instruction or (Super and Thompson, 1981) and Family teaching activities; and reveals how the teacher Environment Scale (Moos and Moos,1986). All feelings affect students’ reading interests and the subjects were matched on socio-economic achievement. Using an international educational status. A four by two factorial design was used database, PIRLS 2006 Teacher Questionnaire, to draw inferences. Means, standard deviations the sample of 1,838 elementary reading and analysis of variances were computed to teachers in eight units were gathered from interpret the raw data. The results of the study China, Taipei, England, France, Germany, Hong revealed that Boarders and Day Scholars differed Kong, Russia, Spain, and the United States. significantly on Family Environment and Career Descriptive methods, tables and figures, ANOVA, Orientation. The main effect of school residency and Partial Correlation (removing influences of was found to be significant on only three teachers’ age, teaching years and gender) were dimensions of Family Environment namely, used. Elementary reading teachers’ feelings for Expressiveness, Active Recreational Orientation responsibility were the highest among the four and Moral Religious emphasis. Boarders showed types, and their feelings for the profession as a higher levels of these characteristics in their teacher and for school as a satisfied group were families as compared to Day Scholars. On the also very high, but feelings for enthusiasm were World of Work and Career, Boarders were found low in the eight units. Reading teachers with to be significantly higher on Career Planning, better feelings, especially those higher scores on Decision Making, World of Work and Career profession as a teacher and school as a satisfied Development Knowledge, while Day Scholars group, had negative correlations with their time scored better on Career Exploration and Career on maintaining discipline in classrooms; but they Development. The interaction of grade and tended to teach more reading contents; had school residency was found to be significant with more teaching methods or forms in instruction respect to Career Orientation dimensions. procedures; asked students to answer questions, Boarders were found to be higher on Career discuss, write, and work on projects following Orientation than Day Scholars. Boarders of the reading, more; gave more help in developing 9th and 12th grades experienced more conflict students’ reading skills and strategies; designed than Day Scholars of these classes. The study more methods to help students falling behind to concluded that Boarders and Day Scholars catch up with whole class; and met and sent differed on some Family Environment and messages to parents to get parents’ assistances, Career Orientation dimensions among more often. This study also discusses the large adolescents. All the obtained findings will be differences of correlations between teachers’ discussed in reference to the Indian context. feelings and their use of assessment methods, computers and libraries among the participating countries and this needs further studies.

1155 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Research on teachers’ feelings is important as assess four factors of self-esteem including: 1) they are strongly related to instruction and The assessment of: “Himself/Herself”; 2) that students’ learning and development perceived or held for “Others”; 3) the Feeling of effectiveness. This cross-cultural study using “Incompetence/Uselessness”; 4) the Feeling of PIRLS is a start trial for further research. Based Inferiority or of “Negative Comparison with on different cultures and reading teachers’ Others”. Using the discriminant function, 86% of education and training levels, this study also the control group and the female victims of suggests how to promote teachers’ positive abuse group were correctly classified. The feelings, and provide meaningful references for variables with the highest discriminant power further studies in reading instruction and were: Self-Control when Lying, Failure to make teacher education fields. Adjustments for Lies Told, Selective Privacy, Assertiveness, Transparency, Social Desirability, Keywords: teacher education, teachers' feelings, Guilt, Self-Criticism, Being Consist, Being teaching Coherent, Empathy and Insecurity. Using the discriminant function, 92% of the cases in the control and clinical groups were correctly Forensic psychological assessment of classified. The variables with the highest female victims of domestic violence: A discriminant power were: Failure to make differential study Adjustments when Lying, Fear of Rejection or Criticism, Control, Self-Criticism, Being ARMAS-VARGAS, E. (Universidad de La Laguna ), Consistent, and from the CAE, the variables “I- BENCOMO-HERNÁNDEZ, I. (Instituto de Medicina self” and “Others”. On the basis of the groups Legal) used in this study, we found sufficient differences using the ATRAMIC and CAE It is very important that the expert psychological instruments. evidence in cases of abuse is prepared in a rigorous and scientific way, to help expert Keywords: expert psychologists, forensic psychologists take appropriate decisions. Among assessments, female victims of abuse, assessment the many variables or criteria to be considered instruments, expert decision-making in the assessment are: depression, self-esteem, anxiety, personality, social support, adaptation, symptoms of post traumatic stress, distorted Formal volunteering: Can working for no thoughts, relationships, communication within a money still be called work in relationship, criminal and psychopathological occupational psychology? records, motivation to report, consumption of toxic substances, psychological and psychiatric METZER, J. (University of South Australia) treatments etc. In our investigation we wish to deliver other psychological variables that have Results of several studies of motivation, stress been demonstrated to have valid content and and job satisfaction of various groups of formal discriminant properties. The sample was formed volunteers are examined with the aim of of 101 women, 37 in a control group (group of determining similarities of volunteering and paid mothers from a training workshop on . The applicability of data from these skills), 29 in a clinical group (patients from studies to two major models, specifically, the clinical consultations) and 35l in a forensic Demand-Control-Support (DC-S) and the Job population (female victims of abuse by their Demands-Resources (JD-R) Models in the partners). The aims were: 1) To study whether literature on occupational psychology are there were differences between the groups critically examined. Outcome variables include (clinical, forensic and control) in the variables or mental health, stress and job satisfaction. Some criteria described, and 2) to identify the longitudinal study results are reported, analysing predictive factors by performing a discriminant the benefits of unpaid work for volunteers in the analysis. The ATRAMIC questionnaire (Armas- context of employment and unemployment in Vargas, 2007) was used to assess 22 variables of paid work. Both models are supported personality. The Self-Esteem Questionnaire (CAE moderately well by data from the multiple Questionnaire; Armas Vargas, 2004) was used to volunteer group studies examined. There is

1156 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology some evidence of benefit to volunteers in terms than information processing for getting the of mental health and wellbeing. A new construct impressions. Error analyses revealed trends of of connectedness in volunteers emerges as a learners’ errors. They highly evaluated the contributor to the variance in some of the construction of captions and images. Among outcome variables. Outcomes of volunteer work subitems, scores on Professor Bandura’s own studies suggest that there is good similarity narration had the highest evaluation. The test of between paid and unpaid work, probably applying acquired knowledge to their own through their multiple benefits for volunteers research, practice, or life situations revealed that and the paid workers. Support for the DC-S and social cognitive theory could be helpful to the JD-R models in volunteer studies suggest that learners. The author’s interview with Professor formal volunteering should be considered to be Bandura was very helpful for understanding the another form of work. background of the images and the narration, and thereby, to improving Japanese captions. Keywords: job satisfaction, job demands-resources Analyses of the multidimensional evaluation model, volunteerism, unemployment, well-being tests clarified the recipients’ information processing technique, whereas the interview with Professor Bandura clarified sender’s Formative evaluation of the Japanese intention. Suggestions for improving Japanese version of the DVD, “Bandura’s social captions and the development of learning and cognitive theory: An introduction”, and its application to the development of instructional guides include: highlighting key learning and instructional guides words, explaining key concepts, providing related printed materials, discussing personal experiences and applications of the theory with ITOH, H. (National Institute of Multimedia others. Education)

Keywords: Japanese, learning and instructional The aim of this research was to investigate the guides, social cognitive theory, learning errors, effects of verbal and visual presentations of the social cognitive theory DVD, “Bandura’s social cognitive theory: An introduction”, on learning its content, in order to develop effective Japanese captions and learning Formulation, cognitive-behavioural and instructional guides. Eighteen graduate therapy and restorative justice students, naïve about Bandura’s theory, conferencing in addressing depressive symptoms responded to multidimensional evaluation tests using texts and images. Formative evaluation and revision of Japanese captions and test items D'CRUZ, R. (University of Canberra) were repeated in three cycles. Results are discussed from a viewpoint of interactions The aims of this research were to appreciate the between senders and recipients of information. value of frequently revising case formulation, to Recipients chose “images combined with see the link between formulation and choice of captions” and “images” more often than only therapeutic approach, and to explore the “captions” as the main information for judging possibility of integrating Restorative Justice the most impressive scenes. They rated all the Conferencing (RJC) along with Cognitive- topics as interesting. Recipients scored highly in Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to reduce depressive the correct response comprehension tests on symptoms, of a client whose husband had aggressive modeling in the correct-incorrect repeatedly cheated on her. Case formulation is judgment test and moral disengagement in the an evolving process requiring frequent revision image-text matching test. They also had high before a treatment plan can be devised. correct responses in the multiple-choice test for Adopting CBT exclusively with individual clients major methods of developing efficacy and major may not be effective in all cases. By being processes of efficacy. However, correct response creative, the CBT therapist can explore other rates decreased in the image-text matching test, therapies which, when combined with CBT, can possibly because the recipients processed help resolve this challenging problem. This case information using Japanese captions more often illustration explains how RJC was integrated

1157 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology along with CBT to help a family attain closure about the role behavior for an identified person. from the repeated infidelity of the husband, and The questionnaire survey was completed by 69 move forward. The agreement was worked junior high school students and 182 university around the issue of trust. The husband agreed to students in Japan. Scores from each subscale of look his wife and each of his daughters in the the Friendship Motivation Scale and Role eye and tell them “it was over”, and “he would Behavior Expectation Scale were averaged. The never ever betray their trust again”. Another results revealed that the mean scores of intrinsic outcome was that both agreed to undergo reasons on the Friendship Motivation was Couples’ Therapy, so they could work through highest in both junior high school students and their other differences. This was something my university students, with the mean scores client’s husband was, hitherto, quite averse to decreasing in the order of indentified, accepting. His request that his daughters start to internalized and external reasons. The mean call him “dad” again was accepted. A last clause scores of external reason were higher in in the agreement stated that at some point university students than in junior high school during or after Couples’ Therapy, the two of students. In contrast, the mean scores of them would renew their marriage vows in the intrinsic and identified reasons were higher for presence of their children. In conclusion, careful junior high school students than for university formulation will almost always point the students. As for the role behavior expectation, therapist in the direction of the most suitable the scores were higher in junior high school therapeutic approach to be used. RJC can be students than in university students as a whole. very effectively used along with CBT for Especially, the tendency was noticeable in resolving complex clinical cases. proximity and amusement. The expectations for proximity, support, autonomy, and dynamics Keywords: restorative justice conferencing, were high, and the expectation for similarity was cognitive behavioural therapy, case formulation, low as a whole. Significant correlations were couples therapy, depression found between friendship motivation and the role behavior expectation. Friendship motivation and role behavior expectation Keywords: friendship, role behavior expectations, students, autonomy, proximity NAKAYAMA, M. (Nara Women's University), KUNINORI, Y. (Nara Women's University) Gender and innovation: The mediating and moderating effect of psychological The aim of the present study was to investigate capital the correlation between friendship motivation and the expectation about the role behaviors. TONG, J. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking Particularly, the developmental change of University) individuals was examined by comparing junior high school students and university students. Previous research showed that there were The Friendship Motivation Scale (Okada, 2005) gender differences in innovation (e.g., Mostafa, was used, which was developed in the 2005). This research aims to explore the possible framework of the self-determination theory. mediating and moderating effects of Based on the self-determination theory, four Psychological Capital (PsyCap) on the subscales were expected; external, internalized, relationship between gender and innovation. indentified, and intrinsic reasons. The Role Study One examined a general employee sample Behavior Expectation Scale (Shimotomai, 1991) (N = 339) on PsyCap and self-reported consisted of six subscales; support, proximity, innovation behavior. Results showed that after autonomy, amusement, similarity and dynamics. controlling for demographic variables such as Both scales were scored using a 5-point Likert age, education level, management position and scale. The participants were asked to imagine a tenure, the higher PsyCap level resulted in more person with whom they kept company and to innovation behavior in males than in females. classify him/her as an intimate friend, friend or Meanwhile, PsyCap mediated and explained acquaintance. They then rated their expectation 58.43% of innovation gender differences. Study

1158 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Two examined PsyCap and supervisor-rated Keywords: meaning attribution, temperament, innovation behavior in employees from four gender differences, lexical approach, personality corporations (N = 861). Results demonstrated the mediating and moderating effects of PsyCap Gender differences in mate selection: found in Study One. Overall, the findings showed The effects of socioeconomic status and the new function of PsyCap and helped to physical attractiveness develop and cultivate innovation behavior in organizations. LO, H. (Yuan Ze University), LO, W. N. (Yuan Ze University), HUONG, N. T. T. (Yuan Ze University), Keywords: innovation, gender differences, JHANG, J. L. (Yuan Ze University), LIN, Y. C. (Yuan Ze psychological capital, management, employees University), CHIOU, W. T. (Yuan Ze University)

Gender and temperament differences in The selection of marriage partner is one of the meaning attribution most important decisions in one's life. Two criteria, socioeconomic status and physical TROFIMOVA, I. (McMaster University), SULIS, W. attractiveness, are frequently discussed in (McMaster University) literature. However, researchers have shown that the weight of these criteria differs between sexes. The aims of this study were to examine The aim of this study was to investigate gender whether Asian people select their spouse and temperament-related differences in according to the rules of matching theory and meaning attribution. Osgood’s semantic competition theory, and whether this selection differential applied to the most neutral and outcome reveal similarities between Western abstract concepts assessed using basic adjectives and Asian populations and between sexes. A bipolar scales, could be used as a semi-projective pilot test was used to choose four pictures and method to study the characteristics of meaning then an experiment was carried out to examine attribution. The analysis of direct estimations of our research questions. Participants were the abstract concepts was combined with a recruited from Taiwanese college students. We component analysis of semantic spaces (derived found that the spouse selection of females and from factor analysis of the subjects’ males conforms to Western matching theory estimations). The study was conducted in English only when considering education status. There for 1180 Canadians, in Russian for 167 Russians was a difference between females’ and males’ and in Chinese for 161 Chinese subjects. The mate selection only when earnings status was direct estimations showed gender and taken into account. Females tended to select a temperament-related differences in meaning spouse who had higher earning status than attribution. Males in all three samples attributed themselves, whereas males tended to select a more negative estimations to abstract objects mate who had similar earnings status to than females. People with stronger endurance themselves. Finally, we also found support for and tempo in verbal-social activities differed the different impact of physical attractiveness on dramatically from other temperament groups. At males and females. In conclusion, both males the same time there were cultural differences in and females tended to select spouse based on semantic spaces of various gender and similar cultural status. In regards to economic temperament groups. Gender and temperament status, males preferred a partner who was in the differences in meaning attribution indicate a same status while females preferred a partner possible contribution of biological factors in who was in higher status. Both males and resulting attitudes. The differences between females emphasized economic status over “extraverts” and other temperament groups also cultural status. In regards to physical show deficits of so-called “lexical approach” in attractiveness, both males and females were studying personality and individual differences, affected by physical attractiveness but this effect which rely on factor analysis of descriptors of was significantly stronger on males than on human behavior. females.

1159 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: matching theory, competition theory, pedagogical skill (postgraduates – young teacher socio-economic effects on mate selection, earning – experienced teacher) men have less "time- status, physical attractiveness eaters" and women – bigger number. In conclusion, the research confirmed expediency Gender specific self-management of of psychological training of postgraduates and technical university teachers young teachers in self-management skills for both females and males. However, the problem VYNOSLAVSKA, O. (National Technical University of of effective time use by teachers should be Ukraine “Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”) solved in a complex manner, that is, on the one hand by individual inventory of time, and on the other hand, by improvement of university life as A contemporary teacher of a technical university a whole. must be educator, scientist and organizer simultaneously. Due to the increase of number of female teachers among them during the last Keywords: university staff, gender differences, time few years it is important to study the reasons management, self-management, time-eater leading to irrational use of teacher working-time, especially when its gender specific. The aim was Gendered culture at the workplace: How to show gender specific differences of teachers’ is it related to occupational stress? self-management and to create a program of psychological training in self-management skills LAU, M. (Deakin University) for postgraduates and young teachers. Two hundred and eighty university teachers (146 Stress in the workplace is the most commonly male and 134 female) took part in the research. reported claim of job-related illness. It has a Techniques applied for the development of self- significant negative impact on the employers perfecting consist of four stages: (1) activity and the employees which remains costly to both monitoring and time analysis; (2) inventory of parties. Previous research showed that women registered "time-eaters"; (3) study of main tend to be over-represented in work-related functions of self-management; and (4) creation stress claims. Despite an increased number of of individual technology of economical time women entering the workforce, female workers usage. Grouping of primary data, alternative and still remain under-represented in management comparative analysis, and graphic interpretation compared to their counterparts. This may stem of data were used. Qualitative analysis identified from organisational management structures that three categories of "time-eaters": subjective give preference to masculine attributes such as (26.9%: 11.2% – male; 15.8% – female); determination, assertiveness and ‘toughness’ objective outside university (63.8%: 26.3% – which are more commonly found in men than in male; 37.5% – female), and objective inside women. The study aims to investigate university (22.4%: 9.1% – male; 13.3% – female). occupational stress from a gendered identity However, women have a higher level of self- perspective, where the gender-fit between the management than men irrespective of employee and the workplace is explored. It is pedagogical experience. After training, men hypothesized that incongruence between an decreased number of subjective time-eaters individual’s gender attributes and the from 11.2% to 7.1%, and women decreased organisation’s gender attributes is associated these from 15.8% to 9.2%. Nevertheless, the with occupational stress. The moderating effect tendency of women to register a bigger number of negative affect on the relationship between of "time-eaters" remained and they registered gender-incongruence and occupational stress 31% more "time-eaters" than men. The data will also be examined. An anonymous, self- obtained allow us to assume that males think of reported questionnaire was developed from the rational use of time less thanks to a combination Gender Scale (Palermo, 1992), which measured of smaller number of functions. Women who the gender attributes scores (IV’s: need to combine teaching, scientific work, house feminine/nurturance and masculine/autonomy) affairs etcetera, have time to do all these due to for the individual and the organization that more effective self-organizing only. The further produced the incongruence scores; the Positive analysis has shown that with development of

1160 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS;Tellegan, self-efficacy narrative for each participant. A 1984) to collect scores for (IV) negative affect; model of self-regulation is proposed with and the Occupational Stress Inventory – Revised potential applications for coaching, counselling (OSI-R; Osipow, 1998), which measured stress in and psychotherapy. A narrative method was terms of (DV’s:) Role Overload, Vocational Strain employed to construct narratives about an and Responsibility. Participants were recruited individual’s self-efficacy in relation to their from masculine (autonomous), feminine experience of learning and life transitions. The (nurturing) and other organisations across a method involved a cyclical and iterative process diverse range of industry sectors. One hundred using qualitative interviews to collect life history and forty employees (69 males, 70 females), data from participants. In addition, research aged between 18 and 65, completed the paper- participants completed reflective homework based or online questionnaire which indicated tasks, and this data was included in the their individual and their organisations’ gender participant’s narratives. A highly collaborative attributes. Occupational stress, coping method entailed narratives being co-constructed mechanisms and personality attributes are by researcher and research participants as the recorded. The model as a whole explains 16.5% participants were guided in reflecting on their of stress in the form of Role Overload and 36.3% experience in relation to learning and life of stress in the form of Vocational Strain after transitions; the reflection focused on behaviour, block 5 variables have been included. Gender cognitions and emotions that constitute a sense Incongruence is found to be associated with of self-efficacy. The analytic process used was occupational stress for nurturance incongruence narrative analysis, in which life is viewed as and not for autonomy incongruence. Results do constructed and experienced through the telling not support that negative affect moderates on and retelling of stories and hence the analysis is relationship between gender incongruence and the creation of a coherent and resonant story. occupational stress. It is hoped that the findings The method of constructing self-efficacy will encourage more research that incorporates narratives was applied to a sample of mature gender identity in the areas of occupational aged students starting an undergraduate degree. stress. Otherwise, researchers may miss an The research outcomes confirmed a three-factor opportunity to explore the construct of model of self-efficacy, comprising three inter- occupational stress from a gendered, systematic related stages: initiating action, applying effort, perspective within an organization and its and persistence in overcoming difficulties. culture, which in turn, could aid both employers Evaluation of the research process by and employees to better understanding and participants suggested that they had gained an managing this occupational health hazard. enhanced understanding of self-efficacy from their participation in the research process, and Keywords: workplace stress, job-related illness, would be able to apply this understanding to gender attributes, coping strategies, organizational their studies and other endeavours in the future. management A model of self-regulation is proposed as a means for coaches, counsellors and psychotherapists working from a narrative Generalised self-efficacy in relation to the life transitions of adult learners in a constructivist perspective to assist clients facing university setting: Towards a narrative life transitions by helping them generate self- constructivist model of self-regulation efficacious cognitions, emotions and behaviour.

DU PREEZ, J. (University of Southern Queensland) Keywords: self-efficacy, adult learners, narrative constructivist model, self-regulation, narrative analysis This paper demonstrates a model of self- regulation based on a qualitative research project with adult learners undertaking an Government corruption perception, undergraduate degree. The narrative about the political trust and “hedonic balance” in Argentina and Spain: A transcultural participant’s life transitions, co-constructed with study the researcher, yielded data about their generalised self-efficacy and resulted in a unique

1161 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

PRADO GASCO, V. J. (Universidad de Valencia), KOZLOWICZ, C. (University of Phoenix and Literacy QUINTANILLA-PARDO, I. (University of Valencia), Council) PETIT, L. (University of Buenos Aires), ETCHEZAHAR, E. (University of Buenos Aires), BIGLIERI, J. A. The aim of this research study was to examine (University of Buenos Aires) refugee families and how their group norms and attitudes can relate to their children’s The aim of the study was to analyze and educational performance. Several teachers and compare the government corruption perception educators initially feel that the English language and political trust in Argentina and Spain and to barrier is one of the key challenges that prevent study the relations between government refugees from learning. Yet, several educators corruption perception, political trust and are finding that it is not so much the language “hedonic balance”. The study sample comprised barrier, but the refugee families’ different 100 households (51 from Argentina and 49 from attitudes towards education and especially, the Spain) and participants completed the refugee parents’ role in the child’s education. Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Many refugee parents feel that they should have Larsen, & Griffin, 1984) and a scale created ad- no role in their child’s educational system hoc to study government corruption perception, because of their culture. The goal of this and political trust. The current study had three correlational study was to analyze the hypotheses. Specifically, it was hypothesised incongruence between the refugee values of the that: 1) there is a strong and negative relation education system and the education system of between government corruption perception and their new culture. Furthermore, the goal is to political trust; 2) there is a positive relation understand how intra-group and social between hedonic balance and political trust and psychological dynamics of the refugee families negative with government corruption will affect or hinder this attitude change. This perception; and 3) there are significant study will also help understand how educators differences in the perception of the country can address this and make changes to improve between Argentines and Spanish people. Results the refugees’ performance in school. Five showed that “hedonic balance” has a positive schools in Wisconsin who have refugee and significant relation with “political trust”. placements were surveyed determining their There was also a positive and significant relation knowledge of the refugee students’ culture and between the economic perception of the their attitudes towards school. Twenty six country and “political trust”. On the other hand, teachers were surveyed. Through a translator, there seems to be a negative correlation of the 56 refugee families, who were in the United economic perception of the country and States (Waukesha County) for at least a year but “government corruption perception”. Finally not over a year and a half were also surveyed there was a strong, significant and negative about their attitudes towards school. Twenty- relation between “government corruption four females and 32 males were interviewed perception” and “political trust”, as we had with 25 refugee participants from ages 10-18 considered previously. If we consider the and 31 over 18. These refugee families were significant differences between the two then asked a series of questions about their level countries, on balance, Spanish people have a of disagreement with newly arrived refugee more positive perception of the economic families who they have had contact with, situation, a bigger trust in government, and a questions determining cultural identify and perception of less corruption in the government comfort level with newly arrived refugee families than Argentines. There are other demographic as it relates to education. Finally, report cards variables that may have an effect. and attendance at parent-teacher conferences was also examined. This study indicated a r = .81 Keywords: government corruption perception, correlation that beliefs that low parent political trust, hedonic balance involvement of school, high discord within the refugee community as it relates to cultural Group attitudes and self-identity: assimilation and incongruence between teachers Refugee attitudes and their attitudes attitudes of parent involvement and refugee towards their education system involvement lead to academic performance

1162 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology issues. This study indicated that there was a due to limited time and budget. A SFBT model strong positive correlation between the refugee could be considered for this special group of attitude’s stating that they feel that education is offenders. the teacher’s job, not the parents, the wider the discrepancy between the educators and families Keywords: domestic violence, solution-focused brief and the discord with other members of the therapy, mandated, men, group therapy refugee community and the refugee families’ parental involvement and academic Have you met the Black Guy? performance. This study indicated that Acculturative dynamics with overseas educators can benefit and social service work placement agencies can benefit from understanding the attitudes of refugee families (that teachers are in authority and that parents JOHNSON II, B. (deep1914) should not have any involvement), how this incongruence with the teachers and affects Despite the tremendous influence of the these student’s self-self-identity and self-esteem Multicultural Counselling Competencies (MCCs) and this affects academic performance. When (Sue et al., 1998) on the field of psychology, refugees arrive, sponsoring organizations can Leung (2003) pointed out that the multicultural learn from this research and communicate and movement within psychology continues to lack a educate incoming refugee families on the sufficient focus on globalization. Working and culture of the educational system. living overseas has been offered as one mechanism for internationalizing psychology and Keywords: intergenerational conflict, conformity, enhancing ones multicultural competence (e.g. cognitive dissonance, attitudes, social behaviour Wedding, 2007). Specifically, this approach can assist academic educators with: (a) equipping the field to meet the needs of an increasingly Group counseling for domestic violence diverse population, (b) exposing the field to offenders diverse worldviews and perspectives that can inform interventions, (c) equipping psychologists LANG, Y-C. (Da-Yeh University) to effectively address emerging social, cultural political and environmental problems around The study was conducted to evaluate group the globe that impact individuals and groups; counseling for 12 domestic violence offenders in and (d) increasing psychologists’ participation in Changhwa County, Taiwan, to create a model for the global research community (Kitayama & future group counseling for this group of Markus, 1995; Leong & Ponterotto, 2003; offenders. These participants were mandated by Marcella, 1998, 2007). Despite these and other the parole office to join this program. The skills advantages, a number of challenges have been of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) were identified for those psychologists working applied, together with Art Therapy for warm-up. internationally, including: (a) lack of cultural Three measurements were used to evaluate the awareness, understanding and sensitivity on the participants’ behaviors in order to understand part of the host culture (e.g., Bochner, 1999; their changes, if any. An objective observation Draguns, 2001; Leong & Santiago-Rivera, 1999), report was also used for evaluation. The results (b) difficulty navigating issues related to showed that these participants had certain acculturation and ethnic identity on part of the biases toward females, especially their wives. international professional. This is a complex Most of them felt that their wives should take matter and it is imperative that more attention responsibility for making them angry and violent. is devoted to addressing the experiences of The study also revealed that most of them were professional psychologists working part-time workers or even jobless, and their internationally. This paper will focus upon the wives were from other countries. More details personal and professional impact of a Black- will be discussed. Although group counseling for American Clinical Psychologist working at a domestic violence offenders is mandatory, the University within regional Australia. Specifically, I results indicate the program was not effective will examine how this experience offered an

1163 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology opportunity for increasing multicultural more to the prediction of pro-environmental counseling competency (i.e., increasing self- behaviour than communal efficacy. Findings are awareness, understanding different worldviews, discussed in terms of advancing conceptual and developing culturally appropriate understanding of the two constructs and the intervention skills) through allowing importance of promoting the development of opportunities for: (a) experiencing communal as well as self efficacy in caring for cultural/human differences, (b) developing the good of the one and the good of the many. scholastic collaborations and exchanging professional ideas, and (c) challenging western Keywords: self efficacy, pro-environmental isolationistic assumptions. behaviour, communal problem-solving, communal mastery, community engagement Keywords: multicultural counselling competency, academic educators, cultural awareness, ethnic Healing and recovery amongst survivors identity, acculturation of torture and trauma

Having a sense of efficacy: Considering KAPLAN, I. adolescent and adult perceptions of self and self-in-community in relation to This paper will present an overview of pre- meeting personal and communal arrival, settlement experiences and recovery challenges processes as they apply to people coming to Australia from Burma, Iraq and Afghanistan. An PRETTY, G. (University of Southern Queensland), early intervention program and a longer-term INGLIS, R. (University of Southern Queensland) counselling and advocacy program at the Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture will This review paper reports on a series of five be described in order to highlight the process of studies that have sought to understand understanding needs and how both specialist differences and commonalities regarding the and community-based strategies, are shaped constructs of self efficacy and communal accordingly. Healing occurs on many levels and mastery in relation to personal and community this paper will also explore the language and problem solving. Adult studies include university concepts required to understand the changes students’ management of stress, rural residents’ which occur and the barriers to change when management of land use issues and volunteering promoting and assisting in the remaking of lives behaviour, and urban residents’ management of which have been subjected to the extremes of water resources. Adolescent studies of mental human rights violations. A human rights health and community engagement include framework is essential to understanding the general and clinical samples. Once shared distinctive risk and protective factors to be variance for measures of generalised self considered when working with newly-arrived efficacy (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) and survivors of torture and trauma. Pre-arrival communal mastery (Hobfoll, Schroder, Wells & experiences characterised by extensive exposure Malek, 2002) was removed, the relative to violence and loss and forced displacement significance of the two constructs tended to have their roots in systematic human rights differ in relation to predicting aspects of violations. The struggle over being selected for personal problem solving (coping and well- resettlement is a rarely acknowledged additional being) and community problem solving experience beyond the control of survivors. (volunteering and engagement). For example, Once in Australia, a host of factors influence while adults’ reported self efficacy was a better whether new lives do indeed begin. They range predictor of managing worries, communal from the broadest contextual factors, such as mastery was more predictive of managing actual international security concerns and ongoing stressful events. Adolescents’ reports of zones of war and conflict, to the local context, communal mastery were a better predictor of especially the quality of service systems and the mental health indicators and coping than their capacity of communities to respond to survivors. reports of self efficacy. In regard to Many settlement experiences can inadvertently environmental issues, self efficacy contributed exacerbate pre-arrival experiences of systematic

1164 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology persecution when they reinforce helplessness, KITIIPICHAI, W. (Mahidol University) lack of belonging, injustices and lack of respect. Recovery requires restoring a sense of control, The aim of this study was to develop the causal connections, meaning, justice, and dignity as model of health behaviors among school aged well as addressing difficulties which may children. The causal factors consisted of sex, manifest as psychological symptoms. health behavior knowledge, student’s care by parent, self esteem, perceived self efficacy, self Keywords: survivors of torture and trauma, early regulation, and self care. The consequence was intervention, healing, human rights, Australia health behaviors which were included factors: , exercise, and leisure time. The samples Health and psychological measures of were 297 school age children (Grades 4 to 6) inpatients with schizophrenia among two private schools in Bangkok. The data were collected by seven questionnaires which MOORE, G. (Macquarie Hospital), MOORE, G. had the range of internal consistency reliability (Macquarie Hospital) coefficients from 0.70 to 0.90 and construct validity tested by confirmatory factor analysis method. The data were analyzed using structural Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia equation modeling method (SEM) from LISREL have greater health problems than the general software. The developed model were consistent population. Amongst this segment of the with the empirical data (p = 0.63) revealed that population there is little research on weight and the six causal variables accounted for 42% of the health control from a psychological perspective. variance of students’ health behavior. The This study examined a program from a Self- details of the causal relationship of variables Regulation perspective. A quasi-experimental were as follows: (1) The students’ health and case study design was employed to test 14 behaviors were most directly affected by inpatients in a Dual Diagnosis (mental illness and students’ health care by parent (β = 0.58), substance abuse) rehabilitation program. A followed by perceived self efficacy (β = 0.23), health psycho-education group combined with self care ((β = 0.10), sex (β = 0.09), self an exercise session (or other activity choice) regulation (β = 0.04), and self esteem (β = 0.03) made up the components of the program under respectively. (2) The students’ health care by study. Self-report questionnaires were parents directly affected perceived self efficacy administered at four periods: baseline, pre- β β treatment, post-treatment and at one month ( = 0.39), self care ( = 0.18), and self follow-up over a five month period. regulation (β = 0.14). Students’ health care by Physiological measures were taken weekly. parents was the important antecedent of Three representative case studies are included. students’ health behaviors and the enhancing Self-efficacy increased and there was a non- factor of students’ attributes on the social statistical trend towards greater activity. cognitive theory. Thus, parents should be Although other psychological measures were not devoted to looking after their children’s significant, there was a positive trend. As self- nutrition, exercise, and leisure time. efficacy is a prelude to greater self-regulation, it could be suggested that this program was long Keywords: health behaviours, child health, parental enough to psychologically prime the participants care, social cognitive theory but not to the degree that self-regulation would be changed. A longer time frame for program Helping behavior and contextual efficacy is required with this population. variables

Keywords: self-efficacy, schizophrenia, self- DINIZ, P. (Victoria University of Wellington), regulation, dual diagnosis GOUVEIA, V. (Federal University of Paraiba), MILFONT, T. (Victoria University of Welllington) Health behavioral model among school aged children in private schools in This quasi-experimental study investigates the Bangkok, Thailand influence of situational variables on helping

1165 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology behavior. A 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design was Peterson & Seligman (2004) introduced the 24 employed in which manipulated scenarios of character strengths in the literature on positive helping situations were depicted to form the psychology. Hope, curiosity, gratitude, love and four factors, containing two levels each: 1) the vitality were proposed to be the five “key reason why the needy person asks for help strengths” due to their strongest relationships (emergency x non-emergency), 2) gender of the with well-being (Shimai, Otake, Park, Peterson & needy person (female x male), 3) the kind of Seligman, 2006). However, rare evidence situation (public x private), and 4) the degree of revealed the comparative importance among proximity between the needy person and the the five key strengths on predicting well-being as person who helps (close person x unknown well as depression. Therefore, we designed two person). Participants were asked to indicate sequential studies to answer this question. First, their intention to help in each situation. A total a cross-sectional study was conducted among of 408 undergraduate students from public and 420 college students (aged 16-23 years) in China private Brazilian universities took part in the to compare the relative importance of these five study. Most of them were female (60.3%), single key strengths on mental health. Participants (83.9%) and with a medium self-reported completed corresponding items of the Values in economic status (60.1%), and with ages ranging Action Inventory (VIA; Peterson & Seligman, from 17 and 58 years (M = 22; SD = 6.39). 2004) to measure their key strengths. Subjective ANCOVAs were conducted to examine the Happiness Scale (SHS; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, effects of the situational variables on helping 1999) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies behavior, with social desirability entered as a Depression Scale (CESD; Radloff, 1977) were covariate. Main effects for three of the four used to measure happiness and depression situational variables were observed: the type of levels respectively. A second study was the situation, the reason for asking for help, and conducted after obtaining the results of study 1. the relationship between who helps and who Four hundred and twenty three student asks for it (F > 5.00, p < .001 for all). There was participants (aged 16-21 years) were recruited no main effect for the gender of the needy from a single college in Beijing. Their strengths person [F(1,337) = 0.178, p = 0.643], but of hope and curiosity were assessed by Adult significant interactions were observed between Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS; Snyder & Harris, gender of the needy person and both type of 1991) and Curiosity Exploration Inventory (CEI; situation and relationship between the needy Kashdan, 2004), respectively. Their happiness person and the person who helps. Overall, the and depression levels were assessed using the results indicate that participants would be more same inventories as in Study 1. Correlation likely to help when the situation (1) is an analysis with Study 1 data indicated that all of emergency, (2) is a public situation, and (3) the key strengths were positively correlated with involves a close person. Also, the gender of the happiness (r=.31~.59) and negatively correlated needy person does not seem to be important. with depression (r=-.27~-.48). In particular, These empirical findings support previous multiple regression analysis showed that hope studies showing that helping behavior depends (β=-.31, p<.01) and curiosity (β=.42, p<.01) were on contextual variables. The theoretical and the strongest predictors of depression and practical implications of these findings are happiness, respectively. To confirm these discussed. results, we examined the relationships between hope, curiosity and happiness, as well as Keywords: helping behaviour, intention to help, depression, with Study 2 data, using a structural help-seeking equation modeling (SEM) method. The results will be reported at the Congress. Although the five key strengths all related to mental health, Hope and curiosity: Two significant hope and curiosity showed outstanding roles in strengths on mental health - A study predicting depression and happiness, among Chinese college students respectively. Understanding these two strengths more will benefit human fulfilment. BAI, Y. (University of Hong Kong), HO, S.M.Y. (University of Hong Kong)

1166 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: mental health, five key strengths, outcome. These results support the suggestion depression, well-being, Chinese students that job-seekers view HR practices as one of the ways in which an employer can be socially How corporate social responsibility responsible. The lack of interaction between CSR practices, and human resource practices, and HR practices questions the suggestion that interact to influence job-seekers: An CSR may have little impact on employee empirical study outcomes beyond the impact of HR practices. Finally, these results suggest that positively SMITH, V. (Macquarie University), LANGFORD, P. engaging in both HR practices and CSR practices (Macquarie University), SEARLE, B. (Macquarie will have benefits for organisations in terms of University) increased attractiveness.

Whilst corporate social responsibility (CSR) Keywords: corporate responsibility, social appears to have benefits for employee responsibility, human resources, job-seekers, outcomes (e.g., Brammer, Millington & Rayton, employee outcomes 2007; Pettijohn, Pettijohn & Taylor, 2008), research suggests that it explains little unique How does emotional valence affects time variance in employee engagement beyond perception and situational awareness traditional human resource (HR) practices. One explanation for this finding is that employees NIKOLLA, D. (University of Gloucestershire) view HR practices as a form of social responsibility. An experiment was designed to The aim of the study was to examine how examine the extent to which HR and CSR positive and negative emotional arousal affects practices influenced job-seeker ratings of the perception of time and situation awareness organisation social responsibility and (SA). Several studies have suggested that organisation attractiveness. Participants were different emotional states affect the perception asked to play the role of job seekers. They were of time differently. In the present study, a given a description of an organisation, in terms different method of time estimation was tested of its attractiveness and social responsibility, and with the aim of circumventing some of the were asked to rate the organisation. This problems faced by more traditional time experimental approach allowed for manipulation estimation methods. Three different sets of 20 of information about hypothetical organisations, emotional slides rated for valence and arousal to give a clearer indication of how such (International Affective Picture System) were information is perceived. A 2x2 factorial design shown to three groups of participants for six was used such that descriptions manipulated seconds. Each set of slides was designed to organisational performance in terms of HR evoke one of positive the following emotional practices (high/low) and corporate social reactions: positive high arousal (PHA), negative responsibility practices (high/low). The high arousal (NHA), or neutral low arousal (NLA). descriptions were counterbalanced, resulting in The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was eight final descriptions, which were randomly administered in order to control for baseline allocated among the 128 participants. A two-way levels of arousal. The emotional slides were ANOVA was used to analyse the hypotheses. sandwiched between two emotionally neutral Results suggest that whilst both high HR, and slides, each having a duration of either three or high CSR, practices significantly increase ratings nine seconds, counterbalanced across 20 trials. of organisation attractiveness, HR practices Analysis of variance revealed a statistically increase organisation attractiveness to a greater significant difference (p < 0.05) in the perceived extent than do CSR practices. Conversely, whilst duration of the slides for the three emotional both high HR and high CSR practices significantly groups (PHA, NHA & NLA), F(2, 38) = 7.7, p = increase ratings of social responsibility, CSR 0.02. Eta squared was 0.29. Post-hoc practices increase social responsibility ratings to comparisons using Tukey’s HSD indicated that a greater extent than do HR practices. No the mean score for the NHA group (M = 11.76, interaction was found between CSR practices SD = 2.69) was significantly different from the and HR practices in their impact on either PHA group (M = 8.57, SD = 1.45). The NLA group

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

(M = 10.20, SD = 2.39) did not differ significantly to be a factor on the employees’ turnover from either the negative or positive Group. intention. Whereas organizational commitment Crucially, measures of situation awareness played a mediating role in the relationship, and showed statistically significant differences work involvement played a moderating role in between the positive and negative groups but the mediated model. Thus, the results no significant difference from the neutral group. underscore the importance of accounting for These results are interpreted within a model of work involvement when examining the action tendency, in which negative and positive relationships between empowerment, emotional valences control different organizational commitment, and turnover motivational and attentional mechanisms, with intention. negative valences controlling Behavioral Inhibition Systems (BAS), and positive valences Keywords: empowerment, employee turnover, affecting BAS. turnover intention, organisational commitment, work involvement Keywords: perceptions, situation awareness, emotional states, arousal How does self-consistency influence organizational variables: The How does psychological empowerment moderating effect of relational influence employees’ turnover intention: interdependence The mediating effect of organizational commitment and the moderating effect of HUANG, Y. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking work involvement in the mediated model University)

YU, S. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking Self-consistency describes individuals’ tendency University), KONG, H. (Luxottica Group), YU, Z. to be consistent across different social roles. (Luxottica Group), ZHANG, X. (Peking University) Previous research demonstrates that high self- consistency is associated with less depression Due to the influence on the organization’s and more subjective wellbeing. But the effect of performance, employee turnover and turnover self-consistency on organizational variables is intention have received considerable attention ignored. The present study focuses on this worldwide. This study examined the relationship question. Moreover, cultural psychologists find between psychological empowerment and that relational interdependence moderates the employee turnover intention, as well as the relationship between self-consistency and mediating role of organizational commitment wellbeing such that self-consistency is not and moderating role of work involvement in the important for highly interdependent individuals. mediated model. In one sample, 481 employees Thus, we also examine the moderating effect of from a manufacturing company located in interdependence. Finally, we separate southeastern China rated their psychological workplace-specific self-consistency and general empowerment, organizational commitment, consistency so as to investigate their different work involvement and turnover intention. effects on organizational variables. Two hundred Results showed that psychological and twenty-four employees from 28 different empowerment was negatively related with companies participated voluntarily. They were turnover intention through the mediated effect asked to finish the questionnaire independently of organizational commitment. Work and seriously, and return the questionnaire the involvement moderated the mediated model, second day. The valid response rate was 91.25%. that is, psychological empowerment was Measurements included self-consistency (i.e. positively related with organizational 104 employees finished the workplace self- commitment, especially for the employees with consistency measurement while 115 employees high work involvement, and organizational finished the general self-consistency commitment was negatively related with measurement), life satisfaction, job satisfaction, turnover intention, especially for the employees organizational commitment (i.e. affective with high work involvement. Based on the above commitment, normative commitment, and results, psychological empowerment was found continuance commitment), and relational

1168 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology interdependence. General self-consistency was employed the paradigm of inhibition of return found to be positively related with individuals’ (IOR), an effect on spatial attention where life satisfaction, but negatively associated with people are slow to react to stimuli which appear the continuance commitment. Workplace-self- at recently attended locations (Posner & Cohen, consistency was positively related with life 1984) which used exogenous cues and included satisfaction, job satisfaction, and normative 20% catch trials. Fifty-three university students commitment, but negatively associated with the participated in the experiments. We found that continuance commitment. Furthermore, participants needed more time to process interdependence moderated the relationship negative picture (Experiments 1, 2 and 3), and between general self-consistency and the effect of IOR could happen at the Stimulus organizational variables. For those with low Onset Asynchrony (SOA) in as short a time as 50 interdependence, higher general self- milliseconds (Experiment 1). Meanwhile, the consistency predicted higher job satisfaction, data demonstrated that IOR had happened at an affective commitment, and normative SOA of 50 milliseconds only when the schematic commitment. For those with high face was angry, and the Reaction Time (RT) for interdependence, higher general self- angry schematic face was significantly longer consistency predicted lower continuance than RT of the other two faces (Exp2). In all commitment. Self-consistency is important in three experiments, we consistently found that workplace. Compared with general self- there was a U-shaped relationship between RT consistency, workplace self-consistency better and SOA, irrespective of the cue validity and predicts individuals’ perception in organizations. emotion valence. These results showed that Interdependence moderates the relationship different emotional valences have distinct between general self-consistency and influences on attention and also indicated that organizational variables. emotions of happy or neutral could be processed more rapidly than the emotion of Keywords: self-consistency, relational anger. interdependence, job satisfaction, organisational commitment, subjective well-being Keywords: emotional stimuli, stimulus onset asynchrony, inhibition of return, schematic How emotional valence colors our emotional faces attention How fast? The effect of post event FU, X. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), SHEN, X. information and perceived involvement (Chinese Academy of Sciences), XUANG, Y. (Chinese on memory for the details of motor Academy of Sciences) vehicle accidents

Emotional stimuli have a priority to be processed KEMP, R. (University of New South Wales), SRIRAM, relative to neutral stimuli. However, it is still V. (University of New South Wales) unclear whether different emotions have similar or distinct influences on attention. To answer Eyewitnesses are often called upon to provide the question mentioned above, we conducted information to police and insurance three experiments, which used three emotion investigations into the causes of motor vehicle valences: positive, negative and neutral. Pictures accidents. One of the most critical details they of money, a snake, a lamp and Character X were may be required to recall is the speed of the used as stimuli in Experiment One. In vehicle(s) immediately prior to the accident. Experiment Two, schematic emotional faces Research has shown that information presented (angry, smiling and neutral face) were used as to an eyewitness after the event (post-event experimental stimuli to control the stimuli information) is likely to be incorporated into complexity. In Experiment Three, the stimuli their memory of the event, regardless of were three line drawing pictures selected from accuracy. In real motor vehicle accidents one the Chinese Version of Abbreviated PAD powerful source of post-event information may Emotion Scales, corresponding respectively to be the sight of the accident itself. That is, the the emotions of anger, joy and neutral. We knowledge that the vehicle crashed may affect

1169 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the witness’s memory of the details of the event, (Tulane University), CHAN-SERAFIN, S. (University including the vehicle’s speed prior to the crash. of New South Wales), SMITH-CROWE, K. (University Furthermore, there is reason to predict that of Utah), SONESH, S. (Tulane University) participants who are more actively involved in the event are less susceptible to the effect of Based on hypotheses derived from social and post-event information than those who see experiential learning theories, this investigation themselves as passive observers. This study was meta-analytically examined how different types designed to investigate these issues. Seventy- of hazardous events/exposures, when eight participants sat in a driving simulator with considered in safety training programs that vary a confederate and watched the car drive around in terms of social interaction, relate to enhanced a track. For half the participants the drive ended learning and behavioral outcomes. A central with an unavoidable collision with another car. premise of this study is that one’s understanding Half the participants believed that the of risk associated with different types of confederate was driving the car (high hazardous events/exposures is socially involvement) while half knew the simulation was developed, which in turn shapes one’s pre-recorded (low involvement). Participants motivation to learn and transfer acquired were tested for their memory of the details of knowledge to the job. For this meta-analysis, a the event including the speed of the vehicle total of 118 primary studies that had 151 immediately prior to the end of the simulation. independent samples, and 172 safety training For participants who believed their partner was effects based on a total sample size of 28,753, driving the car, seeing the car crash resulted in a were included. An important finding from this significantly higher estimate of the vehicle’s study was that hazard event/exposure severity speed compared to those who did not see a interacted with training engagement to, on crash (a difference of about ten kilometers per average, produce more pronounced learning and hour). However, unexpectedly, this difference performance only when hazard event/exposure was reduced and marginally non-significant for severity was high and training was highly participants who knew they were watching a engaging. For knowledge acquisition, the mean pre-recorded drive. Memories for other details standardized effect size (d-statistic) difference of the event were also assessed. Our results between the lesser (mean effect = .75) and demonstrate that eyewitness accounts of the highly engaging (mean effect = 1.67) forms of circumstances of a motor vehicle accident can training under the high hazard severity condition be inaccurate and are likely to be influenced by was .92 (p < .05). Likewise, the mean difference extraneous sources of information. In particular between the lesser and highly engaging forms of this study presents the first clear evidence that training for safety performance was .64 (with an eyewitness’s estimate of the speed of a the mean effects for the lesser and highly vehicle is likely to be inflated if they saw the engaging forms of training being .40 and 1.04, vehicle crash. This finding has important respectively) and statistically significant (p < .05) practical implications for police and insurance under the high hazard severity condition. Under investigations of the cause of motor vehicle the low hazard severity condition, as expected, accidents. Further, the demonstration that level the mean training effects for the lesser and of perceived involvement influences highly engaging forms of training were susceptibility to post-event information has comparable in magnitude (with mean important implications for eyewitness memory differences being statistically non-significant) for research. both knowledge acquisition and safety performance. The psychological mechanism Keywords: eyewitness memory, perceived offered for the expected interaction effects was involvement, post-event information referred to as the “dread factor,” the realization of the dangers associated with ominous hazards and the experienced feelings that one has about How workplace hazards and training the possibility of such events/exposures. This influence learning and performance affective response was expected to promote the motivation to learn about and avoid ominous BURKE, M. (Tulane University), SALVADOR, R. hazards. Implications of these findings for theory (University of Washington Tacoma), SMITH, A.

1170 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology testing in regard to the dread factor and for problematic. The relationship suggests a strong incorporating information on objective risk into connection between organisational action and safety training will be discussed. individual motivations; that powerful individuals direct organisational actions in ways that are Keywords: hazardous environments, safety, dread coherent with protecting their identity. When exposure, hazardous environments, job knowledge attempting to strategically change organisational identity leaders need to employ a range of different sensemaking strategies that allow Identification and the embedding of identity to be negotiated at each stage of strategic change transformation. This process may be best facilitated with the help of outside agents. HENDY, J. (Imperial College), BARLOW, J. (Imperial College, London) Keywords: strategic change, identity, organisational identity Literature has illustrated how successful strategic change requires identification to fundamentally alter, with transformation Illness representations as predictors of occurring over three stages. Our research aims quality of life in hemodialysis patients to elaborate on this process. Using Fiol’s (2002) model we investigate whether, during a period DAVOODI, I. (Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz), of strategic change, individuals and HONARMAND, M. (Shahid Chamran University of organisations move alike thorough a series of Ahvaz), SHIRVANIAN, E. (Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz), SARARUDI, R. (Isfahan University) predictable phases. Secondly, we investigate the effectiveness of managerial strategies employed at each phase. Focusing on the role of individual Health-related quality of life in hemodialysis managers, we examine whether managerial (HD) patients is a significant predictor of levels of organisational identification relate to mortality and hospitalisation. This study sensemaking. Finally, we provide new insights examined illness representations as predictors of into levels of identification required for quality of life in HD patients. Two hundred HD achieving strategic change, and discuss patients completed the Kidney Disease Quality sensemaking techniques leaders can utilise. This of Life-36TM (KDQOL-36 TM; mean age paper presents a study of five health and social 49.15±15.42). Illness representations were care organisations in England as they attempt to assessed using the Brief Illness Perception Scale. embed a strategic change (moving services to a A canonical correlation analysis was conducted remote care model). The increased provision of using eight illness perception variables as remote care is a key policy in the UK and predictors of the five of quality of life variables elsewhere. Our longitudinal, ethnographic case to evaluate the multivariate relationship studies document both successful and aborted between the two variable sets. The analysis 2 attempts by top managers to shift the provision yielded five functions (R c = 0/55, 0/10, 0/08, of healthcare services. We found that language 0/028, 0/018 respectively). The full model was and shared behaviour enable and guide statistically significant (λ = 0/344, F = 5/65, p < organisational identity transformation but 0/001) and explained 65% of the variance shared neither is wholly sufficient to engender the level between the variable sets. Given the R2c for of change required. Symbolic and rhetorical each function, only the first two functions were strategies are most useful in the first phases of considered noteworthy (55% and 10%, change. For newly learned understandings to respectively). The dimension reduction analysis then gain purchase a wide range of shared tasks indicated the full model and functions 2 to 5 and role based behaviours must be consistently were statistically significant (F= 5/65, p < 0/001, employed, that allow for no backward slippage. F = 1/74, p < 0/01, respectively). Structure In understanding variations in change across our coefficients for function 1 indicated that relevant five sites, we found a strong link between criterion variables in dependent linear managerial identification at the start of the combination were primarily; mental component, study and subsequent attempts at sensemaking, symptoms, effects of Kidney Disease (KD) on with high levels of organisational identification daily life, burdens of KD and physical

1171 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology component; with consequences, personal relationship between imagined intergroup control and treatment control, identity, concern contact and social distance. This study and emotional response making independent demonstrated that imagining intergroup contact synthetic criterion variables. Moving to function can lead to a reduction in prejudice against a 2, structure coefficients suggest that the highly stigmatized group, such as persons with a dependent variables of most relevance were mental illness. Such results have implications for mental component, symptoms, identity, reducing stigma towards outgroups where understanding and emotional response that opportunities for regular contact may be rare have most shared variance in independent linear and for enhancing the positive effects of ‘real’ combination. The results suggest that illness contact when it occurs. representations predict quality of life in end stage renal disease patients treated by HD, and Keywords: mental illness, stigma, anxiety, could have important implications for treatment outgroup, imagined contact of these patients. Immigrant wives’ parental experiences Keywords: kidney disease, hemodialysis, quality of in Korea life, chronic disease, illness representations PARK, Y. (Daejin University) Imagined contact with a stigmatized outgroup: Impact on social distance and Multicultural families are highly increasing in intergroup anxiety towards people with Korea in recent years. Korean multicultural a mental illness families are specific because they were mostly composed of Korean husbands and immigrant BROWN, P. (University of Canberra), SLY, R. wives who came from Southeast Asia. This study (University of Canberra) examined immigrant wives' parental experiences. Subjects were 17 immigrant wives Imagining positive contact with an outgroup who settled in Gyeonggido province. Data were member has been shown to reduce prejudice collected by in-depth interview individually. towards that group. The present study assessed Results indicated that (1) immigrant wives have the effectiveness of imagined intergroup contact experienced difficulties in communication, as a method for reducing stigma towards a household economy, and childcare. (2) They highly stigmatized outgroup, namely people with were interested in children's academic a mental illness. One hundred and seven achievement and social-emotional development. undergraduate psychology students were (3) They stressed education and basic care for randomly assigned to either imagine a positive the parenting role. (4) They demanded teaching interaction with someone labeled with a mental academic skills for their children, parent illness (schizophrenia or depression) or to education or counseling, and information about imagine contact with someone with no explicit child development from childcare centers. label. Participants then completed measures of social distance, intergroup anxiety and prior Keywords: multicultural families, Korea, parental contact with the outgroup. Results showed a experiences significant positive effect for imagined intergroup contact on both desired social distance and intergroup anxiety; however this Impact of implicit attitudes toward effect was not dependent on the type of mental smoking on selective exposure to illness label (schizophrenia or depression). Prior prevention information contact with the outgroup was shown to moderate the positive effect of imagined PERRISSOL, S. (Cognition, Langue, Langage et intergroup contact on social distance, with the Ergonomie - Laboratoire Travail et Cognition (CLLE- effect being stronger for those who reported LTC)), BARDIN, B. (Cognition, Langue, Langage et Ergonomie - Laboratoire Travail et Cognition (CLLE- previous positive contact with persons with a LTC)), FOS, Y. (Cognition, Langue, Langage et mental illness. Contrary to previous research, Ergonomie - Laboratoire Travail et Cognition (CLLE- intergroup anxiety did not mediate the

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

LTC)), PY, J. (Cognition, Langue, Langage et consequences of selective exposure on Ergonomie - Laboratoire Travail et Cognition (CLLE- prevention, on ways to reduce its effects and the LTC)), SMEDING, A. (Cognition, Langue, Langage et primacy of implicit measures of attitude toward Ergonomie - Laboratoire Travail et Cognition (CLLE- tobacco to measure the probability of smoking LTC)) cessation.

Many studies deal with the impact of prevention Keywords: smoking, attitudes, nicotine, attitude campaigns. Whatever the method used, most of toward smoking scale, selective exposure them postulate that people take the campaign into consideration as soon as they are exposed to it. Yet, according to Festinger (1957), people Impact of inattention provoked by sadness on older drivers’ behavior expose themselves to attitude-consistent information and tend to avoid attitude- inconsistent information that could arouse LEMERCIER, C. (University of Toulouse), QUAIREAU, dissonance. The goal of this study was to C. (University of Rennes 2), PÊCHER, C. (University of Toulouse) enhance such effects with tobacco campaigns. We intend to show that exposure to information dealing with tobacco effects depends on In regards to attentional defects in driving attitudes and behavior toward smoking. Forty- situations, inattention is probably one of the less four smokers, 80 non-smokers and 58 quit- studied. Inattention refers to an endogenous smokers were proposed to participate in a long lasting orientation of the attentional focus survey that would supposedly determine the on thoughts to the detriment of the driving content of a future information session dealing activity. The present study was interested in the with the harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, impact of inattention provoked by induced junk food, drugs etc. People were asked what sadness on older drivers’ behavior. To evaluate kind of topic would interest them most. Then, the hypothesis of a defect of attentional focus their attitudes, behavior and dependency linked to inattention, we were interested in the toward smoking were evaluated. To evaluate impact of a negative emotional state on the attitudes toward smoking, we chose to use both three components of spatial attention measured an explicit (Attitude Toward Smoking Scale, ATS; with the Attention Network Test (ANT; Fan, et Etter et al., 2000), and an implicit measure (the al., 2002). Fifty-nine older drivers (mean age of Single Category of Implicit Association Test, 65) were divided into four groups: (a) controls SCIAT ; Karpinsky and Steinman, 2006). Based on which were neutrally induced and then response latencies, this kind of measures allows performed the ANT, (b) sadness-induced the access to unconscious attitudes and thus subjects which had to imagine eight dramatic avoids social desirability bias (for stigmatized described situations with sad music in objects). Derived from the Implicit Association background, and then performed the ANT, (c) Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee and Schwartz, ruminative subjects which were firstly neutrally 1998), the SCIAT allows us to measure implicit induced and then invited to hear sad music and attitudes toward a single concept. Finally, ruminate sad thoughts while performing the smokers and quit-smokers filled in two ANT, and (d) sadness-induced and ruminative questionnaires measuring respective stages of subjects, which firstly received the same change in the process of smoking cessation induction as (b) and then, the same ruminative (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1983) and nicotine procedure as (c). Analyses on the Brief Mood dependency (Fagerström Tolerence Nicotine Introspection Scale (BMIS; Mayer & Gascke, Dependency, FTND; Fagerström, 1991). The 1988) showed a significant increase in sadness main results are consistent with the theory of score following the sad induction for the (b) and selective exposure: the more the implicit (c) groups. Moreover, the sadness score also attitude is negative, the more they are willing to increased after the ruminative procedure for the have a training dealing with tobacco. Measures (c) and (d) groups. Analysis about the impact of of dependency, explicit attitude or stage of inattention on the ANT demonstrated that change were not predictive of selective neither alert nor conflict components were exposure. The discussion will focus on the altered whatever the experimental groups. On the contrary, the orientation effect was

1173 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology eliminated for the (b) and (d) groups group. Parent-child interactions increased after (respectively, F < 1; F = 2.7, NS). Inattention due receiving parenting-skills training compared to to sadness and rumination only leads to the before (post test 1 = 104,727 and post test 2 = abolition of the orientation component of spatial 111,091). (2) There was a significant difference attention for older drivers. This result suggests in parental stress level before and after that when an older driver is inattentive, they parenting-skills training in the experimental normally prepare themselves to action (alert), group. Parental stress level decreased after they normally resolve conflict between receiving parenting-skills training (post test 1 = contradictory road information (conflict), but 80,455 and post test 2 = 75,818). (3) There was a they are “blind” to spatial information significant difference between the experimental (orientation), which may have dramatic group and the control group in parent-child consequences on driving performances. interactions after parenting-skills training. Parent-child interaction levels of the Keywords: attention and driving, attentional experimental group were higher than control defects, sadness, rumination, spatial attention of group. (F = 177,220; p < 0,010). (4) There was a older drivers significant difference between the experimental group and control group in parental stress level after parenting-skills training. Parental stress Impact of parenting skills training on the increasing of parent-child interactions level of the experimental group was lower than and the decreasing of parental stress on the control group (F = 24,801; p < 0,010). parents of adolescent drug abusers Parenting-Skills Training contributed to a 90.3% increase in parent-child interactions and 55.5% decrease in parental stress level. RAHMAWATI, H. (Malang State University)

Keywords: parenting skills training, parent-child The research was aimed to examine the interaction, parental stress, parents, adolescent effectiveness of parenting-skills training in drug abuse increasing parent-child interactions and decreasing parental stress level of parents of adolescent drug abusers. Parenting-skills training Impact of value incongruence on work included activities for parents with the satisfaction: A gender marginality perspective adolescent drug abuser to learn and practice about: addiction and relapse prevention, parenting dimensions (care, control and PALERMO, J. (Deakin University) communication), and identifying and managing stress. The research was conducted Gender identity, when applied to organisational experimentally using a pre and post-test group culture, is descriptive of the predominant beliefs design. The measurements were based on a about sex-roles, inherent within cultural values, scale which were carried out three times on the mores and processes. Tenets of marginality and subjects, i.e. at pre-test, post-test-1 (after gender schema theory suggest that individuals training), and post-test-2 (two weeks after the who experience incongruence between their measurement). A quantitative analysis was done own gender identity and that of the organisation with one-way kovarians analysis. Furthermore, a are more likely to experience adverse qualitative analysis was done using the in-depth psychological effects. This study aimed to interview results, the training evaluation and investigate the impact of marginality on work observations during the training. The subjects of satisfaction for women and men across diverse this study were 22 women who were members segments of industry. It was hypothesised that of Yayasan Arofah and which were split into a gender identity incongruence would be a unique control group (11 women) and an experimental predictor of work satisfaction for both women group (22 women). Subjects were mothers of and men. In consideration of the proposed links adolescent drug abusers. The results showed between incongruence and well-being, we also that: (1) There was a significant difference in hypothesised that gender identity incongruence parent-child interactions before and after would mediate the relationship between work parenting-skills training in the experimental satisfaction and occupational stress. Participants

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

(N = 252) completed a survey online or in hard rationality is particularly relevant in MSE copy which comprised scales related to gender educational and professional settings. However, traits, occupational stress (OSI-R; Osipow & this gender-rationality stereotype has never Spokane, 1998) and work satisfaction (based on been assessed at an implicit level, which is items adapted from the Job Descriptive Index). problematic because explicit stereotype Two gender incongruence scales were used: measures are prone to social desirability bias. Nurturance incongruence (related to We created a new Implicit Association Test (IAT; stereotypically positive feminine traits) and Greenwald, McGhee and Schwartz, 1998) to Autonomy incongruence (related to assess implicit associations of rationality with stereotypically positive masculine traits). Results men rather than with women. We tested this of a fully specified structural equation model tool among highly successful graduate female suggest gender identity incongruence related to and male engineering students and its relation Nurturance rather than Autonomy as the with explicit stereotype measures (Study One). marginality factor that predicted work This IAT was also tested among larger samples of satisfaction. Nurturance incongruence was a engineering and literature students (Study Two). negative predictor of psychosocial resources, In Study One, participants were 23 graduate which in turn predicted the variance in engineering students attending very selective occupational stress and work satisfaction. The engineering schools (13 males). They completed findings of this study suggest that organisational the explicit stereotype measures and the values and practices that embody nurturance, gender-rationality IAT. In Study Two, participants such as empathy, compassion and a focus on included 117 similar engineering students (64 concern for others may discriminate males) and 89 literature students (45 males) organisations on levels of marginality and who all took the gender-rationality IAT. Study vocational strain. Maintaining value congruence One’s results showed a gender-rationality IAT related to nurturance may indeed result in effect among female and male engineering higher work satisfaction and less occupational students, meaning that they implicitly associated stress for an organisation’s employees. rationality more with men than with women. Self-report measures did not show explicit Keywords: work satisfaction, occupational stress, knowledge of the gender-rationality stereotype, gender identity, sex-roles, cultural values and no relation with IAT scores was found. Study Two replicated the gender-rationality IAT effect among engineering and literature students, with Implicit gender-rationality stereotypes no difference between populations. Findings among successful counter-stereotypic support the relevance of the new IAT to assess women implicit stereotypes in the reasoning domain, which is particularly important given the SMEDING, A. (University of Toulouse) superordinate nature and shortcomings of self- report measures. Successful counter-stereotypic Women are underrepresented at the top of women are so despite a real obstacle, signaling Mathematics, Science, and Engineering (MSE) that efficient self-protective strategies may education relative to men. One explanation is underlie their success. that women’s knowledge of self-relevant negative gender stereotypes reduces their Keywords: gender stereotypes, self-relevant interest in pursuing a career in counter- negative stereotypes, gender rationality, implicit stereotypic (i.e. masculine) domains. However, association test, self-report measures why do some women graduate in such domains and are highly successful? Possibly, they simply Improving speed of processing in older do not know the negative gender stereotypes. and younger adults with HIV: A pilot However, stereotypes are widely known in a study given culture. Therefore, these women might be successful despite their stereotypic knowledge. Besides the extensively studied gender-math VANCE, D. (University of Alabama at Birmingham), FAZELI, P. L., MCKIE, P. R. (University of Alabama at stereotype, women’s perceived lack of Birmingham)

1175 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The co-occurrence of HIV and aging may lead to Bonnefont, 2000). It is described as more decreased speed of processing (SOP) which can arousing, less deliberate, and more irresistible interfere with performing instrumental activities buying behaviour compared to planned of daily living. This becomes especially important purchasing behaviour. Highly impulsive buyers when considering the growing population of are likely to be unreflective in their thinking, to older adults with Human Immunodeficiency be emotionally more attracted to the object, and Virus (HIV). The aim of this study is to determine desiring immediate gratification (Hoch & if SOP training can improve this cognitive ability Loewenstein, 1991). Previous researches (Rook in adults with HIV. In this on-going pre-post- & Fisher, 1995; Balikdjian & Pohl, 2008) experimental study, 26 older and younger adults demonstrate that impulse buying is positively with HIV (26 to 70 years old; mean age = 46.27 linked to dispositional factors (Impulsiveness). In (SD = 9.14)) were assigned to either the no- other words, cognitive considerations modify contact control group (n = 9) or to a SOP training the impulse buying behaviour (Puri, 1996). The group (n = 17). SOP training consisted of ten aim of this research is to try to understand hours of computerized, self-administered impulsive buying behaviour as the result of a training in the laboratory using the POSIT complex interaction between self control failure Science software. After approximately four to due to cognitive resource depletion and six weeks after the baseline assessment, impulsiveness. One-hundred and ten people participants were administered a post-test took part in this study. The design varied a single assessment. An intent-to-treat analysis was factor (cognitive resources availability). The employed. Using the Useful Field of View participants were randomly assigned to one of (UFOV®) test, those in the SOP training group the two experimental conditions: with or improved their performance by 209.65 without cognitive depletion task. In the milliseconds (ms) on average (SD = 161.11) while condition “with cognitive depletion task”, the control group improved by 14.67ms on participants were asked to respond to a culture- average (SD = 189.08). This training effect was free intelligence test. After the time devoted to significant, F(1,25) = 7.66, p = .01, power = .76. this test elapsed, participants engaged online Although age was significantly related to UFOV® buying. After that, participants responded to an performance in adults with HIV (r = 33, p = .02) Impulsiveness scale (Neo PRI) and impulse in that older adults performed worse on this buying measure (Rook & Fisher, 1995). Results cognitive measure, age itself was not a factor in show a positive relation between impulsive the treatment gains observed (r = .22, p = .40), buying and impulsivity. Furthermore, an which suggests that SOP training in adults with overview of the means of impulse buying HIV is effective in improving SOP regardless of suggests that non-impulsive individuals in the age. This study shows that cognitive training can depletion condition are higher than in the improve cognitive functioning in adults with HIV. control condition. There are no differences Implications for other applied interventions and between the two conditions for the impulsive future research are posited. individuals. According to the self control failure framework, consumers will increase impulse Keywords: HIV, speed of processing, cognitive buying behaviour when they face cognitive ability, self-administered cognitive training, adult resource depletion in a specific context. cognitive functioning Nevertheless this relation is observed only for the “non impulsivity consumers”. Impulsive buying and self control failure Keywords: impulse buying, impulsivity, cognitive resources availability, cognitive depletion, cognitive BALIKDJIAN, A. (Université Libre de Bruxelles), depletion tasks POHL, S. (Université Libre de Bruxelles), VAN DE LEEMPUT, C. (Université Libre de Bruxelles) Incivility: A qualitative analysis across The impulsive purchase is a type of purchase differential power distributions that is more and more widespread in Western Society. Impulsive buying behaviour gives evidence of all impulsive acts (Giraud &

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

PRASAD, S. (National University of Singapore), LIM, Keywords: Incivility, Power distributions, Disrespect, S. (National University of Singapore), LIM, V. K. G. Victim, Perpetrators (National University of Singapore) Increasing adaptive motivation through Acts of disrespect such as incivility are common information enhancement and goal in and outside the workplace, and studies have setting shown that victims tend to suffer negative consequences. This study aims to understand SEPEHRI SHAMLOO, Z. (Ferdowsi University of how power dynamics (formal and informal Mashhad), COX, M.W. (Bangor University) power distribution) affect the incidence of and responses to incivility. Utilizing a qualitative The aim of the current study was to develop and approach, 177 undergraduates with work experimentally validate factors that increase experience were asked to write about an individual's Adaptive Motivational Structure incident in which they were treated with (AMS). AMS promotes successful goal disrespect at or outside work. They provided attainment and emotional satisfaction in life, details about the act itself, the context in which whereas Maladaptive Motivational Structure it occurred, the consequences of the event, the (MMS) hinders people from effective goal impact of the experience and finally the action seeking. Evidence shows that decisions to drink taken to resolve the issue. Incivility was found to are more likely when the individuals are unable be perpetrated across conventional relationships to achieve emotional satisfaction through other between peers and superior-subordinate goal pursuits or to overcome miseries in their associations as well as non-conventional ones, lives. Through an experimental study (N = 144, when the relationships were based on an 38% males), we tested the relative and informal distribution of power. The most combined effects of enhancement information prevalent acts of incivility were of the Direct (including, choice, knowledge and feedback) and Verbal form (43%) when victims were formally goal setting as two motivational techniques or informally lower in status as compared to the while participants were completing a series of perpetrator. In contrast, the Behavioral form experimental tasks (i.e., Computerized (31%) of incivility was common when the Conceptual Cards, Anagrams). The design was a perpetrator was formally or informally of a lower 2 x 2 (i.e., control group; goal-setting group; status. There were very few cases when the information group and combination group) incivility spiraled into another act of incivility factorial that included pre- and post-test (15.25%) and this was generally found in those measures, including the Task Specific Personal relationships that had an informal hierarchy or Concern Inventory, Task Specific Sense of where the victim was of a higher formal status. Control Inventory and Task Specific Intrinsic Most victims received some form of support Motivation Inventory. The results showed that after the incivility (69%). Emotional support was the greatest increase in AMS resulted from the mostly provided to victims who were formally or combined technique, and the order of the informally at a lower status as compared to the groups on the post-test was: Combination Group perpetrator. On the other hand, instrumental (enhancement information and goal-setting) > support was given to victims who were formally Information Group > Goal-Setting Group > No- and informally of higher status and to the Intervention Group. In addition, a 45-day follow- victims who were informally in a lower status. In up assessment showed that the Combination more than 85% of the cases where support was Group’s task-specific AMS continued to increase provided it helped the situation. The acts of after the post-experimental assessment. The incivility were brought to the perpetrators notice implication of the motivational enhancement mostly when the victim was formally in a higher techniques for intervention, education, and status. Following which, usually an apology was prevention will be discussed. rendered in these situations. Incivil acts vary in their nature and consequences across formal and informal power distributions. Keywords: motivation, information enhancement, goal setting, adaptive motivational structure, maladaptive motivational structure

1177 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Individual and environmental predictors distal personality factors in comparison to self of psychological capital efficacy and state anxiety (proximal factors) in learning performance research (Chen et al, TONG, J. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking 2000). An integration of theories of goal setting University) and goal orientation has been tested (Seijts et al, 2004), but not with goal striving (Gollwitzer & This research examined the impact of trait-like Sheeran, 2006), as a useful extension to qualities (like Five Factor Model and Core Self understand training behaviour. The aim of this Evaluations), and environmental settings (like study was to ascertain direct and indirect effects People-Organization Fit and People-Job Fit) on of goal orientation, self efficacy and state Psychological Capital, in order to find out its anxiety on goal setting processes and learning formation mechanism in organizations. A total of behaviour in a computer training context. 339 employees from various industries in China Undergraduate students in an introductory participated in the research. They were Information Systems subject completed three requested to finish the questionnaires of questionnaires (before training, following Psychological Capital, Five Factor Model, Core mastery training and prior to an examination). Self Evaluations, People-Organization Fit, and The questionnaires measured goal orientation, People-Job Fit. Results indicated that application specific computer self efficacy (CSE), Psychological Capital is significantly influenced computer anxiety (CA), personal goals (PG), and by individual’s personality characteristics, the the effort taken in learning and study strategies environmental variables, and their interactions. undertaken for learning a software application. When there is a good match between people Participation in this study was voluntary and 166 and job, as well as people and organization, students completed all three phases of the trait-like qualities help to form high study. Following tests of measurement reliability Psychological Capital. The poor match with the and validity, a structural model was tested using environment weakened the relationship path analysis. The tested model showed good between trait-like qualities and Psychological model fit (chi square 20.7; df = 15; p > 0.1; NFI = Capital. It is suggested that when developing 0.92; IFI = 0.96; TLI = 0.91; CFI = 0.97; RMSEA = Psychological Capital, organizations may adjust 0.039). The overall model explained 17 per cent the environment conditions to make full use of of study effort and study behaviour. Mastery the trait-like qualities of individuals in improving approach was significantly related to CSE (β = Psychological Capital. 0.17; p < 0.05), PG (β = -0.21; p <0.01), and study behaviour (β = 0.27; p <0.01), but not CA (β = - 0.13; p > 0.05). Performance approach was Keywords: psychological capital, trait-like qualities significantly related to CSE (β = 0.25; p <0.01), CA and environmental settings, big five model of (β = -0.27; p <0.01) and effort (β = 0.20; p <0.05). personality, people-organization fit, core self evaluations Mastery Avoidance was related to CA and performance avoidance to CSE. CSE and CA had significant effects on effort for studying, but did Influence of achievement goal not mediate the effects of mastery and orientation on goal setting and study performance goal orientation on effort and behaviour in computer training behaviour. The study provides evidence of the direct roles of mastery and performance JAYASURIYA, R. (University of New South Wales), approach in goal setting and goal striving CAPUTI, P. (University of Wollongong) behaviour in computer training. Interventions that enhance mastery orientation result in more Goal setting theorists (Locke & Latham, 2002) engaged and successful strategies for learning. have shown that self-set personal goals mediate the relationship between personality (e.g., Keywords: goal orientation, goal setting, mastery achievement) and performance. Goal approach, trait anxiety, self-efficacy orientation research distinguishes between mastery (learning) and performance orientations. Goal orientation been used as

1178 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Influence of protected values and Under the positive frame, they tend to secure framing effect on omission bias under their benefits actively. Under the negative managerial decision situations frame, they opt for risky outputs to minimize losses. ZHU, Q. (Zhejiang University), HE, G. (Zhejiang University) Keywords: protected values, framing effect, managerial decisions, omission bias, risk preference The aim of this research was to reveal how protected values and framing effects could Initial standardization of the Oxford impact on omission bias in managerial decision happiness test on students of the Islamic situations. This study designed three Azad University - Roodehen Branch, Iran questionnaires to simulate managerial situations. Questionnaire One measured the SABET, M. (Islamic Azad University, Roodehen subject’s protected values and uniformity Branch), LOTFI, F. (Islamic Azad University), between his/her recognition and action; HAKAMI, M. (Islamic Azad University), SEIRAFI, M. Questionnaire Two contained nine scenarios, (Islamic Azad University), POUR, L. S. (Iran Avandfar each divided into “action” and “omission” where Company) framing effects (positive versus negative) and output certainties (risky versus secured) were The present study had two goals. These were the introduced and where the subject was asked to standardization and assessment of rate of make choices between “action” and “omission”. validity and reliability of a happiness assessment Risk preference was applied in Questionnaire scale and to review the relationship between Three. A survey on Master of Business happiness and gender. The present study is a Administration students showed evidence of field study using exploratory research that has protected values in decision-making. Managers been done based on classic psychometric theory made choices under the control of their and this investigation is in the test construction protected values system and in accordance with area. From the total population of male and different management tasks which included female students of Islamic Azad University, framing effects and output certainties. The Roodehen branch, who were studying in results indicated that: 1. Protected values do academic year of 2008 to 2009, 500 students exist in management and they do not (250 boys and 250 girls) were selected by substantially vary with position and ownership stratified random sampling. The research tool structures. Mismatch is noticeable between was translated from Oxford Happiness Scale recognition and action. 2. In “action” scenarios, Form to Farsi language. The alpha reliability preference to action is significantly and coefficient calculated for total group score was positively correlated with protected values, the 0.9, for the male group it was 0.882 and for the same as it is in “omission” scenarios. Protected female group 0.916. The first factorial analysis values will not only prevent certain behaviors, output that was a 29 x 29 matrix showed there but also initiate and execute. Action and was a positive correlation between almost all omission are both demonstration of protected questionnaire subjects of the present study, and values. 3. Either in “action” or “omission” more than 70% of matrix correlations were scenarios, subjects with firm protected values statistically significant. The “Scree” model make decisions in favor of protected values showed that probably was a major factor that regardless of framing effects and output dominated all questionnaire subjects. The certainties. In scenarios where the output was greatest difference between males and females secured, framing effects would further justify actions in the Oxford Happiness Scale was that the subject’s decision: to take actions preferable the females’ mean of 122.32 was higher than the to the positive frame in “action” scenarios while males’ mean by 116.68. This difference is to withhold under the negative frame in significant. After ensuring of Oxford Happiness “omission” scenarios. However, the subjects Scale validity and reliability for the study group, with swerving protected values have preference the totally norm of both the genders were to neither action nor omission. Their decision is tabulated, which can be used for all subject to framing effects and output certainties.

1179 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology psychologists and counselors in case of clinical leads to changes in the age-composition of the diagnoses. workforce and increases the importance of intergenerational knowledge transfer. To this Keywords: happiness assessment scale, test end, knowledge management systems and development, classic psychometry theory, scale databases have been developed, but practice validation has shown that these systems are not the best way to transfer knowledge. The project “Diversity and Knowledge Management”, funded Insights into mindful-based art therapy practice for anxiety: A case study by the Austrian National Bank, aims to analyze the possibility of using the knowledge of elder workers in age-mixed teams as the key success DAVIS, B. (Art & Soul Connections) factor. The analysis focuses on factors that enhance intergenerational knowledge transfer, Mindfulness-based techniques can be used by including intra-company conditions as well as art therapists to engage a deeper level of psychological factors. To identify these factors understanding in the treatment of anxiety. This interviews and discussion groups with members presentation focuses on how mindfulness-based of all hierarchical levels have been conducted in strategies assisted the therapeutic art process; small and medium enterprises across different as an impetus for the cathartic release of sectors. The qualitative data have been analyzed emotions, as a holding space for difficult using atlas.ti. The approach is based on a feelings, and as a visual language resource for triangulation of Grounded Theory (Strauss & processing multidimensional layers of anxiety. A Corbing, 1996) and Qualitative Content Analysis brief overview of the theoretical rationale and (Mayring, 2007). The results show that the techniques used to assist a 30-year-old woman crucial factors for successful knowledge who presented with anxiety are introduced. In management are based in organizational culture translating theory to practice, a single case study and leadership. These results demonstrate that summarizing 16 weeks of therapy illustrates how developing successful knowledge management multimodal therapy led to deeper insights and in companies is a tedious venture, as it means, in direct involvement in the management of certain circumstances, changing the anxiety. Where the process enabled the client to organizational culture. However the results also draw on a range of inner resources, outcomes show that successful knowledge management show greater psychological flexibility around the has clear advantages for companies. emotional tone which had previously kept her stuck. This method illustrates how mindfulness- Keywords: intergenerational knowledge transfer, based techniques enhance art therapy knowledge management systems, organisational intervention and facilitate a deeper culture, organisational leadership, age-composition understanding of anxiety experience. of the workforce

Keywords: mindfulness, anxiety, multimodal Intervention study of different person therapy narrative on personality development

Intergenerational knowledge transfer as WANG, X. (NanKai University), ZHU, Y. (Nankai a matter of organizational culture? University)

STIPPLER, M. (Institute for Communication in the Three studies manipulated memory perspective Professional Field and Psychotherapy), (first-person versus third-person) individuals MITTERHOFER, H. (University of Innsbruck), used to recall autobiographical events and SCHNEITTE, I. (University of Innsbruck), GROPPE, S. examined its effects on personality (University of Innsbruck) development. A correlational study (Study 1) using the Cattell-16PF questionnaire was done Central European countries like Austria are to examine college students who use different facing a severe demographic change due to the memory perspectives. Intervention studies mandatory retirement age being raised. This (Studies 2 and 3) used a standardization semi-

1180 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology structured life story interview to examine about a leader before meeting them and different perspectives and different person examined how positive or negative rumors narrative style effects on personality would influence the formation of explicit and development. In Study 2, participants (n = 37) implicit trust. In Study One (N = 125), wrote, and in Study 3, participants (n = 12) participants completed explicit (self-report) and discussed in group psychotherapy. Participants implicit (Implicit Association Test-based) trust in each study were divided into two groups: first- measures at Pre-test. Then, they were randomly person and third-person. The results of Study assigned to either a Reading group which read One showed that there were significant about the leader’s trustworthiness (i.e. differences between the participants who used conscious processing), or a Conditioning group third-person perspective and those who used which conducted a lexical decision task which first-person perspective in E, G, Q1. Results of subliminally exposed participants to associations Studies 2 and 3 showed that (1) participants in of the leader with trust (i.e. a non-conscious Study 2 have more changes in personality than processing), or a Control group which took a those in Study 3. In two studies, Q1 were all break for ten minutes. At Post-test, the same changed, and (2) the participants who used measures were completed as in Pre-test. In third-person had more changes in personality Study Two, an identical procedure was used as in than those who used first-person. In two groups, Study One, but all participants (N = 142) were H, Q1 were all changed (1) third-person presented with positive or negative rumors narrative has more effects on personal change before Pre-test. Unexpectedly, in Study One, the than first-person narrative; (2) as means of Reading group showed higher explicit and intervention, individual writing was more implicit trust compared to controls, while the effective than group psychotherapy discussion; ‘Conditioning’ group showed no higher explicit (3) after the intervention, there were changes in and implicit trust compared to controls. In Study H, Q1 of personality; and (4) different person Two, positive rumors resulted in significantly narrative could be used as an intervention higher explicit and implicit trust in Pre-test than approach to influence personality development. negative rumors. The manipulation effect was largely replicated Study One. In conclusion, Keywords: memory, autobiography, recall, providing information of trustworthiness may be narrative style, personality critical in forming both explicit and implicit trust, since consciously processing such information was effective in forming explicit and implicit Introducing a new leader: Building trust while non-conscious associative processing explicit and implicit trust had no effect, and, in addition, this pattern was not affected by positive or negative rumors. KIM, M. (Ajou University), SHI, X. (Ajou University), YEONG, D. Y. (Ajou University) Keywords: perceived leader's trustworthiness, implicit evaluations of trustworthiness, implicit Trust toward a new leader is important since it association test, non-consious associative facilitates the followers’ cooperative behavior. processing, effect of rumors Previous research suggested that trust is built when followers perceive the leader’s Investigating Socially Desirable trustworthiness (e.g. ability, integrity, and Responding (SDR) in volunteer selection: benevolence, Mayer et al., 1995). However, Stakeness, helping motivation, and followers may process the leader’s double rating method trustworthiness not only in an explicit (conscious evaluations of trust) manner, but also in an MAN, C.Y. (Chinese University of Hong Kong) implicit manner (non-conscious associations between leader and trust). Study One examined how conscious and non-conscious associative This paper investigates the effect of situational processes could influence the formation of stakeness, helping motivation, and rating explicit and implicit trust toward a new leader. In methods on Socially Desirable Responding (SDR) Study Two, we considered a common in volunteer selection. It hypothesises that phenomenon in which followers hear rumors whether volunteers fake in selection tests

1181 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology depends on their helping motivation. When they Dystrophy: Interviews with patients and are self-oriented, they fake to secure their their families personal interests associated with a successful application. When they are other-oriented, they SAEKO, T. (Osaka University), SHIBATA, S. (Osaka do not fake as they associate less personal University), IMURA, O. (Osaka University) interests with volunteering. In addition, the study investigates the effect of a Double-Rating Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a genetic disorder Method (DRM) on reducing SDR among the that weakens the muscles that help bodily volunteer sample. Subjects were 178 Hong Kong movement. Because MD is genetic, patients who students recruited from a local university. The have this disease are born with this problem. researcher manipulated the level of stakeness MD weakens muscles over time, so they into high or low by inviting participants to gradually lose the ability to do the things most complete an online personality test for volunteer people take for granted. Although truth-telling selection or anonymously answer an online about the diagnosis is said to be important, the personality test for research purposes. The realities of truth-telling are not known well in Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Japan. In this study, we tried to investigate (Paulhus, 1984) were administered in both actual conditions of truth-telling for patients and conditions. Participants were also randomly their family of Duchenne muscular dystrophy assigned to either a single or double rating (DMD), the most common type of MD. We method. Finally they were required to complete interviewed 15 DMD patients in the hospital. a set of online questionnaires concerning their The Questions were: 1.Who explained about the helping motivation including the Volunteer sickness? 2. How did you feel at that time? 3. Functional Index (Clary et al., 1998) and, the What is the ideal way of truth-telling or Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983). preferable notification? This study have Results showed that SDR related positively and approved by Ethical Review Committee of the significantly to situational stakeness and other- hospital that cooperated in this research. We oriented helping motivation. This suggests that interviewed 13 patients in the hospital, and the selection pressures volunteer applicants to were refused by two patients. The range of the overrate themselves, albeit related to their wish age was from 18 years to 46 years old. Many and inability to help others. In addition, patients answered that the illness was explained administering a double rating method did not to them when they were in middle grade of control SDR as suggested by previous literature. elementary school by a doctor. However, there This suggests the effect of the double rating were a few patients answered that they noticed method may be hampered by computer naturally by seeing other patients when in administration. Investigating the effect of hospital. The typical way of explain was “your stakeness, helping motivation, and rating muscle will become weak little by little, you will method on SDR, the study shows that both not be able to walk in the future”. Though there stakeness and other-oriented empathy is highly were few patients who had emotional and positively associated with SDR. This causes disturbance after truth-telling, many patients people to reflect on their reasons for said that they didn’t feel anything or the illness volunteering and their effects on clients. felt out of touch with reality because they could Together with the failure of DRM in controlling move their limbs at that time. Many families IM in the current study, this study suggests the expressed discomfort at having to broach the use of personality tests in volunteer selection topic of the prognosis, including limited life warrants caution. expectancy, and some withheld information or not disclosed the prognosis. On the other hand, Keywords: socially desirable responding, volunteer the majority of patients with DMD have high selection, stakeness, helping motivation, double- information needs concerning its prognosis. We rating method concluded that health professionals and families of the patients of DMD, should make an Investigation of actual truth-telling for assessment about what the patient does not patients with Duchenne Muscular know, what they want to know and whether

1182 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology they understand the actual conditions of the concept of integrity may take on different illness or treatment. conceptual meanings in different countries. As a result, in order to fully understand and Keywords: muscular dystrophy, notification of a accurately measure the concept of integrity, diagnosis, information needs concerning prognosis, cross cultural differences need to be considered truth-telling to patients carefully. Furthermore, the universal requirement for demonstrating cross cultural measurement equivalence may be inappropriate Is integrity universal across cultures? Conceptual and measurement challenges for constructs that are shown to differ in their underlying concepts, such as integrity. The implications for international integrity testing in KOEHLER, T. (The University of Melbourne), FINE, S. personnel selection will be discussed. (Midot), GONZALEZ MORALES, M. G. (The University of Guelph) Keywords: personnel selection, international integrity testing, integrity, cross cultural Few traits are as important for employee measurement equivalence, cultural meaning of performance as that of integrity, and measures integrity of integrity are widely used in personnel selection around the world as a result. Previous research has suggested that when using tests in Is it more than medicine? The impact of different countries cross cultural measurement optimism and illness perceptions on quality of life after total hip replacement equivalence should first be established surgery (Vandenberg & Lance, 2000). However, underlying this requirement is the implicit assumption that the construct in question is in JESZENSZKY, C. (Technical University Dresden), fact the same in each country. Recent research BALCK, F. (The Technical University of Dresden), LIPPMAN, M. (University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus indicates that the meaning of several constructs and Technical University of Dresden) often used in applied psychology can differ cross culturally (Köhler & Berry, 2008; Fischlmayr, Lähteenmäki, & Saarinen, 2007). The current The common treatment method for coxarthritis - study therefore assesses the cross cultural the arthrosis of the hip joint - is total hip meaning of integrity in the context of personnel arthroplasty (THA), a replacement surgery with selection, and discusses the implications for good outcome rates and low risk of measurement equivalence requirements. Data complications. Recovery after surgery is highly was collected using items from a typical overt influenced by psychological factors. The main integrity test measuring attitudes towards purpose of our study was to examine whether societal norms, the sanctioning of pre-operative optimism and illness perceptions counterproductive behaviors, and personal determine quality of life three months after THA. admissions of wrongdoing. Participants were job The sample consisted of patients undergoing applicants from four countries: Israel (N = 4896), THA for the first time. The participants had to fill Mexico (N = 6261), Ukraine (N = 4700), and out questionnaires immediately before and Colombia (N = 2268). These samples were three months after the intervention. Data about chosen to represent four culturally distinct optimism (LOT-R) and illness perceptions (IPQ-R) country clusters. The data were analyzed using were collected prior to the surgery while data multidimensional scaling and multiple group about quality of life (EQ-5D) both pre- and confirmatory factor analysis techniques. While postoperative. One hundred and forty patients reliability analyses showed that the integrity test were included in the investigation, with a mean is consistently scored across the four countries, age of 56.3 (SD = 12.6), 65% being female. multidimensional scaling and factor analysis Gender differences were found in the specificity found significant differences between the four of quality of life, women having lower ratings countries. This study goes beyond previous both before and after surgery. Multiple linear research, which has found the extent of regressions were used to calculate the relative dishonest behaviors to differ cross culturally effect of optimism, illness perception and age on (Doh et al., 2006), by suggesting that the very the postoperative outcome. The outcome in

1183 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology women was determined by optimism and less likely to report experiencing two or more personal illness control, explaining variance of weeks of feeling depressed at both two and six 27%, while in men illness consequences and age months whatever their depression status (six were the most relevant factors, explained month figures: 16% quitters versus 34% failed, variance being 36%. In the whole sample, 37% non attempters). Overall, there was a optimism, illness identity and age accounted for decrease in depressive symptoms between postoperative quality of life, explaining 20% of baseline and six months, which was attributable variance. Our findings indicate that optimism to successful quitters reporting less depressive and illness perceptions are important predictors symptoms and this was not related to of quality of life after THR surgery. Thus the depression status. At both follow-ups, around results highlight a meaningful starting point for ten percent of participants reported a significant further design and evaluation of patient’s increase in depressive symptoms to training in order to enhance recovery after major/severe levels. This was not statistically surgery. associated with whether people had quit or not, but was related to depression status, ie. more Keywords: optimism, illness perceptions, quality of likely among current depression group (18%) life, surgery recovery, illness identity versus past (11%) or no depression (5%). Quitting smoking was associated with improved mood and was not reliably associated with Is quitting smoking bad for your mental precipitation or exacerbation of MDD. The health? Reports of depressive symptoms findings allay concerns about the safety of among quitline callers with and without a depression history quitting for smokers with a depression history and have resulted in quitline policy and practice changes. SEGAN, C. (University of Melbourne), WILHELM, K. (St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney), BHAR, S. (Swinburne University of Technology), BORLAND, R. Keywords: major depressive disorder, depression (The Cancer Council Victoria), HANNAN, A. (The history, quitting smoking, mood, depression Cancer Council Victoria), FERRETTER, I. (The Cancer Council Victoria) Is Rugby bad for your intellect? The effect of repetitive mild head injuries on Many clinicians and scientists believe smoking the neurocognitive function of university cessation increases the risk of Major Depressive rugby players Disorder (MDD), particularly among smokers with a depression history. This study tested this SMITH, I. (St John of God Health Care), hypothesis within the context of a state-wide SHUTTLEWORTH-EDWARDS, A. (Rhodes University), quitline callback service that offers a specialised RADLOFF, S. (Rhodes University) service for depression-history smokers. Three groups of smokers were followed over six The objective of this study was to compare months: 1) Disclosed current depression to university level players of Rugby Union quitline, ie. doctor diagnosed depression and use (hereafter rugby) with non-contact sport of anti depressant medication or depressive controls in order to identify indications of episode within last 6 months, n = 199; 2) neurocognitive deficit amongst rugby players in Disclosed past depression, ie. prior doctor association with long-term participation in the depression diagnosis, no use of anti-depressant game. A non-clinical population of top team medication or depressive episode within last 6 university rugby players (n = 27) and university months, n = 120; 3) No depression history level non-contact sports controls (n = 18) were disclosed, n = 483. Telephone interviewers tested at pre-season and post-season on the contacted participants at baseline (ie. following ImPACT test, Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A initial call to quitline), two months (74% and B), and Digit Span Backwards and Forwards. response rate, no differential drop-out) and six The comparative groups were evenly distributed months (70% response rate, no differential drop- for race and language, and broadly equivalent out). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for age, education and IQ, although rugby measured depressive symptoms. Quitters were players had a history of more concussions than

1184 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology controls (p = .001). All neurocognitive measures event gave them an opportunity to meet other were subjected to repeated measures two-by- pet owners, share information, relax, have some two factorial ANOVAs, and effect sizes were community involvement and learn about pet calculated. Results revealed significant lowering ownership. They thought it was a positive for rugby players relative to controls at the post- activity for everyone (pet owners and non-pet season interval for attentional tasks with a owners) in the community. The event speeded visuomotor component (ImPACT Visual encouraged dog ownership and gave people a Motor Speed; TMT A and B). There was a chance to think about the responsibilities of pet practice effect for controls only between the pre ownership. It was felt that the Dog Runs were a and post-season intervals for attentional tasks positive activity but not easy to set up. The area that commonly reveal improvements after a long was viewed as a community meeting place and a retest interval (TMT A and B; Digits Backwards). chance to exchange ideas and the event Medium to large effect sizes were demonstrated enhanced social networking and built social in respect of the obtained significant results. It capital. Due to the pet boom in Japan, local was concluded that clinically relevant cognitive governments and their citizens are under vulnerability was implicated for university level pressure to accommodate the growing number rugby players in association with years of of pet needs. The Dog Runs had many benefits exposure to repetitive concussive injury. but it was difficult to evaluate the overall positive effect within the community. Keywords: repetitive concussive injury, neurocognitive deficit, trail making test, digit span Keywords: pet ownership, dog owners, Japan, dog backwards and forwards, cognitive vulnerability runs, community

Japanese pet ownership psychological Job burnout, job satisfaction, and and social challenges turnover intention: The moderating role of conscientiousness KIKUCHI, K. (Teikyo Heisei University), OSADA, H. DAI, H. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking Due to a congested population, many dog University), KONG, H. (Luxottica Group), YU, Z. (Luxottica Group) owners in Tokyo have trouble when they let their dogs off the leash. Dog owners want to build a leash free area for their dogs, and The aim of this research was to estimate the volunteers and the local government started prevalence of burnout and the level of job trial community Dog Runs in 2007. We satisfaction and turnover intention among conducted surveys at these events during 2008 production line workers, and to examine and 2009 and evaluated the potential of conscientiousness as a moderator of the community “Dog Runs” based on participants relationship between job burnout, job feedback. The location was in the southwest satisfaction and turnover intention. part of a Tokyo suburb at a public park, next to a Questionnaires were sent to front line workers river bank and walking path, with an area of who participated voluntarily. The sample 7500m2, surrounded by a plastic fence. Visitors consisted of 526 production line workers who to the event agreed to participate in the survey were surveyed for their job burnout, job and we handed out survey papers to each dog satisfaction, turnover intention and owner. The survey points were; demographics, conscientiousness. Hierarchical regression was living area, usual dog walking area, event performed using job burnout, conscientiousness, information access, user evaluation, and and the product of them as explanatory comments. Approximately 60% of the 81 variables, and job satisfaction and turnover participants were female. Most of the intention as the outcome measures. The results participants were around 40 years of age, lived showed that job burnout was not related to job nearby and used the area for walking their dogs. satisfaction for those low in conscientiousness, Participants acquired information from various but for individuals high in conscientiousness, sources including posters, word-of-mouth, those who were higher in job burnout were leaflets and visually. Participants felt that this lower in job satisfaction. In addition, those high

1185 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology in job burnout had high turnover intention, and tasks and on extra-role tasks. Job crafting may the relationship between the two variables was be an important means to keep employees stronger for those high in conscientiousness motivated because they can craft tasks or than those low in conscientiousness. This study responsibilities they find interesting. For an has shown a high turnover intention and a organisation this may be a time saving method moderate prevalence of burnout and job to invest in the work enjoyment of their satisfaction among production line workers. The employees. As a consequence, this study results also indicate that employees with high showed that employees who enjoy their work conscientiousness would be more adversely more perform better on their own tasks but also affected by job burnout than those with low on tasks that are not prescribed in their jobs (i.e. conscientiousness. extra-role).

Keywords: job satisfaction, burnout, turnover Keywords: job crafting, job performance, intention, conscientiousness, production line autonomy, work variety, self-efficacy workers Job insecurity and employees’ job Job crafters perform better because they performance, and well-being: The enjoy their work more: Test of a double moderating effect of supervisor support mediation model CHEN, J. (Peking University), WANG, H. (Peking TIMS, M. (Erasmus University Rotterdam), BAKKER, University), LU, C. (Peking University) A. (Erasmus University Rotterdam), DERKS, D. (Erasmus University Rotterdam) Job insecurity is becoming one of the serious stressors in the workplace, especially during the In this study it is investigated whether one current times of economic crisis. The present aspect of job crafting, namely increasing one’s study aimed to examine the relationships among structural job resources (autonomy and variety) job insecurity and job performance, and well- leads to better in-role and extra-role being, and focused on the moderating effect of performance mediated by work enjoyment. Job perceived supervisor support (PSS). A self- crafting is operationalised as the self-initiated administered questionnaire survey method was changes that employees make in their own level used to collect data from 387 subordinate- of job resources. Job resources are seen as those supervisor dyads in diverse Chinese work characteristics that enhance work organisations, and employees’ job performance performance, individual growth and learning and was rated by his/her supervisor. A series of buffer against the negative effects of high job hierarchical regression analyses were conducted demands. Furthermore, we investigated the role for data analyses. The results showed that job of state self-efficacy as a predictor of job insecurity was negatively associated with both crafting. We performed a diary study in which 35 job performance and well-being. Moreover, PSS employees participated. They filled out short buffered the relationship between job insecurity questionnaires during five successive working and job performance. Specifically, employees days, which led to 175 data points in total. With with higher PSS would react less negatively to this amount of data points there is enough job insecurity than those with lower PSS. power to investigate the hypothesized model. A However, PSS did not have any moderating diary study enables us to study whether the effect on the relationship between job insecurity hypothesized relationships also hold on day- and well-being. The present study revealed that levels. The results of this study support our job insecurity had emerged as one of the serious hypothesised double mediation: employees who job stressors which negatively impacted scored high on state self-efficacy on one day employees’ job performance and well-being in were also more likely to craft more job resources the Chinese context. Furthermore, supervisor on that day. This increased level of autonomy support was found to be an important resource and variety in turn enhanced their work to employees in resisting the adverse effect of enjoyment. Finally, employees who enjoy their job insecurity on job performance. work are more likely to perform well on in-role

1186 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: job insecurity, job performance, well- credible when a non-identification is made by being, supervisor support the eyewitness. No such interaction was observed on verdict and guilt ratings. These Juror perceptions of alibi evidence in the results are a further indication of the presence of a positive, foil or non-lineup overwhelming influence that eyewitness identification identification has on potential jurors' verdict decision, even in the presence of other evidence MARION, S. (Ryerson University), POZZULO, J. that, in the absence of eyewitness testimony, (Carleton University), BURKE, T. (Ryerson has been shown to influence verdict. University), DEMPSEY, J. (Carleton University) Keywords: alibi corroboration, eyewitness accounts, Recent research on alibi perceptions suggest juror perceptions, verdict, alibi believability that the believability of an alibi is highly dependent on the relationship between the Jyotir Dhyana - A pilot study in suspect and the corroborating witness, where an enhancement of immediate memory alibi corroborated by a stranger is perceived as more credible than one corroborated by a close K, H. H. V. S .S. N. (Banaras Hindu University) other. However, jurors also seem to be greatly influenced by an eyewitness’ positive lineup The aim of this research was to study the effect identification (ID) of a suspect. The purpose of of Jyotir dhyana in male college students. this study is to examine how the type of lineup Dhyāna is a Sanskrit word that is derived from identification decisions made by an eyewitness the verbal root dhyai which means to influences jurors' perceptions of more or less contemplate, to meditate, to think. It is the most credible alibi evidence. This study was a 3 common designation both for the meditative (eyewitness identification: positive ID versus foil state of consciousness and the yogic techniques ID versus non-ID) X 3 (alibi corroboration: no by which it is induced. In the Gheranda-Samhita corroborator versus family member versus (6.l-3), a celebrated text book of Hatha-yoga, it stranger) between subjects design. One hundred has been described that the dhyana is of three and eighty psychology students read a mock trial types viz. 1. Sthula (coarse), 2. Jyotir - (luminous) transcript of an attempted murder case. In the and 3. Sukshma - (subtle). Jyotir-dhyana is the transcript, an eyewitness testified to have made contemplation of the Divine as a mass of light one of three line-up identification types: 1) a either in the lowest psycho-spiritual center of positive identification of the defendant, 2) an the body, the muladhara-cakra or in the ajna- identification of a foil, or 3) a non-identification. cakra highest psycho-spiritual center. A pilot The trial transcript also included testimony study was conducted with 40 male college regarding the defendant’s alibi, which was either students (ranging from 20 to 30 years of age) 1) corroborated by a family member, 2) were taken from some departments of Banaras corroborated by a stranger, or 3) not Hindu University, Varanasi. First they were corroborated. The dependant variables included screened for immediate memory on immediate guilt ratings, verdict, and ratings of the memory digital span scale. Then the students credibility and reliability of the eyewitness, the were given training of jyotir dhyana on Ajna corroborating witness (when present), and the chakra and asked to practice regularly. After one alibi itself. Preliminary results suggest that month, the students were again rated on the although mock jurors perceive an alibi that is same scale. The results indicated that students corroborated by a stranger as more reliable and who received the training of jyotir dhyana credible than an alibi corroborated by a family showed the significant increase in the memory member or by no one at all, alibi corroboration span scale. On the basis of present study it is does not significantly influence verdict nor guilt concluded that jyotir dhyana enhances memory ratings. There was, however, a weak interaction and the power of concentration, probably by between alibi corroboration and eyewitness stimulating the Ajna Charaka (that is, the highest identification on jurors' perceptions of the psycho-spiritual center). reliability of the alibi corroborator's testimony. Family corroborators are perceived as most

1187 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: meditation, thought, contemplation, reflection of these in programs and policies may divine thought, concentration in fact be useful in engaging and managing Filipino workers in the global environment. More Kapwa in the workplace: A preliminary studies along these lines need to be attempted study of using cultural values for to further our understanding of Filipino work engaging Filipino workers culture.

MATTISON, H. (University of the Philippines Keywords: migration, global organizations, human Diliman), MENDOZA, A. (University of the resources, work environment, employee Philippines Dilman), YACAT, J. (University of the engagement Philippines Diliman), BOLANTE, F. (University of the Philippines Diliman), CANTILLER, J. (University of the Philippines Diliman) Ketamine as a model for semantic memory deficits in schizophrenia

Migration and outsourcing has placed Filipinos in NEILL, E. (Monash and Alfred Psychiatry Research many global organizations. As such, the need for Centre), ROSSELL, S. (Monash and Alfred Psychiatry understanding their culture and leveraging this Research Centre) to engage the Filipino at work is becoming more important in the global environment. The The glutamate/ketamine model is gathering purpose of the research was to examine the support as a useful adjunct to the dopamine understanding and use of core Filipino values hypothesis of schizophrenia (Javitt, 2007), one (malasakit, pananagutan and bayanihan) in reason being that ketamine is capable of eliciting organizations. Prior to this study, there have the cognitive deficits associated with this illness been few attempts to empirically validate the including those seen in semantic memory (Adler use of Filipino values in the workplace and how et al., 1998; Morgan et al., 2005). Two recent best to manage Filipino workers by reviews (Rossell & Stefanovic, 2007; Pomerol- acknowledging and utilizing their culture and Clotet, et al., 2008) have found larger than value system. In this preliminary study, five high- normal indirect semantic priming affects in performing Filipino organizations participated in schizophrenia suggesting an abnormality in ginabayang talakayan (GT) (indigenous focus implicit access to indirect relationships. In the group discussions) of groups of employees - one current study, implicit and explicit tasks were GT for staff levels and another for managerial employed to examine access to direct and levels. These were then supplemented by indirect relationships in the semantic network. interviews of their Human Resources Directors The purpose was firstly to see if the indirect or the person directly responsible for culture priming findings from the schizophrenia and organization development in the company. literature can be replicated in a ketamine group The questions for both methods centred around (providing support for the ketamine model) and their understanding of each value, how these secondly, to determine whether such values can be seen in the workplace, and how abnormalities are restricted to the indirect, these values are utilized by the company in implicit nature of the task or whether they are terms of human resources practices and more wide spread and detectable in explicit and programmes. The data collected was analyzed direct tasks. Should ketamine mimic using the KJ method. The data showed a schizophrenia deficits closely, then the answer consistent definition for each of the values, to the second question will help to determine generating a better understanding of malasakit, the nature of the semantic memory deficit in pananagutan and bayanihan. Human Resources schizophrenia. This was a double blind placebo policies and programs tended to vary between controlled cross over design. On one occasion, the organizations, but seemed to produce the participants received ketamine, on the other, same engagement and commitment of the saline. On each occasion, participants completed employees. The consistency of definitions for the a battery of semantic memory tasks along with three core Filipino values seems to indicate that measures of psychosis and dissociation. The the understanding of these among Filipinos is results showed statistically significant indirect deep seated. As such, the understanding and priming under the influence of ketamine but no

1188 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology significant indirect priming in the same team project, must be effectively coordinated. individuals in the placebo condition. In addition, To achieve this, team members need to have an ketamine only disrupted semantic access understanding of the strengths of each team significantly on indirect tasks. Priming effects member. In the current research, we propose under ketamine matched those seen in that team expertise knowledge is effective schizophrenia offering support for the ketamine because it can increase trust and reduce incivility model. Further, semantic memory deficits were among team members. Thus our study has found to be associated with indirect important managerial implications for team relationships regardless of the implicit/explicit management. nature of the task. Keywords: expertise, team management, collective Keywords: cognitive , glutamate trust, incivility, expertise ketamine model of schizophrenia, cognitive deficits, semantic memory, psychosis Knowledge, perceptions and use of sport psychology: A survey of Australian Knowing your team members: Its effects Football League (AFL) players on incivility and trust in work teams TEMBY, P. (University of South Australia) SUN, S. (National University of Singapore), LIM, S. (National University of Singapore) Research has found that elite athletes generally have positive attitudes towards sport The current study focuses on the functional role psychology, including a belief that mental skills of knowing team members in reducing incivility are important for training and competition and increasing trust in a team context. The study success. While sport psychologists are utilised by intends to extend the current literature by (1) Australian Football League (AFL) clubs, little is Examining incivility and trust in a work team known about AFL players’ knowledge, context, (2) Exploring the role of knowing team perceptions and use of sport psychology. The members’ expertise in reducing the occurrence aim of the study was to address this gap in the of incivility and increasing trust, and (3) literature by surveying elite-level AFL players in Examining the impact of incivility on collective these areas. One-hundred and sixty-one elite- trust. We adopt a longitudinal panel design. level AFL players took part in the study. Subjects are recruited from the student subject Participants completed a 94-item questionnaire pool of a business school in Singapore. As part of covering their knowledge of sport psychology, their coursework requirements, each student attitudes towards sport psychology (using the has to complete a term project in teams of six to Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised scale), eight students. Data was collected via online frequency of use of six techniques (self-talk, surveys which were administered at three time imagery, goal setting, relaxation, activation, points. Knowledge of expertise location was attention control), and perceived effectiveness measured at Time One (beginning of the term), of these techniques. Participants responded to incivility was measured at Time Two (middle of items on Likert-type rating scales or with the term), and trust was measured at Time qualitative comments. The survey found the Three (end of the term). We employed lagged majority of players reported having limited path analysis to examine our hypotheses. All the knowledge of sport psychology. Positive path coefficients are significant and in the attitudes towards sport psychology were found, direction as predicted. Knowledge of expertise including: confidence in sport psychology location is negatively related to incivility (b = - consultation, an interest in learning more about .10, p = .02), and positively related to both sport psychology, and taking part in mental skills cognition-based collective trust (b = .32, p < .01) training. Players reported using a range of and affect-based collective trust (b = .44, p < techniques, albeit infrequently and mainly for .01). In turn, incivility is negatively related to competition. Self-talk, imagery, and goal setting both cognition-based collective trust (b = -.13, p were used most frequently, and all six < .01) and affect-based collective trust (b = -.08, techniques were rated as being at least p = .04). Expertise, as a critical resource for a

1189 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology somewhat effective. This is the first known study lower estimation than the groups working in to comprehensively examine AFL players’ residential homes, and a higher level of knowledge, perceptions and use of sport perceived stress. Regarding the outcome of the psychology. The findings suggest AFL players intervention, the learning climate only at the have positive perceptions of sport psychology, home help services became significantly better. which is encouraging for the profession. Players’ To work in home help services seems to have a knowledge and use of sport psychology were negative influence on the learning climate, consistent with levels reported in previous which is not surprising considering the lack of studies with elite athletes. There is a need for opportunities to discuss everyday work activities practitioners to educate AFL players about the and specific problems when they occur. The benefits of using mental skills on a more home help services have specific working frequent basis. It is hoped the survey findings conditions that are not in line with the suggested will encourage further research in this area, and key factors in workplace learning; but that provide practitioners with information that can improved after the intervention. Choosing one be used to help AFL players to achieve their context over another may influence both potential on and off the field. research results an implications.

Keywords: attitudes, self-talk imagery, goal setting, Keywords: elderly care, work learning climate, sports' players potential, mental skills and elite home help services, residential homes, perceived sport stress

Learning climate and its effects on work Leaving two impressions: How do explicit outcomes and implicit attitudes form towards a new brand? HAUER, E. (Umea University), WESTERBAG, K. JANG, D. (Ajou University), KIM, D. Y. (Ajou University), OH, S. (Ajou University) In the present study the learning climate in elderly care in an average sized Swedish municipality, before and after an intervention, is The advertising paradigm is a means by which investigated. The intervention was part of the people form attitudes about a new brand. To programme “Steps for skill” and the basic idea investigate the formation of explicit and implicit was to build new infrastructures for learning and cognitions when consumers turn toward a new development in elderly care. In regards to the brand, participants were exposed to marketing results of “Steps for skill”, taking into account material of an unfamiliar brand in an unfamiliar different organizational levels but considering product category, in an experimental setting. In home help services and residential homes as one Study One, marketing material about a fictional context, the specific research questions were: brand of wine was introduced to participants in Are there differences between the two types of increasingly elaborate conditions (low, medium elderly care as well as between managers and and high groups plus a non-exposure control employees’ in their experience of the learning group), to explore the effect of elaboration on climate? How do the learning climate and its explicit and implicit attitudes. Study Two was a variables effects work outcomes? What is the replication of Study One, but using a real brand outcome of the intervention? Prior to, and one and a website as a source of information. Study year after, the development intervention Three was similar to Study Two, except that a surveys were distributed to 29 workplaces and competing brand was introduced. In Study Four, answered by 270 care assistants and 29 students were exposed to a supraliminal priming managers working in working in elderly care. The procedure, designed to artificially create sample consisted mainly of females (91%), the associations between the brand and positive average age was 43 years, and 13% had a valences. All studies used a mixed (between and university degree. Preliminary results show that within-pre/post) experimental design, and there is a difference between the two types of identical explicit (thermometer and semantic elderly care. When it comes to learning climate differential scales) and implicit (Implicit the groups working in home help services have a Association Test-based) measures. Study One

1190 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology showed that exposure to marketing material processing fluency. The sample consisted of 153 resulted in a cognitive preference towards the students from an English-speaking university fictional brand in the low, medium and high who were randomly assigned to two conditions exposure groups. Favorable affective evaluations that varied the direction in which a fictitious were seen only in the medium and high brand name moved across the computer screen exposure groups. Positive implicit preference (left-to-right and right-to-left). After watching toward the brand was not observed. Results of the moving brand name, participants were asked Study Two showed the same pattern. In Study to report their attitudes toward it, the difficulty Three, the introduction of an additional, with which they were able to process it unfamiliar competing brand resulted in (processing disfluency—direct measure of favorable cognitive preferences, but no affective fluency), the strength with which they were or implicit preference toward either product. engaged in the evaluation (strength of Study Four showed that creating an artificial engagement—indirect measure of fluency), and association toward a product formed cognitive, the extent with which they felt right (feeling affective and implicit preferences toward the right—indirect measure of fluency). Consistent primed brand. In conclusion, being exposed to with our predictions, the brand name moving marketing material about a new brand can left-to-right was liked more than the same brand create positive cognitive attitudes, but positive name moving right-to-left (t=1.99, p<.05). affective attitudes may require greater Mediation analysis (Baron & Kenny 1986) elaboration or presentation in isolation. showed that “feeling right” experience drove Furthermore, a single exposure does not lead to participants’ liking toward left-to-right vs. right- positive implicit attitudes. In contrast, repeated to-left moving brand name (Sobel z=2.42, p<.05). associations between a brand and positive In addition, neither processing disfluency nor experiences could be effective in enhancing strength of engagement was correlated with explicit attitudes through the perception of motion direction (r=-.05, p>.10; r=.11, p>.10 validation of marketing materials, whereas for respectively). In sum, our results support that implicit attitudes, they could be effective viewers like an alphanumeric stimulus more through the strengthening of associations when the direction of its motion matches rather between a brand and positive concepts. than mismatches their habitual reading direction, and feeling right experience underlies Keywords: explicit and implicit cognitions, attitudes, this effect. Indirect instead of direct measure of marketing, affective evaluations, repeated fluency being qualified as the mediator may associations suggest processing fluency drives this effect in a nonconscious manner. Leftward or rightward: Does matching horizontal stimulus movement with Keywords: field of vision, motion direction, reading, habitual reading direction improve alphanumeric stimulus, reading direction evaluations? Levels of dual-goal expectancy determine LI, E. (The University of Sydney), BRILEY, D. (The strategies of effort allocation University of Sydney) MAN, C.Y. (Chinese University of Hong Kong) People frequently encounter alphanumeric stimuli that move across the field of vision As multitasking becomes an everyday-life horizontally. This research examines whether phenomenon, learning the dynamic processes by the direction of motion - leftward or rightward - which multiple goals are pursued is essential. affects processing and evaluations of such This is especially true because performance stimuli. In particular, it is predicted that when inevitably suffers from competing goals that the direction of motion coincides rather than exceed individual resources. Hence, this study conflicting with the viewer’s habitual reading aims at investigating how multiple-goal pursuit direction (e.g., left-to-right for English speakers), may be possible by exploring how effort is evaluations of the alphanumeric stimulus should allocated to competing goals. Specifically, it be more positive - an effect that is driven by

1191 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology expands Schmidt and Dolis’ (2009) theoretical SINGH, A. P. (Government Maharani Laxmi Bai Girls model of dual-goal expectancy to include goal P.G. College), TYAGI, P. (Government Maharani importance. Different levels of dual-goal Laxmi Bai Girls P.G. College) expectancy enact different regulation strategies, resulting in different effects of perceived Aging is virtually a universal phenomenon. The progress and goal importance on effort world community seems to have become allocation, which correspond to control theory increasingly aware of the multifarious issues that and expectancy theory respectively. This study surround the life of the old. This concern is tests all predictions in a laboratory setting using attributed to the swelling up of their number in unobtrusive measures of effort allocation across the population inhibiting this globe in recent multiple goals in multiple performance episodes. decades and its consequential demands for Sixty university students were required to health, mental health and care, in the fast perform two secretarial tasks on which they changing society, under the influence of modern were free to allocate time. They were randomly forces of change. Quality of life (QOL) is a holistic assigned into one of six conditions: two levels of concept. QOL is defined by WHO as an cumulative goal difficulty (high and low); and individual’s perception of their position in life in three types of incentive structure (reward for the context of culture and values system in the first, the second, and both tasks). which they lie and in relation to their goals, Participants performed five, six-minute trials, in expectations, standards, and concerns (WHO between which they completed self-report QOL group, 1995). UNICEF used the “life skill” as measures including Goal Progress, Goal psychosocial and interpersonal competencies in Expectancies, and Goal Importance. In addition, a person that enable him/her to deal effectively Effort Allocation and Performance were the two with the demand and challenges in everyday life. main dependent variables. Effort is The impotence of the ‘healthy community’ operationalised as the amount of time spent on concept has been recognized as an emergent tasks. Performance refers to the degree of task field of research to understand the linkages accomplishment. Statistical procedures were between human survival, the ecosystem and employed to test the mechanisms involved in wellbeing. The concept of wellbeing has been how dual-goal expectancy affects effort used as the state of being healthy, happy or allocation and performance. In support of the prosperous. The community wellbeing is an research hypotheses, preliminary results reveal emerging concept that needs exploration that cumulative goal-difficulty partly determines through empirical research to understand the dual-goal expectancy, whereas incentive indicators of wellbeing and building empathy, structure determines goal importance. The understanding, security and psychosocial effects of relative progress and incentives on conformity by living together in a social effort allocation seemingly vary when the level community. The present study focuses on of dual goal expectancy differs. This implies exploring life skills which enhance quality of life different effort regulation strategies are among the old who are living in a small enacted. In addition, effort allocation predicts community and leads to community wellbeing performance in a positive direction. Using an and attributions to a positive life. The sample unobtrusive measure of effort allocation in a consists of 50 (70 to 80 years old) male and laboratory setting, the study investigates effort female randomly selected from Aasara old age allocation involved in competing-goal pursuit. It home (multicultural) in Bhopal M.P. India. A life conceptualises the role of dual-goal expectancy skill questionnaire was developed and as enacting different self-regulation strategies. administered to find out the correlation Theoretically, this conceptualisation helps shed between life skills and quality of life. The two light on reconciling theoretical propositions. way interaction between gender and age reflected a significant difference in type of life Keywords: dual-goal expectancy, effort allocation, skills and quality of life style. Positive life skills multitasking, goal importance, performance enhance quality of life. The quality of life contributes to community wellbeing. Life skills for quality of life at old age: The need for community wellbeing

1192 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: ageing, quality of life, community courses. These findings may have implications wellbeing, life skills for the effectiveness of identifying female undergraduate students who are at risk for Links between short-term trajectory of further evaluations, and for the selection of depressive symptoms and effortful intervention targets and strategies. control Keywords: effortful control, executive function, TAKAHASHI, Y. (Japan Society for the Promotion of depression, temperament, developmental Science /Keio University /University of Illinois / trajectories of depressive symptoms Urbana-Champaign), OKADA, K. (Tokyo Institute of Technology), HOSHINO, T. (Nagoya University) Listening to the heart of Indonesian students toward university counseling Effortful Control, one of temperamental service dimensions, is defined as the efficiency of executive attention, including the ability to SETIAWAN, J. L. (Universitas Ciputra) inhibit a dominant response and/or to activate a subdominant response. Previous studies have Young people face many new experiences during reported that Effortful Control was negatively their study at the university. These experiences correlated with depressive symptoms. However, not only challenge students’ level of little is known about the links between Effortful development, but also bring risks of Control and the various short-term psychological distress. Some universities in developmental trajectories of depressive Indonesia provide a counseling service in their symptoms. The main goal of the present study effort to support students though their academic was to examine how Effortful Control life. This paper describes a study designed to contributes to the developmental trajectory investigate Indonesian undergraduates’ courses of depressive symptoms by using a perceptions relevant to a university counseling growth mixture modeling (semiparametric service. A self-report questionnaire measuring group-based approach). Japanese female students’ perceptions of their university undergraduate students (N = 90, Mean Age = counseling service was distributed to 778 19.82, SD = 3.44) completed the questionnaire undergraduates from two private universities in booklet including temperamental dimensions urban areas in Indonesia. Results showed that and depressive symptom items from Times One students had poor knowledge of the counseling to Four at weekly intervals. Short-term nature and service details. Students did not developmental trajectories of female show strong favourable perceptions towards the undergraduates’ depressive symptoms with university counseling service. The findings predictor variable (i.e. Effortful Control) were indicated that the publicity work of the modeled, and three latent classes were universities’ counseling service was not identified by model comparison: a relatively high adequate in getting across its message to level group (13.0%), a middle level group students. In fact, the inadequacy of the publicity (47.6%), and a relatively low level group (39.4%). of the universities’ counseling service was also Additionally, Effortful Control predicted class reported by students. University Counseling membership probability fairly consistently. Service in Indonesia should disseminate accurate Female undergraduate students with lower information about counseling nature and service Effortful Control tended to exhibit a relatively details so that students could have more high trajectory class of depressive symptoms. favorable perceptions towards the service. Although simple correlation analyses only Detailed findings and further implications of this showed that depressive symptoms were study will explored further in the paper. negatively correlated with Effortful Control, the results in the present study have additionally showed that depressive symptoms described Keywords: university counseling service, three different trajectory courses during four perceptions weeks, and that Effortful Control could predict the membership probability for these trajectory Lisu literacy, culture and identity

1193 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

BRADLEY, D. LittleCountersTM: Instilling number sense in free play The Lisu (sometimes called Yobin in India) are a tribal group living in China, Burma/Myanmar, LEE, J. (Wilfrid Laurier University), KOTSOPOULOS, Thailand and India, with a total population of D. (Wilfrid Laurier University), TUMBER, A. (Wilfrid nearly one million. About 2,700 are found in Laurier University) Arunachal Pradesh in the northeast of India. They have a strong group identity, and their Early mathematics representations such as language persists well nearly everywhere; but numerosity (1 unit or 2 units of something) have they also have a very positive attitude to second been linked to the acquisition of mathematics language learning, and many Lisu individuals are language, for example, the knowledge of count successfully bilingual or multilingual and perform words such as one and two (e.g., Jeong & Levine, well in education systems in all countries. Lisu 2005; LeFevre, Clarke, & Stringer, 2002). The aim has a well-designed orthography used in all four of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of countries, mainly by Christian Lisu who an early numeracy program, LittleCountersTM represent some 50% of the population; all those (Kotsopoulos & Lee, 2009) to increase the in India are Christian. There are various basic amount of mathematical talk used by parents materials available for teaching mother tongue during play with children between 12 and 28 literacy, including some specifically prepared by months old. The adult input of families (7 boys, 8 the community in India. Unfortunately, it is not girls) that have participated in the 5-session designed for effective transfer to learning any LittleCountersTM program was compared to that other orthography, though it uses roman upper of families (14 boys, 16 girls) that did not. The case letters: 25 upright and 15 inverted. The Lisu parent-child dyads engaged in a 30-minute orthography is mainly taught in churches and naturalistic free play session in their home using used for reading Christian books. This means a standard set of toys (e.g., five balls, eight car that there is little material of intermediate levels counters, ten animal counters, twelve Lego of difficulty, between basic readers and the blocks) which could be used and labeled in a Bible. Nearly all of the published literature is number of ways as well as two pop-up books on strongly Christian in its content; traditional Lisu colors, numbers and shapes provided. The adult oral literature is mostly unknown to Christians, speech was transcribed and coded for especially those who have been Christian for two mathematical input such as quantity words (how or more generations, like most of those in India. many, less than), cardinality (asking for the We have been printing and circulating various number of items in a set without counting), booklets of traditional Lisu oral literature such as counting words (one, two), counting objects in the Wedding Song and the New Year Song. an array or in sets, and ordering numbers. The Other booklets of traditional stories and proportion of mathematical input uttered in the proverbs are also planned. Thus, we are co- free play session by families which were not in opting the Christian orthography to maintain the LittleCountersTM program was two per cent traditional culture. This is well received, even by in terms of the total number of words spoken. In the pastors who might feel that such literature is contrast, the proportion of mathematical talk by inappropriate in its content. This may be families that participated in the LittleCountersTM because of a strong positive group identity, for program was 8.5 per cent. With socio-economic which Lisu language is a core value, and because status (SES) and age as covariates, our it builds on prior cultural knowledge and affirms preliminary multivariate ANCOVA revealed that their identity. The paper will discuss reasons for the differences in terms of the total frequency of the relative success of the Lisu in language mathematical talk between the two groups were maintenance and mother tongue literacy, and significant at the .05 level. Our findings suggest how this provides a springboard for content that parents can be taught to incorporate early learning and second language learning. mathematical language and instructional techniques effectively into their children’s play Keywords: Lisu, Yobin, literacy, second language time through the use of songs, games, stories, and movements in the LittleCountersTM program. This research is poised to make interesting

1194 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology contributions in understanding the acquisition of uncontrollable outcomes tend to associated with number sense by young children. higher levels of anxiety and heightened inhibition. Keywords: number sense, mathematics, early numeracy program Keywords: locus of control, sales prospecting, causal attribution, clientele-building, salespeople Locus of control and inhibited sales prospecting in a large multi-national Locus of control beliefs mediate the sample relationship between religious functioning and psychological health COYNE, T. (BSRP ASIA Pty Ltd.), BRYANT, T. (BSRP International Inc.), DUDLEY, G. (BSRP International RYAN, M. (RMIT University), FRANCIS, A. (RMIT Inc.) University)

This study examines causal attributions and the The present study investigated the correlational expectation of sales success across nations. We relationships and pathways of mediation hypothesised that salespeople expecting between health, religious functioning and locus outcomes to reflect their own actions are more of control (LOC) in order to explain the well- resilient when prospecting, but that the established link between religiosity and health. influence of causal attribution may vary across The sample consisted of 122 Christians (79 countries. Participants (194 366) from eight female, 43 male) who were predominately nations participated in the study. Each Catholic, ranging in age from 18 to 80 (M = participant completed a limited purpose 45.47, SD = 15.0). Participants were recruited diagnostic questionnaire designed to assess from churches in Melbourne, Australia, and clientele-building (sales prospecting) activity. An completed a questionnaire package measuring inventory of factors reported to influence sales (1) psychological and physical health, (2) the success were included. Two of the factors religious variables of awareness of God, consisted of endogenous attributions. Four were instability and impression management and, (3) exogenous. A 2x2x8 factorial ANOVA was God, internal and external LOC domains. completed to examine the effect of locus of Awareness of God and internal LOC were control on clientele-building and whether associated with better health, whereas external gender or country of residence moderated the LOC and instability were associated with poorer effect. A frequency analysis found that a health. God LOC and impression management significant component of the sample selected were not significantly associated with health. endogenous factors as being most important for Sobel tests were used to analyse mediation sales success, but the number of participants hypotheses. Internal LOC was found to mediate endorsing endogenous over exogenous factors the relationship between awareness of God and varied across countries. The factorial analyses better psychological health, and external LOC also indicated that participants selecting was found to mediate the relationship between endogenous success factors were significantly instability and poorer psychological health. The less likely to be reticent to make sales calls. results provide empirically robust explanations However, this result was also significantly for both the positive and negative influences of moderated by country of residence. This study religiosity on mental health. Such insights clarifies the importance of endogenous provide opportunities for future research and attribution in a large multinational sample of may be useful to counsellors. sales professionals. It also underscores the influence of locus of control on core customer- Keywords: locus of control, religiosity, religious building competencies such as prospecting. functioning, impression management, psychological Participants endorsing external factors as most health important to sales success also reported significantly higher levels of sales call reluctance. Loneliness and personal growth: The These results are consistent with earlier research mediation role of self-reflection which reported that perceptions of

1195 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

AU-YEUNG, C. (The Chinese University of Hong session. The scores were rendered to statistical Kong) analysis using t-test and correlation evaluations. The rural geriatric males were significantly Loneliness is recognized as a socially prevalent lonelier than their urban counterparts; and their phenomenon that has been described scores on GHQ were also significantly higher consistently as very painful, distressing, and indicating poorer general mental health. The disturbing. However, several researchers found latter was true across all the subscales, namely, that there are surprising positive outcomes of somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social loneliness like many other stressful and dysfunction, and depression. The family traumatic life events. Therefore the current interactions were comparable in the two groups, study examined self-reflection as a mediator except for leadership pattern wherein the rural between loneliness and personal growth. A total sample exhibited higher scores. In the rural of 150 undergraduates participated in the study sample loneliness was significantly correlated and were asked to completed questionnaires with all the measures of mental health and with including UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), the family interaction patterns on the whole, with Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) and Ryff specific emphasis on reinforcement styles and Scales of Psychological Well-Being (PWB). Self- cohesion in the family. Mental health was reflection was positively correlated with correlated with social support in the family. The personal growth and loneliness was significantly urban elderly too showed loneliness related to negatively correlated with personal growth and general mental health, but specifically with self-reflection. The significant relationship anxiety and insomnia; and with the role division between loneliness and personal growth was and leadership patterns in the family. Somatic significantly reduced in magnitude when self- complaints and depression were related to reflection was included in the model. The family interaction patterns especially to prediction that loneliness was significantly and reinforcement styles. Old age is a stage when positively linked to personal growth and self- generativity-integrity must prevail as the reflection in college students was not confirmed individual self-actualizes. However when in the current study. Results from regression loneliness sets in there is despair and analysis indicated that self-reflection partially dissatisfaction; and a predisposition to mental mediated the relationship between loneliness disorders. Family plays a vital role at this and personal growth. developmental stage especially in collective cultures like India. The paper highlights the dimensions of family interactions determining Keywords: loneliness, self-reflection, personal growth the wellbeing of the elderly, and the role of loneliness in mental health of the elderly. The implications for counseling are discussed. Loneliness, family interactions, and general mental health in the elderly Keywords: loneliness, family interactions, elderly people, general health questionnaire, well-being KAUR, H. (Punjabi University), KAUR, H. (Punjabi University), KAUR, A. (Punjabi University) Long-term training effects of a psycho- rehabilitation technique for the children The aim of this research was to study loneliness with disabilities: A cross-cultural study and its relationship with family interactions and general mental health in Indian rural and urban geriatric population. A sample of 38 rural and 42 KUMAR, S. (Chikushi Jogakuen University), KIM, Y. S. (Chosun University, Gwangju) urban males in the age range of 65 to 85 years (mean age: rural 68 years, urban 70 years) were assessed using the Perceived Loneliness Scale The aim of this research was to measure the (Jha, 1997), Family Interaction Pattern Scale long-term psycho-rehabilitation method Dousa- (Bhatti, Subbakrishna, Ageria, 1986), and the hou on the social interaction, behavior control, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (Goldberg, health maintenance, emotion expression, Williams, 1988), after a brief rapport forming initiation, speech and communication, and volunteer body movements of children with

1196 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology mental retardation, Cerebral Palsy, and Autism. would also have a feeling of guilt when The Questionnaire for Developmental Changes perceiving the comparison implicitly. However, if was administered among trainers and parents of one’s bad performance was discussed explicitly these children on the fifth camp day of psycho- in front of his mother, one would experience rehabilitation training. The psycho-rehabilitation strong feelings of anger, hostility, humiliation as method did support and promote health well as shame and embarrassment, but not guilt. maintenance most, emotion expression least, Overall, the results were consistent with the and the usual on initiative and appearance, cognitive perspective of self blame versus other volunteer body movements, speech and blame. When one’s bad performance was communication, behavior control, and social perceived implicitly, the emotions mainly interaction factors. In conclusion, the psycho- belonged to the self-blame category. Whereas, rehabilitation method was found to effectively when one’s bad performance was discussed promote health maintenance most, emotion openly, besides self-blame emotions, one also expression least, and the usual on initiative and experienced other-blame emotions. In general, appearance, volunteer body movements, speech the appearance of a family member could and communication, behavior control, and social strengthen the emotions one experienced in interaction factors, if they regularly practice of that context. Dousa-hou training and participate on average 3.6 times per week in camps in the Indian and Keywords: shame, self-esteem, losing face, self- Korean context. blame versus other-blame, perceptions

Keywords: children with mental retardation, Masculinity and alcohol use among young autism, cerebral palsy, psycho-rehabilitation model, men in Sarawak: Preliminary findings health maintenance

AMIT, N. (Monash University) Losing face and emotions: The effects of related factors in a social comparison context The objectives of this research in progress are firstly, to examine alcohol use among young men in Sarawak and secondly, to examine how they HAN, K. H. (Tamkang University) negotiate masculinity and its association with alcohol use. In this qualitative research, in-depth It is apparent that losing face causes distress. semi-structured interviews were conducted However, if we ask what feelings underlie losing among 20 young men (aged between 18-30 face, the answer seems to remain unknown. In years) from different ethnic groups in Kuching addition, face is a kind of social-contingent self- and Samarahan Divisions, Sarawak. Themes esteem. One could experience losing face and associated with masculinity and association different emotions due to different factors between masculinity and alcohol use were related to that specific context. This study analyzed based on grounded theory approach. focused on the effects of perception (implicit The results will be discussed in two sections. versus explicit) and if there was a family member Firstly, patterns of alcohol use among young in a social comparison context. Using scenario adults from different ethnic groups. Secondly, experimental method, this study manipulated themes related to young men’s negotiation of perception (implicit versus explicit) and whether masculinity will be discussed. Some of the the target person’s mother was (versus not) in masculine themes are being independent, that social comparison context. The results hardworking, responsible, and supportive; showed that if the message of “I’m not as good securing a working status; and following one’s as others” was perceived implicitly by oneself, cultural tradition. This discussion also includes the emotions one experienced were mainly association and disassociation with masculinity depression and shame. On the contrary, if the and alcohol use and elements of masculinity in message was discussed explicitly by others, the alcohol use as experienced by them. Some emotions were anger, shame and humiliation. In elements of masculinity in alcohol use are usage addition, if the target person’s mother was in of masculine-related images in persuading and the context, besides depression and shame, one

1197 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology challenging alcohol use among peers, masculine the tester gave a positive evaluation than images as portrayed by alcohol use, and role of without evaluation. On last task: 94.4% of all alcohol use in facilitating interaction between toddlers would carry out the difficult task and men and women. Nature and extent of alcohol had high persistence on it, but significant use among participants from different ethnic individual differences existed. Toddlers’ mastery groups and their conception of masculinity were motivation for a newfangled object with visual associated with their social and cultural context. and auditory feedbacks was strong. And they The limitations and direction of future research came to experience different emotions from will also be discussed. success and failure in mastery behavior. Positive behavior evaluation by adults could bring Keywords: young men, masculinity, alcohol use toddlers’ greater pleasure regarding on mastery. All of the above provide additional information to teachers and parents to promote toddlers’ Mastery motivation in toddlers: mastery and emotions. Characteristics and effects of behavior evaluation Keywords: mastery behaviour in toddlers, matery motivation, exploration feedback, positive ZHANG, X. (Northeast Normal University), LIU, S. behaviour evaluation, problem-solving (Northeast Normal University)

Materialism: Friend or foe? The link The aim of this research was to examine not only between materialism, subjective-well the general characteristics of mastery being and friendship motivation in toddlers, but also the effects of behavior evaluation on it. The method of situational experimenting was used to test 71 JANSSON-BOYD, C. (Anglia Ruskin University), SPIERS, R. (London Metropolitan University), toddlers with three game tasks, including ANSSON-BOYD, C. V. (Anglia Ruskin University) exploration-feedback, problem-solving, and challenge-preference, respectively. To measure effects of behavior evaluation, positive The aim was to investigate to what extent social evaluation by tester and test absent conditions support affects the relationship between were set for all tasks. Also, toy with visual and materialism and subjective well being (SWB) in auditory feedback and without feedback the United Kingdom (UK). The relationship conditions were also set for the first task to between materialism and SWB has been found examine characteristics of mastery motivation as to be intricate. Researchers have found there to a function of mastery object. The material used be either a positive (Sherman & Newman, 1978; for first task was a newfangled toy car, and it Diener et al., 1985) or negative (Belk, 1984; could give out various visual and auditory Kasser & Ryan, 1993) relationship between the feedbacks, when participants controlled it. The two. However, this has never previously been material for the second task was a shape explored in the UK. New sets of scales that matching board with different shapes of wooden measure social support, SWB and materialism fish put into it, and for the third task, were were developed. The scales were used to look at jigsaw puzzles of two levels, namely, easy and whether there is a positive or negative difficult. On first task: (1) the average time relationship between materialism and SWB in toddlers payed attention to the newfangled toy the UK, and if social support affects the was over 7.5 minutes with enjoyable emotion; relationship between materialism and SWB. The (2) there were more mastery behaviors in scales were merged on to one questionnaire toddlers on toy feedback condition than without that 173 participants filled in and completed. feedback; (3) more pleasure were derived by The results showed that there were significant toddlers from a tester’s positive evaluation than negative correlations between materialism and without evaluation. On the second task: (1) SWB, and between materialism and social toddlers were happier when they succeeded support. A multiple regression also found that rather than failed; (2) whether success or failure when controlling for social support the influence occurred, toddlers’ emotions were better when of materialism upon SWB was reduced in strength. From the results it can be concluded

1198 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology that materialists tend to feel less good about Western samples. The present study provides themselves. However, the decrease in SWB is the first evidence from on the effects of also affected by the lack of social support. With maternal power-assertive discipline on Turkish a better social network, materialists are less children’s cognitive and behavioral likely to report lower levels of SWB. This development. Findings of the study are supports previously conducted studies in other discussed with regard to Crick and Dodge’s countries. (1994) social adjustment and social information processing model. Keywords: materialism, social support, subjective well-being Keywords: sociocognitive development, maternal power-assertive disciplinary techniques, child rearing questionnaire, social perception, social Maternal power assertion: Its role in information processing social information processing and externalizing behavior in Turkish preschoolers Meaningful being in Australia: The experiences of young Sudanese- CANDAN KODALAK, A. (Koc University), Australians YAGMURLU, B. (Koc University), KUMRU, A. (Abant Izzet Baysal University) TIPPING, S. (max2im22), KAPLAN, I. (Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture, Inc.) The goal of the study was to investigate the relations between maternal power-assertive The aim of this paper is to provide an overview disciplinary techniques (both physical and non- of PhD research being carried out with the physical forms of maternal punishment), social Sudanese Diaspora in Australia. The project was information processing patterns (hostile interested in exploring the experience of attribution bias and aggressive response meaningful being from the individual’s selection), and externalizing behaviors in Turkish perspective while taking into account historical, preschool children. One hundred and fifty-eight social, political and cultural contextual factors. four year-old children attending different The study was hypothesis-generating. Semi- preschools in two cities of Turkey, their mothers structured interviews were conducted with 30 and preschool teachers, participated in the Sudanese-Australians aged 18 to 30. A non- study. They were followed throughout three random, snowballing, stratified technique was years. At Time One (four years-old), maternal utilised, with assistance from gatekeepers. Eight power-assertive child rearing was measured participants were re-interviewed two years after with self-reports (Child Rearing Questionnaire) the first interviews were conducted. A template and children’s social information processing analysis was carried out, followed by an skills were assessed via behavioral assessments interpretative phenomenological analysis on a (the Social Perception Task). At Time Two and sub-set of the interviews. While the study was Time Three (five and six years-olds), teacher focused on qualitative data, some quantitative ratings were utilized to measure children’s information was also collected enabling a externalizing behaviors (Eyberg Child Behavior comparison of the different types of data. Inventory and Child Behavior Checklist). Participants reported a broad range of internal Children’s responses to the Social Perception and external characteristics in contributing to Task were transcribed and coded into the life being experienced as meaningful in categories. All measures displayed high internal Australia. Education and family were reported as consistencies. Data were examined through the dominant sources of meaning in life. correlations and hierarchical multiple regression Personal beliefs (including cultural and religious analyses. Findings of the study revealed that beliefs) were also important. Peace at an maternal physical and non-physical forms of individual, relationship (e.g., family and punishment had varying effects on children’s community), and societal level (e.g., peace in social information processing skills and Sudan and Australia) were also key themes. externalizing behaviors. Results were mostly in Threats to the experience of life as meaningful line with previous studies conducted with were identified, including separation from

1199 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology family, difficulties overcoming gaps in education, sophisticated tests such as Symbol Digit conflict with teachers and between family Substitution, Decision Making Reaction Times members, encounters with discrimination, and and error rates in an everyday environment. isolation from members of the broader Multiple measurements can be made Australian community. The fulfilment of basic throughout the day without inconveniencing the needs, personal strengths and struggles, the patient. In conclusion, having an objective immediate social world, beliefs and values, and assessment of performance is very useful. Being systems and structures all play a prominent role able to make these assessments in the in the lives of young Sudanese-Australians. The workplace or in the home is especially so. This is results suggest that many young Sudanese- a useful tool in many areas of psychological and Australians maintain strong links to Sudan, both medical research. The authors are pleased to on a practical level through sending remittances share the technology with co-workers. to family remaining in Africa and on a symbolic level through the experience of identity. Future Keywords: psychomotor tests, performance research and project work adopting a appraisal, mobile phones, medical research, participatory approach could explore concepts reaction time of peace held by Sudanese-Australians, including the role of the Diaspora in the peace-building Measuring subjective workload using the process in Sudan. Further, there is also potential NASA-TLX: A qualitative analysis of sub- for a participatory peace-building project with scale interpretation young Sudanese-Australians, where attention is given to peace-building within and by Diaspora HOPLEY, L. (Defence Science & Technology communities. Organisation), CHADUNOW, C. (Defence Science & Technology Organisation) Keywords: Sudanese-Australians, meaningful being, Sudan, peace-building An operator’s perception of workload is considered a central concept within the field of Measuring performance: Introducing a human factors and ergonomics. One of the most hand held psychometric testing device widely-used, self-report measures of workload is the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX) (Hart & CURRIE, J. (Noarlunga Hospital, South Australia), Staveland, 1988). The NASA-TLX consists of six RUTHENBECK, G. (Flinders University) subscales (Mental Demand, Physical Demand, Temporal Demand, Frustration, Effort, and The aim of this research is to develop a small, Performance), the combination of which is robust, portable device to allow psychometric assumed to provide a generic measure of overall testing in a normal environment, away from the workload. Over 20 years since its original laboratory. The method involves a Nokia mobile development in the aviation field, the NASA-TLX phone being programmed to allow the user to has been favoured in a variety of research perform six standard psychomotor tests. All contexts for its simplistic administration and results are time and date specific and all data – ease of interpretation by respondents. Its reaction times, number of errors etc., are stored adaptation to vastly different fields of electronically in the phone’s memory. This is investigation has resulted in modifications to the directly downloadable to an Excel spreadsheet. original subscale descriptions, and in some The tests are: Symbol Digit Substitution, Simple circumstances, the subscales themselves. and Choice Reaction Times, Reaction time with However, the process of modification of the one decision-making step, Number Recall and NASA-TLX to better suit specific domains has not Finger Tapping Test. The units have undergone been well documented within the literature. The extensive trials and have been used in a busy aim of this presentation is to discuss a hospital to study ability to function before and methodology for adapting the NASA-TLX to after day surgery. No problems have been specific research domains, using vehicle encountered. The phones have survived much evaluation as a case study. Findings from an abuse including “drop tests”. It has been easy to exercise conducted with drivers of military land measure psychomotor performance using vehicles will be presented, which investigated

1200 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the range of workload definitions elicited from with reference to human factors principles of this unique sample group. A total of 42 drivers “user-friendly” design (e.g., using coloured provided descriptions of what a rating of ‘very bands to indicate physiological thresholds). low’ or ‘very high’ would mean to them within Participants were shown 48 observation charts each of the six workload subscales. The in a randomised order. Each chart design was qualitative data were analysed with NVivo to shown four times displaying physiological data identify consistent themes. The analysis revealed with at least one abnormal vital sign (e.g., an definitions consistent with the original NASA-TLX abnormally high blood pressure), and four times scale descriptors. However, themes relevant to displaying normal physiological data. the military driving domain were also identified Participants had to classify the physiological data within each subscale. These included driving on the charts as “normal” or “abnormal” as conditions, vehicle comfort, elements of quickly as they could. Decision accuracy and teamwork and level of vehicle autonomy. response time were the dependent variables. Eliciting definitions of the NASA-TLX subscales Initial results showed that chart design had a from a specific group is suggested as an initial significant effect on decision accuracy and step within a methodology for scale response time (both p < .001). For both modification. Further testing is required to measures, participants performed significantly ensure that any changes enhance the utility of worse on the “poor”, “average” and one of the the original scale within research. “well-designed” charts compared with the newly designed “user-friendly” charts (all p < .05). Keywords: subjective workload, operator’s Differences in the design of observation charts perception can affect chart users’ decisions regarding patients’ vital signs and the time it takes to make such decisions. Therefore, it is recommended Medical observation chart design affects that charts that are not well-designed be users’ decision accuracy and response discarded in favour of those that can empirically time regarding patients’ vital signs demonstrate their effective design. Improving the standard of observation charts in use in PREECE, M. (University of Queensland), PREECE, M. hospitals may improve the recognition of (The University of Queensland), HORSWILL, M. (The deteriorating patients. University of Queensland), HILL, A. (The University of Queensland), WATSON, M. (The University of Queensland & Queensland Health) Keywords: medical observation charts, chart design, patient deterioration Paper-based medical observation charts are the principal means of recording and monitoring Mental effort ratio: Assessing individual changes to hospital patients’ physiological data differences in subjective fatigue or vital signs (e.g., blood pressure, respiratory tolerance rate, heart rate). There is considerable variation in the design of observation charts in current AIDMAN, E. (Defence Science and Technology use, and a lack of empirical research on the Organisation and Kingston University London), performance of observation charts in general. CRAMERI, R. (Defence Science and Technology Improving the design of observation charts may Organisation) improve the early recognition of patients who are deteriorating. This study aimed to evaluate The series of studies reported here were aimed how accurately trained novices could detect at developing and validating a method of patient deterioration on 6 different observation estimating individual differences in subjective chart designs in use or in development in tolerance to fatigue and physical exhaustion. Australia. Six chart designs were included in the Since Borg’s (1970) invention of the Ratings of study. In a previous study, a heuristic analysis Perceived Exertion (RPE), both effort perception had classified one of the charts as being poorly (in short-term work) and perceived fatigue (in designed, one of the charts as being of average long-term work) have been considered as key design, and two charts as being relatively well- factors influencing physical performance and its designed. We also designed two further charts resourcing (cognitive and metabolic). The

1201 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology concept of mental effort tolerance (MET; Dornic, means of proportional stratified sampling. Adult Ekehammar & Laakasonen, 1991) has been Attachment Scale (Collins, 1996), God Image instrumental in generating cognitive Inventory (Lawrence, 1997) and Symptom Check explanations for the effects of effort perception. List 90-Revised (Deragotis, 1973) were Generally defined, MET represents the extent to administered to them. A Multiple Regression which the individual is able to tolerate subjective Analysis was used to analyze the data. Results discomfort when persisting in a difficult task indicated that students’ mental health could be (Dornic, Ekehammar & Laakasonen, 1991). predicted from their scores on quality of adult Following Borg’s (1973, 1982) discovery of attachment and their type of image of God. This exercisers’ ability to detect first signs of showed that students with anxious attachment perceived exertion, the proportion of exercise were lower in general mental health status as time after this detection has been found to be measured by the Global Severity Index (GSI) relatively stable (Ilyin, 1980; Aidman 1995) and score in the Symptom Check List 90-Revised. individually distinct. This proportion was termed However, students with a higher score on "mental effort ratio" (MER) and a psychometric dependence dimension of adult attachment procedure for its measurement has been were higher in mental health. This indicated that developed using a modified hypoxemic (breath- dependability and trustworthiness of holding) test. The paper will review a series of attachment figure is associated with mental studies with elite endurance athletes (Aidman, health. In addition, students who saw God as 1995, 2005; Miotti, 1996) and military personnel “accepting” were higher in general mental (Aidman & Crameri, 2006) that examined the health status as estimated by GSI in Symptom relationship between MER, endurance Check List 90-Revised. Moreover, analysis performance and health costs associated with it. revealed that married students were healthier Results to date confirm the validity of MER than singles. However, no differences were measurement in predicting important found between male and female students performance parameters, such as aerobic regarding their mental health status. capacity, at the high end of fitness range. It is Investigators concluded that a significant also useful in estimating health risks of relationship existed between quality of adult endurance training, such as metabolic attachment, images of God and mental health of inefficiency, overtraining and burnout. This college students, and mental health can be makes it an attractive practical addition to predicted from the quality of attachment and assessment protocols used for selection into type of image of God. physically demanding occupations. Potential applications and future development of the tool Keywords: image of God, quality of attachment, will be discussed. Adult Attachment Scale, Global Severity Index, Symptom Checklist 90-Revised Keywords: perceived exertion, mental effort tolerance, effort, subjective discomfort, physical Mini-markers in China: An empirical demands study for the use of mini-markers of the 'Big-Five' Mental health, image of God, and quality of attachment in college students YANGYANG, Z. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking University) GHOBARY BONAB, B. (University of Tehran), HADDADI KUHSAR, A. A. (University of Tehran ) Saucier’s ‘Mini-Markers’ are widely used in the ‘Big-Five’ measurement of personality, including The aim of the current research was to in the Chinese version. However, no one has investigate the relationship between mental before examined the validation of the Chinese health, image of God and quality of attachment version. This article examines the criterion in students of Medical Sciences universities. To validation of the Chinese-translated version of accomplish the stated goal, 513 students from Saucier’s Mini-Markers personality Tehran Medical Sciences University and Iran questionnaire. Participants were 492 students in Medical Sciences University were selected by a Human Resources class, who were mostly

1202 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology white-collar workers. Their personality and family climate, and work stress. The result of this several workplace criteria including justice, locus study showed that the already developed of control, and turnover intention, were measures widely used in other studies in measured. The Chinese-translated version of western cultures have low internal consistencies Mini-Markers was used as the Big-Five when applied within the Javanese-Indonesian measurement. The correlations between culture (more detailed results will be shown in participants’ Big-Five traits and the workplace the presentation). There is a need to adjust the criteria were calculated. The original personality developed measures to better suit the cultural scores were transformed into standard Z scores, context of the study population. Measurement and the correlation calculated using both of of Subjective Well Being (SWB), Gratitude, them. Many criteria were found to have good Acceptance, Family Climate and Work Stress will correlations with Mini-Markers scores including need to be modified to show better cultural procedural justice with conscientiousness, self- sensitivity. The modification may involve valued performance with agreeableness, changing the construct to include more conscientiousness with emotional stability, and culturally relevant factors. It may also be done job satisfaction with conscientiousness, by still using the same factors but replacing the agreeableness, and openness to experience. The items to better represent the reality within the validity and reliability of Saucier’s Mini-Markers specific culture. has been shown to be strong. As an abbreviated version of the Big-Five measurement, ‘Mini- Keywords: family structure, family disruption, work Markers’ saves time for researchers and assignment, cultural factors, work stress practitioners, and the English version has been widely used. This article shows that the Chinese Mood and false memories for end-of-life version is also reliable and valid and can be used treatment decisions as a convenient tool in the workplace.

SHARMAN, S. (Deakin University) Keywords: personality, big five model of personality, mini-markers, Chinese, saucier When people prepare medical "Advance Directives" to say which life-sustaining Modification of measures on the effect of treatments they do or do not want, they later long distance work assignment on the change their minds about many treatments—but personal, family and work domain to fit do not realise it. Instead, they falsely remember into Muslims' cultural contexts in that their old directive reflects their current Indonesia preferences. The current experiment investigated the effects of people’s mood on ZULAIFAH, E. (Leipzig University) their decisions about medical treatments and on their false memories for their previous decisions. The aim of this study is to develop models of Participants took part in two sessions. At Time explanation on the phenomena of family One, they were experimentally induced into structure disruption as a result of job demand. positive or negative moods. Participants then The results of the study are expected to be decided which life-sustaining treatments they beneficial for developing a more family friendly would want if they were seriously ill, such as policy regarding work assignment. The study is tube feeding if in a coma. Four weeks later, at focused on finding a predictive relationship Time Two, participants made these decisions a among variables in different domains: individual, second time. After making their second round of family and work. In the first stage, this study decisions, they were asked—in a surprise test— tests some already developed measures, to see to recall their previous decisions. Participants how they fit into the Indonesian cultural context. changed their minds about 16% of their The study used a survey method for families. A decisions; for example, saying that the first time total of 94 families in and around a city in south they did not want life-sustaining treatment and central Java were included in this preliminary saying that the second time they did. As study. The measures involved in this study are predicted, people in negative moods at Time subjective well being, gratitude, acceptance,

1203 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Two changed more of their decisions (24%) than examined. In total, 484 students participated, those in positive moods (10%). When coming from each semester between first and participants changed their minds, they failed to tenth (please note, the medicine academic realise that they had done so for almost a third program is divided into twelve semesters and of their decisions. Overall, participants falsely the eleventh and twelfth correspond to a year of remembered that 31% of their previous internship). Students from seventh and eighth decisions were the same as their current semesters constituted the intentional, non- decisions. Participants in negative moods at probabilistic sample to test the validity and Time Two falsely remembered more of their confidence of the instrument. Significant decisions (36%) than those in positive moods differences were found in four out of the five (27%). These findings suggest that people’s variables studied, with a significance level of .05. current moods influence whether they change We observed that moral reasoning had a non- their treatment decisions; current decisions in lineal progression pattern; it depicts particular turn bias recall of past decisions. Those directly routes and several itineraries. Moreover, we involved with end-of-life care, such as noticed that different clinical situations entailed policymakers, physicians, nurses, and chaplains dissimilar moral reasoning which did not follow should be informed that people often change those ideals usually offered by static theories. their minds about past treatments without realising and that these changes are more likely Keywords: moral reasoning, medical students, to occur when people are in negative moods. altruism, role adoption, duty of care Steps may then be taken to encourage patients’ accurate recall of their previous decisions— Motivation and rationality of robbers: perhaps through eliciting more positive moods— The application of Apter’s reversal as they consider whether or not they actually theory in street crime analysis want to change their minds.

PIOTROWSKI, P. (Jagiellonian University) Keywords: end-of-life care, advance directives, life- sustaining treatment choice, treatment decisions, false memory of decisions This article deals with the issues of motivation and rationality of agents of street robbery. Most robberies are triggered by impulsive juveniles Moral reasoning in clinical practice and who have no intention of committing a crime or medical education in the Pontificia engaging in a thorough analysis of its gains or Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá, Colombia) Category “Altruism and risks (de Haan & Vos, 2003). As the reversal dignity, beneficence, confidentiality and theory supplies explanation to irrational and duty-of-care” paradoxical behaviour (Apter, 2001), an attempt has been made to apply this theory in the analysis of crime. The author conducted semi- DIAZ-AMADO, E. (Universidad Javeriana), MELO, H. structured interviews with 107 agents of street E. (Xaverian University), CELY, L. C. (Xaverian University), OBANDO, F. S. (Xaverian University), robberies (of whom 55 were underage and 52 GUEVERA, C. L. (Xaverian University) were of age). The results allowed us to define a three-type typology of street robbers: “the rational” ones, those of “bounded rationality”, This research aimed to characterize the moral and “the irrational” ones. The street robbers in reasoning of medical students at the Xaverian the first group act purposefully and University, Bogotá, Colombia. We analyzed the systematically. The second group - the so-called relation between five moral categories/domains “bounded rationality” street robbers - act under (altruism, contract-confidence-justice in the the influence of alcohol or drugs, or are affected exchange, consciousness, decentering of self- by debilitating factors, such as group pressure, interest and role adoption) and four relevant and various aspects ensuing from the bioethical categories (dignity, beneficence, participation in “street culture”. The third group confidentiality and duty of care). In this (encompassing about 30% of the total of presentation the relationship between altruism subjects) is that of irrational street robbers, who and the aforementioned bioethical categories is

1204 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology committed crime without any forethought, with to change and engagement in treatment. no motive of a material gain and with no prior Participants (aged 18 years and over) with calculation of profit or risk. Their motives are moderate to severe TBI are being randomly unclear to external observers inasmuch as they assigned to one of three treatment conditions to are obscure to the robbers themselves. Apter’s evaluate the relative effectiveness of: (1) Up to reversal theory was adapted to the analysis of three sessions of MI followed by CBT (MI+CBT) their behaviour. In the perspective of this as compared with (2) CBT only and (3) treatment theory, it transpires that a process of decision- as usual (Control). Assessment includes a making relating to the act of robbery should not structured clinical interview to determine be described solely within cognitive categories psychiatric diagnoses; self-report measures of but extend to include paratelic dominance and anxiety, depression, psychosocial functioning the relation with felt arousal – hedonic tone. and coping style; and measures of memory, Numerous cases of “irrational robbery” go along executive functions and premorbid intellectual one of two patterns: maintenance of a high level functioning. Both interventions (CBT and MI) are of arousal in a paratelic state or a meta- guided by manuals adapted for participants with motivational state reversal that entails TBI, with an emphasis on flexibility to tailor aggressive behaviour. The analysis of street therapy to individual clients’ needs and cognitive robbery in the light of a three-type typology difficulties. The study is in progress. Preliminary gives rise to significant implications, both outcome data suggest positive treatment theoretical and practical. Essentially, it affects response in participants who received MI + CBT the understanding of criminal motivation, and or CBT only. Observations from individual case creates new perspectives for effective studies indicate a high comorbidity of depression correction, which focuses on the roots of crime. and anxiety in this sample, and highlight the challenges in assessing and treating psychiatric Keywords: rationality of street robbery, criminal disorders following TBI. Feedback from motivation, juvenile offending, hedonic tone, risk participants highlights the importance of decision-making therapeutic alliance in treatment engagement. The study results will inform clinical practice by providing evidence about relative effectiveness Motivational interviewing with cognitive-behaviour therapy for anxiety of interventions for individuals with TBI who and depression following traumatic suffer from anxiety/depression. Given the strong brain injury association between psychiatric disorders and functional outcome, effective psychological treatments are required to provide a means of HSIEH, M.Y. (Monash University), PONSFORD, J. (Monash University; Epworth Hospital; & National enhancing psychosocial outcomes for this group. Trauma Research Institute), WONG, D. (Monash University), SCHÖNBERGER, M. (Monash University Keywords: brain injury, depression, anxiety, & Epworth Hospital), MCKAY, A. (Monash motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural University & Epworth Hospital) therapy

There is strong evidence that Traumatic Brain Motor performance in autism and Injury (TBI) leads to psychiatric disorders, most Asperger's disorder: Is there a commonly anxiety and depression, which relationship between motor dysfunction increase in frequency over time and are and communication disturbance? associated with poorer functional outcomes. This study aims to develop and evaluate in a PAPADOPOULOS, N. (Monash University), randomised controlled trial, a Cognitive RINEHART, N. (Monash University), TONGE, B. Behaviour Therapy (CBT)-based anxiety and (Monash University), BRADSHAW, J. (Monash depression treatment program adapted for a University), SAUNDERS, K. (Southern Health), community sample with moderate-severe TBI. It MURPHY, A. (Southern Health), MCGINLEY, J. also aims to evaluate the application of (Murdoch Research Institute) Motivational Interviewing (MI) as preparatory intervention, focusing on increasing motivation

1205 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The aim of this study was to identify the verbal communications. In application, the neuromotor profile of children diagnosed with model could help speakers to control their autism and Asperger’s Disorder and to examine personality impressions in their speech, and the relationship between motor difficulties and artificial voices to be synthesized with desired emotional behavioural disturbance, severity of and distinct personality impressions. The speech autistic symptoms and communication stimuli were synthesized from the original disturbance in children with Pervasive speech sound using STRAIGHT algorithm. Developmental Disorders. The Movement Prosodic features such as speech rate, pauses, Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) was and intonation-contours were systematically administered as a measure of motor proficiency, manipulated to synthesize the continua of and the Developmental Behavioural Checklist speech stimuli for each prosodic feature. This (DBC) as a measure of emotional behavioural study consists of three experiments disturbance in the following groups: Asperger’s corresponding to three prosodic features. In disorder (AD) (n = 22, mean age = 9.9 years, SD = each experiment, 100 to 200 participants were 1.6); High functioning autism (HFA) (n = 23, asked to rate their impressions on randomly mean age = 9.4 yrs, SD = 2.7); Low functioning presented stimuli from the continua for the autism (LFA) (n = 8, mean age = 9.8yrs, SD = 1.7) experiment using Big Five personality traits. and typically developing children (TD) (n = 20, Changes of each personality trait for each mean age = 9.9yrs, SD = 1.5). Results indicated prosodic feature were analyzed to construct a qualitative and quantitative impairments when model. The results indicated that each trait had comparing the HFA to the AD group. The HFA a distinctive change pattern, while reversed U- group performed worse on cerebellar motor shape patterns were their common items such as ball skills and balance compared to characteristics. In other words, each personality the AD group. As predicted the LFA group was trait could be estimated with a quadratic also shown to be quantitatively more impaired regression equation. In these equations, use of than the HFA group. Motor symptoms, in sensory scales, which were converted from particular cerebellar symptoms, were shown to physical scales, lead more accurate estimates. be associated with emotional/behavioural For example, intonation-contour showed clearer disturbance, autistic symptoms and U-shape in approximate equations with a communication disturbance. Results confirm sensory-scale (Mel-Scale) than with physical previous findings implicating the cerebellum as a scale (Hz). Further, by integrating these five likely source of motor dysfunction in children equations, the whole personality impression with autism and may also help to distinguish AD could be reconstructed. Because this set of the from autism. experiments utilized a sensory scale rather than physical scales, each personality trait could be Keywords: Autism, Asperger’s syndrome, estimated with more accuracy than previous Movement assessment battery for children, studies. Naturally reintegration of traits also Developmental Behavioural Checklist, Cerebellar showed more accurate approximate equations, motor items and this improvement increased the possibilities for applications. With these equations, one can Multidimensional relationships between synthesize speech sounds with artificial prosodic features of speech sound and personalities for certain purposes such as personality impressions answering machines and “audio-help” for the users of a certain product. In addition, this model provides some implications for implicit UCHIDA, T. (The National Center for University Entrance Examinations), UCHIDA, C. (Nagoya personality theory. One can train himself to Women’s University) speak with a variety of personality impressions using combinations of prosodic features for different personalities. This study suggests a model to explain the relationship between prosodic features and speaker’s personality impressions. This kind of Keywords: prosodic features, personality model is important because it would explain the impressions, synthesizing sounds, implicit personality theory, personality traits mechanism to formulate personal impressions in

1206 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Multilevel leadership for multilevel for leadership training as well as leadership health – an analysis of the multilevel culture in organizations. impact of transformational leadership on employee health and well-being Keywords: leadership, employee health, multilevel leadership, transformational leadership, well-being WOLF, S. (Technical University Dresden), NEBEL, C. (Technical University Dresden) Multilingual education of linguistic minorities in India: Strategies, Facing permanent changes and a growing applications and issues number of work-related strains leaders are faced more and more with the task to support and PANDA, M., MOHANTY, A. (Jawaharlal Nehru develop employee health and well-being in the University), HEUGH, K. (University of South work-context. Transformational leadership has Australia), PANDA, M. (Jawaharlal Nehru an outstanding role in this context. The positive University), BRADLEY, D. impact of transformational leadership on employee well-being is empirically well- Mother tongue (MT) based multilingual established by now (Arnold, Barling, Kelloway & education (MLE) of linguistic minorities has McKee, 2007). Additionally, the impact of become a global movement (Mohanty, Panda, transformational leadership works indirectly, Phillipson & Skutnabb-Kangas, 2009). However, meaning that leaders can positively influence application of psycholinguistic framework of attributes of the job or the company and bilingual education as well as MLE in diverse employees can benefit from those changes (Wolf societies raises complex issues in respect of & Nebel, in prep.). A systematic analysis of the cross-linguistic transfer of skills, pedagogic impact of transformational leadership on approaches to bringing in children’s MT and employee health and well-being on different cultural knowledge into MLE classrooms, and levels is missing until now. The current study socio-educational consequences of MLE. The shows additional hints for the multi-level impact paper presents data from different MT literacy of transformational leadership by concentrating and MLE programs for tribal children in India to on the preventive impact on team- and reflect on these issues. The findings in respect of company-levels. We focus on the impact of Bodo MT literacy in Assam, MLE programs in transformational leadership on the genesis of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, and a cultural team burnout regarding spill-over and cross-over psychology based intervention, MLE Plus, for effects. Subjective and objective data was children’s education, cultural identities, and collected from N = 1319 (40 teams). The revitalization of languages are discussed. The MT research methods employed were literacy program in Bodo and MLE programs in Transformational Leadership (MLQ-5 (German 18 other tribal mother tongues in Andhra version); Felfe & Goihl, 2006), Demand (FIT, Pradesh and Orissa are found to be promoting Richter et al., 2008), Control (SALSA, Riemann & better classroom achievement compared to the Udris, 1996), Self-efficacy (Jerusalem & early submersion education in dominant Schwartzer, 1999), Physical Complaints (GBB-24, languages. The MT based MLE programs have Brähler et al., 2004), Burnout (MBI-GS, Schaufeli positive impact on revitalization of language and et al., 1996), and Well-Being (WHO-Five, Bech et community attitude towards culture and al., 2003). Multilevel Analysis (HML) was language maintenance. The MLE Plus program in performed. The data was analyzed at the time. Orissa with intensive community based activities We hope to refer to the findings of Felfe, Franke and explicit focus on linking classroom learning & Korek (2009) who found transformational to children’s cultural experiences is found to leadership to be stress-reducing on the team have the most positive educational as well as level. We analyze whether the same or similar cultural impact. These programs in India offer processes can be found for reduction of burnout new insights on strategies and pedagogic on individuals and on the team level. We will principles of MLE. However, the sociolinguistic discuss implications of our findings for the complexities of Indian multilingualism raise prevention of burnout and will draw conclusions some issues in respect of scheduling of the second, third and other languages in MLE and

1207 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the need to develop suitable models of MLE for significant role of multitasking and interruptions children with multiple mother tongues in the in hospital work settings and demonstrate their same classroom. effect on well-being. Additionally we are able to give practical advices for work design with a Keywords: mother tongue, multilingual education, special consideration of the aging workforce. linguistic minorities, India Keywords: ageing workforce, multitasking, work Multitasking and work interruptions in interruptions, hospital work, coping strategies hospitals: Impact on employees' well- being, individual strategies, and Mumpreneurship: A “forced choice”? moderators MORRISON, R. (Auckland University of Technology), BAETHGE, A. (University Leipzig), RIGOTTI, T. HARRIS, C. (Auckland University of Technology), (University of Leipzig) HO, M. (Auckland University of Technology), LEWIS, (AUT University) In the last decades the complexity and intensity of work has increased. Employees have to deal Preference Theory (Hakim, 2000, 2002) and with a big amount of information coming from Institutional Theory (Baunach, 2002; Rubery & several channels. This circumstance results in an Fagan, 1995) are used to provide two theoretical increasing rate of work interruptions and frameworks to better understand the transition multitasking demands. The aim of this study is and motivation to enter into “mumpreneurship” to get an insight on the effect of multitasking for women who choose to depart from and work interruptions in real work settings on traditional employment and engage in well-being and to test the moderating effects of entrepreneurial pursuits after having a child. individual skills. We chose hospitals as the Five in-depth case studies are used to explore setting for our study, as jobs are characterized the lives of Mumpreneurs. The competing by a high rate of work interruptions. The sample influences of (a) genuine choice, versus (b) the of our study included male and female nurses of societal and structural demands which German hospitals. In a pilot study we contribute to these women’s decisions to depart interviewed 15 nurses and monitored their shift from “traditional” work and enter into to developing an instrument for measuring the entrepreneurship, are considered. Within this appearance of multitasking in hospital work context, the link between motherhood and the settings. The main study has been a daily diary entrepreneurial experience is illuminated study using handheld computers, using random through an exploration of how the mumpreneur event sampling methods to examine direct orients the activities of her enterprise to her effects of work interruptions and multitasking family, her child(ren) and her personal demands, as well as coping strategies over a aspirations. Findings suggest that the period of five working days. We examined the frameworks provided by both Preference Theory appearance of interruptions and multitasking, (which focuses on women’s choice, in affluent and parameters of well-being like mood and society, between family work and market work) irritation, and also considered individual mental and Institutional Theory (which suggests that the abilities, and preferences as possible moderating decision to depart from traditional, full time variables. The data was analyzed using multi- work is more a function of societal structures level analysis to test for within and between and constraints “forcing” women into particular subject effects over time. The pilot study roles and / or part time work) can be applied to emphasized the great importance of our group of women. This paper points to how interruptions and multitasking in hospital work. future work on entrepreneurship from these two Furthermore we identified possible strategies to theoretical perspectives can further advance our deal with the demands of interruptions and understanding of the impact of multitasking. The results of the main study entrepreneurship on the Mumpreneur herself, indicate differential effects of interruptions with her venture, her identity as a mother and her well-being, contingent upon type of interruption, desire for a career. It is hoped that the findings and individual coping. The results highlight the generated from this research project will

1208 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology highlight and inform both academic research research is required on the paradoxical but and policy makers on important understudied charming world of narcissists. groups in entrepreneurship (such as older entrepreneurs and “mumpreneurs”), as well as Keywords: narcissism, personality, team the holistic impact of life-stage and life-style on performance, interpersonal conflict entrepreneurship. Need for achievement, need for power, Keywords: preference theory and institutional self efficacy and university student theory, entrepreneurship, women's roles, career political participation in Jakarta decision-making, identity Indonesia

Narcissism within the team: An TRIANI, R. (Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya) exploratory study Student participation in politics is not usually YANG, I. W. (National Chiao Tung University ), directly connected with individual purposes. SUEN, H. Y. (Taipei Fubon Commercial Bank) They usually intend to declare their opinion in order to support the people of the nation. In this Expanding previous research on dark side research political participation is defined as personality traits, we discuss narcissistic ordinary citizen activities (non-violence or/and behavior within a team context and investigate violence) in order to influence the government how narcissism affects interpersonal in making and actuating political decisions for relationships within the team and how equal interest. This research needs to know the narcissistic behaviors, attitudes or reaction lead relationship between individual personal to team performance. Specifically, we examined aspects, which is assumed to have effects on the effects of narcissism on self- and other- political participation (need for achievement, ratings of performance, interpersonal conflict need for power, self efficacy) and political and climate within the team context. Survey participation. The need for achievement can be data were collected from 43 project teams expressed as a desire to perform in terms of a composed of 191 senior business undergraduate standard of excellence or to be successful in and MBA student participants. To achieve course competitive situations. Need for power is requirement, all teams were formed for one described as the need to manipulate others or semester to complete assigned projects. drive for superiority others. Self efficacy is Participants were asked to first hand in a written concerned with self-perceptions of how well a paper and then give an oral presentation at the person can cope with situations as they rise. This end of the semester. Before their oral research is non-experimental. The respondents presentation, we distributed questionnaires are 253 university students in Jakarta Indonesia. regarding narcissism, Big Five personality traits, Four questionnaires were used in this research team climate, team conflicts, and demographics including the questionnaire of need for to each team member. Then, at the end of the achievement (reliability: 0.923), need for power semester, we collected overall team project (reliability: 0.855), self efficacy (reliability: 0.926) grades from the instructors with the permission and political participation (reliability: 0.955). of each participant. The results supported some Validity and reliability calculations and of the previous research findings that narcissism hypothesis testing in this research involved use is positively associated with both self- and other- of a computer program. The research result ratings of team performance after controlling for shows that there is no relationship between three of the Big five personality traits (emotional need for achievement and political participation, stability, extraversion and openness to but there are relationships between need for experience). However, the current findings did power, self efficacy and political participation. not show that team conflicts and team climate The data shows university students in Jakarta for innovation moderate the relationship currently have low participation in politics. between narcissism and team performance. Considering the profound interpersonal implication of narcissism, we believe that more

1209 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: student involvement in politics, self- KIKUCHI, H. (Yokohama Aihara Hospital), YOSHIDA, efficacy, need for achievement, need for power, K. (Yokohama Aihara Hospital) political participation In psychology and psychiatry, projective Negative body image and its Impact on drawings are used to assess individual social physique anxiety and social personality and holistic understanding of anxiety in preadolescent children aged behavior. Especially, Koch (1949) developed a 10 and 11 tree test, called Baum Test, for the purpose of medical practice and personality assessment. CASETTA, C., LEWIS, V. (University of Canberra) Since there is a lack of objectivity in interpretations of drawing pictures when the This study aimed to examine the body image of projective drawing techniques are used, we children aged 10 and 11 years (n = 58). Body propose a new analysis method for the image in children is a growing concern due to its projective drawings using image processing relationship with unhealthy behaviours and techniques. The procedure was as follows: (1) mental health concerns (Littleton & Ollendick, drawing a picture, (2) scanning the picture, (3) 2003). Gender and age differences were dividing the picture, (4)the gray level histogram predicted in terms of body image perceptions moment (GLHM) analysis, (5) the spatial gray and social physique anxiety (SPA). Negative body level dependence method (SGLDM) analysis, (6) image was expected to predict SPA and social the gray level difference method (GLDM) anxiety (SA) also. The Social Physique Anxiety analysis for the picture, and (7)the singular value Scale, the Figure Perception and Preference decomposition (SVD) method that is a Scale, the Body Areas Satisfaction Scale and the factorization of a rectangular real or complex Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale were matrix, with many applications in image administered to a convenient sample. Factorial processing,(8) the Fourier analysis method that ANOVA’s, non-parametric t-tests and multiple can isolate individual components of a regression analyses were conducted in order to compound waveform for the image, and (9) the test the hypotheses. Positively, levels of SPA and interpretation of the drawing picture. Image negative body image were low in the sample analysis methods for projective tree test were overall. While negative body image and SPA was utilized to interpret psychological process of not found to increase with age, females were university students and patients. We analyzed significantly less satisfied with their bodies the pictures for 262 university students and 23 overall and with specific body parts in patients with mental disorders, then interrelated comparison to males. In addition affective body statistical properties of the image analysis with dissatisfaction, in contrast to cognitive body the scores for psychological tests such as State- dissatisfaction was a significant predictor of SPA Trait Anxiety Inventory, Self-rating Depression and SA. Clinical implications in terms of Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Yatabe- prevention and intervention for body image Guilford Personality Test. The result suggests concerns, SPA and SA were discussed. significant relationships between some statistical properties of the pictures and mental states such as depression and anxiety. Keywords: body image of children, body areas satisfaction scale, social physique anxiety, figure perception and preference scale, fear of negative Keywords: drawings, statistical image analysis, evaluation scale projective technique, fourier analysis, tree test

New analysis method for projective Newcomers’ job expectations and drawings: Texture analysis, singular adaptations during the early stage of value decomposition, and Fourier organizational socialization: Leader- transform analysis member exchange as a moderator

TAKEMURA, K. (Waseda University), TAKASAKI, I. YAO, Q. (Nankai University), MA, H. (Tianjin Normal (Waseda University), MATSUMURA, O. (Waseda University), YUE, G. A. (Nankai University) Universty), IWAMITSU, Y. (Kitasato University),

1210 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Job expectation is one of the important CAIRD, J. (University of Calgary), MILLOY, S. psychological variables influencing newcomers’ (University of Calgary) socializations. Researchers have proposed the met-expectation hypothesis (MEH) which We interviewed teachers who have long, multi- addresses the positive effect of met year experience in using the Lions Quest (LQ) expectations on adaptation. However, there’s social and emotional learning (SEL) program at still divergence on the validity of this hypothesis. school. The aim was to describe and understand Based on theory of organizational socializations, how teachers perceive the LQ program and this research investigated the relations between achievement of its educational goals. Several job expectations and proximal socialization research syntheses and meta-analyses of SEL outcomes, especially the moderating role of interventions have concluded that programs leader-member exchange (LMX), and answered concentrating on socio-emotional competencies the “when” and “how” questions. Three can result in gains that are central to the goals of hundred and twenty one newcomers, from nine all schools. However, we do not know if the skills firms in three provinces of China, participated in transfer to the practice situations and what the the research. Using longitudinal design, job experiences of long term use of SEL programs expectations were measured with the self- are. LQ curricula focuses on training of developed Newcomer Expectations interaction skills, service-learning, and violence Questionnaire when newcomers were on board, and substance abuse prevention. It is based on and information about both proximal the values of equal rights, respect for the needs socialization outcomes and quality of LMX was of others, and cooperation and peaceful collected from newcomers three months after resolution of conflicts. LQ is international, widely organizational entry, using the Organizational known and has been available for over 20 years. Socialization Questionnaire and LMX-MDM scale Teachers and LQ instructors (12 women and 3 respectively. Hierarchical regression technique men) who had long experience in using LQ was employed to analyze data. The results program at school were interviewed. The showed that: (1) When taking into account both teachers worked in elementary, lower secondary expectations and experience, only actual and upper secondary schools. Thematic experience correlated positively with interviews were transcribed (116 pages) and socialization outcomes, which didn’t support processed using qualitative, inductive content MEH; (2) LMX moderated the relations between analytical procedures. The themes extracted met expectations and socialization outcomes: include perceived effects of the program at the when the quality of LMX was low, unmet individual, class, school and communal level. At expectations impaired newcomers adaptation, the individual level, students learned empathy which was consistent with MEH, whereas good and expression of emotions. They started to quality of LMX might mitigate the detrimental support each other, and become able to make effects of unmet expectations on adaptations; decisions and solve problems themselves. (3) the moderating effect of each dimension of Teachers learned new tools for classroom LMX was different, which supported a management, problem solving, giving feedback, multidimensional structure of LMX. LMX and working with groups. The program changed moderates the effect of met expectations on their values and behaviour to be more student adaptations and may give an answer to the centered. At the class and school level, teachers question regarding when MEH is supported, perceived that group safety and ability for from a perspective of interpersonal interaction. collaboration increased. The participants were a selected group of teachers who had used LQ for Keywords: job expectation, met-expectation many years. Consequently, their perceptions of hypothesis, organizational socialization, leader- the effects of the program were positive. member exchange, newcomers' adaptation However, the experiences of teachers offer significant insider’s view on the perceived long- Novice driver perceptual learning of term effects of LQ program on children and the hazards: Preliminary results of a whole school community. The results can be longitudinal study useful in planning SEL interventions and

1211 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology measures to study the effects of these Occupational stress as threat and interventions. opportunity: An analysis of antecedents

Keywords: crash risk, perceptual learning, hazard ESCAMILLA, M. (University Autonomous of perception, hazard anticipation Yucatan)

Novice teachers' efficacy beliefs in The traditional psychological approach to relation to school principal support occupational stress reactions has been extensively focused on pathological results ALDHAFRI, S. (Sultan Qaboos University) (Siegel & Schrimshaw, 2000; Peiró, 2008). Conversely, the positive psychology perspective emphasizes emotions, attitudes and behavior This study examines Omani novice teachers' that drive well-being and more positive efficacy beliefs and how these beliefs are workplaces (Simmons & Nelson, 2007). influenced by school principal support. The study However, as theorized by the transactional undertakes a theoretical framework of social model of stress, both perspectives can be cognitive theory (Bandura, 1997). Bandura reconciled: we can appraise a threat or loss contends that there are four sources of efficacy when demands exceed the resources available, beliefs: mastery experience, vicarious but we can also appraise the situation as a experience, social persuasion, and physiological challenge when seen as an opportunity for status. The sample consisted of 376 Omani mastery, gain or personal growth (Lazarus & teachers from three school districts. Participants Folkman, 1984). The present study aimed to were all female teachers teaching Grades One to analyze the role played by personal Four. To measure teachers' efficacy beliefs, the characteristics such as perception (background) researcher used the Teacher Sense of Efficacy from patterns of existing relationships between Scale (Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk Hoy, 2001). threat and challenge appraisals. Participants This scale was adapted to Arabic by some were 603 professionals from human services previous research. The Arabic version of the organizations in Comunidad Valenciana (Spain); Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale is a 24-item 5- 85% were women, and the mean age of the total α point Likert scale. An internal consistency of ( = sample was 37.52. We ran a multinomial logistic 0.90) was obtained for the Teacher Sense of regression analysis, Chi-Square and ANOVAs. The Efficacy Scale. To measure principal support, the results show that the likelihood of having researcher used a scale consisting of eight items medium levels of perception of stress and and uses a similar 5-point Likert type scale. challenge (Pattern One) decreases with age, Similarly, a value of 0.90 was obtained for the increases with the resilience and increases with internal consistency. The study uses multiple the category "technical assistant"; the regressions to predict novice teachers' efficacy probability of having low levels of perceived beliefs using demographic variables (teachers' stress and challenge (Pattern Two) increases subject, degree, and experience) and school with age, with the internal locus and decreases principal support. The results showed that with category "technical means", and finally the principal's support contributed to the prediction likelihood of having high levels of perceived of teachers' efficacy beliefs over and above the stress and pressure and low levels of challenge effects of demographic variables. The researcher decreases with age and resilience, and increases concludes that school principal support is an with the external locus the category of important variable in promoting teachers' "technical means". Important factors play a role efficacy beliefs. The author discusses in the appraisal phase of the stress process. The implications of the findings and highlights the intervention on personality factors is much more importance of school climate on teachers' complex and less effective than intervention efficacy beliefs. characteristics of the situation. Therefore, future research should help understand what factors or Keywords: teachers, efficacy, school support, school job characteristics are those who promote climate, social cognitive theory different patterns of stress appraisal. Implications and limitations will be discussed.

1212 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: occupational stress, well-being, job Separate analyses were made for the State of characteristics, stress appraisal, challenge Victoria and nationally (including Victoria). For appraisals each driver age group (‘target drivers’), fatality rates were calculated for target driver deaths, Occupational stressors and turnover their passenger deaths, road users external to intention: A study of knowledge workers the target vehicle but killed in the crash in China involving the target driver; all road users killed other than target drivers; and all road users LI, Y. (Remin University) killed (including target drivers). Fatality rates were calculated on three bases: per population numbers in each age category, per licensed Researchers have suggested that job satisfaction driver numbers in each age category and per is related to both stress and stress outcomes distance driven for each age category. The (Sug-In Chang, 2008). However, the nature of different road user fatality rates associated with this relationship has not fully been explained. drivers aged 80 years and older were compared The author contributed to a better to the rates associated with drivers from understanding of this relationship by evaluating younger age categories. On a per population and occupational stressors and job satisfaction, and per licence basis, overall, the older the driver, turnover intention in a sample of Chinese the less threat to other road users, particularly knowledge workers. A sample of 687 employees those external to the driver’s vehicle. On a per was investigated using the Occupational Stress distance basis, older drivers appeared to be the Scale (OSS), Turnover Intention Scale (TIS) and greatest threat to other road users. Older drivers Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS) in this research. With consistently posed an increased threat to their the methods of EFA and CFA, the author passengers. This can be attributed largely to the obtained six dimensionalities of occupational frailty of their (often) elderly passengers. Based stressors which were; work overload, co- on the most recent 10-year set of national workers, physical conditions, role fatality data, it has been shown that in the event conflict/ambiguity, career development barriers of a fatal crash, older drivers were the most and work/family conflict. In addition, results likely to be killed – and the older the driver, the indicated that only three types of stressors and greater the probability of the driver being killed. turnover intention were significantly related, Conversely, the older the driver, the less likely and their relationship was mediated by job that any associated fatalities involved other road satisfaction. The results suggest that stressors users. from the work environment may lead to low satisfaction and high turnover intention in modern working life, so more attention should Keywords: older drivers, road fatality, car accident, be paid to the field of stress management. driving risk, Victoria

Keywords: job satisfaction, work-stress, Online therapy: An investigation of occupational turnover, occupational stress, process and practical factors turnover intention scale WEILY, S. (Monash University) Older drivers crash risk to other road users in Victoria Past research has highlighted ethical and therapeutic issues regarding using the internet WILLIAMS, P. (VicRoads), LANGFORD, J. (Monash as a medium for psychotherapy (Pollock, 2006; University Accident Research Centre) Rochlen, Zack & Speyer, 2004; Schultze, 2006). However, minimal research has explored process This research aimed to determine the extent to and practical factors of the online medium. The which older drivers (80 years and older) pose a aim of the current research is to explore and risk to other road users in Victoria, and to assess differentiate factors that contribute to beneficial whether different licensing policies are and non-beneficial counselling based upon the associated with different harm outcomes. medium of delivery, from therapists’ and clients’

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology perspectives. In order to do so, process factors assess the focal hypotheses. Three-way, cross- of counselling (common factors as defined by level interactions were found between Wampold, 2001) and practical factors are being individual-level job demand, individual-level job investigated. Qualitative analysis is being used in control and group-level collective efficacy, as this research to gain an understanding of clients’ well as individual-level job demand, individual- and therapists’ perspectives of factors of level job control and group-level organisational therapeutic medium delivery that benefit the identification. Follow up analyses revealed that therapeutic process and those which do not. when the group-level variables, collective This research is in data collection and efficacy or organisational identification, were preliminary analysis stage and practitioners and high, individual-level job control buffered the former clients of online counselling are being negative effects of high individual-level job interviewed. Expected results encompass the demands. The findings of these studies provide formation of common factors being different to support for the notion that certain contextual other counselling mediums. Because the online factors must be in place in order for job control modality is text-based it therefore impacts on to act as a buffer of the negative effects of high how common factors such as the therapeutic job demands as originally hypothesised by alliance, catharsis and bond are formed. Karasek (1979). Thus, organisational Common factors are expected to be present in interventions should not only focus on job the online medium, albeit formed via different design at the individual level, but also take into mechanics. Concurrent disadvantageous account the context in which individuals work elements of the online medium may also hinder and target interventions to promote collective the formation of common factors. efficacy and a shared sense of organisational identity. Keywords: online counselling, common therapeutic factors, therapeutic medium delivery, practical Keywords: work stress, job demands, collective factors in counselling, therapeutic alliance efficacy, organisational identification

Organisational and individual influences Organisational climate management, in the occupational stress process: perception of organisational change and Collective efficacy and organisational customer satisfaction identification as additional moderators in the job demand-control model NEVES SANTOS, J. (University of Brasília ), RABELO NEIVA, E. (University of Brasília), ANDRADE MELO, TUCKER, M. (University of Queensland), E. A. (Fundacão Universa) JIMMIESON, N. (University of Queensland), OEI, T. (University of Queensland) The purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship between organisational climate, The objective of this research is to identify those perception of changes resulting from factors that mitigate or lessen the negative organisational climate research, the perception impact of work stressors by investigating of change in the branch and the organisation, whether group-level variables, specifically and customer satisfaction with respect to service collective efficacy and organisational provided. Organisational climate management is identification, act as additional moderators of when the organisation produces changes which the individual-level variables in Karasek's (1979) are recognised by the employees, as a result of a job demand-control model (JDCM). The theories diagnosis based on a piece of Organisational that serve as the foundation for Climate Research. Data were collected from this research include Karasek's JDCM, social employees and customers of 170 branches of a identity theory, and social cognitive theory. service provider organisation acting in the whole Repeated measure surveys were used to collect of Brazil. Data concerning the organisational data from 120 participants nested within eight climate and customer satisfaction was collected organisations. Analyses were completed in Lisrel in 2007 and was provided by the company. In and MLwiN. Multilevel hierarchical moderated 2009, a five point Likert-type scale was built and multiple regression analyses were performed to validated to assess the perception of the

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology employee of the changes implemented by the and autonomy; D2: promotion and incentives; company in the course of two years. The data D3: teamwork; D4: interpersonal relationships; was compiled at the unit level and 4000 D5: physical environment; D6: involvement; and questionnaires were aggregated into 170 units. D7: conflict management. These results show The analysis of the data was done by structural the importance of culturally appropriate equation modelling. Models with direct relations instruments for measuring organizational were tested, as well as mediational models. In climate for better management. Implications this study, the perception of change mediated and limitations will be discussed. the relationship between organisational climate and customer satisfaction. In general, the results Keywords: management, organisational climate, corroborate the tested hypotheses and indicate leadership, team-work, conflict management that the organisational climate has a direct relation with customer satisfaction and Organizational contexts that foster employees’ perceived changes related to positive behaviour and well-being: A management of the organisational climate. This comparison between family and non- study demonstrated the importance of family businesses organisational climate management and of conducting an evaluation of the perception of ESCARTIN, J. (University of Barcelona), CEJA, L. (IESE change. Furthermore, the study showed that Business School), RODRIGUEZ, A. (University of organisational climate management can produce Barcelona) changes in the organisation which influence customer satisfaction. With respect to the development of future researches, such as the Research on how specific organizational one developed in this study, it is recommended characteristics may elicit negative or positive the replication of the present research occur in acts (such as workplace bullying, altruism and other Brazilian and international companies with job performance) and how such characteristics the purpose of confirming the relationships may affect well-being (including job satisfaction identified herein. and work engagement) has received little attention. Likewise, there are a few studies that focus on the similarities and differences Keywords: organisational climate, perceptions, between family and non-family businesses customer satisfaction, employees' perceptions of according to their characteristics. Hence, change, organisational climate following and extending the three-way model of workplace bullying (Baillien et al., 2009) and the Organizational Climate Scale (COE): A stakeholder perspective (Zellweger & Nason, proposal 2008), the purpose of this study is to investigate whether family business and non-family business ESCAMIILLA, M. (University Autonomous of Yucatan contexts have a similar or different influence on (UADY)), NOVELO, R. (University Autonomous of employee behaviour and well-being. In the Yucatan), ESCAMILLA, M. (University Autonomous present study 287 workers from Spain of Yucatan) participated (47% from family businesses and 53% from non-family businesses). Employees Inadequate management of organizational gave free descriptions of their own organization climate, may be related to misdiagnosis and/or and filled out a self-administered questionnaire. use of instruments that are not reliable or valid The Multiple Correspondence analysis (MCA; and culturally significant to the organization Abdi & Valentin, 2007) was used to analyse the (Furnham, 2001). For this, the objective of this organizational variables associated with study is the validation of organizational climate different degrees of workplace bullying, scale (COE). Participants are workers from public altruism, performance, satisfaction and and private organizations in Yucatan (Mexico). engagement. Chi-square tests and Pearson We ran an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and correlations were performed as well. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results show coordinate graphs obtained from the MCA seven dimensions that evaluate the revealed that family firms are related to more organizational climate, including D1: leadership positive perceptions of the organizational

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology context than non-family businesses. was from other sources such as annual reports, Furthermore, the results showed that family interview transcripts and other public sources. A firms are perceived as having a balanced grounded approach was used for analyzing the task/employee oriented focus, a positive work data. Three-level coding, namely open coding, atmosphere and balanced power selective coding and theoretical coding were relationships/hierarchy within the organization. conducted to generate the link between Finally, family firms seem to be associated with concepts. The results identify common lower levels of workplace bullying and higher elements in the organization, reflecting the levels of altruistic behaviours, workplace institutional pressure. In this case, engagement, and job satisfaction than non- environmental ethics seems to be a basic family firms. These results support previous admission criterion of this industry. The theoretical and empirical research and organizational identity of the firms can be emphasise that the organizational context has categorized into three sets: the Technician (who an important impact on employee behaviour emphasizes technical excellence); the Craftsman and well-being. More specifically, this study adds (who is not extraordinarily good in terms of value on the differentiation between family and technology, but puts emphasis on operational non-family firms between several relevant excellence); and the Speculator (who just does aspects such as workplace bullying, altruism, what is required by the external parties and acts performance, satisfaction and engagement. according to governmental policy rather than Finally, the implications of the study, its their own vision). The membership of each firm limitations and areas for future research are in the three sets is linked with the characteristics discussed. of the founding members, who are viewed as the flag-bearers of the firms. For example, the Keywords: organisational context, employee well- founder with a substantial technological being, family versus non-family businesses, background tends to form an organization which workplace bullying, job performance falls into the Technician category. Viewing organizations as human-like entities, organizational identity presents a powerful Organizational identity in a turbulent institutional environment: An upper concept to explain and understand the behavior echelon perspective of organizations in a broader industrial background. In the background of new energy industry, which presents a turbulent and LI, K. (Zhejiang University), PROF ZHONG-MING demanding institutional setting, this study WANG, Z.M. (Zhejiang University) explored the relationship between the upper echelon characteristics and the collective ‘we’ of This study explores the link between top the organization. The empirical results illustrate management team characters and that institutional pressures do force organizational identity under institutional organizations to act mimetically, but the actual pressures. Organizational identity is organizational identities are linked more with conceptualized as the collective ‘we’ articulated the top management team, especially that of the by the organizations themselves. Based on the founding members. upper echelon perspective, the organization can be viewed as the extension of the top Keywords: organisational identity, institutional management team. However, institution environment, management, upper echelon theorists may argue that organizations are under perspective, institutional pressures substantial isomorphism pressures, so this study aims at integrating the two arguments. The practical background for this study is new energy Organizational innovations and industry, which is believed to present an ideal dynamics of occupational stress setting for testing the two competing theoretical perspectives. A qualitative approach was LEONOVA, A. B. (Moscow State University) employed, with content from the texts in the ‘about us’ section in the new energy firms’ Organisational changes and strategies of their website analyzed. The corresponding material implementation are among the most demanding

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology factors of personnel adaptation and well-being The aim of the current study was to investigate in modern working life. In order to find the association of organizational justice and psychological predictors for improving efficiency employee well-being. Kivimaki (2005) argues of innovations application we conducted a that organizational justice is a new work longitudinal study with the staff of a Moscow environment factor that impacts on employees’ pedagogical college during the process of its health and that high levels of organizational reorganisation. Several indicators of justice might ameliorate the negative effects of occupational stress were analysed at the job strain. Respondents comprised of 82 different stages of this process: before, during employees from a manufacturing company. A and after modernisation. The test battery purposive sampling technique was adopted in consisted of overall 16 diagnostic measures this study. Data were gathered from responses including several standardises procedures of job to questionnaire that include three sections: The analysis, tests for acute/chronic stress first section includes demographic profile of manifestations, actual well-being, quality of respondents. The second part is about terms of emotional reactions, work motivation and a perceived organization justice, scales developed checklist for subjective attitudes to innovations. by Moorman (1991). The final section measures Factor and regression analyses, as well as other employee well being. The Job Satisfaction Survey multidimensional statistical procedures, were (Spector,1997), which contains 36 items, along used for comparing the patterns of stress with The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule manifestations at different stages of the (PANAS) (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen,1988) and innovation process and defining crucial factors in The Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., their dynamics. The data showed a high level of 1985) were combined to assess key aspects of stress experienced by the personnel at all stages employee well being. The internal consistencies of organisational change. This stress has been of the scale were highly acceptable, α = .91 reduced to the initial level only two years after (Bruck, Allen, & Spector, 2002), α = .84 to the end of college’s modernisation. The α = .90 (Watson et al., 1988) and α = .87 (Diener observed dynamics in the experienced stress et al., 1985). Reliability analysis of the patterns reflected the changes in motivational instruments was consistent with previous involvement of the staff in the process of studies; α = .76 (job satisfaction), α = .91 and α reorganisation, from a “passive innovational = .95 (positive affect and negative affect), and α readiness” at the beginning, to the “active = .91 (life satisfaction). The result showed that innovational adaptation” at the final stages. The there was a significant correlation (r = .342, p < most important factor for a developing a 0.01) between organizational justice and positive stress mobilisation during the whole employee wellbeing. Regression analysis also innovation period was the initial attitude of each revealed a positive (β = .367) and significant person to the planned reorganisation. These contribution of organizational justice on well findings suggest that the process of personnel being relationship. Organizational justice adaptation to innovations can have both positive explained 8.4% of variance on employees’ well and negative effects on well-being and being. No statistically significant difference of experienced stress depending on the level of gender was found regarding perceived individual motivational involvement in organizational justice. Demographic profile of reorganisations and, especially, on her/his initial respondents was discussed. The findings of the attitude to the coming innovations. current study found that organizational justice is a significant predictor of employees well being. Keywords: organizational innovations, occupational Perceived low organizational justice could lead stress, change to negative consequences to both the individual and organization. Instead of organizational Organizational justice and well being : A justice, future research should consider other pilot study among manufacturing factors that associate with employees well employees being.

R IBRAHIM, R. Z. (Victoria University), OHTSUKA, K. (Victoria University)

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Keywords: organisational justice, employee well- in influencing turnover intention. It also has being, job stress, work environment, employee direct implications on how organizations and health managers interact with employees through building effective psychological contract for Organizational justice, perceived more effective management. contract breach and turnover intention: The moderating effect of social Keywords: organisational justice, turnover dominance orientation intention, psychological contract, effective management, social dominance ZHANG, J. (Peiking University ), WANG, L. (Peking University ), KONG, H. (Luxottica Group), YU, Z. Organizational practices and support as (Luxottica Group) predictors of organizational citizenships behaviors It has generally been suggested that organizational justice is negatively related to POHL, S. (Universite Libre de Bruxelles), turnover intention through perceived contract HELLEMANS, C. (Universite Libre de Bruxelles), breach. However, this relationship can be CLOSON, C. (Universite Libre de Bruxelles) different under some circumstances. The attitudes and values employees hold will have an Given the interest in Organizational Citizenship impact on this relationship. Building on the Behaviours (OCB), it seems useful to identify the social exchange perspective and social antecedents of such behaviours. According to dominance theory, this study examined how exchange theory, prior research supports the individual’s social dominance orientation (SDO: idea that perceived organisational support (POS) defined as the degree to which individuals desire is a robust predictor of OCB (Coyle-Shapiro, and support group-based hierarchy and the Kessler & Purcell, 2004). From this framework, it domination of “inferior” groups by “superior” is interesting to empirically examine the groups) affected the relationship between mediating effects of POS in predicting perceived contract breach and turnover organizational citizenship behaviour from intention. The participants were 581 employees Human Resources (HR) practices. There are also from a manufacturing company. Measurements theoretical reasons suggesting that OCB could be included social dominance orientation (i.e., influenced by job involvement. Yet, few studies some groups of people are simply inferior to did examine the relationships between job other groups.), organizational justice (i.e., involvement and OCB (Diefendorff, Brown, procedural justice, distributive justice, Kamin & Lord, 2002; Cohen 2006). This study interpersonal justice, informational justice), examines relationships between job perceived contract breach, turnover intention involvement, POS, HR practices and OCB. The and other control variables. Results showed that sample of the study consisted in 331 nurses. general organizational justice was negatively Subjects were recruited from one hospital related with turnover intention, and perceived situated in Belgium. Data for the study were contract breach played a mediating role in the obtained through the use of self-report relationship. Social dominance orientation questionnaires. The measures used to assess moderated the mediated effects of perceived POS, OCB and job involvement are based on contract breach on turnover intention, such that scales that appear to be reliable (Eisenberger, for those high in social dominance orientation, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa, 1986; the influence of perceived contract breach on Kanungo, 1982; Van Dyne, Graham and turnover intention was weakened. Moreover, for Dienesch, 1994). The OCB scale measures three those with high social dominance orientation, dimensions of OCB: fidelity, obedience and social lower general organizational justice predicted participation. To assess HR practices, we low turnover intention, whereas for those with determined a set of four policies in consultation low social dominance orientation, lower general with the hospital management that affect the organizational justice predicted high turnover psychological contract (Rousseau, 1990); intention. Overall, this study highlights the advancement, development, training and important role of social dominance orientation sharing decision programs. In testing POS’s

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology mediating effects, we found it fully mediates the intervention scores of 10-point rating scale were relationship between human resources practices decreased after intervention in all seven cases. and OCB-fidelity and partially mediates the In seven cases the anxiety and depression scores relationship between HR practices and OCB- decreased from pre-intervention to post social participation. Contrariwise, there is not intervention. Among the 25 goals of the seven significant relationship between human clients, 4% was not achieved at all and 4% resources practices and OCB-obedience. Results slightly achieved. The results also show that provide also insights into how job involvement 24%, 52% and 16% goals were achieved impact OCB. An original contribution of the moderately, considerably and completely current study was that it confirms three respectively. Marked improvements were components of OCB (fidelity, obedience and noticed at the post intervention phase in all social participation) in Belgium. Second, these cases. In five cases the post intervention scores results confirm the value of perceiving OCB as of GHQ-12 were below the cut-off point of three reciprocating fair or good treatment from their and in two cases it was over the cut-off point. employer but also as a consequence to personal From the 10-point rating scale it was found that individual variables. Nevertheless, HR practices for case 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 the scores and job involvement impact only OCB- fidelity decreased from 8, 8, 10, 8, 10, 10, and 10 to 5.5, and OCB-social participation. 1, 5, 2.5, 3, 2 and 2.5 respectively. Anxiety and depression was decreased significantly in many Keywords: organizational citizenship behavior, cases. Among the 25 goals, 24%, 52% and 16% human resources, perceived organisational support, goals were achieved moderately, considerably job involvement, exchange theory and completely respectively, which is also an indication of positive outcome of psychological treatment. From the findings of the present Outcome of psychological treatment on Dhaka University students study it is highly recommended that clinical psychological services should be extended at the Students Guidance and Counselling Centre, SHARMIN, N. (Bangladesh Clinical Psychology Medical Center and all residential halls of Dhaka Association), RAHMEN, M. (University of Dhaka), RAHMAN, A. (University of Dhaka) University.

The present study was conducted to see Keywords: psychological treatment, help-seeking, guidance, counselling, counselling goals outcome of psychological treatments on seven students seeking help for their psychological problems at the Guidance and Counselling Parents' childrearing practices and their Centre of Dhaka University. Seven cases seeking relation to children's academic psychological help were selected randomly at performance the Students Guidance and Counseling Centre of Dhaka University for giving them DAGOC JR., J. (Notre Dame of Dadiangas psychotherapeutic intervention to see its University) outcome on them. Mainly, Cognitive Behavior Therapy was used to see the outcome of This faculty research aimed to determine the psychological treatment of the seven cases. relationship between parents’ childrearing However, depending on the needs of the clients, practices and children’s academic performance. Person Centered Counselling along with Specifically, this study aimed to know the Cognitive Behavior Therapy was also used. To demographic profiles of parents of Grade Five see the outcome of psychological treatment pupils with high and low academic performances General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), 10- from Notre Dame of Dadiangas University – point self-rating scale, anxiety scale, depression Integrated Basic Education Department and scale and goal assessment sheet were applied Balite Elementary School. This research also and pre-intervention scores were compared with aimed to know the extent of childrearing post-intervention scores. The result shows that practices of parents of pupils with High and Low GHQ-12 scores decreased from pre-intervention Academic Performance in terms of feeding, care- to post-intervention in all cases. The pre giving, observing rules, imposing discipline,

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology rewarding and teaching values. Determining the academic performance in the academically low relationship between the demographic profile group but not in the academically high group. and childrearing practices of parents, as well as the relationship between the childrearing Keywords: academic performance, childrearing practices of parents to children’s academic practices, parental employment, parental performance, were also focused on in the study. education, demographic variables The study used a descriptive correlation design. The respondents were chosen through Partners Group: A multi-program purposive sampling. They were the parents and collaboration to enhance the pupils who belonged to the upper and lower management Of mental illness in a 30% in both schools. Data were gathered community setting through a questionnaire for parents, which contained items on the profile and childrearing O’BOYLE, S. (EACH), MASSLER, P. (EACH) practices. A documented list of the upper and lower 30% of the Grade Five pupils was requested from the registrar’s office. A home The innovative Partners Group (EPG) has visit was also conducted to gather data. The data resulted from vigorous collaboration among gathered were analyzed through percentage, several community programs and weighted mean, correlation coefficient through regulatory/funding bodies, including a PDRSS Pearson r, and t-test. The demographic profile of program, a local Mental Health initiative, a parents showed that exactly 50% were Respite for Mental Health Carers program employed and another 50% were unemployed in (MHR), VicServ, and the National Respite the high group while the majority, or 53.92%, of Development Fund (NRDF). Members of the EPG the parents of the low group were unemployed; comprise approximately 16 partners of that 45.10% of the parents in the high group individuals who manage significant Mental were professionals while only 28.43% of the Illness in Melbourne’s outer Eastern suburbs. parents in the low group had finished a course in The group meets on Saturday afternoons at a college. Furthermore, larger percentages of PDRSS centre in Ringwood. The EPG is lower educational attainments were revealed in characterised by strong benevolent interest, a the low group; that majority of the families clear passion for community involvement, and a earned 2,500-15,000 Philippine pesos a month pro-active, pro-social attitude to improving and as shown by 45.10% of 2,501-7,500 earners from enhancing the support and management of the low group and 32.35% of 7,501-15,000 mental illness in the community. Values of the earners from the high group and that majority of EPG include a sincere interest in enhancing the the respondents had three to five children. management and coping resources of the Although the childrearing practices in both individual, promoting a ready understanding of groups were interpreted as highly extensive, it issues raised, a willingness to engage, share, and showed that the parents of high performing provide support. The EPG promotes readiness pupils had a higher value as shown by a 4.25 and eagerness to hear, acknowledge and factor average compared to 3.80 of the low advocate about individual carer issues. It is group. The demographic profile, except equally keen to discuss systemic concerns occupation, and childrearing practices of the relating to mental health care, be it with a parents of both groups were significantly related perspective to clinical, social or legal provisions, to each other. The parents’ childrearing processes or arrangements. In early 2009 the practices were significantly related to the child’s EPG approached a MHR to explore the possibility academic performance in the low group but not of securing funding toward the provision of in the high group. Based on the findings of the respite activity for its members. The MHR, study, it was concluded that there was a funded through NRDF, assisted the EPG to significant relationship between demographic provide a day outing with arrangements in place profile and childrearing practices except for to provide transport and meals, and also to occupation, and that there was a significant provide care for the care-recipients left at home. relationship between childrearing practices and Subsequently, under NRDF guidelines and in the context of community capacity building, the MHR has secured further funding to allow the

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EPG to periodically engage in a range of respite with the CAE. Form A includes four factors: activities. Further collaboration between the Implicative-Resolving (19%;  = .89); Explicative Mental Health Services manager of a local CHS (13%;  = .83); Reaching Agreements (9%;  = and the MHR Coordinator has secured additional .88); Excluding and Impositive (7 %;  = .72); funding from VicServ to secure an EPG Carer explained variance is 48%. Form B includes four Consultant for the facilitation of group outings. factors: Implicate-Resolving (27%;  = .93); These initiatives empower the EPG to decide Reaching Agreements (15 %;  = .87); Aggressive what form respite intervention might take, (excluding and impositive) (11%;  = .77); thereby placing respite content and process Explicative (6 %;  = .71). The explained variance where it belongs – with the carers. The MHR is 59%. Self-Esteem Questionnaire (CAE) includes thus meets its aim in a new way to provide an four factors: I-Self (22%;  = .87); Feeling of innovative, flexible community respite response. Uselessness (14 %;  = .81); Others (12%;  = .82); Feeling of Inferiority-Negative Comparison Keywords: mental illness, community, mental (9 %;  = .77). Explained variance equals 57%. health care, respite There is a significant positive correlation between the feeling of inferiority in women and their perception of aggressive communication Patterns of communication and conflict (excluding and impositive) on the part of their resolution in couples partners (r = .23; p ≤ .001). Conversely, communication based on the search for ARMAS-VARGAS, E. (Universidad de La Laguna) agreement in a partnership is associated with a negative correlation with the feeling of The family and personal environment is one of inferiority (r = -. 22; p ≤ .001). the most important environments where the couple express their emotions and where they Keywords: interpersonal factors, emotional interact putting into practice a wide variety of expression, self-esteem, aggressive communication, patterns of interpersonal communication (dyadic feeling of inferiority communication). Based on a study of mothers, fathers and children in the family context Perceived acceptability of eating- (Armas-Vargas, 1999, 2000, 2006) we wished to disordered behaviour in young adult study what patterns of communication between women with and without eating disorder partners are related to self-esteem variables. symptoms The sample comprised 127 cases, 84 men (who had abused their partners) and 52 women MOND, J. (University of Western Sydney), ARRIGI, (victims of domestic violence). The CPC-RC- A. (Central Queensland University) COUPLE questionnaire (Armas-Vargas, 2009) was used. This is a test which consists of two forms (A and B), each with 50 items. In form A, the Building on previous work in the field of eating person evaluates himself/herself on disorders “mental health literacy”, we examined communication with his/her partner. In form B, the perceived acceptability of eating-disordered he/she evaluates his/her partner´s behaviour in a community-based sample of communication with him/her. The Self-Esteem young adult women with and without eating Questionnaire (CAE Questionnaire; Armas disorder symptoms. Participants (N = 264) were Vargas, 2004) was also used. The questionnaires women aged 18 to 27 years recruited from a (A and B) have been shown so far to have university campus in central Queensland by validity of content and empirical value in means of an internet-based survey. Self-report isolating the proposed constructs. A multivarious questionnaires that included vignettes of type of analysis has been followed: factor and fictional persons suffering from anorexia nervosa correlational analysis. We offer the results of the (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), questions factor analysis for each factor, internal addressing the perceived acceptability of the consistency (Cronbach Alpha) and the problems described, and a measure of eating correlation between measures of the different disorder psychopathology (Eating Disorder factors of the CPC-RC- COUPLE questionnaire Examination Questionnaire, EDE-Q) were completed by all participants. Questions

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology addressing perceived acceptability, developed show high levels of energy and mental resiliency, by the authors, addressed the extent to which have a sense of significance, enthusiasm, the conditions described were perceived to be inspiration, pride and challenge while working. acceptable or desirable personally or socially. This research found that nurses who have high The same eight questions were asked in relation self-efficacy will show high engagement with to each vignette. Statistically significant their work. When they perceive that they had differences in perceived acceptability between higher workload, the relationship between their women with symptoms (n = 37) and women with self-efficacy and their work engagement no symptoms (n = 227) were apparent on all increased. The participants are nurses from two eight items for both vignettes, such that women upper-class hospitals in Surabaya (N = 157). The with symptoms perceived AN and BN to be more implications of these findings for health-care acceptable than healthy women. Particularly worker will be discussed. pronounced differences were observed on two items. Whereas 2.2 per cent of healthy women Keywords: work engagement, self-efficacy, had often or always thought that it “might not perceived workload, nursing be too bad” to have AN, 37.8 per cent and of participants with symptoms had often or always Perception of teachers and students thought this. Corresponding figures for the BN regarding teaching of English vignette were 5.7 per cent for healthy women composition in Indian senior secondary and 48.6 per cent for women with symptoms. schools: A study Similarly, whereas 2.2 per cent of healthy women reported that they would be MALIK, V. (Aastha College of Education) moderately, very or extremely happy to have AN, 32.4 per cent of participants with symptoms gave these responses. Corresponding figures for This study had five aims: (1) to investigate the the BN vignette were 3.5 per cent and 24.3 per method of teaching composition in secondary cent, respectively. Although the use of a cross- schools; (2) to study aims of teaching sectional study design limits any conclusions composition; (3) to study whether teaching of concerning the direction of the observed composition aims at making learners a creative associations, the findings suggest that the person; (4) to identify problems of English presence of eating disorder symptoms among teachers on teaching composition; and (5) to young adult women is closely tied to the gather suggestions from teachers and students perceived acceptability of those symptoms. regarding improvement in teaching and learning Hence, the findings may indicate specific targets of composition. A descriptive survey method of for prevention and early intervention initiatives. research was used. The sample consisted of 20 teachers and 100 students randomly selected from senior secondary schools in the Keywords: eating disorders, eating disorders, acceptability Kurukshetra district of Haryana (India). Two self- developed questionnaires were used. Percentages were calculated for data analysis. Perceived workload mediates the The study revealed that 70 per cent of teachers relationship between self-efficacy and create a proper environment for teaching work engagement in nurses composition. Ninety per cent of teachers were not encouraging, asking students to cram CHRISTIAN, F. (University of Surabaya) essays/letters/stories and all teachers were teaching oral composition and were using Nursing is one of three professions that is translation method for teaching composition. susceptible to feelings of decreasing work Ninety per cent of teachers were giving engagement. The indicators are low levels of instructions to students while teaching energy and mental resilience, lack of a sense of composition and all teachers were making significance, enthusiasm, inspiration, pride and corrections of composition in students’ challenge while working. On the other side, notebooks. Eighty four per cent of students when nurses engage with their work, they will opined that teaching of composition was not

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology according to their mental level, 64 per cent two participants, aged 10 to 16, solved four students indicated that their teachers were multiplicative and/or division problems of asking them to cram essays/letters/stories, all Cartesian product in writing and explained their students pointed out that their teachers was solutions by answering the question "How did I teaching oral composition and all students think to solve this problem?" Firstly, the written agreed that their teachers was correcting their answers to this question were qualitatively composition in their note book daily. All analyzed in order to identify categories as students revealed that their teacher was indicators of awareness on the part of the translating composition. In an Indian context, participants regarding their solutions to the although English is a foreign language, problems; secondly, the participants’ continuation of English in India is both desirable performance on the problems, as well as the and necessary for establishing relations with the incidence by category of those written answers, rest of world. Keeping in view this fact, teachers were quantitatively analyzed to test the should not ask students to cram relationship on focus. The qualitative analysis of essays/letters/stories but should create proper the answers identified three response categories environment of composition and should explore as indicators of degrees of awareness on the better methods of teaching composition. English part of the participants, which the statistical composition should be taught by teachers in a analysis revealed to be associated to their manner that enables students to learn without performance. Thus, progressively more refined pressure. It calls for frequent in-service training explanations are accompanied by correct programs for teachers in Indian secondary solutions to the problems, which are schools. corroborated by significant differences in performance and in the presence of Keywords: teaching, learning English justifications for the solutions in both types of school. The relationship between implicit and explicit knowledge as inherent to conceptual Performance and explanation of ways of evolution, and a teaching process directed thinking: A metacognitive analysis of toward reflection and comprehension on the solving mathematical problems part of students regarding mathematical concepts, may explain the results. Therefore, FARIA MORO, M. L. (Universidade Federal do forms of intervention on the part of teachers Paraná), SOARES, M. T. C. (Universidade Federal do that activate the metacognitive skills of students Paraná), SPINILLO, A. G. (Universidade Federal de are recommended in the teaching of Pernambuco) mathematics.

This study examines the relationship between Keywords: mathematics, conceptual construction in grasp of consciousness and performance on mathematics, grasp of consciousness, problem- problems involving Cartesian product solving, ways of reasoning (Vergnaud’s categorization) in fifth and eighth graders from a public and from a private school in Brazil. In the context of current ideas about Personality as predictor of pro- education which focuses on learning to think, environmental attitudes and behaviours contemporary literature has given fruitful attention to the so-called metacognitive HARDLEY, J. (Victoria University of Wellington), processes in the acquisition of mathematical MILFONT, T. (Victoria University of Wellington) knowledge. Part of these studies, influenced by the Geneva School, analyzes the role of the Several studies have examined the influence of grasp of consciousness in the conceptual individual differences variables on construction in mathematics. However, these environmental engagement. Along with gender, studies are mostly based on oral verbalizations, age and education, variables such as values, time and not on situations in which the participant is perspective, self-construals and connectedness asked to make her ways of reasoning explicit in with nature have been linked to environmental writing, and specially when solving complex attitudes (EA) and behaviours. Specific problems as those of Cartesian product. Forty- personality traits have also been examined.

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Traits such as responsibility, conscientiousness Personality at work: Structural validity and self-confidence have been found to relate to evidence and links to workplace pro-EA, while selflessness and responsibility outcomes for a new personality tool have been found to relate to ecological behaviours. However, to our knowledge there MACCANN, C. (University of Sydney), BROWN, F. has been no systematic research exploring the (Chandler Macleod Consulting), DONAGHEY, S. effect of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of (Chandler Macleod Consulting) personality on EA and ecological behaviours. We conducted two studies to address this gap in the The Humm-Wadsworth Temperament Scale literature. A total of 332 undergraduate students (Humm) has been used by personnel took part in Study One (70% female, mean age = psychologists for over eighty years, forming the 19, SD = 2.6), and a community sample of 150 basis for the well-known Minnesota Multiphasic participants took part in Study Two (54% female, Personality Inventory (MMPI). This paper mean age = 33.8, SD = 15.9). Participants presents structural and validity evidence for an completed an online survey containing FFM adaptation of the Humm. This adaptation aims measures (Study One: Ten-Item Personality to: (a) reduce the difficulty of items’ language, Inventory; Study Two: Big Five Aspect Scale), the (b) provide a clear and replicable structure at the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) Scale, the dimension and sub-dimension level, and (c) Environmental Attitudes Inventory and produce scales with good internal consistency, ecological behaviour measures. Hierarchical test-retest reliability, and prediction of multiple regressions analyses were performed to workplace outcomes. Participants were examine the relationship between the big five recruited via email for two online studies. dimensions and EA and ecological behaviours, Participants were drawn from two sources (a) controlling for age and gender. Only Openness individuals from recruitment and assessment to Experience consistently predicted people’s databases of the last author’s firm who environmental engagement in both studies. The consented to future contact, and (b) client findings are consistent with another recent organisations of the last author’s firm. In Study study showing that Openness to Experience One, 1895 participants (53.5% female, aged 17 predicts environmentalism, and also with studies to 68) responded to a large item pool developed showing the link between this personality to measure the Humm theoretical model. In dimension and universalism and self- Study Two, which is ongoing, participants transcendence values, which have been shown completed personality and impression to relate to pro-EA and ecological behaviours. management items, as well as criterion Thus, those people who are open-minded, hold measures (job satisfaction, turnover intention, a more altruistic viewpoint and are innovative in organizational citizenship and counter- their outlook and behaviour tend to be more productive workplace behaviors). Participants environmentally engaged. However, the effect were asked to provide an email address for their sizes in our studies were small to medium, current supervisor and a co-worker, for later suggesting that the predictive power of collection of other-report performance data. In personality on environmental engagement is Study One, parallel analysis, exploratory factor low. This is a positive finding suggesting that analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis intervention campaigns can influence people’s (CFA) were used to reduce the item pool to 182 environmental engagement. Theoretical and items representing 6 dimensions and 29 practical implications of the findings will be underlying facets of personality. The six factors discussed, and directions for future research represented: Emotional instability, project-focus, outlined power-motive, self-interest, self-reliance, and extraversion. Alpha reliabilities ranged from .83 Keywords: environmental attitudes, big five model to .95 for broad dimensions, and .69 to .89 for of personality, ecological behaviours, the facet scales. Fit indices from CFA models environmental engagement, new environmental were adequate for a 6-factor solution and good paradigm scale for a 29-factor solution. Study Two data will be available by the time of the conference, allowing replication of the structural model, and a test of

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology whether personality scales relate to self-report different patterns of marital interaction, criteria and performance data. Available data correlatively with the behavior of the partners indicate that the new personality tool has and their gender. These findings are important excellent psychometric properties. Data from for clinicians active in family counseling and Study Two will determine whether the psychotherapy, as they reveal important instrument also promises to be a valid tool for information about the influence of the behavior workplace selection and development. of the partners on couple relationships.

Keywords: temperament, Minnesota multiphasic Keywords: marital adjustment, dyadic adjustment personality inventory, workplace selection, scale, marital satisfaction, affectional expression, emotional instability, job satisfaction distressed couples

Personality profile of the drug addict in Personality profiling of successful elite Romanian young people level team sport coaches

RASCANU, R. (University of Bucharest) WILLIAMS, J. (Best On Ground Performance)

Marital adjustment was originally defined by Sport in Australia is a billion dollar industry and Spanier & Cole (1976) as a multidimensional making the “right “selection of coach will have a phenomenon which the Dyadic Adjustment Scale financial and personal impact on the country, (DAS) was reported to measure adequately the club and the team. The hypothesis is that (Spanier, 1976). The separate dimensions of successful elite level long term coaches will marital adjustment were reported to be the share several common personality and following: (a) consensus on matters of motivational characteristics as tested within the importance to marital functioning, (b) dyadic Hogan inventories. As part of a larger data set satisfaction, (c) dyadic cohesion, and (d) collection, the results of 16 long term elite affectional expression. The purpose of this study coaches completed a set of Hogan Inventory is to explore if and how the behavior pattern of Tests (13 males and three females). All coaches the women or of the man is the one influencing were recruited from invasion sports and had the dyadic adjustment of marital relationships. been head coach at the highest level for a period Ninety couples (50% males and 50% females) of at least five years. Each had succeeded in aged 32 to 59 years completed the Dyadic winning or being runner up in a world Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1989). We selected championship or the highest level of their sport. four groups based on the scores of the two The sports were Australian Football League, partners, and considering T scores under 30 as Basketball, Soccer, Lacrosse and Netball. Hogan indicators of severe maladjustment. There are inventories were selected as they are commonly significant differences between the four groups used as a personality assessment tool in job (t Student). The groups are the following: 1. recruitment and leadership training. Although Non-distressed couples group (N = 71); 2. the coaches varied in many aspects of the 3 distressed couples group (N = 8); 3. mixed Hogan inventories, there were common traits couples group: man with clinical profile, normal that were found. These coaches are highly pattern in woman (N = 7); 4. mixed couples competitive, very self confident, high in self group: woman with clinical profile, normal expectation, highly stress tolerant, resilient, self pattern in man (N = 4). First, as expected, we determined, altruistic, not money driven and found different patterns of behavior for non- people’s people. Personality profiling may prove distressed and distressed couples. Second, if to be a useful tool in the recruitment process of only the woman has a clinical behavior pattern elite coaches. This study is significant because in (low scores on affectional expression, order to establish the foundations for an elite satisfaction and consensus) the man obtained coaching competency model there is a need to low scores on consensus. If the man has a clinical establish a sporting leadership baseline data set. behavior pattern (low scores on affectional Long term successful coaches data can be used expression, satisfaction), the women obtained for psychological comparison and provide an low score on satisfaction. The results discuss assistance in the recruitment practices of Clubs

1225 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology and Associations. In addition, it has the potential Polish soccer hooligans: Euro 2012, to be expanded to provide a larger data set of violence and sense of alienation assistant coaches, sacked coaches and elite players. PIOTROWSKI, P. (Jagiellonian University)

Keywords: sport psychology, elite level long term Poland and Ukraine will organize Soccer Euro coaches, personality assessment, personality 2012 Championships. One of the most disturbing profiles, recruitment of sport coaches problems connected with the event is the presence of a soccer hooligan subculture in Personality traits as effective factors in Poland. The data gathered by the Central Police tendency to addiction: Psychological Command revealed that in 2008 the number of comparison of addicts and non-addicts soccer-related hooligan incidents was as high as 228, with 49 fans and 58 police officers seriously HOMAYOUNI, A. (Bandargaz Branch, Islamic Azad injured. The aim of the study is to explain the University) phenomenon of soccer hooliganism using the concept of sense of alienation and to emphasize Since the introduction of Diagnostic and the importance of prophylactic strategies to Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third cope with it. Thirty-two boys aged 14 to 16, Edition (DSM-III) in 1980, there has been a intensely involved in football hooligan group was growing interest in the study of patients with diagnosed. The research techniques applied: substance use disorders (SUD). The driving force Locus of Control Questionnaire Delta by Drwal behind this field has been, and still is, the high (1980), Sherwood's ISC inventory, Ignaczak's clinical pessimism about the prognosis, and the WIAICH Inventory, and the Social Support Scale difficulties in the clinical management of the and Sense of Alienation Scale (both by Kmiecik- characteristics of diagnosed patients. In this way Baran). Deviant behaviours, manifested in the important matter to study is the evaluation groups of sport supporters, are explained as a of co-occurring personality problems and way of coping with the sense of alienation, substance abuse. So the study investigated the expressed in a destructive manner. The failures personality traits of addicted and non-addicted that hooligans experienced in environments are people. Ninety addicted people and ninety non- most vital to proper development and thus addicted people were randomly selected and favoured high levels of physical aggression, low McCrae & Costa´s (1992) Revised Neuroticism- levels of self-esteem and external loci of control. Extroversion-Openness Inventory was Perceptible deficits of social support facilitated administered on them. Mean scores were the formation of a high level of sense of compared with independent t-tests. Findings alienation. For high risk group boys, the most indicated that there are differences among dominant way of overcoming such a state is to means of personality traits in two groups. form a group of a destructive character, Addicted people are more neurotic and open to composed of individuals experiencing similar experience than non-addicted people and non- difficulties. The sense of belonging to such a addicted people are more extroverted, group becomes the source of support and the agreeable and conscientious than addicted base for shaping identity at the same time. The people. This indicates that evaluating with sense of being rooted into the local community reliable measures, and with more attention to and identification with a group of soccer fans is personality traits, can help psychiatrists and accompanied by a sense of increasing alienation psychologists diagnose the cause of tendency to and inability to function in the wider social addiction, reduce the psychological problems context. The research revealed that the sense of that are related to addiction before and during alienation can be successfully lowered by drug treatment, reduce duration of treatment modifying the predisposing conditions. It is and enhance efficacy of treatment methods. argued that prophylactic projects aimed at eliminating causes that promote negative phenomena can bring the expected results, Keywords: revised neuroticism-extroversion- whereas schemes that are repressive in their openness inventory, substance use disorders, addiction, personality traits, neuroticism

1226 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology character resulted mainly in transferring the Keywords: creativity, gender differences, education, incidents beyond the stadiums in Poland. creativity

Keywords: social alienation, soccer hooliganism, Positive orientation and subjective well- locus of control, sense of belonging, self-esteem being of cancer patients

Portuguese college students: Different KOHLI, N. (University of Allahabad) levels or different creativities? The aim of the present study was to examine a) IBÉRICO NOGUEIRA, S. (Universidade Lusófona de the relationship between positive orientation Humanidades e Tecnologias) and subjective well-being and b) to identify the predictors of subjective well-being. The sample The aim of this research was to characterize and consisted of 61 cancer patients undergoing analyze the differences in the creativity levels of treatment at a local hospital in Allahabad, students from different areas of graduation. We Northern India. Twenty three males and 38 also intended to study the creativity differences females participated in the study. Their mean between Portuguese and German students, to age was 50.13 years (SD = 14.76). More than reflect about the role of the cultural and 50% of the respondents were illiterate. Semi - academic backgrounds in creativity structured interviews were used. The interviews development. This research involved a lasted for about 40 minutes. Informed consent convenience sample of 600 participants, 200 was taken. The initial section of the Interview from Psychology, 200 from Architecture and 200 schedule included questions pertaining to from Engineering, 319 male and 282 female, Demographics (age, gender, income, level of ranging between 20 and 48 years of age. To education), and Illness description (severity of assess the creativity levels we used the Test for illness, duration of treatment, perceived Creative Thinking- Drawing Production (TCT-DP; controllability). The later section of the Interview Urban & Yellen, 1996). We found significant schedule covered items relating to positive differences between the graduation areas, orientation. Positive orientation was measured favoring the architects. In addition, we found with the help of the Silver Lining Questionnaire statistically significant higher creativity levels in which consisted of 38 items and future the final year students (fifth year of their orientation which consisted of five items. The graduation), by comparing them to the lower Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire consisted of levels of graduation (third and fourth). There is a 24 items. A five-point rating scale was used to significant statistical difference between the tap the responses. The findings showed that Portuguese and the German sample, favoring Positive orientation of patients (beliefs that the latter. We did not find any significant every cloud has a silver lining and positive future differences between males and females in terms orientation) correlated significantly with of their creativity levels. We must reflect on the subjective well-being (r =.708** and r = .676** importance of the participant’s area of respectively). Multiple regression analysis of graduation for the creativity levels. We also patient data demonstrated that family income, need to reflect about the importance of the beliefs in silver lining and positive future higher levels of education and its positive orientation emerged as significant predictors of correlation with the creativity levels. The subjective wellbeing. The higher the family significant statistical difference between income of patients and the greater their positive Portuguese and German samples, favoring the orientation (strong beliefs in silver lining and latter, leads us to reflect about the cultural more positive future orientation), the higher differences in terms of educational goals and their level of subjective well-being was. The motives. The similarities between males and implications of the findings will be discussed. To females concerning their creativity levels agree unravel the mysteries of silver lining and future with the findings of several other studies. orientation, more studies are needed in this area.

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: cancer patients, future orientation, prognostic, decision and execution) and positive orientation, subjective well-being, contextual explanatory element of these human perceived control failures (endogenous or exogenous). The preliminary results show that the non-detection Powered two-wheelers' conspicuity and of PTW could be explained at different levels: human functional failures: An in-depth Sensorial level linked to narrowness of PTW; accident study behavioural level linked to specific driving of PTW (e.g. lateral and frontal acceleration JAFFARD, M. (Inrets), CLABAUX, N. (Inrets), capacities); or cognitive level linked to FOURNIER, J. Y. (Inrets), VAN ELSLANDE, P. (Inrets) attentional capacity of confronted drivers (e.g. PTW are less present on the traffic and car Until now, powered two-wheelers (PTW) have drivers don't expect to meet them). Moreover, been a really dangerous means of transport these factors are not exclusive and could often despite many efforts to change this. In France, be combined in an accident situation. Yet, the the number of PTW riders involved in accidents implication of one factor is not most often each year is more than 25% of people killed in enough to be determinant. Thus, the different accidents, despite these vehicles representing factors’ impact is considered in drivers only 6.5% of the number of vehicles on the road functional failures. These results, however, and they drive four times kilometres less then reveal that the lack of PTW detectability induces car drivers a year (ONISR, 2007). The PTW mainly perceptive failures, but not only these. conspicuity problem is identified in the literature This issue can be at the origin of difficulties in as a main issue of insecurity. According to a situation evaluation, in PTW behaviour previous study, the non-detection of PTW is understanding or in decision making. In involved in 60% of accident cases between PTW conclusion, this study proves that the and another vehicle (Van Elslande et al., 2003). conspicuity problem is a complex issue which PTW are less detectable physically. can be explained both by physical, cognitive or Nevertheless, the detectability problem cannot behavioural parameters. The lack of detectability be reduced to this characteristic. The aim of this has an impact on every functional level of study is to investigate different aspects of the driving. These results will be revisited from an PTW conspicuity problem in crashes in order to ergonomic point of view in order to consider determine the origin, the context of onset, efficient means to fight against consequences of explanatory elements associated and to look at PTW poor detectability. adapted operational solutions. The survey is based on an evaluation of the perceptive Keywords: , accident difficulties that drivers meet when they are reconstruction, powered two-wheelers, driver's confronted to a PTW. It makes use of the functional chain, driving analysis performed on a sample of 184 accidents involving a PTW detectability problem by the Predicting client uptake of online family confronted driver. Accident data were collected dispute resolution: An extension of the in the frame of the In-depth accident study Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of (EDA) conducted at INRETS (France). Data on Technology (UTAUT) drivers' difficulties and their production context variables were obtained by gathering detailed CASEY, T. (Relationships Australia Queensland), information at the scene of accident itself. Data WILSON-EVERED, E. (Relationships Australia were collected by multidisciplinary teams and Queensland), ALDRIDGE, S. (Relationships Australia covered the three components of the road Queensland) system: vehicles, drivers and infrastructure. Each accident surveyed gave rise to a reconstruction Recent amendments to the Family Law Act have in time and space of the events leading up to it. resulted in a proliferation of family dispute Then, a classification model of human functional resolution (FDR) providers throughout Australia. failures (Van Elslande & Fouquet, 2007) allowed However, a key issue faced by these services is us to define breakdowns in the driver's client accessibility, which online delivery aims to functional chain (perception, diagnostic, address. In the context of a national pilot of

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology online FDR (OFDR), this study aimed to evaluate AUSTERS, I. (University of Latvia), MUZIKANTE, I. a model of client uptake intention. Integrating (University of Latvia), RENGE, V. (University of trust and personal web innovativeness (PWI) Latvia) into the existing framework of the UTAUT, this study sought to identify the salient contributing It has been well-documented by researchers in factors to clients’ OFDR uptake intention. A total traffic psychology that age and gender predict of 362 clients were surveyed by phone following the accident rate - males and younger drivers registration for an existing national dispute tend to be more involved in accidents. In the resolution service. To reduce client present study our aim was to test whether inconvenience, exemplar items were chosen for human values carry incremental validity in each construct. Subject matter experts assisted explaining traffic accidents. Human values were in item selection. Evaluation of the model was defined as a set of abstract beliefs related to conducted using partial least squares (PLS). desired human goals (Schwartz, 1992). Five Clients reported widespread access to the hundred twenty five drivers (age range from 18 technologies required by OFDR. The UTAUT to 60, 46% females) participated in the study. model and added variables (trust and PWI) Besides the rate of involvement in traffic accounted for a significant amount of variance in accidents we also measured four dimensions of OFDR uptake intention (R2 = .617, p < .01). human values: Conservation, Self- Specifically, performance expectancy (β = .412, p Transcendence, Openness to Change, and Self- < .01), effort expectancy (β = .201, p < .01) and Enhancement by the Portrait Value trust in OFDR technology (β = .537, p < .01) Questionnaire (Schwartz et al., 2001). contributed the greatest proportion of variance Hierarchical regression analysis showed that to behavioural intention. Social influence did not human values add a predictive power to contribute significantly to intention (β = .052, p = explaining traffic accidents over that provided by .278). Domestic violence was negatively the measures of age and gender. Particularly, correlated with uptake intention (r = -.161, p < value dimensions of Conservation and Self- .01), effort expectancy (r = -.140, p < .01) and Enhancement are significant predictors of traffic performance expectancy (r = -1.58, p < .01). accident rate besides age and gender. Human Technological accessibility does not appear to be values explain accident rate in a meaningful and a major inhibiting factor to clients’ intended interpretable manner, thus suggesting an uptake of OFDR services. Further, the UTAUT important, culturally based understanding of was validated in this unique context. driving accidents. Implementations of OFDR services should consider users’ attitudes, perceived effort to use Keywords: traffic psychology, human values, driving the system, trust in online technology and access accidents, self-enhancement to resources to maximize uptake. The negative effect of domestic violence on OFDR uptake Predictors of academic success: A intention, though expected, suggests further longitudinal comparative study investigation. Overall the findings offer direction for future studies of the specific conditions where OFDR may be most effective and MARASIGAN, J. (Kwantlen Polytechnic University) acceptable. Students who learned English as a foreign Keywords: online family dispute resolution, family language perform equally well academically in a dispute resolution, web innovativeness, client trust, North-American post-secondary institution as technological accessibility students who are native speakers of English. A 19-item questionnaire on academic success was administered to a sample of 427 English as a Predicting traffic accident rates: Human values add predictive power to age and Foreign Language (EFL) students and 322 Native gender English Speaking (NES) students who entered a North American post-secondary institution for the first time during the academic year 2002- 2003. Their cumulative Grade Point Averages

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

(GPAs) during each of five subsequent academic Sao Tomese, and Guineans) and 320 native years up to 2008 were analysed along nine Portuguese adolescents. Adolescents from predictors. Analyses include descriptive immigrant families reported similar adaptation statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, bivariate to that of their native Portuguese counterparts. correlation, multiple regression, and Predictive factors, including socio-demographic discriminant analysis. The mean cumulative and intercultural contact variables, were GPAs of EFL and NES students grouped according significantly linked to youths’ adaptation. to the nine predictors range from 2.19 (number of employment hours) to 2.86 (number of Keywords: , psychological independent study hours) and 2.22 (number of adaptation, sociocultural adaptation, adolescents' employment hours) to 3.00 (being married), social adaptation, immigrants respectively. When paired on each of the nine predictors, mean differences between the two Predictors of creative performance in the groups are not significant. Coefficients of workplace correlation between the predictors and GPAs are generally low, many are negative, yet many are IMBER, A. (Inventium) significant. Variance analyses yielded significant F’s for eight predictors. Three discriminant function coefficients correctly classified 33.4% of Few studies have examined the predictors of the participants into 11 program clusters. There creative performance in the workplace. We set were 172 EFL students and 89 NES students who out to examine whether a variety of predictors, graduated from their program of studies. The which had been shown to predict creative study refutes the myth that EFL students, performance in laboratory studies, actually led compared to NES students, are academically to more creative performance at work. Over two disadvantaged due to the language barrier. The hundred employees across more than forty hypothesis that EFL students perform equally different organisations took part in the study. well academically as NES students in a North- Employees were asked to complete a series of American post-secondary institution is questionnaires, ability tests, and reaction-time supported. The study recommends further tests. In addition, over four hundred of their studies to include the variables that were not managers and co-workers participated in the among the nine predictors, i.e., academic self- study to rate the employees on their creative concept, motivational attitudes, such as self- performance at work. Our study revealed several efficacy beliefs and a high motive to succeed; predictors of creative performance, including and cognitive style. openness to experience, creative self-identity, promotion focus, and cross application of experiences. These variables predicted Keywords: Academic success, English as a foreign language, Post-secondary, Students behaviours such as creative problem solving ability, ability to sell in ideas to others, and ability to work collaboratively on projects Predictors of adaptation among requiring creative thinking. The implications of adolescents from immigrant families in this study are significant for the field of Portugal recruitment, in that we are now able to predict the likelihood that job applicants will exhibit NETO, F. (Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da creative behaviours in the workplace. The Educação) findings also have important implications for learning and development for companies who The aims of this study were to investigate the are looking to identify prime employees for degree of psychological and sociocultural championing innovation within the organisation. adaptation among adolescents with immigrant This study also adds to the limited body of backgrounds in Portugal and the factors that knowledge of the variables that predict creative may predict adaptation. The study sample behaviour in the workplace. consisted of 755 immigrant adolescents from seven ethno-cultural groups (Cape Verdeans, Keywords: creativity, innovation, organisations Angolans, Indians, Mozambicans, East Timorese,

1230 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Predictors of psychological well-being: social support are strongly related to women’s 1150 Women ability to accept themselves, a central feature of mental health (Ryff, 1989). An interaction effect MOE, K. (University of Kentucky), BROCKOPP, D. between distress and social support, however, (University of Kentucky), ABNER, J. (University of was not found. Therefore, future research will Kentucky), HATCH, J. (University of Kentucky), focus on understanding how predictors operate SCHREIBER, J. (University of Kentucky), YACKZAN, S. in different dimensions of PWB for women. (University of Kentucky), HICK, M. (University of Kentucky), VARGHESE, A. (University of Kentucky) Keywords: cancer diagnosis, psychological well- being, psychological distress, social support, self- The aim of this study was to identify predictors acceptance of Psychological Well-Being (PWB) among women undergoing diagnostic mammograms for Predictors of treatment-seeking by in- breast cancer. As part of a larger study patient problem gamblers in Canada: A examining the PWB of women pre- and post- theoretically-driven approach diagnosis of breast cancer, data on 1150 healthy participants (non-diagnosed) were analyzed to KUO, B. C. H. (University of Windsor), GILLIS, P. determine predictors of PWB in women. (University of Windsor) Participants were well-educated, exhibited normal ranges of PWB and psychological distress. Ages ranged from 23 to 87 (M = 50.16, Cumulative gambling literature has pointed to SD = 10.84). Using simple correlations and linear serious underutilization of problem gambling regression, 15 variables were analyzed to treatment and services by pathological gamblers determine predictors of PWB. Ryff’s (1989) worldwide. Yet the existing research on help- Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB) total seeking among problem gamblers is scarce, score and six subscales represented PWB as highlighting a need for systematic empirical dependent variables. Binary correlations of 15 inquires. The present research addresses this variables as potential predictors of well-being gap by identifying and assessing a constellation showed that three variables (depression, r = - of critical psychosocial antecedents of help- .63; stress, r = -.57; and perceived social support, seeking among problem gamblers based on an a r = .42) were significantly related to PWB. Using priori model previously tested with structural hierarchical regression, these three variables equation modeling by Cramer (1999). With a were strong predictors of PWB, contributing 37% sample of 29 problem gamblers who attended a of the variance in total PWB after controlling for three-week in-patient gambling treatment 11 variables. PWB subscale correlations showed program in Southwestern Ontario, Canada, this a hierarchy of responses suggesting that the study measured 15 social, cognitive, coping, three variables were most strongly related to health and financial variables hypothesized to be Self-Acceptance followed by Purpose in Life, critical to treatment-seeking behaviour for Positive Relations, Environmental Mastery, problem gamblers. The variables included: Personal Growth and Autonomy. Psychological expected problems related to gambling, distress (depression and stress) and social gambling moderation self-efficacy, help-seeking support appear to be key attributes in attitude, self-concealment, self and social understanding women’s PWB. In relation to stigma, coping, social support from friends, subscale analyses, it is difficult to discern family and significant others, gambling-incurred whether or not high self-acceptance leads to debt, general health and comorbid alcohol increased social support and less distress or if abuse. Specifically, the study examined: a) low distress and high social support contribute predictors of the participants’ willingness to seek to stronger self acceptance. Similar questions help across seven types of interventions and can be posed for each of the three variables. For support; and b) changes in the predictor and example, would enhancing women’s social criterion variables from pre- to post-treatment. support and decreasing their distress give them The results of a series of multiple regressions a greater sense of self-acceptance? Findings in showed varied patterns of help-seeking this study show that depression, stress, and behaviours among the participants depending upon the types of help and services in question.

1231 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

At pre-treatment, the regression model was data collection. Discriminant Analysis was used effective in predicting problem gamblers’ to identify which of the twelve LBDQ dimensions willingness to seek psychotherapy or counselling accounted for the significant differences in particular. At post-treatment, the same model between the two subject groups. The data sets was effective in predicting problem gamblers’ were composed of 202 Turkish and 200 Italian overall willingness to seek help. Problem employees’ responses. The findings indicate that gamblers’ willingness to seek most forms of help seven LBDQ dimensions: representation, and services examined in the present study demand reconciliation, tolerance of uncertainty, improved from pre- to post-treatment. There tolerance of freedom, role assumption, were statistically significant changes in the consideration, and production emphasis, participants’ overall willingness to seek help and discriminated between the two countries. in their willingness to access Gamblers Findings reveal that Italian employees prefer Anonymous in particular between pre- and post- leaders that perform representation (b=0.262), treatment. Furthermore, the participants tolerance of uncertainty (b=0.359), tolerance of reported improvement with respect to overall freedom (b=0.574), role assumption (b=0.673), health, social support from family members, and and consideration (b=0.267) behaviors more adaptive coping strategies. Moreover, than Turkish employees. Turkish employees participants reported a decrease in their prefer leaders with demand reconciliation (b=- tendency to conceal personal secrets and this 0.108) and production emphasis (b=-0.269) decrease was especially pronounced among behaviors more than Italian employees. As a women. The findings of the study suggest the result of this research, we found the ideal leader utility of systematically investigating treatment- behavior expectation of the two countries seeking grounded in a theoretically framework. showed significant differences, as indicated in Interpretations of the findings and discussion of previous studies. their implications for future research and clinical intervention are presented. Keywords: leadership style, cross-cultural, Turkey, Italy Keywords: problem gambling, problem gamblers, help-seeking, gambling moderation self-efficacy, Preliminary evidence for the role of problem gambling psychosocial strength in addressing problems in childhood and adolescence Preference of leadership styles: A cross- cultural study between Turkey and Italy BRAZEAU, J. (Centre for Excellence for Children and Adolescents With Special Needs), RAWANA, E. YURTKORU, S. (Marmara University), DURMU, B. (Centre of Excellence for Children and Adolescents (Marmara University), ERDOAN, E. (Marmara with Special Needs, Thunder Bay) University) The current presentation will describe the Leadership has been a topic of interest since empirical evidence that supports a strength- ancient times. Even though perspectives are based approach to assessment and treatment of changing, leadership still remains as a major children and adolescents with diverse mental concern for numerous nations and health problems. The initial focus of the organisations. Especially as the borders of presentation will be on the assessment of business world begin to disappear and people strengths and the relationship between from different cultures began to be in much strengths and areas of difficulties that were closer relationship, the importance of leadership ascertained from a large sample of youths styles are increasing. The perception of “ideal between the ages of 11 and 18 years of age. The leader behavior” varies across countries. The presentation will then focus on two prospective aim of this study was to investigate and compare studies that examined the role of strengths on perceptions of ideal leader behaviors from two treatment outcomes. The first study examined different countries: Turkey and Italy. In this strengths as they related to outcomes in a study the Ohio State Leadership Behavior residential substance abuse program for Description Questionnaire (LBDQ XII) was used in adolescents. The second study evaluated a

1232 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology strength-based intervention for bullying that was explore the possibly mediating function of self- implemented in a primary school. Results construal. Through content analysis, we found indicate that strengths tend to be negatively the characteristics of types of pride events are correlated with measures of psychopathology. similar between Chinese and Americans; for However, youths with high levels of example, Achievement Event is the main event psychopathology still have areas of strength that type that aroused the feeling of pride. Internal can be used to overcome difficulties. In our appraisal is the main style of evaluation for both studies, specific strengths were associated with cultures. The feeling of pride is experienced improved outcomes. We have provided more in public places. The feeling of pride is preliminary evidence that suggests that more related with family for Chinese students strengths are related to psychopathology and compared with American students. Chinese may play an important role in overcoming students mainly have interdependent-self adversity. Through assessing strengths mental characteristics, and American students mainly health professionals can identify areas of have independent-self characteristics. Culture strength that may help clients overcome their can influence the self-conscious emotion of problems. In addition, strength-based pride. The feeling of pride between Chinese and interventions may provide a valuable addition to American university students has some coherent traditional treatments. Ongoing research is characteristics and some different characters. currently underway to help further clarify these Two countries’ students have different self- propositions. construal characters, and the role of self- construal as a mediator is not significant. Keywords: assessment, treatment of children and adolescents, residential substance abuse problem, Keywords: pride, self-consciousness, self-construal, adolescent psychopathology, bullying Geneva appraisal questionnaire, interdependent and dependent selves Pride, self and culture: A cross-cultural study among Chinese and American Proactive coping, positive mood and university students rehabilitation outcomes following orthopaedic joint replacement FENG, X. (Northeast Normal University), YE, Y. D. (Fujian Normal University) KATTER, J.K.Q (York University), GREENGLASS, E. (York University) Pride is a type of self-conscious emotion. Until now it has received considerably less attention Orthopaedic joint replacement is an increasingly from emotion researchers than basic emotions common surgical procedure aimed at reducing such as joy, fear and sadness. The aim of this pain and improving physical functioning. It has study is: (a) To explore types of pride events; (b) recently been recognized that psychological and to explore the characteristics of attribution cognitive factors can greatly influence an between Chinese and American university individual’s post-surgical recovery, above and students; and (c) to explore the role of self- beyond the effects of preoperative function and construal when participants experience self- surgical trauma. An individual’s coping style, the conscious emotions of pride using cross-cultural way in which they typically deal with problems background. The participants are from Chinese they encounter, may be a particularly relevant and American universities, enrolled in consideration in understanding how they will psychology courses. Participants completed on- cope with the difficulties associated with joint line questionnaires. The pride questionnaire is a replacement. Engaging in proactive coping, a modified version of the Geneva Appraisal coping style that is goal-oriented and involves Questionnaire (GAQ- Pride). All participants also approaching stressors as challenges rather than completed a Self-Construal Scale (SCS) and a threats may be particularly beneficial. brief demographic form. Data were analyzed Individuals who engage in proactive coping have with the statistical software SPSS 16. An analysis been previously shown to experience higher of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the levels of positive emotion. Experiencing higher hypothesis. Regression analysis was used to levels of positive emotions during stressful

1233 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology encounters, such as following surgery, has been 1097 first year students at the University of New shown to help individuals to find meaning in South Wales, Australia. Students completed those encounters, and successfully recover from measures of dispositional optimism, adult them (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004). It is attachment, attachment to parents and peers, hypothesized that older adults who engage in coping styles, and adjustment (psychological, proactive coping would experience improved social, academic). Results indicated that psychological and functional rehabilitation dispositional optimism, attachment relationships outcomes following joint replacement, and that with parents and peers and problem coping this relation would be mediated by the styles were associated in expected directions experience of increased positive mood. The with adjustment for both local and international relation between proactive coping, mood, and students. Success at university, demonstrated by psychological and functional rehabilitation academic achievement, showed a statistically outcomes was examined in a longitudinal study significant association with the constructs of 228 older adults undergoing rehabilitation examined. In the current sample optimistic following joint replacement surgery. Shortly students reported more adaptive coping skills, after admittance to a rehabilitation centre, had more positive attachment relationships with participants completed a series of self-report parents and peers and adjusted more quickly to measures, including assessments of proactive the transition to university. Finally, optimism, coping and mood. Subsequently, on the day coping and relationships with parents and peers prior to discharge, trained medical professionals in facilitating adjustment applied equally to both assessed the success of a patients’ rehabilitation. local and international students giving support Support for the proposed mediation model was to the cross-cultural applicability of the core found, where proactive coping style was constructs. associated with increased vigour, which was in turn associated with improved functional and Keywords: dispositional optimism, coping styles, psychological outcomes. A similar relationship adjustment, adult attachment was not found for the experience of negative mood. Improved rehabilitation outcomes may Problems faced by primary school be experienced by individuals who engage in students belonging to socio- proactive coping, due in part to their increased economically disadvantaged sections of positive mood. Theoretical and practical Indian society implications of the association between proactive coping, mood and rehabilitation YADAV, R.J. (Kurukshetra University), SHARMILIA, outcomes are discussed in the context of (Kurukhetra University), KADIAN, M.S. (Kurukhetra interventions to foster proactive coping in older University), KUMAR, P. (Shri Krishna College of adults. Education)

Keywords: proactive coping, mood, joint This investigation, conducted in India, aimed to: replacement (1) study the academic/educational problems of primary school students belonging to socio- Problem coping style as a mediator economically disadvantaged family backgrounds; between dispositional optimism and (2) study the personal problems of primary adjustment to university school students belonging to socio-economically disadvantaged family backgrounds; (3) study HEALY, M. (University of New South Wales) school related problems of primary school students belonging to socio-economically This study examined the relative influence of disadvantaged family backgrounds; (4) to study dispositional optimism, and problem coping teachers’ related problems of primary school styles on adjustment to university for first year students belonging to socio-economically university students. The study examined disadvantaged family backgrounds; and (5) study adjustment by both Australian-born students parents’ related problems of primary school and international students. Participants were students belonging to socio-economically disadvantaged family backgrounds. A descriptive

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology survey method was used. The study sample Experiential Emotion Focused Therapy (PEEFT) in consisted of 200 students belonging to socio- mode. Effectiveness is indicated by economically disadvantaged family backgrounds improvements in the psychologists counselling of six government schools of Jhajjar district of competencies. Within a participatory inquiry Haryana, India. A researcher-developed methodological framework data was collected questionnaire and Chi-Square test was used for from a Melbourne peer supervision group. Five analysis of the data. The study indicated the Melbourne psychologists with varied following main problems faced by Schedule backgrounds met monthly in an informal setting Caste students, who are socio-economically for two and a half hours practicing peer disadvantaged in primary school: (1) children supervision in a context of trust and exploration. develop fear regarding school and teachers; (2) The structured format comprised discussion on these children are afraid of corporal punishment preparatory reading, analysis of issues from case given by teachers; (3) lack of facilities in school; examples and an experiential exercise. PEEFT (4) books of stories are not made available to methodology requires the therapist to notice children; (5) frequent corporal punishment is and track the client’s emotional and physical given to children; (6) these children have to do sensations using an empathically-attuned, client- domestic work; and (7) lack of environment and centred, and interventionist approach. Group adequate space for studies at home. In India, in participants self selected as supervisor, therapist spite of efforts made in this direction, there exist or observers according to ‘what is emotionally numerous problems in the field of elementary present’ and participated in triad work. Within a education due to existing socio-cultural safe and respectful environment practitioners conditions/contexts and socially disadvantaged practiced PEEFT techniques, reflected and gave communities/weaker sections. The major feedback on the process while remaining ‘in- proportion of children belonging to these mode.’ Theory was applied in a sensitive, honest backgrounds do not complete their education up and supportive manner during evaluation. A to elementary school-level and either remain out formal evaluation of the peer supervision of school or prematurely dropout from school process used in the group was conducted after without completing elementary school-level an 18 month period. All psychologists reported a education. Therefore, there is still a need for heightened sense of self-awareness, self-efficacy further thinking in this context. and satisfaction associated with skills development and consolidating theory through Keywords: primary school, socio-economic the experiential process. The effects were found disadvantage, schedule caste, India, elementary to occur at both a professional and personal school level with improved competencies within supervision and counselling sessions. The PEEFT model of peer supervision was found to be Process Experiential Emotion Focused Therapy - An inquiry of peer supervision successful due to improved counselling 'in-mode' competencies. The ‘in-mode’ framework provided an innovative, efficient, effective, and satisfying model of training and supervision for TUDGE, S., JOHNS, H. (Essendon Community psychologists working in various counselling Counselling Service) positions.

Supervision is increasingly being required of Keywords: supervision, group supervision, process- trained psychologists to promote high quality experiential emotion-focused therapy counselling, continuous learning and psychological health. Group supervision models can provide invigorating and challenging Process-experiential emotion-focused professional development opportunities, therapy (PEEFT) - Supervision “in-mode” allowing practitioners to enquire, observe, practice and learn in ways that cannot be KRUPKA, Z. (La Trobe University), HARTE, M. (La achieved in one-on-one supervision. The aim of Trobe University), KRUPKA, Z. (La Trobe University) this study was to determine the effectiveness of a peer supervision framework using Process

1235 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The Process-Experiential Emotion-Focused Procrastination in the workplace: What Therapy (PEEFT) approach to therapy uses demotivates performance? specified client markers or indicators of experience, to direct the therapist’s choice of LEYBINA, A. (Raffles Educational Corporation process interventions or tasks. Traditionally, College) supervision in this area tends to focus on the appropriate use of these tasks, the analysis of Workplace procrastination has recently become client emotional processing and the developing academically topical. The works of Choi (2005) relationship between the client and counsellor. and Dingfelder (2006) have addressed workplace While the PEEFT counselling method is productivity but not the influence of underlying expressive and process-oriented, the supervision motivation in the same manner Temporal experience is potentially content “heavy” and Motivation Theory (Steel, 2007) has done in the directive. The aim of this study is to explore an analysis of procrastination. This study aimed to “in-mode” model of supervision consistent with define a motivation structure of workers and PEEFT markers and tasks. This presentation is hypothesized that this motivational structure structured to include a brief overview of the has a direct and contrasting relationship with the work in the area so far and report on a level of worker procrastination. One hundred participatory line of inquiry the supervisee’s and forty seven Russians of different trades experiences. As part of a PEEFT supervision participated in the study. Various methods and group (circa 2005), involving psychologists and questionnaires were used including “Personal psychotherapists, there has been an exploration Motivational Structure” (V.E. Milman), of PEEFT markers, to inform a supervision “Motivation of Professional Activity” (C. Zamfir), practice that is more process based. For “Value Inventory” (S. Schwartz) and example, tasks such as empty chair and two- “Professional Performance” which was chair work are used to debrief the therapist, developed and validated. To determine “bring the client more to life,” and to clarify for underlying redundancies among the motives, the counsellor those blind spots and dilemmas the data were factor analyzed. A principal they are experiencing in the counselling components method (VARIMAX rotation) was relationship. The issue of distinction between used to extract factors and a multiple regression therapy and supervision was also investigated. analysis was conducted to assess the influence In addition, innovative Professional of motivation types on procrastination level. The Development (PD) Days have been developed. procrastinator motivation structure was then These days incorporate triad work, theoretical built. There were four factors retained in the discussions around application of tasks and live motivational structure of Russian workers; supervision. A pioneering advance sees “Creation Factor”, “Prosperity Factor”, “Altruistic supervision conducted in a ‘fish-bowl’ group Factor” and “Reinforcement Factor” (stability for setting and ‘in-mode’, providing the supervisee factor analysis yielded the value .785). The value with an opportunity to personally explore their of R² was .68, which was highly significant F reactions to clients and group members to (12.23) = 24.02, MSresidual = 23.58, p < .001. The contribute to the supervision process. standard error of estimation was 4.86. It was Supervision becomes less concentrated on the found that the motivational structure of workers “unknown client’s story” and more on the with high work procrastination was three times counsellor’s and supervisor’s “known” more consistent than that of workers with low experiencing. As this exploration continues, a or average work procrastination. Nevertheless, theory of PEEFT supervision is developing that: no significant differences were found supports the counsellor’s work with the client, establishing a homogeneous relationship among enhances their own experience of the tasks and the three motivational structures rs=.81 (p < highlights the processes operating in the .001) for high and low procrastinators and rs counselling relationship. =.75 (p < .005) for high and average procrastinators. The connection between Keywords: counselling, process-experiential motivational components and levels of emotion-focused therapy, emotional processing, professional procrastination was revealed and supervision, professional development correlated with underlying motivation factors. It

1236 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology was demonstrated that procrastinators have races in Malaysia, has had a great impact higher adaptive abilities, i.e. they can switch towards increasing their awareness and motivations easily to procrastinate, but in understanding regarding diversity and general their motivation is similar to employees multicultural issues in the Malaysian context. with low and average levels of procrastination. These results indicate that multicultural Although the majority of independent variables counselling is a rapidly emerging profession in alone correlated significantly with the activity Malaysia. Multicultural counselling competency level, only activity motivation, creativity, needs to be integrated into all counselling in achievements and stimulation accounted for a Malaysia. Continuing support foe practising significant amount of unique variance of counsellors, counsellor educators, training procrastination. institutions and government and non- government bodies, to promote and enhance Keywords: procrastination, workplace, motivation, current theoretical understanding and practice productivity, Russian of multicultural counselling, is needed. Future research directions for improving the current education and training of counsellors are also Professional counsellors' experiences discussed. and perceptions of multicultural counselling in Malaysia: A qualitative examination Keywords: multicultural counselling practitioners, cultural interventions, multicultural counselling competency, training, counselling competency AGA MOHD JALADIN, R. (Monash University)

Profile of time perspective and This research in progress explored the subjective well-being among Taiwanese experiences and perceptions of 11 multicultural counselling practitioners with regard to the field of multicultural counselling in Malaysia. Semi- GAO, Y. (Fu Jen Catholic University) structured interviews were conducted with 11 professional counsellors in Malaysia. These A balanced time perspective (BTP; Boniwell & counsellors were registered with the Malaysian Zimbardo, 2004) is usually operationally defined Board of Counsellors and were holders of a as a combination of high scores on past positive practising license. They came from different (PP), present hedonistic (PH) and future (F) in work settings and different ethnic, religious, conjunction with low scores on past negative gender, and age groups. Based on a qualitative (PN) and present fatalistic (PF) in terms of the analysis using NVivo 8, participants noted that Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; aspects of being a multiculturally competent Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). In this study, we counsellor in Malaysia included open- investigated profiles of time perspective and its mindedness, flexibility, active listening, correlation with subjective well-being (SWB) in knowledge and awareness of cultural issues, Taiwan. Participants comprised 420 Taiwanese skilfulness in making cultural interventions, self- young adults (278 females and 142 males) awareness, and broad exposure to diverse life recruited from five universities in northern experiences. Most of the participants also stated Taiwan. The 56-item Zimbardo Time Perspective that the challenges to becoming multiculturally Inventory (ZTPI: Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) and competent included lack of knowledge regarding five- item Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; other cultures in Malaysia, lack of skill when Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985) was dealing with clients who presented culturally translated from English into Chinese by the sensitive issues in Malaysia such as lesbian and researchers. The data contained sufficient gay issues, and lack of support and training in shared variance for factor analysis (KMO = .79) multicultural counselling competency. However, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2 = 2412.613, p many participants agreed that the current < .001 for ZTPI; χ2 = 967.572, p < .001 for SWLS) national movement towards “One Malaysia”, identified the possibility to perform factor which emphasises national unity by encouraging analysis. A 25- item modified Chinese Version mutual respect and trust among the different Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and five- item Satisfaction With Life Scale Chinese Version

1237 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology was used in this study. Results showed 81 groups as the same as before, then let pupils participants holding a BTP profile and 319 complete the composition. According to the participants without a BTP profile. Compared evaluating indicator of pupils’ narrative writing, with non-BTP group, the group with a BTP profile the pre- and post-narrative writing had significantly higher scores on SWLS (t = performances were assess, and the total scores 5.662, p < .001). Besides this, the five temporal and sub-scores calculated. Compared with the frames (PP, PN, F, PH and PF) were correlated control group, narrative writing performances of with SWB. There were no significant correlations experimental groups were all significantly between PF and SWB. People with higher scores promoted. The differences among post-narrative for PP, F and PH had greater subjective well- writing performances of the nine experimental being (r = .420, p < .001; r = .277, p < .001; r = groups were significant. After third-grade pupils .139, p < .01, respectively). Individuals with more had learned the different types of narrative PN had less subjective well-being. Most of these model essays, the narrative writing results are consistent with the findings reported performances all improved significantly. In by Drake, Duncan, Sutherland, Abernethy and regards to the total score, the “added the end ” Henry (2008). The relationship between BTP and incomplete model essay learning group SWB exists across different cultures. performed best, “fill the contents” incomplete model essay learning group was second, Keywords: balanced time perspective, satisfaction complete model essay learning group was third, with life scale, subjective well-being, temporal and the “added elements” incomplete model frames essay learning group preformed the least.

Promoting effects of complete model Keywords: complete model essays, incomplete essay and incomplete model essay model essays, student narratives, composition learning on pupils’ narrative writing teaching, narrative writing

QI, Z. (Liaoning Normal University), YAO, W. Promotion regulatory focus, affective (Liaoning Normal University) commitment and manager-rated performance predicting intention to leave in retail banking employees In the past, in composition teaching, pupils were generally only provided with complete model essays, and rarely were incomplete model essays VOIGT, E. (Monash University), HIRST, G. (Monash used. However, the authors believe that the University) results of learning from some types of incomplete model essays may be better than the The aim of the study was to examine results of learning from complete model essays. interactions between regulatory focus of In order to verify the hypothesis, authors promotion, affective commitment and manager- established an evaluating indicator of pupils’ rated performance in relation to intention to narrative writing, and designed one complete leave. The study included a national sample of model essay and eight different types of 785 retail banking employees across 181 incomplete model essays. A total of 300 third- branches. Participants completed an online grade pupils were randomly divided into ten questionnaire and responses were matched to groups with one group being the control group individual performance as rated by the manager. and the other nine being experimental groups. Descriptive statistics and correlations were At the beginning of the experiment, the calculated for all variables. Data was then experimenters presented a narrative with the centered to reduce possible concerns with multi- same subject to the ten groups. After pupils colinearity. Controlling for age, organisational completed the composition ten minutes, the tenure and job satisfaction, hierarchical control group did not learn anything via model moderated regression analyses were conducted essay, and the other nine experimental groups to test the three hypotheses proposed. The respectively learned one type of incomplete manager-rated performance-intention to leave model essay. After 30 minutes, the relationship is influenced by level of promotion experimenters presented a subject to the ten focus (β = -0.07, p < .05). With increasing

1238 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology performance ratings, high promotion focus separately. A short-term longitudinal study was individuals indicated reduced intention to leave, conducted in two waves of data collection with a but those with low promotion focus tend to time lag of six months. The longitudinal sample become more likely to consider leaving as comprised 169 pre-adolescents (38% boys) aged performance increases. Results also indicated 11 to 14 years at Time One (T1; M = 11.80, SD = that the affective commitment-intention to 0.64). Participants were asked to name their five leave relationship is influenced by level of favorite electronic games, which were then manager-rated performance (β= -.05, p < .05). categorized according to their age As performance increases, individuals with high appropriateness and violent content using the affective commitment indicate reduced European classification system for electronic intention to leave, but those with low affective games, PEGI. Hostile attributions and normative commitment indicate higher intention to leave. beliefs were measured via instruments The relationship between affective commitment developed by Möller (2006). Aggression was and intention to leave was not significantly assessed with a measure developed by Little et moderated by promotion focus (β = -.05, p = al. (2003). A multiple group longitudinal 0.07). The findings indicate that a combination mediation analysis was conducted using game of promotion focus, manager-rated preference at T1 as the independent variable, performance, and affective commitment are aggression at Time Two (T2) as the dependent useful factors to consider in relation to variable, and attributional style at T1 and understanding intention to leave. More normative beliefs at T1 as mediating variables. specifically, the findings are useful to advance The results revealed important gender understanding of strategies for retaining high differences in that consuming age-inappropriate performing employees. Practical and theoretical violent electronic games over a period of six implications of these unique findings, together months caused higher aggression amongst girls. with suggestions for future research are Unexpectedly, no effects of electronic game discussed. usage could be observed for boys and there were no mediational effects of attributional style Keywords: intention to leave, promotion focus, staff or normative beliefs in both groups. The present retention, bank, affective commitment study reveals that girls preferring age- inappropriate violent games belong to a group of “high-risk-players”. Girls had a higher Prospective links between playing vulnerability for the effects of violent electronic violent electronic games, hostile games on aggression. Playing violent games at attributions, normative beliefs and aggression in pre-adolescence T1 was a risk factor for displaying aggressive behavior at T2 in girls only. Based on these results, further female-oriented research on SCHULTES, M. T. (University of Vienna) electronic games is recommended.

Playing electronic games is a popular leisure Keywords: electronic game usage, pre-adolescents, activity of pre-adolescents, yet many of these aggression, gender differences, violent games games are age-inappropriate and contain violence. A large number of studies have shown the negative effects of violent games on Prospective memory deficits in aggression (Anderson et al., 2004; Möller & ecstasy/polydrug users Krahé, 2009; Polman, Orobio de Castro & Van Aken, 2008). As causal relationships are still HADJIEFTHYVOULOU, F. (University of Central questionable, the present study uses a Lancashire), FISK, J. (University of Central longitudinal approach to investigate the Lancashire), MONTGOMERY, C. (Liverpool John Moores University), BRIDGES, N. prospective links between playing violent electronic games and aggression. Since research on girls’ use of electronic games is often Previous research has revealed that recreational overlooked, the present study analyzes the drug users believe themselves to be impaired in longitudinal associations for girls and boys aspects of real world memory including prospective memory (PM). However, it remains

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology unclear whether these self-perceptions are revealed in Russian, French and Spanish studies accurate. The impact of ecstasy-polydrug use on using the same Questionnaire of Quality of Life. PM was investigated in a sample of ecstasy- The burden of care interferes with economical polydrug users and non-ecstasy users. well-being, physical health, psychological Laboratory PM tasks were devised and added to functioning and social well-being of caregivers. the existing self-report measures of PM to test Patients with less cognitive disturbances, lower whether any impairment on different aspects of depression and anxiety, and balanced type of prospective memory was present in ecstasy- internal representation of disease, show better polydrug users when compared to the control results in rehabilitation and lower interference group. Laboratory measures included tests with the quality of life of their caregivers. In sensitive to time and event based PM and long conclusion, health concepts should be one of the term episodic PM. Self report measures included main orientations in psychological rehabilitation, long term episodic, short term habitual, because the subjective factors are as much or internally cued PM, strategies people adopt to even more important than objective ones for the remember and finally retrospective memory. disease progression or regression. The quality of Ecstasy/polydrug associated deficits were life and internal representation of one’s own observed on both laboratory and self-report disease are integral components of the measures of PM. The present study extends psychology of health. The patient-caregiver dyad previous research by demonstrating that deficits should be viewed as a unit when detecting in PM are real and cannot be simply attributed problematic situations and targeting of to self misperceptions. appropriate and efficient interventions by professional practitioners. Keywords: prospective memory, polydrug use, memory *The work is supported by a grant of the Russian Fond of Fundamental Researches # 07-06-00039 Proximological approach in the psychology of health Keywords: quality of life, internal representation of disease, caregiver health, chronic disease, patient GLOZMAN, J. (Moscow University) well-being

The aim of this research was to study the Psychobiological origin of mental health: influence of family on a patient’s health and The effect of returning to the personality, as well as the influence of chronic evolutionary dietary/blood lipid pattern disease on the caregiver’s health and quality of life. The method included the Luria WILCZYNSKA, A. (University of Silesia), DE comprehensive neuropsychological battery, MEESTER, F. (TsimTsoum Institute), BARGIEL- Spilberger State-trait Anxiety Inventory, Wylie MATUSIEWICZ, K. (University of Warsaw) Self-concept Assessment, Scales of Quality of Life (for the patient and their care-giver), and Experimental studies indicate that ω3 PUFAs Inventory of Internal Representation of Disease. play an important role in neurones’ structure Trait anxiety correlated with the duration of and function. The brain is quite rich in ω3 PUFAs disease and the family situation of the patient: and several studies suggest a role of ω3 PUFAs in the patients living alone without wife or children neurotransmitter synthesis, degradation, were more anxious than those living in families. release, re-uptake and binding. The main aim of Internal representation of defects correlated this study was to review the latest accumulated more with emotional disturbances than real results in the field and to propose a physiological motor deficit. Significant correlations were seen and evolutionary explanation for the effect of between quality of life scores and duration of dietary lipids on psychological behavior and disease and the score of cognitive disturbances, human well-being, on the assumption of the which proves an objective value of subjective Columbus Concept that stands for the return of measures. Interdependence between quality of the evolutionary dietary/blood lipid pattern. The life of the patient and their caregiver was study consisted of overviews of psychological,

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology medical and health databases, a.o. PubMED, inferred that prejudicial attitudes could be a PsychINFO and EBCSO, to NOV 2009. Inclusion potential problem for Korean reunification. The criteria were: (1) dietary intervention with ω3 dual-process model suggests that prejudicial PUFAs, (2) outcomes including affective attitudes are comprised of both explicit function, (3) human participants, (4) randomized (conscious) and implicit (non-conscious) controlled or clinical controlled design. Among attitudes. Within this framework, past data nearly 100 retrieved references, 24 randomized suggest that South Koreans explicitly and controlled trials were identified and included in implicitly preferred South Korea over North the present study. Many of them indicate a Korea, and while explicit attitudes could be reduction of affective symptoms following influenced by context effects (e.g. positive news supplementation. The most effective dose in about unification efforts), implicit attitudes were mood disorders was estimated at a level of one not similarly influenced (Kim, 2003). However, to two grams per day, indicating a possible recent research suggests that implicit attitudes crucial influence of blood serum/plasma ω6:ω3 could be influenced by associative exposures, ratio and/or total blood omega-6/3 status implying that the pairing of North Korea or (www.columbus-concept.com). We can envisage North Koreans with positive valences could practical solutions to a number of different types change implicit attitudes. The purpose of the of psychic dysfunctions and to even improve present studies was to investigate ways to behaviour in healthy subjects. Based on a proper reduce South Koreans’ explicit and implicit balance of essential dietary components, i.e prejudicial attitudes toward North Korea and essential fatty acids, the Columbus Concept North Koreans. Three studies were conducted. In appears to enable the optimum development of Studies One and Two, we investigated whether the genetically-encoded potential of an explicit and implicit attitudes toward South and individual, directing him/her towards health and North Korea could be altered by exposure to well-being. The correct – read the evolutionary positive or negative news concerning the selected - balance between ω6 and ω3 fatty relationship between the countries in a acids in brain cell membranes is important to laboratory (Study One); and whether attitudes mental function (DHA/ARA) & health (EPA/ARA). could be altered with experience of a real, This new paradigm (psychobiological origin of positive development in the two countries’ mental health) in applied psychology opens the relationship (Study Two). In Study Three, we door to developmental medicine that investigated the effects of associative priming on encompasses practical solutions for explicit and implicit attitudes by exposing development of human well-being and participants to subliminal associations between humanity. The TsimTsoum Institute North Koreans and positive valences. Explicit (www.tsimtsoum.net) was recently established attitudes were affected by context effects both to foster research and development in this in the laboratory (Study One) and in response to newly discovered area of Human/Nature real events (Study Two) in the expected YinYang interaction. direction, but implicit attitudes were not affected in both studies. In Study Three, implicit Keywords: neuronal structure and function, attitudes were less pro-South Korean as a result Columbus concept, dietary components, of exposure to association of North Koreans with genetically-encoded potential, well-being positive valences, while explicit attitudes were not affected. The data suggest that explicit attitudes are influenced by context effects while Psychological aspects of Korean unification revisited: Malleability of implicit attitudes are influenced by associative explicit and implicit attitudes of South exposures. Understanding of the characteristic Koreans of implicit and explicit attitudes could lead to strategies that are effective methods in reducing the explicit and implicit prejudicial attitudes, to KIM, S. (Ajou University), KIM, D. Y. (Ajou University), LEE, K. (Ajou University) overcome potential social consequences of Korean unification.

From the social conflicts between East and West Germans after German unification, it can be

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Keywords: implicit and explicit attitudes, prejudicial psychological work in the educational attitudes, associative exposures, context effects on environment. The repeated diagnostics spent attitudes, social consequences of unification after this remedial course has shown substantial improvement of indicators of development of Psychological assistance for preschool mental functions and social adaptation of children with mild perinatal pathology of children. Parents and educators reported a central nervous system decrease of behavioral and emotional disorders in children. Thus according to the data of SULTANOVA, A. (Russian Academy of Education), research, the perinatal injury of the central IVANOVA, I. (Russian Academy of Education) nervous system even in case of a favorable outcome negatively influences upon the mental The urgency of this research was caused by the health of children. Also this research allows us to progressing prevalence of perinatal pathology of assert that an integrated psycho-socio- nervous system among children population of pedagogical assistance is the effective for the developed countries. Generally the improving of mental development of these psychological research has focused on studying children. the effects of grave damage to the central nervous system such as infantile cerebral Keywords: central nervous system, brain injury, paralysis and mental retardation. The practical children influence of mild perinatal pathology of the central nervous system (CNS) on the mental Psychological capital and authentic ontogenesis is not studied, consequently, there leadership: Examining their impact on are not assistance programs for these children. both extra role and deviant workplace Our research was devoted to this problem. The behaviours investigation consisted of the following stages: (1) The analysis of the features of mental WILSON-EVERED, E. (Relationships Australia), VAN development of children with mild perinatal OLST, A. (Monash University), COLEMAN, G. pathology of CNS in comparison with healthy (Monash University) children. (2) Development and implementation of the assistance programs. (2) Assessment of Contemporary organisations are challenged the program’s effectiveness. Ninety two children more than ever to find innovative, cost-effective (5 to 6 years old) were investigated: children ways of improving productivity, performance considered healthy but with mild perinatal brain and customer service. The purpose of this study injury in the anamnesis – 52 persons; healthy was to examine the relationships between two children – 40 persons (the control group). The emerging constructs; Psychological Capital research revealed the typical deviations of (PsyCap) and authentic leadership and the mental development of the children with organisational outcomes; extra-role behaviour perinatal pathology of CNS: neurodynamic and employee deviance. Arguably, psychological dysfunctions (fatiguability, psychic inertness, capital, comprising hope, resilience, optimism fluctuations of tempo in mental processes, and self confidence, could emerge in the change of the pace of activity etcetera), presence of authentic leadership and lead to emotional and behavioral disturbances engaging in extra role behaviours. Conceivably, (emotional lability, change of the emotional the converse is likely, such that where leader sensibility, aggressiveness and negativism authenticity is low, psychological capital will be etcetera), some negative features of the diminished and counterproductive or deviant development of their mental functions – speech, behaviours more likely. One hundred and attention, perception, verbal memory, verbal- seventy seven employees from a diverse range logic thinking, and also the reduced self-control of organisations completed an online survey capability. The program of psychological measuring levels of PsyCap, perceptions of their assistance for these children was worked out, it leaders’ authenticity and reported frequencies included three component parts: of the two contrasting organisational neuropsychological correction, psychological behaviours. Hypotheses were tested using a help to children and their families, socio- series of regression equations. As predicted,

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

PsyCap shared a positive association with extra- attitudes. The aim of the study is to identify role behaviours and a negative association with differences between younger and older deviance. Authentic leadership also employees in the perception and the effect of demonstrated a significant positive association PCB. Therefore we investigated the effects of a with PsyCap. Contrary to predictions PsyCap did perceived PCB on employees’ work attitudes not mediate the relationships between authentic (job satisfaction, affective commitment and leadership and the two workplace behaviours. turnover intentions) in general, and tried to The results of this study provide empirical determine age as a moderating variable for the support for the relationships between PsyCap, relation between PCB and employee attitudes authentic leadership and two central towards their work. The analysis is based on organisational outcomes. To successfully survive data collected from employees (N = 461) of and prosper through the current financially different German companies by means of an challenging times, organisations that can online and a paper-and-pencil survey. We promote both PsyCap and authentic leadership conducted correlation and regression analyses are likely to encourage employees to go beyond to test our hypothesis. The results prove the their current role to benefit the organization. moderating effect of age on the relation The ongoing investment in employees’ between PCB and two of the three named work psychological resources, combined with the attitudes. The age of the employees alleviates development of genuine, transparent leadership the effect of PCB on work satisfaction as well as arguably creates a foundation for sustained on turnover intention. However, the moderator competitive advantage and a superior hypothesis for the relation between PBC and organisational experience. affective commitment must be rejected. There is evidence that the impact of PCB on employees’ Keywords: productivity, organisational work attitude differs from older to younger performance, customer service, psychological employees. capital, extra-role behaviour Keywords: work attitudes, psychological contract, Psychological contract breach and work ageing workforce, socio-emotional sensitivity attitudes: The role of age selectivity theory, job satisfaction

BREYER, T. (University of Rostock), NERDINGER, F. Psychological discrimination on different (University of Rostock), KLUTH, J. (University of cultural exchange: City custom Rostock), PUNDT, A. (University of Rostock), comparison of Shanghai, Tokyo, and MARTINS, E. (University of Rostock), CURTH, S. Seoul (University of Rostock) YAN, M. ( Institute of Shanghai Normal Demographic development which is University) characterized by an increasing life expectancy and a simultaneous decrease in birth rates, Three East Asian countries: China, Japan and means that the share of ‘older’ employees in South Korea share common Chinese character companies is steadily increasing. We assume culture tradition. However, the Chinese culture that the changed age structure in companies has tradition changes from time to time, generation an impact on the relationship between to generation. In addition, after the Chinese employees and employers, whereby this culture spreads to East Asian countries, it also relationship is operationalized in terms of combines with the native culture and produces psychological contracts (PC). One subsequent the different custom activities. Then, the aspect is the breach of psychological contracts different cultural exchange psychology emerges. (PCB). There are findings confirming that PCB is Shanghai is located at the central China Yangtze related to work attitudes. Based on Socio- River estuary. In the Ming dynasty and Qing emotional Selectivity Theory, we presume that dynasty, it was only a small, ordinary coastal older people evaluate PCB less negatively. city. After 1840’ China and United Kingdom Therefore, we presume that age could moderate Opium War, Shanghai opened as a port, the relationship between PCB and work accepted the Western civilization and imported

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology science and technology. The city rapidly In the different cultural exchange aspect, the expanded, soon became the liveliest metropolis South Korean culture slightly owes the of East Asia. In modern Shanghai city, customs compatibility, but the Japanese culture presents mixed together rich contents both of folk the multiplicity and compound. Since Buddhism custom from the south of Yangzi River and of has spread to Korea, it occupies the dominant science, artistic, morality, including social position is the Mahayana Buddhism throughout. customs from European and American Afterward, into the Korean time Confucianism civilizations. By taking in deferent cultures and presented after the national leadership idea, keeping pace with the times, the city has formed also repels Buddhism. Japan and South Korea are a kind of unique culture psychology which is the treating the Kong Zi theory aspect. In South so called “Shanghai style”. Shanghai's rising, has Korea, only the stressed that the intrinsic brought the huge influence for the modern judgment and the moral supreme have the very China’s city development. Tokyo expanded strong speculation about Zhu Xi's theory, and rapidly in Eto times and became the political what is considered as legitimate is Confucianism. center of Japanese islands. From the mid-19th However Japan's scholars not only have century, Tokyo began to open to the western accepted Zhu Xi's theory, but have also widely world. Intimidated by American warship at accepted the intense realistic criticalness Wang Yokohama, the Japanese government had no Yangming's theory. Japan's Confucianism has not choice but to implement the free trade, and end looked like South Korea's Confucianism, and the system of “close the door of country”, which becomes the ruling class the absolute behavior had been carried out for several hundred years. way. Japan and South Korea have practiced the Following this there was “the Meiji Restoration” centralization system, but afterward Japan onto and a great mass fervor appeared at Tokyo. the place decentralization path, but South Korea People imitated and learned from the European was still has been maintaining the powerful and American civilization, and popularized it to centralization system. other cities, towns and villages. Western civilized custom had an advantage in Tokyo city custom, Keywords: culture exchange, Asian culture, Japan, especially in the high class of society. However Confucianism Japanese traditional customs still widely existed in Tokyo city's lower level. This custom style of Psychological follow-up of top level “blend of Japan and the Western world”, athletes in France: Place and role of the became the foundation of the approach “to scientific associations escape from Asia and enter into Europe” in high society of modern Japan. Seoul is located at the Korean Peninsula middle Hanjiang River's ROSNET, E. (INSEP) estuary, and for several hundred years has been the capital of Li Korea dynasty. Many times it France institutes a legal medical follow-up in encountered the historical experience which the 2004 for top-level athletes which includes a foreign army invades, enables South Koreans to psychological examination since 2006. The paper have one kind of serious inferiority, and the self- presents the place and role of the scientific respect and pride feelings which occur when one associations during the preparation of the law strives constantly for self-improvement. The and since its application and focuses upon the South Korean always worried that others despise ethical aspects. The concerned athletes are themselves, and thus must always defend own ranked at international level and received good image by any means possible, which thus financial support from the Sport Department. causes the South Korean to take the face Young talents are also subject to the law. The especially as a psychological feature, and this global population is around 6000 persons. The also is obvious in Seoul city social custom medical follow-up includes one psychological aspects. Comparatively, the Japanese already examination each year (2 each year for under 18 will not yearn for the next life or the heaven, and athletes) among different medical examinations only will take the present world benefits as like cardiac echography and biological analysis. heavy,its value orientation and the national In case of any examination suspecting a medical disposition will have the pragmatism tendency. problem threatening the athlete’s health, he/she

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology can be prevented from licence. The paper significantly higher for successful (M = 72.1, SD = analyses the process that drives to the law from 6.9) than for unsuccessful candidates (M = 67.5, an organisational point of view and according to SD = 6.7), t = 3.3, p < .001, d = 0.68. Self- ethical criteria. Difficulties encountered concern handicapping scores were significantly higher for firstly the relationships between medical and unsuccessful (M = 36.6, SD = 10.6) than for psychological associations during the conception successful candidates (M = 30.3, SD = 8.8), t = of the law, secondly the way to define the 3.2, p = 0.002, d = 0.61. Logistic regression characteristics of the psychological examination analyses confirmed that hardiness and self- according to ethical criteria, and thirdly the way handicapping scores significantly predicted examinations are performed. The actual course outcome. This study has found that organisation of the psychological examination individuals who successfully complete an elite will be exposed. Some examples of difficulties military training course are significantly higher in encountered on field will be provided and partial psychological hardiness and lower in self- results concerning fencing will be presented. The handicapping than individuals who are role of scientific associations is very important unsuccessful. The effect sizes suggest these during ’ conception and application in order factors play a moderate but significant role in to secure ethical aspects. predicting success in stressful environments. The study replicates the findings from previous Keywords: athletes, legal medical examination, research into these constructs and extends France previous research by investigating both measures in an Australian sample. We recommend that future research continues to Psychological measures of hardiness and explore psychological factors that predict self-handicapping predict outcomes from success in high-stress occupations to assist the elite military training development of reliable screening tools for personnel selection. TEMBY, P. (Defence Science and Technology Organisation), DROBNJAK, M. (Defence Science and Technology Organisation) Keywords: Military personnel selection, Self- handicapping, Hardiness, Military training outcomes, Personality-based measures Psychological tests have a long history of use in the selection of military personnel. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in Psychological resilience as a predictor of examining the ability of personality-based well-being among spouses of persons measures to predict outcomes from military with dementia training (Hartmann et al, 2009). For example, research has found that measures of hardiness O'ROURKE, N. (Simon Fraser University - Vancouver predict outcomes from United States Army Campus), KUPFERSCHMIDT, A. (University of British special forces training (Bartone et al, 2008) and Columbia) measures of self-handicapping predict outcomes from British Army training (Richards et al, 2002). The current study examines the degree to which The aim of this study was to examine the ability psychological resilience predicts the well-being of hardiness and self-handicapping measures to of spouses of persons with dementia one-year predict outcomes from elite military training in later. From these analyses, two pairings of an Australian sample. Using a prospective canonical variates emerge as significantly research design, self-report measures of correlated. The first captures significant hardiness (Dispositional Resilience Scale, 30- percentages of variance of each of the facets of item) and self-handicapping (Self-Handicapping resilience (i.e., commitment to living, perceived Scale, 25-item) were administered to 139 control, and challenge) as well as higher military personnel (mean age = 27.9 years) prior socioeconomic status, family income; this to attempting a three-week military training canonical variate predicts the physical and course and then correlated with course outcome mental health of caregivers one-year later. The for each participant (successful versus second is defined by the absence of unsuccessful). Hardiness scores were commitment to living and predicts lower life

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology satisfaction for women with less formal regards to depressive symptomatology, students education and more health conditions. These with migration had less positive affect, more findings suggest that psychological resilience as sadness, more isolation and more suicidal initially reported is a harbinger of both the ideation than the other group. These results mental and physical well-being of spousal demonstrate the need to develop, apply and caregivers over time. evaluate intervention programs for this vulnerable population. They should be directed Keywords: resilience, dementia, caregivers, to increase affective, cognitive and social caregivers, life satisfaction resources.

Psychological resources and depressive Keywords: migration, depression, psychological symptomatology in students with and resources, self-control, self-reproaches without migration in their family Psychological theories of help-seeking by RIVERA HEREDIA, M. E. (Universidad Michoacana male victims of intimate partner abuse: de San Nicolas de Hidalgo), OBREGON-VELASCO, N. Implications for psychological practice (Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo), CERVANTES-PACHECO, E. I. (Universidad TILBROOK, E. (Edith Cowan University), ALLEN, A. Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo), MARTINEZ- (Edith Cowan University), DEAR, G. (Edith Cowan RUIZ, D. T. (Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas University) de Hidalgo)

In this study we aimed to explore the factors Migration is present around whole world and it that influence male victims’ decision-making is considered a stressful life event that is about seeking help in relation to intimate accompanied with multiple psychological partner abuse (IPA). Our second aim was to processes of adjustment and adaptation that examine male victims’ help-seeking within three have an impact in health. This study sought to theories of help-seeking developed in relation to identify if there were differences in female victims of IPA: ‘Survivor Theory’, psychological resources (affective, cognitive and ‘Reclaiming Self Theory’ and ‘The Decision to social resources) and depressive Leave Model’. Semi-structured interviews were symptomatology in students with families that conducted with male victims (N = 15), service have or have not had the experience of providers (N = 8), and close friends and family of migration. The participants were 287 Mexican male victims (N = 6). Participants identified 11 college students, 51% of whom had the barriers to men seeking help following IPA, and experience of migration in their family and 49% four facilitating factors. Participants also who had not. Psychological resources were described men’s help-seeking decision-making measured with the Psychological Resources processes. The help-seeking processes described Scales (affective, α = .82; cognitive, α = .71 and by participants are consistent with those social, α = .77) by Rivera Heredia & Andrade outlined in the three theories developed to Palos (2006) and depressive symptomatology explain women’s help-seeking. As with women was measured with the Center of Epidemiologic victims, a male victim’s decision about seeking Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (Radloff in help involves an evaluation of his options to 1977), validated in Mexico by Marino, Medina- ensure his safety and reclaim his sense of self Mora, Chaparro & Gonzalez-Forteza (1993). The within the constraints of adhering to his existing scales were applied in the classroom, with gendered world-view. The main implication for agreement from the participants. With a t- psychologists who work with male IPA victims is: student analysis the following significant what has been learnt about the help-seeking differences (p ≤ .05) were found: students with behaviours of female victims of IPA can be migration in their family had less self-control, applied to men but strategies to engage men more difficulties with sadness, more presence of and work with them must be applied within the self-reproaches and more difficulty asking for context of contemporary understandings of help when they needed it, than students without masculinity. the experience of migration in their family. In

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: male victims' decision-making, intimate paper explains the theoretical underpinnings of partner abuse, help-seeking, masculinity, sense of the award and provides an example of its self operation and outcome. The award provides a means of understanding and encouraging Psychological therapy of a case with measures to promote psychological wellbeing in marital conflict, insomnia and the community. The value of the award is hypertension evidenced by the participation and outcomes shown in the example of its operation provided. NARASAPPA, K. (University Malaysia Sabah) Keywords: APS Sydney Branch, community A 33 year old married Malay Muslim lady wellbeing, mental health promotion referred to our unit with chief complaints of giddiness, fainting attack and insomnia. A Psychological wellbeing: United Kingdom detailed history revealed that the patient was and Malaysian fire fighters diagnosed as having hypertension since 2002 and receiving medication. She was admitted to A. MALEK, M. D. (Universiti Malaysia Sabah), Accident and Emergency 34 times in two years KAMIL, I. S. M. (Universiti Malaysia Sabah) with complaints of fainting attacks and giddiness. She also had complaints of insomnia Sources of occupational stress and their impact with fear of death due to hypertension. Each on job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing admission lasted for one to four days. All were examined in a questionnaire survey of 436 investigations including EEG, chest x-ray and CT United Kingdom (UK) fire fighters and 617 scans were reported to be normal. A detailed Malaysian fire fighters. The role of coping psychological evaluation, interview with strategies and work motivation as moderating psychological tests such as GHQ, STAI and NEO- factors were also tested. Sources of occupational P, were administered. Test results revealed stress had significant negative correlations with anxious personality traits with significant job satisfaction and wellbeing. Hierarchical psychological distress. The patient underwent 12 regression analysis was used to examine the sessions of psychological treatment over the moderating effect of work motivation and period of three months. She was accompanied coping strategies on job satisfaction and by her husband for treatment even though she psychological wellbeing and found differences received individual sessions of Psychological between the UK and Malaysian fire fighters. therapy. Her severe interpersonal conflicts with Models of job satisfaction and psychological ambivalence, her insomnia and anxiety were wellbeing for both cultures were produced. treated successfully. She was advised to come for follow-up once a month and it continued for six months with good recovery. Keywords: stress, well-being, work motivation, job satisfaction, Firefighters

Keywords: insomnia, hypertension, anxiety, fear of death, interpersonal conflict Psychology into the schoolroom

KRANE, H. (Icita Publications, RMIT University) Psychological wellbeing in the community The aim is to develop a teacher-training program ENGLAND, M. for Victorian Secondary Schools that will include, in addition to certain school subjects, a ‘therapeutic-psychological approach’ in the This paper outlines and explains the approach classroom. Whilst the teacher is not designated and operation of the APS Sydney Branch the role of educational psychologist or Community Wellbeing Award. This award exists sociologist, he will have a background to support community groups to plan and knowledge in this area. The method of applying implement projects that encourage this psychological approach involves having psychological wellbeing in the community. The students co-operating in the development of

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology learning materials and their own studies. This is of Approximation (RMSEA) = .065, the Root likely to include the re-design of methods of Mean Squared Residual (RMR) = .090, the learning. Appropriate training is meant to ensure Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual that any interventional involvement of the (SRMR) = .090, the Normed Fit Index (NFI) = .65, teacher is not invasive but consultative. In the the Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) = .75, the likelihood of needs of a personal nature arising Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = .76, and the as formal learning is proceeding, the interaction Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = .73. In an between the various proponents in the alternative model, several items which exhibited classroom is expected to have a lasting weak factor loadings (< .50) were eliminated and ‘therapeutic’ effect on the students to cope with the path from Past Positive to item 25 was ‘change’. In conclusion, the Secondary School changed as from Past Negative. Compared with student of the present and future is entering an the initial model, the alternative model with age in which professional and vocational ability lower values of χ2 (286.92, p < .01), RMSEA is insufficient to cope with an ever increasing (.066), RMR (.063), SRMR (.063), and ECVI (.99) number of inter-personal and social problems. and higher values of GFI (.92), CFI (.94), NFI (.91), Developing formal education with a modicum of and NNFI (.93) provides better fit. Besides, the psychological and social support may offer these remaining items were taken forward for students a greater preparation to deal with their multidimensional IRT analyses to detect misfit. immediate environment and sustenance of the Fit indices are represented by two forms of the greater environment (the world). mean square (MNSQ), Outfit (unweighted MNSQ) and Infit (weighted MNSQ). Mean square Keywords: teacher development, teaching, learning (MNSQ) ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 is considered methods, educational psychology, student learning acceptable (Linacre, 2009). The fit statistics of all items were near 1.0 and remained within the acceptable range (all MNSQ ranged from .86 to Psychometric analyses of time 1.14). This means that the data closely fitted the perspective in Taiwan multidimensional IRT model. According to the results of both classical and modern GAO, Y. (Fu Jen Catholic University) psychometric approaches, the modified ZTPI- Chinese Version was empirically validated and This study investigated the reliability and cross shown to be a reliable measure in Taiwan. validity of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999) in Keywords: time perspective, Zimbardo Time terms of five subscales: Past Negative (PN), Past Perspective Inventory, Chinese, validity, Classical Positive (PP), Present Hedonistic (PH), Present Test Theory Fatalistic (PF) and Future (F) in a Taiwanese sample, using both classical and Psychometric properties of the Farsi multidimensional Rasch analysis. Participants version of the Multidimensional comprised 420 Taiwanese young adults (278 Inventory for Religious-Spiritual Well- females and 142 males) recruited from five Being (MI RSWB 48) universities in northern Taiwan. The 56-item Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory was ZAREAN, M. (University of Social Welfare and translated from English into Chinese by the Rehabilitation Sciences), MAHMOOD-ALILU, M. researchers. The approach used for the (Tabriz University), BEYRAMI, M. (Tabriz University), statistical analysis combined classical and HASHEMI, T. (Tabriz University), ELHAMI ASL, M. modern psychometric approaches. Classical Test (Tabriz University), AAYAT MEHR, F. (Tabriz Theory (CTT) analyses were computed using University) SPSS 12.0 and LISREL 8.54. Multidimensional Item Response Theory (IRT) parameterization Regarding the importance of the role of was performed using the program ConQuest. religious/spiritual factors in the individual's well- The results of applying the initial five-factor being and also the importance of its assessment, model to the data suggested poor fit: χ2 (1474) = this study was carried out to investigate the 3557.25, p < .01; the Root Mean Squared Error psychometric properties of the Farsi Version of

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious- Sphericity = .000). The Cronbach’s alpha Spiritual Well-Being (MI RSWB 48; Unterrainer, coefficient for the total items is .69. The inter- 2007). In this cross-sectional, descriptive, and item correlation matrix analysis suggests an correlational study, a sample of 320 important debate about the pertinence of some undergraduate students (204 girls and 116 boys) items for further research. We need to reflect from Tabriz University were asked to complete about the pertinence of excluding some of the the MI RSWB 48, the General Health criteria/items in the adaptation of the TCT-DP Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Problem Solving Styles, for the Portuguese population. and Alport's External/Internal Religious Orientation Scale. Data were analysed using Keywords: creativity, creativity evaluation, drawing Pearson's correlations, t-tests, multiple production, creativity, test for creative thinking - regression and internal consistency statistical drawing production methods. Findings showed high internal consistency (alpha = 0.81) for the total score of Psychosocial risk in Colombian firms of the MI RSWB 48 and its factors (0.57 to 0.86). production and services sector Also, results supported concurrent as well as predictive validity of the Farsi version of the MI URIBE-RODRIGUEZ, A.F. (Universidad Pontificia RSWB 48. According to the reliability and validity Bolivariana-Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali), scores reported above, it seems that the MI RENTERIA, J. (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali) RWSB 48 has satisfactory psychometric properties in an Iranian university student sample. The aim is identifying psychosocial risk factors in productive sector organizations and health in Colombia. A joint study (qualitative and Keywords: Farsi, psychometric, MI RSWB 48, quantitative) and transactional (descriptive, not religious, spirituality parametric) was done. Intentional non- probabilistic sample comprised of 20 companies. Psychometric studies with the Test for Those who make up the sample are persons of Creative Thinking - Drawing Production both sexes with an age range between 21 and 38 (TCT-DP) years. We performed the adaptation, validation by judges, pilot testing and implementation of IBÉRICO NOGUEIRA, S. (Universidade Lusófona de quantitative survey for Identifying Psychosocial Humanidades e Tecnologias) Risk Factors prepared by Bocanument and Berja (1993), with the aim of identifying risk factors We intend to present some of our studies characteristic present in the population study. carried out with Test for Creative Thinking- Similarly, to categorize the level of hazard risk, Drawing Production (TCT – DP; Urban & Jellen, the Pre-set levels of risk for psychosocial risk 1996), in a Portuguese sample of college area developed by Duke and Uribe (1999) were students. This test focuses on a more holistic used. A questionnaire measuring concept of creativity than the mere biopsychosocial factors was used. It was found quantitatively oriented, traditional divergent that the most relevant data driven by the survey thinking tests. We will analyze the psychometric of risk identification, are related to the job properties of TCT-DP, namely reliability and rotation, are associated with factors related to factorial structure. We also intend to discuss the work organization (excessive working hours, implications of these results on creativity overtime, non-rotating shifts, inadequate evaluation. This research includes a convenience planning of work activities by the organization), sample of 600 participants, 200 from the content of the tasks to develop, the Psychology, 200 from Architecture and 200 from presence of psychological and physical factors Engineering, 319 male and 282 female, ranging (stress, headaches, anxiety, fatigue and sleep between 20 and 48 years of age. To assess the difficulties), and mental burden (simultaneous creativity levels we used the TCT-DP. The demands of several tasks in a short period of factorial structure analysis presents five time, lack of support from the heads, teamwork dimensions that explain 60.58% of total variance and under). All these factors were presented in (Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin = .74; Bartlett’s Test of the sample with a medium hazard level. After

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the application of the instruments it was found Values scale from the Voice Climate Survey that the above factors affect work dynamics and (Langford 2009), as well as items measuring therefore work climate perceived by workers in Social Responsibility, Philanthropic and Ethical the workplace. Contributing to the welfare and CSR. Employees also rated the extent to which health of employees within an organization is their values and ‘personality’ matched those of very important and necessary in business, the organisation and other employees in the because these are the raw materials that can be organisation. Employee Engagement was achieved for the respective functions of all assessed as an aggregate of job satisfaction, processes, and thereby to meet the proposed organisational commitment and intention to goals for this reason it is essential to have a stay in the organisation (Langford, 2009). psychological state, physical and emotional Hierarchical regression analyses showed that stable and perform optimally effective in their after belief in the mission and values of the work. It is therefore necessary that psychosocial organisation, evaluation of the social and ethical risk is interpreted as warning signs that indicate value of that purpose explained little further that workers are in a state of mental and variance in employee engagement. The physical discomfort and maintained in that state, interaction between belief in mission and values the chances of developing a disorder of another and evaluation of organisational purpose was kind are substantially increased. Finally it was not significant. However, perceived concluded that psychosocial risk factors affect organisation-fit was a stronger predictor of and are associated with employee turnover, employee engagement, and partially mediated generating self-employment conditions the relationship between organisational purpose unsuitable for the subject to enhance their and employee engagement. Employees’ belief performance and productivity within the in the purpose, mission and values of their organization. organisation is a powerful motivator, particularly driven by employees’ sense of fit between their Keywords: psychosocial risk factors, organizational own and the organisation’s values. This performance, organizational productivity, employee relationship between purpose and engagement turnover, hazard risk was not affected by the social or ethical value of that purpose. Purpose and passion: Why are organisation mission and values so Keywords: organisational purpose, employee important for employee engagement? engagement, organisation fit

PARKES, L. (Voice Project, Macquarie University), Putting the horse before the cart: LANGFORD, P. (Macquarie University) Clarifying the content domain and measurement of employee engagement Previous research by the authors has demonstrated the powerful impact of LANGFORD, P. (Voice Project, Macquarie organisational purpose on employee University) engagement, in both commercial and not-for- profit organisations. Despite hypotheses to the Much is being discussed by researchers and contrary, mission and values were just as practitioners regarding the antecedents, engaging in both sectors. The current study consequences and practical uses of employee continues this research by investigating whether engagement. The content domain of the the social and ethical value of the organisational construct, however, is still unclear, and without purpose moderates the relationship between further clarity little can be confidently concluded purpose and engagement, or whether it is regarding the relationships between mediated through social identity and perception engagement and other practices and outcomes. of fit. Organisational climate surveys were The present study investigated the completed in 2008 by 3079 employees from 302 interrelationship between 12 closely-related predominantly Australian-based, commercial constructs that have been previously suggested organisations across a wide range of industries. to represent components of employee The survey content included the Mission and engagement. Data was gathered from 1701

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology employees from 180 organisations. Each A Client in a psychotherapeutic counseling employee responded to a randomised set of session benefits from the client-counselor previously published items measuring the dialogue in that it enhances ability to solve engagement-related constructs of job problems, make decisions, and affect desired satisfaction, organisational commitment, changes in attitude and behavior. It is expected intention to stay, vigour, dedication, absorption, that an empirical investigation of the process of positive affect, discretionary effort, client-counselor dialogues can contribute to organisational citizenship behaviour, proficiency, development of dialogue theory, or engineering adaptivity, and proactivity. Exploratory and application. The present study analyzed cross-validated results indicated substantial quantitatively verbal and nonverbal behaviors of overlap between many of the a priori measures. a client and a counselor. Four 50-minute A single factor explained a large percentage of counseling sessions were analyzed, of which two variance in responses, supporting the previously were negatively evaluated and two were argued presence of a single overarching positively evaluated (high evaluation construct that could reasonably be labelled as counseling). In addition, two 50-minute ordinary employee engagement. Exploring factors with advice sessions between two high school eigenvalues greater than one, a clean two-factor teachers and the clients from the high solution was found representing factors of evaluation group were analyzed. All sessions attitudinal engagement (encompassing three represented role-playing. This study analyzed (a) lower-order factors of organisation the proportion of total duration of commitment, job satisfaction and intention to utterance/pause of a client or counselor/teacher stay) and behavioural engagement to each session. The results indicated that the (encompassing three lower-order factors of proportion of total duration of client’s pause effort, proficiency and proactivity). An 18-item corresponds to the evaluation of the session, measure of both attitudinal and behavioural and that temporal change of the proportions in engagement, comprising three items for each of the four counseling cases showed similar the six lower-order factors, was developed and temporal pattern. We also analyzed (b) body cross-validated against manager-reported movement synchrony, through a video analysis organisational outcomes. An even shorter 9-item of client-counselor/teacher dialogues. The measure representing only attitudinal results indicated a correspondence between the engagement showed similar predictive validity degree of body movement synchrony and the as the 18-item measure. The study concludes evaluation of the session, and a consistent that the presented factor structure and measure temporal pattern among the four counseling of employee engagement provides both cases. Three judges labeled (c) the counselor’s or theoretical and statistical rigour to meet the teacher’s turn-taking into (i) utterances with an needs of researchers, as well as the brevity and answer to the speaker’s questions at beginning ease of use required by practitioners. It is hoped part of the utterance, (ii) utterances with back- that the study may contribute to a convergence channels at beginning part of the utterance, (iii) in the understanding and operationalization of utterances with laughter at beginning part of the the construct of employee engagement. utterance, and (iv) others. The results indicated that occurrence of (i)-(iii) in the two high Keywords: employee engagement, job satisfaction, evaluation counseling cases showed a similar organisational commitment, organisational time-series pattern, and that this time-series outcomes, commitment pattern corresponded to the temporal pattern of body movement synchrony and the proportion of total duration of utterance/pause. The results Quantitative analysis of client-counselor interaction in psychotherapeutic suggested that these indicators ((a)-(c)) can act counseling as effective indicators of the evaluation of counseling as well as ordinary dialogue. The present study suggested that the professional NAGAOKA, C. (Kyoto University), KOMORI, M. skills of a counselor, which have been described (Osaka Electro-Communication University) qualitatively by experts, can be approached by analyzing client-counselor dialogues empirically.

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Keywords: client-counselor dialogue, dialogue relationship and problem solving ability. theory, problem-solving, decision making, change Aboriginal girls reported the highest symptoms than the other groups, particularly in negative Rasch analysis of depressive symptoms emotions (e.g. cry, suicide, repugnant of self). for Aboriginal and general children in Taiwan Keywords: Rasch modeling, depression, Taiwan, Aboriginal, sex differences CHANG, H. T. (National Chiao Tung University ), LIU, Y. L. (National Chiao Tung University) Reaction times to visual cues in the driving environment This study used Rasch analysis to examine sex and ethnicity differences on depressive TRETTEN, P. (Luleå University of Technology), symptoms for children from eastern Taiwan. NILSSON, R. (Luleå University of Technology) Subjects were 1189 sixth graders from eastern Taiwan. Thirty percent of subjects were The purpose of this paper is to map the driver’s aboriginal children. The Chinese version of the ability to notice and comprehend visual cues in CDI was employed in this study. The reliability of relation to the point of focus at its onset. Ten the questionnaire was estimated at 0.87 (which drivers in a high-fidelity driving simulator drove can be similarly interpreted as Cronbach’s α). two15 km driving blocks through rural and urban Infit and Outfit MNSQ were ranged between 0.5 traffic and the driver’s focal positions were and 1.5, indicating that the Rasch model fitted observed and measured at the onset of the pretty well. Rasch analysis (1960) with visual cue, in which, the time to notice, time to Construct-Map software was performed on CDI react, and comprehension time where studied to to examine ethnicity and sex differences. The see what type of correlation there was between results were summarized as follows: (1) The focal distance and location in the vehicle. Results Aboriginal girls (-0.0265) reported the most showed that the visual cues found in the lateral severe depressive symptoms, and the next were field of view were noticed quicker than in the the aboriginal boys (-0.07949) and non- horizontal which agrees with earlier literature. In aboriginal girls (-0.23848); finally, non-aboriginal more demanding driving situations, e. g. high boys reported the less server symptoms; (2) traffic load in town, are drivers less likely to There were no sex and ethnicity differences in notice visual cues that are commonly found in the overall patterns of Rasch model. Group and the instrument cluster. In conclusion, should Sex showed non-significant differences in Rasch visual cues be implemented so that they can be model; (3) Within item level, ethnicity presented adaptively, in accordance to the differences were found in the items such as driving situation. That is, the information can be schoolwork earning and self-determination; (4) more effective if intelligently shown to the driver Within item level, sex differences were also in ways that take into consideration the driving found in the items such as interpersonal condition and how it relates to the driving relationship, appetite, negative emotion, situation, thus, helping the drive respond to the appearances, self-determination and lack of information intuitively so that the risk for interest. This study found that there were no distraction is minimized. significant sex and ethnicity differences in the overall patterns of the Rasch model. (The melancholy degree is situated between -3 to Keywords: driving simulation, visual cues, focal distance, driving situations 1.5). However, within item level, the Aboriginal Children reported higher levels of Depressive Symptoms than non-aboriginal children in the Reasons and functions of creative crisis following items: schoolwork learning and self- BABAEVA, J. (Lomonosov MSU), KONONEN, A. determination. Girls reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than boys in the following In spite of its severity, creative crisis isn’t just a items: self-perception, emotional intelligence, negative phenomenon, it has a range of positive physical attractiveness, interpersonal functions and becomes an important stage in

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the creator’s personality development. The This presentation focuses on the issue of how to study sample (N = 75) comprised art school maintain confidentiality in the counselling students, art school graduates no longer working setting while avoiding collusion with in the arts, and people established as artists individualism. The aim is to create conversations (actors, writers, musicians etc). Participants about this dilemma with other practitioners as were interviewed, administered the Rokeach well as outlining feedback from high school Value Survey (RVS), and were provided with the students that have entered into counselling. Symbol of Creativity technique and a modified Theory informing confidentiality and disclosure version of the Life-line technique. The art school arguments will be discussed, and practical tips students and those established as artists ranked given on how to share young people’s stories in creativity high in the RVS. They demonstrated school settings for both individual and wide range of creativity interpretations, from community benefits. Qualitative data was specialised professional meaning to general collated via focus groups (n = 42) and individual universe fundamentals. Almost all participants, interviews (n = 10). Young men (n = 25) and including students, reported that they had young women (n = 27) aged between 16 and18, experienced creative crisis. The analysis of early and from a range of cultural backgrounds, childhood events related to creativity specified participated in a number of interviews at two some preconditions of later creative crises. Melbourne high schools. Open and closed Participants noted the following reasons for questions were used in the semi-structured creative crisis: lost sense of creativity, “genre interviews. The oral answers were recorded in a crisis”, loss of creative self, inability to cope with written format. Overall, 48 out of 52 participants hard life situations, lack of understanding and stated that they would partly disclose their support from others, etc. In line with our stories if they viewed it would benefit others. hypothesis, participants noted both negative and The remaining four participants indicated that positive aspects of creative crises. Positive they would fully disclose their stories including functions identified include signal, diagnostic, their identities. All 52 participants said they developmental, protective and creative. Positive would like to collaborate in choosing the perception of creative crisis is connected mostly disclosed information and how it would be with an understanding of its positive functions. disclosed. The participants gave several tips on Negative perception depends on subjective how their stories could be shared with others, evaluation of its possible consequences including: professional development to teachers (including distant ones) and on individual and students, newsletters, posters and multi- experiencing of emotion. Self-esteem plays an media sites. The results also include several important role in the subjective perception of quotes from the participants. In conclusion, the creative crisis because according to participants, findings from the focus groups and individual it is easily damaged by crisis. The study results interviews suggests that the majority of students reveal the importance of developing adequate were willing to partly disclose their stories techniques of psychotherapeutic help to people explored in counselling, especially if it benefited experiencing creative crisis and identify what will individuals, families and schools. Other schools help to decrease the amount of psychological are encouraged to generate similar discussions breakdowns among representatives of creative to explore how they may be able to reduce professions. collusion with individualism in counselling while honouring confidentiality. Keywords: creative crisis, creativity interpretations, self-esteem Keywords: disclosure in counselling, collusion with individualism, students, confidentiality, sharing stories Reducing collusion with individualism in counselling: Disclosing student’s stories for individual, family, and school benefits Relation between self perceived employability and career exploration of HAHS, A. (Haileybury College), COLIC, M. (St John's Chinese University students in Hong College, Melbourne) Kong

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CHEUNG, R. (City University of Hong Kong) ZALEWSKA, A. (Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities) Self perceived employability of university students attracts the attention of academics and This study examined the relationship between practitioners alike. Building on the work of job-related anxiety and overall job satisfaction Rothwell, Herbert and Rothwell (2008) on a scale from the perspectives of three distinct assessing the self-perceived employability of approaches to well being: ‘bottom-up’, ‘top- university students in England and current down’, and ‘transactional’. The latter model is career exploration research (e.g. Flum & boosted with elements of greatest significance Blustein, 2000), this study aims at exploring the of the aforementioned two approaches. The relation between self perceived employability models of these relationships, postulated in and prior career exploration in the Hong Kong three theories, were verified in two studies. In context. A cross sectional quantitative design is each study the level of overall job satisfaction adopted. The research aims at obtaining a (Work Description Inventory), situational job- sample of over 600 final year students from related anxiety (4 items from Job Affect Scale) three local universities in Hong Kong, drawn and persistent job-related anxiety (Mood at from different academic disciplines like business, Workplace Questionnaire) were investigated social sciences, and engineering. They will be among 240 employees (120 males). Additionally, asked to fill in a set of questionnaires which neuroticism and extraversion (NEO-FFI) were consist of the self perceived employability scale, measured in the first study and in the second career exploration survey (Stumpf et al., 1983), study emotional reactivity and activity (Formal as well as demographic variables. Scales have Characteristics of Behavior – Temperament been translated and adapted to use in a Hong Inventory) were also measured. Analyses done Kong/Chinese context. The reliability and from the perspective of ‘bottom-up’ theories validity of the scales of self perceived showed that two forms of job-related anxiety employability and career exploration as applied were negatively correlated with overall job to the Hong Kong sample will be presented. satisfaction in both studies. Data analysed from Through multiple regressions, the extent to the perspective of the ‘top-down’ model which self perceived employability is explained demonstrated that neuroticism and emotional by prior career exploration for the last months, reactivity affected job-related anxiety and job after blocks of demographic and educational satisfaction. Moreover, persistent job-related factors are controlled for, will also be analyzed. anxiety mediated the relationship between Conclusions will be made on the extent of prior neuroticism or emotional reactivity and overall career exploration as an antecedent of self job satisfaction. However, situational anxiety perceived employability of Chinese University was a mediator only between reactivity and job students in the Hong Kong context as compared satisfaction. Data analyses within the to other individuals and educational variables, transactional model indicated that overall job with reference to the local employment satisfaction depended on a second order situation. Implications on both theory building interaction between job-related anxiety and two and career guidance related to employability of considered individual characteristics in both university students will be analyzed. Further studies (namely neuroticism and extraversion or research on employability of university students emotional reactivity and activity). These studies in Chinese societies will be suggested. have made an important contribution to the well-being literature by revealing the possible Keywords: employability perception, career methodological problems and measurement exploration, career exploration, employment, artefacts of ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ career guidance approaches. In addition, they provided evidence supporting the adaptive role of anxiety and individual properties as its moderators. Relations between job-related anxiety and job satisfaction according to basic personality traits Keywords: job-related anxiety, job satisfaction, bottom-up, top-down, transactional

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Relations of quality of attachment with alexithymia reflects a deficit in the cognitive anxiety and depression in college processing of emotions or a defensive coping students style. Previous studies with clinical populations reported a strong association between HADDADI KUHSAR, A. A. (University of Tehran), alexithymia and a maladaptive (immature) ego HADDADI KUHSAR, A. A. (University of Tehran), defense style. The objective of the present study GHOBARI BONAB, B. (University of Tehran) is to examine the relationship between alexithymia and coping strategies (three general The aim of the present study was to investigate and two sub-styles) to cope with stressful the relationship between quality of attachment situations in a group of non-clinical populations with anxiety and depression in Tehran medical students. The study sample consisted of 200 sciences and Iranian medical science participants aged between 19 and 21 years universities. To accomplish the stated goal, 513 enrolled in the academic year of 2008 to 2009 in students from Tehran Medical Sciences Tarbiat Moalem University of Azarbayjan in Iran. University and Iranian Medical Sciences The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was University were selected by means of used to measure alexithymia, along with the 48- proportional sampling procedure. Adult item Coping Inventory (Endler & Parker, 1990), Attachment Scale (Collins, 1996) and Symptom to measure coping strategies in stressful events. Checklist-90R (Derogatis, 1973) were utilized for The results reveal the significant difference data collection. Analysis of data with utilization between females’ and males’ coping strategies, of multiple regression revealed that anxiety and and suggest that self-rated alexithymia and depression of college students can be predicted adaptive coping strategies are generally from the magnitude of their quality of inversely related. attachment. Moreover, data revealed that students with anxious attachment were higher in Keywords: alexithymia, coping strategies, stressful depression and anxiety than individuals with a situations, gender differences, emotional processing secure attachment style. Individuals who could depend on their partners and find them Relationship between attachment styles available were lower in anxiety and depression. and sexual behaviors in adults The authors concluded that insecure adult attachment was associated with anxiety and GHOBARY BONAB, B. (University of Tehran), depression. FAGHIHI, A. (University of Qom)

Keywords: quality of attachment, anxiety, The aim of the current study was to collect and depression, Adult Attachment Scale, Symptom analyze published studies related to attachment Checklist 90-Revised and sexual behaviors. In the current study, relevant articles in the field of psychology in Relationship between alexithymia and relation to attachment and sexual behaviors coping strategies in stressful situations have been reviewed. The sample consisted of 27 electronic sites in the field of psychology which GHOREYSHI RAD, F. (Azarbaijan University of were reviewed. Meta-analysis was used to Tarbiat Moallem) summarize the results of the review. The results of the current meta-analysis revealed that Coping strategies are used to manage conflict individuals with an insecure attachment are not and illness and can have adaptive or maladaptive exhibiting functional sexual behaviors, and they effects on health status. The typical features of are not getting satisfaction from their own alexithymia include difficulty with identifying behaviors. Moreover, individuals who have been and describing feelings, difficulty with abused sexually during their childhood, have distinguishing feelings from bodily sensations of insecure attachment styles. These individuals emotional arousal, a constricted fantasy life and feel low in self worth, and have lost their trust in an externally oriented cognitive style. There is others as an available, responsive, and controversy in the literature as to whether responsible attachment figures. Review of the literature in the field of attachment revealed

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology that individuals with anxious and avoidant Respondents were clustered into traditional or attachment styles demonstrate specific patterns non-traditional marriage and childbirth believers of sexual motives and behaviors. Individuals with based on cluster analysis of their responses to an anxious style use their sexual behaviors as an three questions about intentions of keeping instrument to get acceptance, affection and single, cohabiting without marriage and security. Unfortunately, these motives make marriage without children. A discriminant individuals vulnerable to deviant and analysis suggested that male traditional dysfunctional sexual behaviors. These tactics marriage and childbirth believers emphasized backfire most of the time by damaging intimacy competition, aggression, safety and security in sexual relations, promoting mental more, and emphasized autonomy and flexibility dissatisfaction, and causing psychological work values less, than male non-traditional divorce in the long run. Individuals with an marriage and childbirth believers. Female avoidant approach show problems in traditional marriage and childbirth believers put commitment and maintaining an intimate less emphasis on self-competence, autonomy, relationship with their partners. Their discomfort flexibility, acceptance of the mandate of heaven, with functional social relations with others may responsibility and discipline, but put more lead them to dysfunctional sexual behaviors emphasis on social respect, competition, including masturbation and self stimulation. In aggression, forgiveness and humble work values. contrast, individuals with secure styles tend to Results support the hypothesis. Workers who show functional and satisfactory relations with have more individual oriented work values tend the partners. Their sexual behavior is enhancing to hold non-traditional marriage and childbirth their satisfaction, intimacy and commitment. attitude. Those who put more emphasis on social oriented work values tend to have Keywords: attachment style, marital satisfaction, traditional marriage and childbirth attitudes. sexual behaviour, intimacy, affection in relationships Keywords: work values, marriage, traditional versus non-traditional values, individual-oriented values, Relationship between Chinese workers' social-oriented values work values and their attitudes toward marriage and childbirth Relationship between home environment and self-derogation among higher WANG, C. K. (Soochow University), LO, K. Y. secondary school students: A study in a (Soochow University) developing country

The purpose of this study is to examine the GEORGE, S. (Monash University) relationship between Chinese worker’s work value and their attitude toward marriage and The focus of the study is the relationship childbirth. Chinese people traditionally cherish between home environment dimensions and marriage and childbirth. However, many young self-derogation among adolescents in India. workers in China and Taiwan tend to reject Results were derived from a survey with 400 marriage and childbirth, which is having a strong Grade 11 students from ten secondary schools in social and financial impact on these countries Kerala state, India. The proportionate random with growing ageing populations. It is sampling technique was followed to select the hypothesized that those who hold non- sample, which consisted of three pairs of traditional marriage and childbirth attitudes subsamples: male-female, rural-urban, and should emphasize individual oriented work government-private school. Self-derogation data values more and emphasize social oriented work were collected by administering an established values less, than those who have traditional scale (Raj, 1991). A 50-item questionnaire was marriage and childbirth attitudes. Based on developed to collect data regarding four Young’s Bicultural Self Theory, the authors dimensions of home environment: material developed Chinese indigenous work end value, facility, parental attitude, study habits, and and instrumental value, scales and surveyed family relations. Pearson correlations measured 1031 Chinese and Taiwanese urban workers. relationships at the whole sample and

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology subsample levels. Further tests of significance of study investigates the relationship between difference were adopted to test whether procrastination and its related factors. The study correlations were significantly different among will provide a theoretical basis and empirical the three pairs of subsamples. The study support for correcting procrastination behavior revealed a high negative correlation between of students. The experimentation and home environment overall, and self-derogation, questionnaire are used on 234 university within the whole sample. The correlation students. The results indicate that individuals analyses involving the four dimensional who use downward contrast counterfactual components of home environment established thinking feel more relaxed, and those with negative substantial relationships between self- upward assimilation counterfactual thinking feel derogation and each of study habits, parental more anxiety. Different counterfactual thinking attitude and family relations; but a low, has different effects on procrastination. negligible relationship with material facility. The Furthermore, achievement motivation affects strengths of these correlations were significantly the influence of counterfactual thinking on different within the full sample. Correlation procrastination. From the study, it is concluded coefficients significantly differed between male- that counterfactual thinking can influence female subsamples with girls showing stronger procrastination. Achievement motivation relationships of self-derogation with home mediates the relationship between environment. Although boys showed a negative counterfactual thinking and procrastination. substantial correlation (r = -.50), the other subsamples showed significantly stronger Keywords: procrastination, counterfactual thinking, negative correlations (range, r = -.87 to -.92). achievement motivation, poor performance Correlations also differed significantly between rural-urban subsamples with urban students Relationship between sexual function showing stronger correlations, but there were and marital adjustment in married no significant differences in correlations women and their husbands between the private-government subsamples. The study establishes that self-derogation, which is detrimental to effective development, is ALIAKBARI DEHKORDI, M. (Payame Noor University) associated largely with unfavourable home environment dimensions relating to parental The aim of present research is to identify the attitudes, family relations, and study habits; but relationship between sexual function with not to material facility. It reveals that marital adjustment in married women and their emotionally congenial family interactions and a husbands. For most of adults, happiness in life is cognitively stimulating environment are more dependent on successful marriage and essential for healthy overall development of a satisfactory marital relations than life`s other positive self-concept during adolescence. aspects. Desiring sex that can provide extreme satisfaction will have an important and Keywords: home environment, self-derogation, fundamental role in success and constancy of family relations, adolescent development, parental family foundation. By identifying sexual function attitudes and its components can result in sexual satisfaction and ultimately marital satisfaction that has important effects on a couple’s Relationship between procrastination adjustment. In this research, 60 couples that and counterfactual thinking: were resident in Tarbiat Modarres University`s Achievement motivation as mediator married dormitory were selected by random sampling. The necessary information was FANG, P. (Capital Normal University), JIANG, Y. collected by a questionnaire of women’s sexual (Beijing Sport University), MA, Y. (Capital Normal function (FSFI; Rozen, 2000) and a marital University) adjustment questionnaire (Spainer, 1976). These two tests have high reliability and validity. To Procrastination appears cause difficulty because analyze data statistically, Pearson`s correlation sometimes it results in poor performance and coefficient and multivariate regression were reduced physical/mental health. The present

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology employed. The findings are that there is a later. The treatment group was also tested at significant positive correlation between three, six and twelve months. The treatment women’s sexual function and it`s components group participated in a six week structured with women and their husbands marital group program, meeting weekly with adjustment. Also, women’s sexual function psychologists, , exercise physiologists, components explain 25% of their marital occupational therapists, and physiotherapists. adjustment variance and 34% of their husband’s The psychology component followed a cognitive- marital adjustment variance. In conclusion, in behavioural therapy model, aiming to deliver regard to the results of the research that sexual education and training in several areas relevant function has role in predicting marital to obtaining and maintaining weight-loss. Data adjustment, it seems that by paying attention to collection for this project is currently in progress. women’s sexual function quality, providing Collection will be finalised and data analysed correct information, necessary training and before July 2010. enhancing the rate of women sexual function, we can help to their life constancy and marital Keywords: weight loss, body mass index, self- adjustment. esteem, obesity, food craving

Keywords: marital adjustment, married women, Relevance of assessment centres in sexual function, life constancy competency assessment and importance of handling post-assessment data Relationships between quality of life, self-efficacy, self-esteem, food craving, GUPTA, S. (Institute of Management Technology) mood and weight-loss in an older obese population Competencies are statements about the characteristics that result in effective, superior CORSER, D. (University of the Sunshine Coast), performance in a job. Competencies are vital for STATHAM, D. (University of the Sunshine Coast) understanding human potential and hence assessing them becomes important. Assessment In Australia, the greatest increase in obesity has Centres have been widely used for assessing occurred in the 55 to 64 age group. Obesity is competencies which are identified by an directly related to several health issues and costs organization, and research shows that although an estimated $21 billion per year. Also, it has predictive coefficients of Assessment Centres been identified as a national health priority. This are generally high, some Assessment Centres study examines psychological issues influencing have low predictive validity. In fact the observed weight loss in an older obese population and validity coefficients of Assessment Centres aims to evaluate the efficacy of a short-term reviewed in one research ranged from -.25 to multi-disciplinary weight loss program. +.78 (Gaugler, Rosenthal, Thornton & Bentson, Participants were recruited through a private 1987). These kinds of results affect their usage rehabilitation centre and were required to have by practitioners. This research is aimed at a Body Mass Index greater than 30, aged 50 answering two questions including (1) Are years or over, be medically stable, well enough Assessment Centres essential for assessing to exercise, and not participating in another Competencies, given their high cost factor? Can weight loss program. Three groups participated: competencies be assessed by other methods or (1) a treatment seeking group, (2) a non- combinations of a few methods for cost- treatment seeking control group, and (3) a effective results? (2) If Assessment Centres are waiting list control group. Psychological essential then how can they be made more valid influences on weight loss were assessed with the and effective so that greater number of Obesity-Related Well Being Questionnaire, organizations can benefit from them? This paper Weight Efficacy Life-Style Questionnaire, Food carries out a critical analysis of the relevance of Craving Experience Questionnaire, Rosenberg’s Assessment Centres by interviewing Self-Esteem Questionnaire, and the Depression professionals in a number of organizations who Anxiety Stress Scale. Each group completed the are responsible for Assessment Centre battery and was weighed initially and six weeks

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology initiatives. An attempt is made to arrive at a years of participants including pilgrims, devotees realistic picture of how much Assessment and participants from various communities Centres are being used in India by Indian and assemble. In Huj, since 12th century, hundreds Multinational organizations and whether the to thousands of Muslim pilgrims have high costs involved justify their use. Results participated in Mecca in Saudi Arabia, the support the general research conclusion that gigantic celebration of faith. The present study Assessment Centres are highly effective tools of involves 200 participants (100 male and 100 assessment but require careful implementation female), stratified randomly selected using a of the processes. Considerable care and two-by-two design of gender (male/female) and attention should be given to how the results will age (of three age groups 20-plus, 30-plus and 50- be used and how the results will not be used. plus), from India and who participated in Proper handling of post-assessment data is very Simhastha and Huj, in order to find out the critical and can go a long way in creating job- effect of gender and age group on attribution. A related, fair and legally defensible Assessment questionnaire was prepared to assess the Centre programs. Final conclusions are yet to be attributions. The first part of study focuses on drawn as interviews are still being conducted. gender and age and the second on type of attributions behind mass syndrome. The results Keywords: competence, assessment centres, human are based on an analysis of variance and potential, competency assessment qualitative analysis and reflect the difference between age, sex and state and trait attributions between the sample of Huj (Muslim) and Religious Community Mass Syndrome Simhastha (Hindu) Religious Community Mass (RCMS) Huj And Simhastha: Demographic Syndrome. There was a difference amongst the and attribution analysis participants’ demographic picture and attributions of RCMS of Huj (Muslim) and SINGH, A. P. (Government Maharani Laxmi Bai Girls Simhastha (Hindu) participants. Postgraduation College)

Keywords: religious behaviour, community mass Community Mass Syndrome (CMS) was first syndrome, trait attributions behind mass syndrome, reported in the fifteenth century as “Tarantism” celebrations of faith, Indian community celebrations in the context of normal behavior in Germany and, in the rest of Europe, it was known as “St.Vitus’s dance”. It was similar to the ancient Reports of wins and risk taking: An investigation of the mediating effect of orgiastic rites used to worship the Greek God the illusion of control Dionysus. The Lady Guadalupe Festival has been celebrated since 1531 in Mexico where millions of people participate in religious mass, MARTINEZ, F. (university of Lyon) discussion, music, dance, parties and relaxing. The Feast of Fools was a very popular medieval Two experiments examined the relationships celebration for Roman Catholics. It was not between the knowledge that another person has categorized under mass psychogenic illness. won in a gamble, the illusion of control and risk Community Mass Syndrome is being interpreted taking. The first study thus aims to test a causal as normal behaviour where hundreds to millions model where the illusion of control is a mediator of people of more or less the same community of the effect of reports of others’ wins on one’s are motivated towards a certain type of risk-taking behavior. The second experiment behaviour acceptable in society with one, or examined what motivated the increase in more than one, common goal (Singh, 2005). One participants’ personal illusion of control when of the types of CMS is Religious Community they knew the gain of another player. In a first Mass Syndrome. The aim of the present study is study, 24 participants, randomly assigned to one to investigate the difference between of two groups and played a computer-simulated demographic structure (age and gender) and French roulette game individually. In the attributions among the participants of Huj and experimental group, participants were informed Simhastha Religious Community Mass syndrome. of the amount won by the previous winner. In The Simhastha has a history of eight hundred the control group, this information was omitted.

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In a second study, 36 participants were level on these variables. We applied Simple randomly assigned one of three groups. The first Random Sampling by random sampling and experimental group and the control group were sending questionnaires via e-mail to improve identical to the groups in Experiment 1. In a recovery of our questionnaires. Measurements second experimental group, participants were applied in this study are from western still told of another person winning but, in researchers’ literature or developed in the addition, they were informed that this person Chinese context as follows: Communication acknowledged that her win was fortuitous. Openness Measure Scale, developed by Rogers Results from the first experiment validated a (1987,) for Communication Openness; JOM causal model where the knowledge of another scale, developed by Liden & Maslyn (1998), for person’s gain increases the illusion of control, Leader-member Exchange (LMX); Guanxi with measured with betting times, expectancy and Supervisor Scale, developed by Kenny Law self-reports on scales, which in turn encourages (2001), for Guanxi; and, an 8-item scale by risk taking. Results from the second experiment Meyer & Allen (1997), for Organizational confirmed that the increase in risk taking Commitment (OC). The above variables are observed upon learning that another player had measured by a 5-point Likert scale ranging from won in a gamble was contingent on the belief 1 = “strongly disagree” to 5 = “strongly agree”. that this previous winner controlled the Statistical methods in this paper mainly include: outcome of the gamble like in a skilled task. Reliability and Correlation Analysis and Reports of wins are interpreted as a skill-related Regression analysis. The main findings are cue. When participants thought that the showed as follows: firstly, communication previous winner did not control the outcome of openness is significantly related to LMX, Guanxi his gamble, the knowledge of his gains no longer and organizational commitment; secondly, increased participants’ risk taking. Mediation Guanxi fully mediates the relationship between analyses replicated results observed in the first communication openness and organizational experiment. Thus, Experiment 2 demonstrated commitment; and, thirdly, LMX doesn’t mediate that it is the belief that the previous winner the relationship between communication could exert control over the outcome of the openness and organizational commitment gamble that presumably led participants to directly. This research finds that personal Guanxi experience higher levels of illusion of control and between supervisor and subordinate plays an take higher risks when gambling in the important role in Chinese enterprises. The knowledge that the previous gambler had won. suggestions for Chinese enterprises from the result are as follows: Chinese enterprises should Keywords: gambling, risk taking, illusion of control build effective formal communication networks to ensure that any information can be transmitted without obstacles; and, supervisors Research on the impact of should be more open to subordinates, especially communication openness to in strengthening the initiative of communication. organizational commitment based on In addition to formal LMX, supervisors need to superior-subordinate relationships keep good personal Guanxi with subordinates and spend time showing care to them, in order LIU, Y. (Renmin University of China), HUANG, X. to win subordinates’ commitment and increase (Renmin University of China), DING, G. (Renmin employees’ organizational commitment. University of China), YAN, S. (Renmin University of China) Keywords: Chinese enterprises, leader-member exchange, communication networks, employee This research is established in Chinese settings organizational commitment, superior-subordinate and, by measuring a sample of 315 employees exchange from Chinese enterprises, it attempts to examine the impacts of communication openness on organizational commitment and Risk and resilience for mental health the mediating effects of leader-member problems in childhood and early adolescence: Evaluation of a risk exchange and Guanxi in this process. Also, we screening tool explored the impacts of age, education, position

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HAMMOND, S. (Australian Catholic University), BERNADET, S. (Laboratoide de Psychologie EA HUDGSON, A. (Australian Catholic University), 4139), MICHEL, G. (Laboratoide de Psychologie EA VONARX, R. (Bell Primary School) 4139)

This study investigated the psychometric Over the past few years, prevalence of risk- properties of the Darebin Risk Assessment taking behaviors has not remarkably increased Screening Tool (DRAST), a newly developed but new dangerous practices seem to have screening tool designed to assist teachers in emerged among adolescents in France (for identifying students who may be at risk for example, asphyxial games, binge drinking). developing social, emotional and behavioural Several researches considered individual factors problems. The DRAST covers both risk and leading adolescents to seek risky situations. protective factors. The primary aim of this study However, few of them came to distinguish was to establish reliability and validity to support profiles of risk-taking depending on the type of the use of the DRAST within schools. The sample declared dangerous practices. The objectives consisted of 206 students in grades one to six, were to distinguish different risk-taking profiles recruited from primary schools in a Northern among adolescents and specify involved metropolitan Melbourne schools network. For individual features (personality, perceived stress, 147 students, data consisted of pre-existing coping strategies) in each profile. Two hundred anonymous DRAST screening assessments only. and seventy six middle and high school students, For the remaining 59 students, parents aged between 12 and 16, participated. Self- completed a demographic questionnaire and the assessment included an Exploratory Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Questionnaire on risk-taking behaviors, Junior for their child and classroom teachers completed Temperament and Character Inventory (Luby, the DRAST, SDQ and Student Behavior Survey 1999), Coping Across Situation Questionnaire (SBS). Principal component analyses revealed a (Seiffge-Krenke et al., 2008), Children Depression four factor structure for both risk items and Inventory for Children (Kovack & Beck, 1977), protective items, with adequate reliability and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for observed for the total risk and protective scores, Children (Spielberger, 1983). Preliminary results and for most of the newly derived factors. underline three profiles of risk-taking. Of the Significant relationships were found between adolescents, 26.1% reported at least one the DRAST factors and parent and teacher antisocial behavior, 31.2% declared at least one ratings of problems, adjustment and resources. antisocial behavior and at least one substance Protective factors were found to be more use behavior and 10.5% reported at least one significant predictors of problems or adjustment antisocial behavior associated with at least one than risk factors. Overall, the results indicate substance use behavior and one dangerous that the DRAST is a reliable and valid screening game. High depressive and anxious tool, as the total risk and protective scores were symptomatology, high novelty-seeking, use of found to be adequate for identifying students at avoidant coping strategies as well as low risk for developing problems. However more individual and social maturity were associated refinement of the tool is needed, especially for with adolescents engaging several forms of risk- risk factors. Future research with a larger taking behaviors. Likewise in regards to Jessor’s sample is needed to examine additional General Syndrome of Deviance, this study shows psychometric properties such as test-retest and that selected individual factors might be inter-rater reliability and to develop normative indicators of a general syndrome of risk-taking. data. Adolescents presenting this kind of psychological functioning would be more likely to seek risky Keywords: risk factors, resilience, risk assessment, situations in several fields in their life. These children's mental health, adolescent mental health results would help to define well-focused preventive strategies. Risk taking behaviors in adolescence: Different psychological profiles Keywords: adolescents, risk taking, avoidance, antisocial behaviour

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Road-rail level crossings: Expectations Empowerment, defined as providing employees and behaviour with autonomy in tasks, positively influences job satisfaction and organizational effectiveness EDQUIST, J. (Monash University Accident Research (Spreitzer, 1999). Thus many companies have Centre), RUDIN-BROWN, C. (Monash University tried to systemize empowerment. However, Accident Research Centre), LENNÉ, M. (Monash empowerment may not always have positive University Accident Research Centre), NAVARRO, J. outcomes if it does not promote the employee’s (Monash University Accident Research Centre) belief that they are capable of performing adequately to attain goals (i.e. self-efficacy). Road-rail level crossings are a dangerous point in Additionally, empowerment may be influenced the rail network, as the relatively controlled by the effects of organizational characteristics, environment of the railway is opened to the such as the level of hierarchical structures and unpredictable behaviour of road users. One bureaucracy in which employees may not potentially dangerous interaction is a mismatch experience the positive effects of empowerment between the warning signals provided, and road due to the lack of latitude in their role within the users’ expectations of warnings. Little is known organization. It was thought that public about how road users expect crossing signals to organizations would be most subject to such behave, particularly when the crossing controls effects, followed by large, then medium-sized, do not work as anticipated. The behaviour of 52 organizations and that the positive effects of road users was examined in a driving simulator empowerment would be most apparent in experiment. Participants performed several medium-sized organizations. This research aims drives containing four railway crossings, to see whether self-efficacy would mediate the including one in which the crossing warning relationship between empowerment and signals did not perform as expected. After the organizational effectiveness, and between drives, participants were interviewed about their empowerment and job satisfaction, and whether behavior in the experiment, and when driving in these mediation effects would differ by the real world. Participants’ expectations of the organization type. Two-hundred and seventy warning times provided by railway crossing nine employees (96 from medium-sized, 60 from signals were generally in accord with standard large, and 123 from public organizations) practice warning times. The appearance of an participated in the survey. They reported on alternative warning system was generally well empowerment, self-efficacy, job satisfaction, understood, and may offer safety benefits as and organizational effectiveness variables (i.e. judged by participants’ predicted behavior. organizational commitment, organizational However, participants’ descriptions of how they citizenship behavior and innovative behavior). would behave at crossing with malfunctioning Self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship signals did not match their behavior when they between empowerment and job satisfaction, encountered this situation in the simulation. and between empowerment and organizational There is scope to improve the information effectiveness in both medium-sized and large provided to road users at road-rail level organizations, but partially mediated in the crossings, and their understanding of the public organization. Analysis of the moderating behaviour required of them. effect of organizational type revealed that, compared to public organizations, the indirect Keywords: road-rail level crossings, unpredictable effect of empowerment on job-satisfaction and driving behaviour, railway crossing signal warning organizational effectiveness was stronger and times, driving simulation, road users more positive in medium-sized organizations. The large organization did not show significantly different relationships compared to the other Role of empowerment on self-efficacy organizations. Data showed that self-efficacy and organizational effectiveness in South was a mediator of the relationships between Korean organizations empowerment and job satisfaction, and between empowerment and organizational KIM, S. (Ajou University), YOU, B. (Ajou University), effectiveness variables. Also, increasing KIM, D. Y. (Ajou University) empowerment in medium-sized organizations

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology may influence organizational effectiveness and concern-related stimuli; (b) negative attentional job satisfaction to a greater extent than in public bias was positively related to depression, but organizations. Therefore, organizations may the relationship was limited to depressed need to deliberate the level of empowerment females; (c) positive- and concern-related given to employees in light of the resulting attentional bias were negatively related to effects on self-efficacy and the characteristics of depression and rumination; and (d) increases in the organizational structure. negative attentional bias were associated with increases in rumination, even after age, gender, Keywords: empowerment, job satisfaction, education, classic Stroop test, anxiety, and organisational effectiveness, organisational culture, depression had been controlled. From the third self-efficacy study, the results indicated that participants in the DACTP group showed reductions in post- Rumination and depression: The effects training negative attentional bias and rumination of a depression attention control training (reductions in depression approached program on reducing rumination and significance; p = .06). The findings support the depression role of attentional bias in rumination and depression and suggest the feasibility and SALEHI FADARDI, J. (Ferdowsi University of benefits of depression attention control training Mashhad), BAGHERINEJAD, M. (Ferdowsi University in reducing rumination and depressive mood. of Mashhad) Keywords: Rumination, Depression, Depression The goals of this research were to investigate: attentional control training, Beck Depression (a) the relationships among rumination, anxiety, Inventory, Anxiety and depression in a sample of Iranian students, (b) the relationships between negative Rumination and gender differences in attentional bias with depression and rumination; depression (response style approach) and (c) the efficacy of a Depression Attention Control Training Program (DACTP) on reducing JANATIAN, S. (University of Isfahan), YOUSEFI, Z., negative attentional bias, rumination, and JANATIAN depression. The research included three studies. In the first study, participants (N = 119; 37% The purpose of this study was to examine the male) completed Beck Depression Inventory-II etiology of the difference between males and (BDI-II), Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) and females in the prevalence of depression among Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). In the second students at the University of Isfahan. The study, participants (N = 52; 20% male) statistical population was all students at the completed the BDI-II, RRS, BAI and Depression- University of Isfahan. The sample consisted of Stroop Test. In the third study, participants (N = 100 students (60 females and 40 males) that 16; 100% female) from the previous study who were randomly selected from all the campuses obtained the highest scores on both rumination who all responded to a depression scale. The and depression were randomly allocated to a results of variance analysis showed that there training (experimental) or a control group. The were not any differences in problem solving and experimental group received four sessions of rumination between female and male students training with the DACTP. All participants but there was a significant difference between completed the BDI-II, RRS and Depression Stroop females and males in distraction (p < 0.05). From Test at pre- post-training and a 70–day follow- the results, it can be concluded that females up. From the first study, the results of a could experience more depression than males. It hierarchical regression analysis indicated that, seems while doing problem solving, they do after controlling for age, gender, and anxiety, rumination, and that is the reason they increases in rumination were associated with experience more depression than male students. increases in depression. From the second study, the results indicated that, (a) compared to non- depressed participants, depressed participants Keywords: depression, gender differences, distraction, rumination, problem-solving showed less attentional bias for positive- and

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Safety climate in the construction different cultures in this sector, organizations industry – Interaction and influence of will be more able to influence and manage them. levels of climate in a dynamic industry Keywords: safety, construction industry, work HARTLEY, R. (Business School, Loughborough environment, risk taking, organisational climate University), CHEYNE, A. (Loughborough University) Season of birth and mood seasonality The concepts of safety climate and culture are now applied extensively within many industries MILFONT, T. L. (Victoria University of Wellington), to explain risk taking behavior. Therefore, the TILYARD, T. (Victoria University of Wellington), development of a strong positive safety culture NATALE, V. (University of Bologna), TONETTI, L. is a goal for many organizations. However, such (University of Bologna) a goal may be problematic within a dynamic construction industry where employees and site Previous research has shown that mood of work can change frequently. In an attempt to seasonality is modulated by season of birth address this potential problem, this research (Natale, Adan, & Chotai, 2007). Italian and aims to elucidate the complex nature of safety Spanish individuals born during spring or climate within the construction industry and see summer had significantly higher mood how an interaction between climates and hazard seasonality than people born during autumn or exposure can influence safety behavior and winter. Significant gender differences were also workplace accidents. Questionnaires were observed, with female participants showing completed by employees of a large company higher mood seasonality than males. The within the construction industry. The present paper reports preliminary data questionnaire used a number of established and investigating the robustness of these findings by specifically developed scales to assess the considering New Zealand participants, who live influence of various levels of climate and hazard in a different hemisphere and experience exposure on safety behavior and workplace different seasonal patterns than participants accidents. The questionnaire was sent to 2250 from previous studies. A study was conducted employees. Responses were obtained from 983 with 636 New Zealand-born participants with employees, a response rate of 43.7 %. The ages ranging from 18 to 30 years old (M = 22 scales were subjected to confirmatory factor years, SD = 3.6; 68.7% female), who completed analysis, before modeling the relationships the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire between variables using Structural Equation (Rosenthal et al., 1984), plus socio-demographic Modeling. A model was developed questions. A two-way ANOVA was conducted to demonstrating the influences of different examine the effects of month of birth and climates and hazard exposure on worker risk gender on mood seasonality, with age entered taking behavior. The model proposes that as a covariate. A significant effect of gender was organizational climate and professional climate, observed (F(1, 597) = 43.6, p < .001), with influence coworker climate (colleagues and females scoring higher than males. A marginally supervisors) and this, in turn, influences the risk significant effect of month of birth was also taking behavior of workers. This model explains observed (F(11, 597) = 1.71, p < .07), with mood 45 % of the variance in individual risk taking seasonality being higher for those born in August behavior. Construction industry safety climate is (winter) than in February (summer). No a complex, fragmented phenomenon. Worker significant interaction was found between behavior is influenced by a number of climates month of birth and gender. In line with Natale et within the workplace, with organizational al.’s (2007) findings, we observed a significant climate, co-worker climate and professional main effect for gender, indicating that women climate all influencing risk taking behavior. The experience greater mood seasonality than men. findings have implications for organizations In contrast, these preliminary results showed trying to manage both climate and risk taking only a marginally significant main effect for behavior; the construction environment month of birth on mood seasonality, and New provides more of a challenge than more stable Zealand participants born during a winter month workplaces. By understanding the influence of had significantly higher mood seasonality than

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology those born during a summer month. This reverse settlement of grievances, fair treatment by pattern of findings may be due to differences in employers and other benefits. Organisational climate features in New Zealand, such as climate results from the cumulative effect of different hemisphere, rain and wind patterns. ways in which the principal interacts with Additional studies with larger samples from the teachers; and the way teachers interact with southern hemisphere are necessary to fully each other and with the principal. Job understand the influence of season of birth on satisfaction and organisational climate of mood seasonality. teachers are of paramount importance and have bearing on their teaching performance. Keywords: mood, season of birth Therefore, needed facilities should be created in schools and teachers should also be provided with the required facilities. Secondary school teachers’ job satisfaction in relation to their organisational climate Keywords: secondary school, teachers, job satisfaction, organisational climate

YADAV, R.S. (Kurukshetra University), MALIK, V. (Aashta College of Education, VPO- Damla), YADAV, Self, other, and past experience in the B.S. (Kurukshetra University) process of perspective taking

The aims of the current study were to examine GERACE, A. (Flinders University of South Australia), the relationship between job satisfaction and DAY, A. (Deakin University), CASEY, S. (University of organisational climate of secondary school South Australia), MOHR, P. (Univeristy of South Australia) teachers; and to study the job satisfaction differentials of secondary school teachers at different levels of organisational climate. A Perspective taking, the main cognitive descriptive survey method was used and the component of empathy, is considered to be a sample consisted of 120 teachers. The significant part of human interaction. Within hypotheses formulated were: (1) there exists no counselling and clinical practice, perspective significant positive relationship between job taking has a particularly important and complex satisfaction and organisational climate of role to play in the clinician-client relationship. secondary school teachers; and (2) there exists However, despite extensive investigation into no significant difference in job satisfaction of the outcomes of this construct (for example, teachers at different levels of organisational sympathy, altruism), the process by which climate. The study was delimited to Kurukshetra people take another’s psychological point of district of Haryana State (India) and six view has received comparatively little attention. secondary schools. Tools used were the Job The purpose of this study was to investigate Satisfaction Questionnaire (JSQ) for teachers by what the individual does when attempting to Parmod Kumar and D.N Mutha, and take the perspective of another person. Organisational Climate by M.L Sharma. Specifically, the aims were to identify the Correlation coefficients and t-tests were used. specific strategies people use to accomplish this The study revealed that (1) job satisfaction of task, to consider how and why these strategies secondary school teachers was found to have no are chosen, and the relationship between the significant relationship with organisational strategies and subsequent outcomes. Twelve climate and its different dimensions; and (2) no community volunteers were provided with an significant difference was found in the job induction to recall and describe an example of satisfaction of teachers belonging to different their own perspective-taking experience. A semi- organisational climate groups. Job satisfaction structured interview guided participants through plays an important role in an individual’s life and their recollection. Adopting an interpretive it depends on many factors. Job satisfaction is phenomenological approach, analysis resulted in the results of various attitudes possessed by an the generation of several themes relevant to employee towards his/her job. These attitudes both the perspective-taking process and the are related to factors such as wages, conditions wider empathic experience. Two superordinate of work, advancement opportunities, prompt process themes emerged, use of other-

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology information and use of self-information, from of Sarswat, and the Classroom Environment which several subordinate themes emerged. Of Scale of Abdur Rehman were used. Academic particular interest were those falling under the achievement was measured using marks from use of self-information theme, which included the annual exam of the IXth standard. the use of past experiences, and a theme of Correlations and t-tests were used to analyse the shifting perspectives, which involved data. The study revealed that students’ self- simultaneous consideration of self and other concept and classroom achievement were perspective. These strategies were considered significantly correlated. It indicated that a better important determinants of the effort required to educational/classroom environment led to apprehend another’s perspective. While past higher self-concept among students. Similarly, experience was related to greater ease of the self-concept and academic achievement of process, the latter strategy often resulted in students were significantly correlated. Boys had some difficulty for the participant, as they had a a significantly higher self-concept than girls. unique, and in some cases conflicting, perspective to that of the other person. Keywords: self-concept, secondary students, Implications for understandings of empathy classroom environment, academic achievement, more generally, and application to counselling gender and clinical areas are discussed. In particular, the advantages and challenges which result from the Self-control, burnout, psychological well ways in which the person undertakes the being and integrity process of perspective taking are focused upon.

TRIANI, R. (Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya) Keywords: perspective taking, empathy, counselling practice, psychological point of view, shifting perspectives This research aims to find out the connections between Self-control, Burnout and Psychological Well Being as independent Variables and Self-concept of secondary school Integrity of employees as a dependent variable. students in relation to their classroom Robbins (2003) stated that integrity refers to environment, academic achievement and honesty and trust, and is a positive hope that gender someone will not take advantages of other party. Two factors that influence integrity are YADAV, R.S. (Kurukshetra University), SINGH, P. personal and social factors. The questionnaire (Kurukshetra University) was constructed based on Edward Hoffman questionnaire which consists of overt and covert The study was conducted with the following integrity. Self-control refers to the ability to keep objectives: (1) to discover the relationship firm control over one’s own behavior. This between self-concept and the classroom questionnaire was constructed based on four environment of students; (2) To examine the dimensions of Self-control by Baumeister et al. relationship between self-concept and academic Burnout is a syndrome resulting from prolonged achievement of students; and (iii) to investigate exposure to stress, consisting of physical, the difference between self-concept of male and emotional, and mental exhaustion plus feelings female students. Accordingly, the following of lack of personal accomplishment. The hypotheses were formulated: (i) there exists questionnaire was constructed based on Maslah significant differences between self-concept and Burnout Inventory. Psychological Well Being was the classroom environment of students; (ii) measured by Ryff Psychological Inventory that there exists significant differences between self covers six areas of well-being: Autonomy, concept and academic achievement of the Environmental Mastery, Personal Growth, students; and (iii) there exists significant Positive Relations with Others, Purpose in Life, differences between self-concept and gender of Self-Acceptance. This research was non- the students. A descriptive survey method was experimental research. For hypothesis testing, used. The sample consisted of 100 students (50 the researcher used the Pearson Product males and 50 females) selected on a random Moment Correlation method. The validity, basis from four schools. The Self-Concept Scale reliability and hypotheses testing in this research

1266 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology involved use of the SPSS 15.0 computer specific goals were derived from the situational program. The results showed that there are change. Moreover, the activation of goals connections between Self-control, Psychological differed whether one succeeded in self- Well Being and Integrity, but there is not any regulation. The results provide evidence for the connection between Burnout and Integrity. adaptive style of goal settings; people who do not succeed at self-regulation lack the flexibility Keywords: self-control, burnout, psychological well- of goal activation with feedback changes. In the being, integrity, Ryff Psychological Inventory future, how this goal flexibility affects our adaptation should be examined. Self-regulation and activation of hierarchical goals with feedback changes Keywords: goal activation, self-regulation

TSUCHIYA, K. (Nagoya University), YOSHIZAWA, H. Self-regulation and personality factors of (Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University), NAKAJIMA, M. decision making effectiveness in extreme (Mie University), YOSHIDA, T. (Nagoya University), professions’ specialists’ activity HARADA, C. (Nagoya University) INDINA, T. (Russian Academy of Education), Previous research has indicated that goals affect MOROSANOVA, V. (Russian Academy of Education) the individual’s adaptation (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2000), and that the activation of specific goals Research is devoted to discovery of specific can lead to success at self-regulation (e.g., personality and self-regulation factors of Bargh, 2006). However, few studies have decision making in emergency professions’ explored how goal activation both affects and specialists activity (life savers, firefighters, reacts to decision making in the real world. In bodyguards). Self-regulation, according to the present study, based on the supposition of Conscious self-regulation theory (Konopkin, hierarchical structure of goals (e.g., Austin & 1970) is understood as an ability to initiate, Vancouver, 1996), we aimed to identify goals organize, support, and manage external and that vary with feedback change and goals that internal activity which is goal-oriented. The contribute to self-regulatory success. following were used: Self-regulation profile Participants (n = 461) were presented with one questionnaire (SPQ; Morosanova, 1994), NEO-PI- of four different vignettes involving situations R (Russian version; Oryol & Senin 2003), where they needed to regulate their impulses Personality factors of decision making (i.e., buying, eating, antisocial behavior, and (Kornilova, 2004), Decision making model, which interpersonal conflict). Each participant was includes practical tasks on decision making in presented with five scenes from one vignette lifesavers’ professional activity (Indina, 2008). (one neutral scene and four different feedbacks). The research sample included 180 men who For each scene, participants completed the were extreme professions specialists in the age superordinate and subordinate goal scale that range of 24 to 60 years. To estimate was developed based on the taxonomy of effectiveness of the decision making human goals (Ford, 1987), and completed their experimental model “Decision making in behavioral response whether they would emergency situations” was elaborated. The regulate their impulse or not. A series of model allowed us to estimate six basic ANCOVAs revealed that the activations of parameters of decision making: Search for specific goals varied by feedback. A series of information, Situation assessment, Subjective ANCOVAs, in which the independent variable task representation, Alternatives construction, was whether participant succeeded in self- Choice of the alternative, Decision regulation, revealed that the activation of implementation. General effectiveness of specific goals differed whether one achieved decision making was esteemed by summarizing self-regulatory success. Specifically, the goals indexes of all six parameters. The results indicate that affected the success of self-regulation did significant connections between personality and not necessarily correspond to the goals which regulation factors and decision making changed in activation as a result of feedback. parameters. General effectiveness of decision These results indicated that the activations of

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology making, according to research results, depends There was a positive correlation between IPIP on development of conscious self-regulation extraversion measure and sales success as processes (including Modeling of significant defined by total number of cars sold in the last conditions and Result estimation) and calendar year (r(105) = .24, p < .01). A negative personality traits (Rationality, Openness, and correlation was found between Saucier’s Agreeableness). Regulation-personality profiles measure of agreeableness and sales success for specialists with high and low effectiveness of defined as total dollar sales in the last calendar decision making were built. Specialists with high year (r(105) = -.22, p < .05). There was a positive effectiveness of decision making are correlation between length of employment and characterized by developed Result estimation, sales success (r (105) = .27, p < .05), sporting Modelling of significant conditions, achievements and sales success (r (105) = .28, p Programming of actions and Goal planning < .01), work hours and sales success (r (105) = regulation traits. Personality characteristics of .26, p < .05). There was a negative correlation highly effective in decision making specialists between lack of promotion and sales success (r include Rationality, Openness and (105) = -.26, p < .05). When assessing a Agreeableness. For specialists with low salesperson’s performance it is important to effectiveness of decision making low level of note that there are many aspects of personality basic self-regulation processes and high level of and bio-data measures that may interplay. It is Neuroticism and Risk readiness are typical. It expected that the outcome of this research after was concluded that personality traits and further confirmatory analysis will assist development of a conscious self-regulation individuals in terms of career selection, system plays key role in effectiveness of decision development of coaching programs, and making in extreme professions’ specialists’ commercial entities in the recruitment and activity. development of potential salespeople.

Keywords: personality, self-regulation, emergency Keywords: big five model of personality, bio-data workers, decision making factors, sales success, international personality item pool, recruitment of salespeople Selling cars successfully: A retrospective analysis of the predictive utility of Service integration success factors: A salesperson personality and bio-data case study review of a regional youth health service integration process PRAKASH, P. (Psych Press), FRANCIS, A. (RMIT University), DIDSBURY, G. (Psych Press) WINDLE, K. (Deakin University), WINDLE, K. (Deakin University), VON TREUER, K. (Deakin University), MCGILLIVRAY, J. (Deakin University) This study aimed to examine the predictive utility of personality using the Five Factor model (FFM) and bio-data factors in determining sales Headspace Barwon is a consortium of agencies success. It looked at how an individual’ score on that came together under the banner of the factors – Openness, Conscientiousness, ‘headspace’ to provide an integrated health Agreeableness, Extroversion, and Neuroticism of service system to youth in a regional area. The the FFM and which bio-data factors will be aim of this study was to conduct a retrospective predictive of sales success. The records of 107 review of the service integration process (99 males, 8 females) salespeople working in the engaged in by headspace Barwon and identify sales-force of a car sales company were used. best practice service integration success factors. Participants’ data was extracted from the Eleven interviews and four focus groups business records of an organizational psychology involving 17 people were conducted with firm. All participants were sent an online voluntary representatives from a range of invitation to complete a questionnaire stakeholders including. A thematic content comprising demographics; bio-data, Saucier’s analysis was conducted. Factors identified to Mini Markers and the International Personality facilitate the service integration included pre- Item Pool (IPIP) questionnaire. existing regional health networks, design collaboration with both sector and community

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology representatives, establishing a shared service orientation is significantly associated with vision and integration model, early suicide risk in the Philippines, with lesbian, gay, establishment of complimentary partnerships and bisexual Filipino youth reporting higher with high stakeholder buy-in, implementing suicide ideation and attempts than heterosexual common Information Technology (IT) systems, counterparts. establishing common language between agencies, co-location, lack of any one-agency Keywords: sexual orientation, suicide risk, sexual domination, and early generation of brand minority status, minority stress, Filipino awareness. Factors identified as challenges to the service integration included competing Sexual risk behaviour, general models of service delivery between agencies, psychopathology and psychosexual lack of inter-agency interaction, concerns over symptoms among Victorian men who confidentiality with shared IT, anxiety and fear have sex with men (MSM) at risk of HIV regarding change, lack of staff buy-in to the transmission: Building our integration system, loss of pre-identity, change understanding of the psychological fatigue, and external pressure to implement motivations for HIV risk behaviour changes quickly. A number of elements of headspace Barwon service’s integration process EARLE, M. (The Alfred) are aligned with existing literature on best practice service integration and may be applied to future service integrations and change This study aimed to build upon international management planning. literature informing HIV prevention policy and initiatives, by examining rates of and psychological factors contributing to HIV- risk Keywords: service integration, integrated health behaviour (unprotected anal intercourse with service, change management multiple partners) among Victorian men who have sex with men (MSM). Specifically, it Sexual orientation and suicide risk in the measured sexual risk behaviour, general Philippines: Evidence from a national psychopathology and psychosexual symptoms survey of young adult Filipinos among Victorian MSM attending a specialist, sexual risk-reduction clinic, which have been MANALASTAS, E. J. (University of the Philippines identified in the literature as associated with Diliman) HIV- risk behaviour. It then compared these rates with those in the general community and This paper explored links between sexual in HIV-risk studies internationally. All MSM orientation and suicide risk in the Philippines, to attending the Clinic because of their sexual risk replicate similar findings found in the global behaviour completed a demographic/sexual lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) health/sexual behaviour questionnaire, the psychology literature. I examined data from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI, Morey, 2003 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey, 2007), the Sexual Compulsivity Scale (SCS, a national population-based study of N = 8,042 Kalichman & Rompa, 1995) and the Sexual Filipino men and N = 8,922 Filipina woman ages Sensation Seeking Scale (SSSS, Kalichman & 15 to 24, using logistic regression analysis. Rompa, 1995) at Intake. Preliminary data Significant links between suicide risk (that is, suggested rates of general psychopathology suicide ideation and suicide attempt) and sexual were higher in the sample group than in the minority status were found across three general community, including depression, measures of sexual orientation (same-sex anxiety, borderline features, drug and alcohol attraction, sexual behavior, and romantic use and suicidality. Rates of sexual risk relationships) for both male and female Filipino behaviour, general psychopathology, Sexual youth. These effects were partly mediated by Compulsivity and Sexual Sensation Seeking, were depression, recent suicide attempt of a friend, also comparable to or greater than those and experiences of threat and victimization, as reported in similar HIV- risk studies. High levels predicted by the Minority Stress Model. Similar of comorbidity were observed. Notably, the to findings in global LGBT psychology, sexual clinic group showed high rates of treatment

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology readiness. Consistent with international trends, trained drivers appears to favor the HIV- risk behaviour among MSM in Victoria development of visuo-motor coordination. The attending a specialist sexual risk-reduction clinic literature shows that the way novice drivers with was high, and was contributed to by a comorbid poor driving experience (traditionally trained) and complex mix of general psychopathology scan the visual scene may partially explain their and psychosexual symptoms. Despite the sample poorer performances. Taking the training period bias and size limit generalisability, indications to improve young drivers’ risk detection ability were that Victorian MSM seeking help for their and to develop the skills necessary to deal with sexual risk behaviour require specialist simulated accident scenarios is an approach that psychological intervention, and because of their we recommend. Simulators should be regarded self-awareness, motivation and treatment- as a promising pedagogic tool. readiness, are highly likely to benefit from it. Some clinical and implications of Keywords: young drivers, car crashes, driving skills, this work will be discussed. driving simulation, visuo-motor coordination

Keywords: sexual risk behaviour, HIV, Sexual Slower adaptation and simulator compulsivity scale, sexual sensation seeking scale, sickness in older adults when engaging personality assessment inventory in driving tasks in driving simulators

Simulated scenarios of accidents : A good KAWANO, N. (Nagoya University), IWAMOTO, K. tool for young drivers' training (Nagoya University), UMEGAKI, H. (Nagoya University), SUZUKI, Y. (Nagoya University BERTHELON, C. (Inrets), NACHTERGAËLE, C. (Inrets), Hospital), NODA, A. (Nagoya University), IIDAKA, T. MESKALI, M. (Inrets), DAMM, L. (Inrets) (Nagoya University), KUZUYA, M. (Nagoya University), OZAKI, N. (Nagoya University)

The overall representation of young drivers in car crashes is a recurrent problem in developed Although driving simulators (DS) provide a safe countries. In order to prevent this over- and cost effective environment for evaluating representation, in France, young people can driving ability, DS applications are not without start early driver training at the age of 16, but certain limitations when used to assess older the positive effects of this possibility are not drivers. An important issue is the age-related manifested. We thus assessed the driving skills adaptation deficits to simulation environments. of traditionally trained novices, early trained In order to examine if adaptation deficits affect novices, and experienced drivers, to evaluate DS performance, we focused on two markers of whether early training improves young drivers' adaptation: frequency of simulator sickness and skills. Three groups of healthy male volunteers the effect of simple repeated tasks on had to drive the simulator, 12 were experienced performance. We asked older adults with intact (licensed for more than three years), 12 were cognitive functions (n = 17) and normal young traditionally trained and 12 early trained adults (n = 15) to perform two types of PC-based (licensed for less than one month). Participants DS (Toyota Central R&D Labs, Inc.) tasks: the were confronted with five accident prototype road tracking and the car-following tasks. In scenarios introduced in an urban circuit. We order to learn the operating system, the checked the number of collisions and measured participants first practiced driving freely on a each driver’s response (brake) time, speed and straight, two-lane road with no other traffic for a vehicle position on the lane. No significant maximum of five minutes. Then, they were differences appeared across groups regarding asked to perform the experimental task of number of collisions and obstacle detections as controlling the speed and position of a car by revealed by the analysis of response times. We manipulating the steering wheel, accelerator, demonstrated the limits of traditionally trained and the brake pedal for five minutes, while drivers’ position control, which was more watching the driving scene on a screen. The trial conservative. Early trained and experienced was repeated four times (trials One to Four). drivers were more susceptible to try an efficient There was a significant trend (p < .10) for the evasive action. The exposure gained by early frequency of simulator sickness to be higher in

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the older adults (n = 5) than in the young disorders among people who suffer as well as controls (n = 1). Data of 14 older and 14 younger among normal people. adults were analyzed, after excluding three older adults that suffered simulator sickness, who did Keywords: mental illness, stigma not complete the test and a younger adult whose data was lost due to technical problems. Results of comparing the DS performance Social cohesion in an ecological ordering of a rural municipality in México: From between the groups showed slower adaptation theory to practice in older adults in the road tracking task, but not in the car-following task. In the road tracking task, the performance of older adults improved CASTILLO, T. (University Autonomous of Yucatan), from the first trial to the fourth trial, whereas CARRILLO, D. (University Autonomous of Yucatan), ECHEVERRÍA, R. (University Autonomous of those of young adults did not change. By the Yucatan), CAUICH, I. (University Autonomous of fourth trial the performance of older adults was Yucatan) similar to young adults. The current study demonstrated that normal aging increased the frequency of simulator sickness, as well as the The aim of this paper is to present a theory- detrimental performance of the simple, methodological proposal of psychological work repeated, task of road tracking. These findings in ecological and territorial orderings through indicate the limitations of using DS for screening actions that allow the identification of different older individuals for driving safety. Although DS levels (and further development) of social have a better face validity than pencil-and-paper cohesion as a key concept in the development of tests for assessing driving skills, the participant’s sustainability in rural communities. Social capacity to adapt to environmental changes cohesion can be defined as the capacity of a should be taken into consideration when using society to ensure the well-being of all its DS. members, minimising disparities and avoiding marginalisation. It considers four aspects: social capital, social integration, social inclusion and Keywords: driving simulation, age-related social ethics (Feres, 2006). Its measurement adaptation deficits, simulator sickness, allows the community characterisation of its performance tasks, driving skills social cohesion in any of the four levels. This knowledge allows further work in increasing Social and psychological factors affecting social cohesion of communities. The research people's perception of mental illness: A project is being worked under a participatory study of Saudi in Abha City action research framework in 13 communities of a rural municipality of Tzucacab in Yucatan, AL-GHAMDI, S. (King Khalid University) Mexico. Groups of men and women, with different ages, jobs, religions, etc., have Little is known about the perception of mental participated in interviews and participatory disorders and stigma in Saudi Arabia. The aim of workshops. It has been complemented with this paper is to focus on the social and observation and documental analysis. The psychological factors that can affect people’s research has finished its first phase: the perception of mental illness (or disorders). It can diagnosis at the 13 communities. The results be admitted that most people in this country still presented in this paper show how the theory- believe that when a person has been labeled methodological proposal was developed and with a mental illness, they can never fully applied at the communities and presents the recover and will be socially isolated. In addition, social cohesion levels that characterise the they believe that the medicine given is like illegal different communities considering the drugs and that they will be addicted to it. combination of the four aspects mentioned Moreover, many think that people with mental above. The second phase is now beginning with illness will lose the respect of others as well as the work through different participatory actions their roles in society. It is the main aim of this in every community to join efforts to increase paper to examine the knowledge, attitude and their social cohesion considering their actual beliefs about cause of mental illness and mental status as a starting point. Nobody would deny

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the importance these days of sustainable comparison played a significant effect on the development and pro-environment/ecological feeling of pride. The participant in the social work, but it is a very complicated issue that praise comparison condition followed by a needs interdisciplinary efforts. Despite this, the stranger had the highest level of the pride. The psychology discipline is not as involved in this no feedback group of participants had the kind of professional area as it could be. In spite lowest level of pride. 2. Self-appraisals and of its importance, many social and psychological others appraisals had significant correlations aspects are usually left behind and other with the pride. 3. Self-appraisal based on biological, economic and engineering topics have comparison with others and self-satisfaction was been over worked. This paper presents an a predictor for the feeling of pride. Social example of an opportunity for psychologists’ comparisons affected the feeling of pride. The professional development in issues pertaining to level of pride increased across comparison the environment. conditions. Self-appraisal and self-satisfaction can predict the feeling of pride. Our findings Keywords: social cohesion, sustainable support pride being influenced by self-appraisal. development, pro-environment, ecological work Keywords: pride, social comparison, self-appraisal, Social comparison and self-appraisal self-satisfaction, public praise effect on the feeling of pride Social desirability responding impact in FENG, X. (Northeast Normal University), ZHANG, X. training report evaluations (Northeast Normal University), TIAN, L. (Shandong Normal University) ENRIQUEZ, F. (National Autonomous University of Mexico), DOMINGUEZ, M. A. (Universidad The present study aims to examine the four Iberoamericana) different types of social comparison and self- appraisal that may influence the feeling of pride The purpose of this research was to prove that in the background of Chinese culture. Our social desirable responding (SDR) not only sample consisted of 138 university students (31 affects self-report measures, but also other kind males and 107 females). Participants had a mean of scales. In work settings there is empirical age of 18.96 years (SD = .81), ranging in age from evidence that people’s self-impressions are 18 to 21years.They were randomly assigned to inflated. This self-enhancing tendency has been four conditions (mere public, praise, social empirically established for peoples’ own comparison praised followed by a stranger and perception of their task performance (Robins & private no-feedback). Participants were asked to Paulhus, 2001), but the question which arises is: play an intelligence game at first. Participants What happens when evaluating “others” played the game independently. They received performance? The SDR would be equally different feedback when they finished the game. important to control when assessing “others” Each participant was alone with the performance? Based on a non-probabilistic experimenter at the time of the manipulation of sample of 487 workers, enrolled in training priming social comparison. There were four courses, we evaluated the impact of SDR in the situations: 1. Mere public condition; 2. Praise appraisal of course instructor’s performance. In condition; 3. Social comparison condition and order to evaluate SDR we use the Balanced stranger effect; 4. No feedback. Later, they Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR), completed a series of questions. There were 12 version 7 (Paulhus, 1998) in conjunction with a items to measure participants’ feelings about scale explicitly developed to evaluate their performance and their perceptions about instructor’s performance, based on nine items in the task, such as: How good was your Likert type format, named the Training performance do you think? How proud do you Evaluation Questionnaire (CEC). We use two feel about how you did on the task? How do you types of instruction in order to induce or control appraise your performance compared with SDR based on a specific social demand situation. others? The results were: 1. Participants The results show that the experimental and experienced different intensities of pride. Social control group differ significantly (t = -5.5; gl =

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

57 p = 0.000) indicating that when inducing SDR, the different facets of academic engagement. the scores in BIRD and in CEC where higher than Participants were 1300 Filipino secondary school in the control group (standard instructions). students who answered questionnaires Using a Pearson correlation, between the two assessing their social goals, achievement goals, scales, the correlation indices run from .15 to .25 social support, and academic engagement. for the total sample, but when considering only Hierarchical regression analyses were employed the experimental group, the indices increase and to investigate the effects of social goals on run from .37 to .46, indicating a significant academic engagement after controlling for association between the two scales. In other demographic variables (age and gender), social words, there is an effect of SDR in the CEC when support, and achievement goals. Even after manipulating an instruction to induce a social controlling for demographic variables (age and demand situation, when assessing a third gender), social support (teacher support, peer person’s performance. In this sample, every two support, and parental support), and of ten performance evaluations present a SDR. achievement goals (mastery goals and The presence of SDR in this type of report performance goals), social goals were still found suggests that people inflate the rating to be predictive of the different components of estimation of instructor’s performance just to academic engagement. The different kinds of “appear more friendly” or more desirable to social goals are also important in understanding others, causing erroneous estimations and academic engagement. We recommend that affecting possible improvements in training researchers consider investigating these projects. constructs instead of focusing exclusively on mastery and performance goals in the Keywords: socially desirable responding, self- achievement goal theory. Social goals may impressions, performance appraisal, training, task especially be salient for collectivist societies like performance the Philippines.

Social goals and academic engagement Keywords: social goals, academic engagement, among Filipino students students, Filipino, mastery

KING, R. (University of Hong Kong), WATKINS, D. Social goals and their effects in academic (The University of Hong Kong) engagement in learning in Chinese university students Much of the research on achievement goal theory has focused on the roles of mastery and LI, X. (The University of Hong Kong) performance goals in academic engagement, thus the role of other goals like social goals have Filial piety, friendship and discipleship are been neglected. Academic engagement refers to traditionally valued by Chinese people. Children the commitment of the student to the school respect their elders and strive to satisfy the experience, and it has been conceptualised as a wishes of their parents. Tao and Hong (2000) multifaceted construct that includes cognitive, indicated that Chinese students have strong behavioral, and emotional social reasons to achieve academically as the components. Behavioral engagement refers to values of Chinese achievement have a high involvement in academic tasks and includes such collective and social nature (Yu, 1996). Smith behaviors as persistence, effort, and asking (2003) argued that Asian students are questions. Emotional engagement involves extrinsically motivated, based on the desire to affective reactions to the school. Cognitive please teachers and parents, and intrinsically engagement refers to psychological investment motivated to perform as well as possible. Salili in the learning process shown through deep (1996) argued that Chinese students’ learning strategies. The aim of this research was achievement motivation is socially oriented. to investigate the effects of different kinds of Social-oriented goals are especially important for social goals (social approval goals, social Chinese students, but they have not attracted affiliation goals, social status goals, social enough attention in the previous studies, responsibility goals, and social concern goals) on

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology especially in the ones based on Chinese samples. experience, as well as the mental health climate The relationships between students’ social goals, of the respective organisation. Drawing on social and motivation and engagement as well as the contact theory, it was hypothesized that roles of social goals in students’ achievement managers would report less stigma if they had a have not been examined well among students in personal experience with depression, or an universities in China. In this study, Martin’s experience with a significant other with (2005) Motivation and Engagement Scale- depression. It was also predicted that managers University/College (MES-UC), as well as who are more reticent to seek help would have subscales (social approval, social concern and more stigma towards employees with social status) in Dowson and McInerney’s (2004) depression. Additional hypotheses involved the Goal Orientation and Learning Strategies Survey mental health climate of the organisation having (GOALS-S) were administered to 832 university both a main and a moderating effect on stigma. students in China. The results showed that Participants (N = 223) assumed the role of a Chinese student’ self-belief and learning focus manager in a company, managing an employee are significantly related to academic suffering from depression. Using a vignette, the achievement; anxiety is significantly related to mental health climate of the organisation was achievement but in the opposite direction. Social manipulated to be supportive or unsupportive status oriented goals is significantly related to toward employees with depression. Participants’ achievement and they act as mediating variables ratings of stigma toward depressed employees between self-belief, learning focus, anxiety and were measured, as was the participants’ own achievement. These results partly supported level of experience with depression, their Dowson and McInerney (2001)’s argument that experience of a significant other with that social oriented goals of Australian students depression, and their reticence to seek help. directly affect their psychological processes Contrary to that hypothesized, personal when they strive to achieve. For social approval experience with depression was positively and social concern, there is not a mediating related to affective stigma. Experience with a effect from them between MES-UC and significant other with depression was related to students’ achievement. It is concluded that lower levels of cognitive stigma. Help-seeking social status oriented goals of Chinese students reticence was positively associated with mediate the effects of academic motivation and cognitive and behavioural stigma. Consistent engagement on their learning. These findings are with predictions, it was found that those in the discussed in the context of the special unsupportive mental health climate had more importance of social goals in Chinese students, cognitive and behavioural stigma than those in and the roles of these goals in understanding the supportive mental health climate. Statistical students’ engagement and learning. testing of the model indicated that there were differences between the two mental health Keywords: academic motivation, social status climates, but overall no moderation was seen. oriented goals, student achievement, learning These results pose important implications for strategies, students organisations, such as workplace training in depression management. Stigmatisation of employees with depression: Exploring the role of Keywords: social contact theory, depression, managerial characteristics and organisational mental health climate, employee organisational climate depression, help-seeking

MARTIN, A. (University of Tasmania), HOWARTH, E. Strategy training and transfer in (University of Queensland), HOBMAN, E. (University teenagers with or without learning of Queensland) disabilities

This study is an investigation of how levels of CLERC, J. (Université Nord de France, Lille3 ) managers’ cognitive, affective and behavioural stigma towards employees with depression are Memory strategy training in young people has affected by the managers’ depression long been a topic of interest for researchers.

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Since the work of Flavell (1970), the possibility of again proposed as a post-test. The strategy score enhancing memory scores by the use of a consisted in the Adjusted Ratio of Clustering correct strategy training procedure has often (ARC score, Roenker, Thompson & Brown, 1971), been challenged. Many authors showed that recall during the training sessions directly training constitutes a good way of allowing assessed the efficacy of strategy use, and the L- children to become more strategic and N-S final score served as an assessment of consequently, at least in certain cases, exhibit transfer of the sorting strategy in a different task better recall scores (Pressley & Hilden, 2006). than that where it was trained. Results showed Among others, the sorting strategy (Coyle & that both groups of learning-disabled teenagers Bjorklund, 1997) has been intensively studied. (“identified” and “supposed to be” learning- This strategy, which belongs to more general disabled) benefited from strategy training, as is categorization strategies, consists in physically evidenced by the significant better strategy and sorting items in their relevant categories during recall scores in trial 6 than in trial 1 for the time of examining material in order to be experimental participants : control participants able to recall it later. Sorting is well-known in did not enhance any of their strategic or recall children between 5 and 10 years of age, scores between trials 1 and 6. Furthermore, probably because of its impressive development sorting strategy was transferred to the “L-N-S” during this period. Little is known, however, subtest as was visible in the significant about what happens in teenagers and especially difference between pre and post-test scores: teenagers who manifest learning disabilities, again this was only true for experimental even if other strategies like rehearsal (Hulme & participants, however. Surprisingly, the pattern Mackenzie, 1992) or use of a mental image (De was reversed for typically-developing teenagers: la Iglesia, Buceta & Campos, 2004) have been neither did experimental participants (who were studied in learning-disabled persons. Since constrained to listen to strategic training) sort or sorting is only possible once the child acquired recall better in trial 6 than 1, nor did they the logical properties of categories and since transfer the sorting strategy. On the contrary, these properties are clearly abstract ones, we control participants performed better in trial 6 should observe difficulties in the use of sorting, than 1 for both sorting score and recall score. not only in typically-developing children before Nevertheless, they did not differ in their “L-N-S” 10 –as is the case– but also in older children with pre and post-test scores. Clearly, strategic learning disabilities. Based on the assumption training with sorting has helped learning- that learning-disabled teenagers encounter disabled teenagers to both better master the specific difficulties with the sorting strategy, our requested strategy and better recall the verbal experiment allowed us to compare strategic and items at use. Sorting strategy, a kind of recall scores from three groups : a group of categorization strategy, then seems subject to teenagers with identified learning disabilities (50 refinements and progression after the age of 10, < IQ < 70), a group of teenagers with probable - which is classically considered to be the age at but no identified - learning disabilities and who which this strategy is definitely acquired and belong to a special school for children with nearly perfectly used (Schneider, Kron-Sperl & family and/or social problems (French “Maison Hünnerkopf, 2009). Our results shed some light d’Enfants à Caractère Social”), and a group of on the evolution of this particular memory typically-developing teenagers. Each of these strategy in teenagers who frequently encounter three groups was separated in an experimental difficulties, and even failures, in school everyday group which received training in a sorting activities. Such teenagers seem to actually strategy as well as recall tests, and a control benefit from training in the use of a sorting group which only received recall tests but no strategy, probably because they usually lack the strategy training. A pre-test/training/post-test abstract categorical knowledge which design was used, in which the “Letter-Number- constitutes a pre-requisite to the use of a Sequencing” (L-N-S) subtest of the WISC-4 categorization strategy like the sorting one: the served as recall baseline during the pre-test, training would have permitted them to identify then training and/or recall were proposed and the categories, and as a consequence, to use tested across three training sessions of two trials them for correctly sorting items. Finally, contrary each (six trials), and finally the L-N-S subtest was to what is often held as true, our learning-

1275 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology disabled participants also revealed the ability to overtime work and relocation of working place transfer the trained strategy in another task, due to reconstruction of the city in other namely the “L-N-S” task. Strategic and recall regions. According to the study, the main factors performances of typically-developing teenagers which affect individual resilience are degree of showed that these young people, who certainly damage, individual characteristics (including had acquired the sorting strategy for many gender, age, personality, coping style, life years, seem to have been disturbed by meaning), social support, collective efficacy, and systematic strategy training. Specifically, trained national policy. The resilience status of the typically-developing teenagers did not enhance government officers are affected by various their strategic and recall scores, whereas it was factors with respect to the degree of damage, the case for untrained ones: it could be the case the individual characteristics, the social support, that the strategy training we used here caused a and national policy. conflict with the spontaneous way our participants produced the strategy. Finally, this Keywords: earthquake, disasters, social support conflict was present in the strategic score itself as well as in the recall score. Stress, coping, and burnout among Chinese nurses Keywords: memory strategy, memory training, children's memory, recall score, categorization RAMOS, H. M. (IWHO, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus), PAN, Y. (University of Stress and resilience of Chinese Nottingham), SANTOS, A. (University of government officers following the 2008 Nottingham) Wenchuan earthquake The issue of nursing stress and coping are a big YANG, Y. (Beijing Normal University), ZOU, H. concern in the area of health care (Kickaldy & (Beijing Normal University), YAO, (Beijing Normal Martin, 2000; Lambert & Lambert, 2001) as University) stress can often lead to negative outcomes such as illness, job dissatisfaction, increased turnover, This paper established a method to analyze the absenteeism and decline in the quality of care. stress that government officers were under after The main aim of the study is to look into the Wenchuan earthquake. In addition, main stressors, coping strategies and their factors which affected individual resilience after relationship to burnout amongst a sample of the earthquake are also appraised. The semi- Chinese nurses. The goal of the study is fourfold. structural questionnaire method is applied in First it aimed to identify key stressors in the this study 17 months after the earthquake. The nursing practice. Second it looked into how questionnaires are based on the responses of coping moderated the relationship between government officers from Beichuan – the stress and burnout. Third, it investigated the heaviest disaster area. Twenty six officers of effects of different coping strategies on specific different levels from the county assisted us to stressors to identify which coping strategies complete the study by using their own working would moderate the stress-strain relationship experiences and knowledge about the disaster. and in which direction. And fourth, it aimed to Beichuan county is the only Qiang nationality identify themes in coping strategies used by autonomous county in China. The catastrophic these nurses. The data was collected from 370 disaster resulted in 15, 645 dead, 1, 023 missing, Chinese nurses in a general hospital in Southeast and 26, 916 injuries, which account for one China using the Expanded Nursing Stress Scale eighth of the whole population in the county. As (ENSS), the ways of Coping scale (WCS) and the for the government officer, nearly a quarter of Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Factor them (466 people) are dead or missing. The analysis identified several overarching themes stress that government officers are under amongst different nursing coping strategies. derives mostly from two aspects. On the one Results also indicate that overall stress predicts hand, their family members, relatives and burnout in all three burnout domains (personal, friends may die or be missing. On the other work-related and client-related). Coping acted as hand, they are frequently suffering from a moderator for the stress-strain relationship for

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology all three dimensions of burnout. The moderating affective questionnaires (anxiety and effects of individual coping strategies differ for depression) and health behaviour questionnaire different nursing stressors – some helped within 48 hours after admission and three alleviate the aversive effects of stress while months thereafter. Our data will document the others worsened them. Areas for development adherence to secondary stroke prevention and improvement of support for nurses will be therapies in regard to specific presented further in detail. Implications of the neuropsychological factors. Our results may study suggest the need to train nurses to improve the quality of care after stroke and may develop diverse and appropriate coping skills to reduce the risk of future cerebrovascular events. handle specific nursing stressors. Furthermore, setting up communication networks among Keywords: quality of care, strokes, , doctors, patients and their families could be very stress coping, neuropsychology helpful in improving relations between the providers and recipients of healthcare. Structure and measurement of teachers’ learning procrastination Keywords: stress, stressors, coping, coping strategies, burnout FAN, Q., CHENG, J. (Suzhou Human Talents Exchanging Center) Stroke prevention: Modification of risk factors depending on personality factors, The 21st century is a so-called “century of stress coping strategies and affective learning”. Learning, both for students still in syndromes in patients with transient school and adults who have left school, is ischemic attacks attracting more and more attention. We have been in charge of a project of the Ministry of LETTNER, S. M. (Department of Neurology With Education of China from 2005, which researches Stroke Unit), MAYRHUBER, M. (Department of adults’ learning behavior. We have found out Neurology With Stroke Unit), OBERNDORFER, S. (Department of Neurology With Stroke Unit), that learning procrastination is a common KAMFL, A. (Department of Neurology With Stroke phenomenon among adult learners, even Unit), HINTERBERGER, G. (Department of teachers. Based on document retrieval, open Neurology With Stroke Unit) survey and structured interview, we have put forward a “5-factors hypothesis” about the internal processes of learning procrastination. Medication taking behaviour is an important Then we have verified the hypothesis through step to optimizing the use of secondary factor analysis. The main behavioral expressions preventive therapies in patients with transient of learning procrastination have been revealed ischemic attacks (TIA) and stroke. However, the as follows: (1) negative cognition to learning importance of specific neuropsychological task; (2) being in low spirits; (3) weak will; (4) factors including personality factors, stress weak motivation; and (5) the habit of delaying. coping strategies and affective syndromes in According to the principle of , we medication taking behaviour in patients with TIA have developed the Teachers’ Learning has not been investigated in detail. Sixty patients Procrastination Questionnaire. As a reliable and with TIA in anterior or posterior circulation are effective tool, it could be academically or included in this study. The index event is practically used in the fields of educational classified as a TIA if neurologic symptoms psychology, learning guidance, teachers’ resolve within 24 hours and neuroimaging education and adults training. (Cerebral Computed Tomography and or Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is negative. Vascular risk factors assessed at baseline and Keywords: teachers, learning procrastination, three months after the index event include structure and measurement hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia, obesity, smoking status and alcohol Student emotional and psychological consumption. Neuropsychological testing support: A case study of a residential includes a stress coping test, personality test, international school

1277 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

POPADIUK, N. (Simon Fraser University) Keywords: pastoral care program, student well- being, community change, appreciative inquiry model, narrative data The aim of this study was to better understand how well the pastoral care program, as well as the overall school community, provided Student perceptions of plagiarism emotional and psychological support to academically gifted students by identifying the GULLIFER, J. (Charles Sturt University), TYSON, G. organization’s strengths, challenges, and (Charles Sturt University) opportunities for growth. Using a case study methodology, I collected data from multiple Plagiarism is perceived to be a growing problem stakeholders, including students, staff, and the and Universities are being required to devote faculty in order to analyze complex and dynamic increasing time and resources to combating it. organizational issues. In particular, I collected Theory and research in psychology show that a narrative data (for example, interviews), textual thorough understanding of an individual’s view data (for example, written documents) & of an issue or problem is an essential observational data (for example, staying on requirement for successful change of that campus). Using this methodology allowed me to person’s attitudes and behaviour. The aim of the seek various representations of the issues and to present study was to develop a better pursue a multifaceted understanding of the understanding of how students construct phenomenon. Results demonstrated that plagiarism by using group discussion to explore although the pastoral care program and overall the range of opinions regarding students’ school community provided some psychological perceptions of plagiarism. In the pilot study, and emotional support to a portion of the seven focus groups were held with first and third student body, many students and the faculty year students across discipline areas and modes were confused about the nature, purpose, and of study. A thematic analysis revealed six themes goals of the program. Additionally, the school of perceptions of plagiarism that are outlined operated from two different visions and under six main headings: confusion, fear, philosophies, which sometimes created perceived sanctions, perceived seriousness, situations that became negative and divisive. academic consequences, and resentment. These However, where there was congruence between dimensions and the relationships between them student and faculty expectations and roles, were developed into a concept map. The current community agreement on how difficult study was a pilot to a research program aimed at situations should be handled, and a common exploring these relationships. vision between individuals and the group, students and faculty felt psychologically and Keywords: plagiarism, student perceptions, emotionally supported. The opportunities for perceptions, academic consequences growth focused on how to build capacity for the community with a focused emphasis on the pastoral care program by developing congruent Students’ conceptions of generic skills expectations, increasing consistency, and adding development in a university in Hong new evidence-based interventions at all levels of Kong the system – individually, relationally, systemically, and philosophically. This research CHAN, W. (University of Hong Kong) provided important insights and recommendations that opened up optimistic This paper aims to present the development of a conversations and opportunities for the survey from the findings of a pilot study of community to make intentional and integrated students’ conceptions of generic skills positive changes in order to significantly improve development in a university in Hong Kong. the psychological and emotional well-being of Twenty-nine interviews were conducted with 93 the community. The results of this study have undergraduate students in a research-intensive led to further ongoing program development university in Hong Kong. Students were asked to and research using an Appreciative Inquiry describe their understanding of generic skills model. development and relevant experiences in their

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology university education. Students’ definitions of the descriptive survey method was used. The study term “generic skills” and opportunities in the was confined to 200 ninth grade students of university they had experienced about Government and aided schools of the Gurgoan developing such skills were identified. Generic district of Haryana (India). The sample consisted skills were conceptualized by students as skills of 50 male and 50 female urban students; and that could help them tackle stressful or unknown 50 male and 50 female rural students; selected situations. Students identified critical thinking from five different senior secondary schools. A and communication skills as the most important questionnaire created by the researchers was skills to help them solve problems. Students used. The mean, standard deviation, standard indicated the dispositions to obtain information, error of means and t-ratios were calculated to to analyze information critically, and to make identify any significant differences between rational decisions as the skills related to critical means. Frequencies and percentages were also thinking. Effective communication involved not calculated. The study revealed that female only conveying ideas but also the ability to be students had better study habits than the male assertive when collaborating with others. students in English, Social Studies, Mathematics, Students indicated more awareness of generic Science and Hindi. The students whose parental skills development when these were described level of education was higher had better study explicitly as the objectives or outcomes of habits than those of low parental level of teaching and learning activities. They perceived education in English, Social Studies and more positive development when they were Mathematics. Parental educational level had no asked to reflect upon their learning experiences. effect on students’ study habits for Science, These students also described that by Hindi and General Reading. Urban students had developing these skills in and through university better study habits than the students belonging education they would be able to develop to a rural place of residence for English, Social confidence in handling stressful and unknown Studies and General reading but no difference situations in life. Undergraduate students existed among students in Mathematics, Science conceived of generic skills as the tools to and Hindi in relation to their place of residence. increase their chances of success in the changing Rural female students had better study habits world or unknown future. Critical thinking and than rural male students in Mathematics and communication skills were identified as Hindi; but in English, Social Studies and General overarching attributes of more basic generic Reading, rural male and female students did not skills. Also, teaching and learning activities with differ in their study habits. Similarly, urban clear objectives and learning outcomes and that female students had better study habits than foster self reflection might help to enhance urban male students in English, Social Studies, positive development. These findings suggest Mathematics, Science and Hindi, but not in assessing achievement of basic skills and self- General Reading. Study habits affect academic efficacy in uncertainties as evaluation of generic achievements of students. Therefore, students skills development in undergraduate students. should be helped to develop good study habits, and teachers, in particular, can do a lot in this Keywords: skills development, generic skills, context. learning experiences, self reflection, self-efficacy Keywords: study, secondary students, gender, rural Study habits of secondary school students students in relation to their sex, parental level of education and place of residence Study on the job and tacit knowledge structure of salespersons in insurance YADAV, R.S. (Kurukshetra University), KUMAR, P. (Shri Krishna college of Education, Karnal), YADAV, SHUHUA, Z. (Shenyang Normal University), P. (Patudi College of Education) XIAOKUN, W. (College of Shenyang Technician)

The aim of this study was to study the effect of Tacit knowledge is one of the hot topics in sex, parental level of education and place of contemporary knowledge management residence on study habits of students. A research. From the strategic resource view,

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology compared to explicit knowledge, tacit significant differences based on sex, speciality knowledge is the most important resource of and record of formal schooling. competitive advantage for not only the organization but also the personal. Though some Keywords: tacit knowledge, insurance salespersons, research and discussion towards tacit knowledge contemporary knowledge management, market and its frameworks has been carried out by seeking, active attitude former researchers, the swatch of salespersons in insurance has been touched upon only a little. Successful treatment of an 80-year old This research takes salespersons in insurance as man with a 65 year history of obsessive- subjects being investigated and probes into the compulsive disorder: A case study tacit knowledge of their job deeply. We collected the questionnaire items by the interview JONES, M. (The University of Sydney), WOOTON, B. method on the basis of the extensive literature, (The University of Sydney), VACCARO, L. (The and formed a questionnaire of tacit knowledge University of Sydney), JONES, M. (The University of of salespersons’ job. We surveyed 750 Sydney), MENZIES, R. (The University of Sydney) salespersons, two swatches, as subjects investigated and explored and validated the Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is structure of the tacit knowledge of salespersons’ proven to be a useful treatment for adults with job. In addition we explored the relationship Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). However, between tacit knowledge level and the there is currently limited empirical evidence to demographic variables. We achieved the suggest that this treatment is effective for the following results: the structure of the tacit treatment of OCD in older adults (those aged knowledge of salespersons’ job is composed of over the age of 65). The current case study aims six factors; the questionnaire of the tacit to address this gap in the literature. The knowledge of salespersons’ job has superior participant was an 80 year old man with a reliability and validity; the Cronbach's Alpha reported 65 year history of OCD. He had based on standardized items is 0.866, the split- previously received non-specific psychological half reliability is 0.849 and the repeated treatment as well as pharmacological measurement reliability is 0.902; and the interventions but had failed to benefit from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis these approaches. At the time of the current shows the questionnaire has good structural treatment the participant was medicated on 50 validity. We achieved the following conclusions: milligrams of Sertraline and had been stable on 1. After exploratory and confirmatory factor that dose for four years. This medication dosage analysis, we found that the structure of the tacit remained stable throughout the treatment and knowledge of salespersons’ job is composed of follow-up period. Treatment consisted of 11, 50 six factors: organizing and harmonizing, active minute weekly individual treatment sessions of attitude, market seeking, communication ERP, conducted by a clinical psychologist. The sensing, self restricting and sales planning. 2. participant was assessed on the Yale-Brown The questionnaire of the tacit knowledge of Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), the Global salespersons’ job has superior reliability and Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, and the validity. The correlation coefficients between the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (OCI) at pre- dimensionalities indicate that the content treatment, post treatment, and at seven month validity is superior. The regression analysis follow-up. At seven month follow-up the scores shows the questionnaire has a good predictive on the Y-BOCS had reduced 65% from 20 validity. 3. The total score of the tacit knowledge (moderate), to seven (subclinical). On the GAF of salespersons’ job and the organizing and scores improved from 65 at baseline to 85 at the harmonizing, market seeking and self restricting seven month follow-up. On the OCI total scores in the three levels of their sales’ years have reduced 45% from 38 at baseline to 21 at seven significant differences. The more sales years, the month follow-up. Scores on all OCI subscales higher the total score and the organizing and reduced over the course of the treatment. On harmonizing score, market seeking score and the checking subscale, scores reduced 56%. The self restricting score. The total tacit knowledge results of this case study add to the preliminary levels and those of each dimensionality have no evidence that ERP appears to be an acceptable

1280 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology and successful treatment for older adults, as it is This research will increase our understanding of with younger adults. Modifications may need to how the potentially turbulent and stressful pre- be made to traditional ERP for this age group retirement period of athletes can be better however due to the existence of medical managed and, by extension will allow us to comorbidities and cognitive decline. These will improve the mental health and well being be discussed. Further research is required to services available to athletes. assess the effectiveness of this treatment for geriatric OCD patients. Keywords: pre-retirement period of athletes, athletes' perceptions and experiences, Keywords: obsessive compulsive disorder, exposure, interpretative narrative, athletes, athletes' well- response prevention, older people, global being assessment of functioning Supporting services and quality of life in Sunset and moonrise: Athletes’ people with multiple sclerosis experiences and reflections in the twilight of their careers DADKHAH, A. (University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation), AZIMIAN, M. (University of Social MCGRATH, S., ANDERSEN, M. (Victoria University) Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences)

The aim of this study is to describe and explore Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most the thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and the common non-traumatic and weakening diseases intra- and interpersonal experiences and of the central nervous system, which causes reflections of athletes who are, at the time of many somatic, psychological and social the investigation, in the twilight of their sporting problems; and mainly has an unpleasant effect careers (i.e. when interviewed, are considering on different aspects of the patient’s, and their retirement within the next two to four years). families’, quality of life. This study has been Participants involved are aged between 30 and performed in order to evaluate the relationship 45 years of age. The study involves at least four between supporting services and different interviews with each athlete over an 18-month aspects of life quality in MS patients in Tehran period (beginning, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 city. This was a coherence type study which was months). In an attempt to provide, a holistic done by simple random sampling from active account of the athletes’ lives, particular existing files in the Iranian MS association and attention is paid to the athletes’ perceptions and Sina MS super-specialist clinic. Among these, 60 experiences (hopes, dreams, disappointments, files were selected. By estimating sample high and low points) of their past, current, and volume in coherence research, sample volume future sporting careers. Areas such as was determined. Life style was evaluated by a adversities, resiliency, identity, personal standard questionnaire containing 54 questions development, and future plans are explored. (The Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 Furthermore, an interpretative narrative to their Instrument) and for evaluation of the type and life stories (Denzin, 1989) has been applied, as quality of supportive services, the researcher’s the researchers engage, explore, and interpret questionnaire used 46 questions. The the subjective experiences of the athletes. The relationship among variables was assessed by study is on-going, and the first round of the statistical test of Spearman correlation interviews has been conducted. By the time of coefficient. The findings indicate that there are the conference, the second round of interviews significant relationships between supportive (at 6 months) will have been completed and services and these items: promotion of somatic analyzed. This presentation will provide a health, decrease in somatic/emotional glimpse into longitudinal research in progress, limitations in performance of the role, increase and preliminary interpretations of the cases (so in psychological health, fatigue decline, increase far) will be presented. in health sense, optimization of cognitive and social performance, decrease in anxiety regarding health, improvement in health condition and promotion of life style from the

1281 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology patients’ point of view. There is no significant participants were asked to answer some relationship between supportive services and multiple-choice items and to write how they felt increase in sexual performance of patients and about the contents of the report. The result of pleasure from their sexual performance. this study was that several types of anxieties According to the results of this study some were found. Moreover some components of procedures and activities can be used for anxiety were related to each other. A more increasing supportive service levels in MS sophisticated study is needed to clarify the patients who need these services in order to detailed relationship between information and promote their quality of life. perception.

Keywords: multiple sclerosis, quality of life, Keywords: criminal cases, anxiety supportive services, somatic health, central nervous system Survey on attitudes toward driving and giving up driving of the elderly in Surveillance study for intervention to regional cities prevention of street crime: The relationship between the information NIHEI, M. (The University of Tokyo), SHINO, M. (The and the perception University of Tokyo), KAMATA, M. (Institute of Gerontology) OKIBAYASHI, Y. (Yamaguchi University), FUKUDA, H. (Yamaguchi University) The car has an important impact on the daily life of the elderly and their social activities and The main purpose of this study was to participation. However, physical depression investigate the aspects of criminal cases in caused by aging is also a cause of traffic recent Japan. As the lifestyles of Japanese accidents and they will all have to give up driving people have changed, the pattern of criminal one day. The aim of this study is to clarify the cases has been changing. It is therefore effect on daily life of car dependency and the important to conduct an investigation of actual impact of having to stop driving among the conditions. This investigation consisted of two elderly. We also aim to proposition for phases. The first was to count the number of substitute methods of transportation to criminal cases, which corresponded to several continue for elderly going about their daily life domains. The second was to analyse the data, after having to surrender a driver’s license. We which were gathered in the first phase. The aim carried out a questionnaire survey and a follow of the second phase was to find the features up group interview. In this investigation, we sent that were difficult to discover by only counting 1,338 questionnaires to the over 60 year olds in the number. A further purpose of this study was regional cities that include areas with public to investigate the relationship between the transit convenience and inconvenience. The actual criminal cases and people’s perceptions of recipients of the questionnaire were chosen the criminal cases. Most people feel anxiety based on random sampling using the Basic when they know the information about the Resident Register for the two regional cities. We criminal cases in their daily life. Although most extracted three kinds of areas with different people feel anxiety, anxiety does not consist of degrees of public transport convenience in each only one component. Anxiety has many aspects city. The questionnaire contained the following and consists of many components. It is contest. (a) Profile of recipient: state of health, important to identify the components and usage of public transport, (b) Driver’s license examine how the components relate to each holder: driving frequency and purpose, when is other. The further purpose of this study was to it time to give up driving?, notice symptoms investigate the individual differences of about their body functions and driving abilities, participants when they know the information (c) Those who had surrendered their license: about the criminal cases. The participants of this reason and process, any feelings of unease or study were about 250 undergraduate students. about post-driving mobility. We received 767 Participants read the report about the number questionnaire returns, that is, 57.3% of the of the criminal cases. After reading the reports, number sent out. Percentage of respondents

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology broken down by having car license were driver’s methodology into “what works” in therapy. license holder 62.4% (N = 474), non-holder Process-Experiential Emotion-Focused Therapy 34.2% (N = 260), and those who had (PEEFT) is an integrative, evidenced-based, surrendered their license 3.4% (N = 26). From manualised, experiential therapy developed in one target area called limit village, more of the the mid 1980’s by Greenberg, Elliott and Rice. respondents (around 48%) were over-75 years PEEFT emphasises the quality of the client- old than in other areas. There was little therapist relationship and offers difference among areas in the frequency of interventions/tasks to assist clients to deal with going out of the house, but there was in the emotional experience in the present moment. purpose of going out. Trips related to farming Experiential treatments have been found to be were high in areas outside city centers, while effective with depression, anxiety and trauma in “commuting to work” was high in city centers. adults. This presentation reports on a study of “Daily shopping,” was cited in both areas. The in-therapy experiences and treatment effects of mode of transportation often included driving four severely depressed young women (20 to 26) one’s own car, but in city centers, “on foot” was counselled with PEEFT. The study investigated a common response. Persons living in limit “change processes” using established villages used cars more commonly than in the psychometric measures and observations in 12- other areas, broken down into other people’s session PEEFT treatment modules with the four (family’s or neighbor’s ) cars (23%) or own car young women in a naturalistic counselling (44%). Although some respondents used public setting. The design is consistent with the flexible transport, centers that ware near to a train framework, presented by Elliott and Zucconi in station of the train had little use in each district. 2005, for guiding individual and collaborative Overall satisfaction about their current mobility research for the international investigation on was high (around 90%). The frequency of going the effectiveness of person-centred and out among recipients decreased as they became experiential . Further, this study older and the necessity of the public transport utilised expanded single case designs that take increased. In addition, the need to travel to a an interpretive approach to examining client hospital increased along with aging. The change and its causes. In general, these designs consciousness of giving up driving so as to aim to: (1) demonstrate that change occurred, become old and the number of years during (2) examine the evidence for concluding that which they could drive were limited. The therapy was responsible for the change, (3) investigation revealed that aging and physical examine alternative explanations for the change, infirmity was significantly related to driving and (4) examine which processes in therapy ability. In addition, respondents living in a might have been responsible for change. A “graying area” have a strong need to drive, are simple thematic analysis highlighted themes of anxious about the risk of giving up driving and change from the client’s perspective. Clinical need an encouraging improvement in the mass significance was determined. After six sessions, transportation system. three of the women’s level of depression was measured as within mild to moderate ranges. Keywords: transport, elderly drivers, driving, The fourth young woman experienced an depression, public transport unplanned pregnancy and miscarriage during the therapy but her depression reduced by the end of her sessions. All four women described Systematic case studies of four depressed reduction in other reported concerns and major young women counselled with process- shifts in their perceptions of themselves and experiential emotion-focused therapy (PEEFT) their world view. The systematic case study methodology, within a participatory inquiry, allowed in-depth personal accounts of the HARTE, M. (La Trobe University) women’s journeys through depression via PEEFT counselling. There is a consensus amongst counselling researchers of a need for investigations that employ collaborated systematic qualitative

1283 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: counselling, process-experiental Keywords: sacred values, moral reactions, taboo emotion-focused therapy, client-therapist trade-offs, reframing strategies, sacred-secular relationship, depression, world-view barrier

Taboo trade-offs, moral outrage and the Taoists’ personality characteristics and moral limits of markets its relation to their subjective well being

WASTELL, C. (Macquarie University), MACMILLAN, XIAOJUN, L. (Hua Zhong Normal University), C. (Macquarie University) ZONGKUI, Z. (Hua Zhong Normal University)

The Sacred Value Protection Model (SVPM) The purpose of the study was to understand proposed that taboo trade-offs evoke a strong Taoists' personality characteristics and their moral reaction in people who resist secular relation to subjective well-being (SWB), and by encroachments on their sacred values. It is also comparison, to offer reference for modern suggested that a substantial minority of people's lives. Sociometric rating and participants are susceptible to trading off their questionnaire methods were applied in this sacred values when exposed to reframing study. The Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor strategies which convert taboo trade-offs into Questionnaire (16PF) and Satisfaction With Life routine or tragic trade-offs. This suggests that Scale were used to conduct a survey of 33 the sacred-secular barrier is quite permeable. Taoists from Wudang Mountain Taoists’ College The present study examined these key issues of Hubei Province. The data were mostly using a sample of one hundred university analyzed by MANOVA using SPSS12.0. The students. Participants evaluated both routine results indicate that: (1) Taoists’ scores in and taboo trade-offs as well as being asked to reasoning, emotional stability, rule- re-evaluate their reactions after considering consciousness, social boldness and policy revision material. It was found that taboo perfectionism were significantly higher than trade-offs do elicit strong moral reactions in those of university samples; while their scores in participants. In particular, participants expressed liveliness, vigilance, openness to change and significantly greater moral outrage when self-reliance were significantly lower than those contemplating taboo trade-offs compared to of the university sample; (2) Taoists’ scores in when thinking about routine trade-offs. The life happiness (t = 2.95，p < 0.01）and positive study also found that reframing taboo trade-offs emotion (t = 3.55，p < 0.01）were both higher as routine trade-offs was not effective in than those of the university sample; while their subverting sacred values. Specifically, taboo scores on negative emotion were not trade-offs were reframed using policy revision significantly different from that of the latter; and information that was designed to alleviate (3) The regression analysis showed that concerns about the possible extreme emotional stability, apprehension, vigilance and consequences that result from allowing taboo tension all entered in the regression equation of trade-offs to occur. Following exposure to the Taoists’ SWB. From these results can be drawn policy revision information, participants were the following conclusions: (1) Taoists’ asked to re-evaluate the permissibility of taboo personality characteristics are significantly trade-offs and no significant reduction in moral different from those of general university outrage was found. The results of this study are students on a number of dimensions; (2) the in contrast to other related studies in that the degree of life satisfaction and positive emotion policy revision material did not change the of the Taoists are higher than those of the reaction of participants and yet similar levels of general university students; and (3) the four moral outrage were elicited. Further factors; emotional stability, apprehension, refinements to the policy revision material vigilance and tension are predictably important component are outlined based on relevant to Taoists’ SWB. models of the underpinnings of sacred values. Keywords: Taoist, personality, well-being, satisfaction, 16PF

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Teachers' agency in professional goals. Compared with the low agency teacher development: Its constructs, group, the high agency teacher group had two characteristics and developmental more predicted paths that influenced their mechanisms personal agency. The first is from environmental factor supports to teacher perceived efficacy. ZHANG, N. (Academy of Beijing Educational These factors are mediated by teacher Science), SHEN, J. (Ministry of Education of the professional developmental satisfaction and People's Republic of China) then from teacher perceived efficacy to teacher personal agency. The second is from general In the field of teacher education, teachers personal agency to teacher perceived efficacy progress from a passive development stage to mediated by teacher professional an active development stage. During this developmental values, and then to teacher transformation, the degree to which teachers personal agency. Compared with the low agency can exercise their agency is critical. The purpose teacher group, the high agency teacher group of this study is to theoretically explore the role had two more predicted paths that influenced of teachers’ agency in professional their contextual agency. First, from general development, including its definition, construct, contextual agency to teacher contextual agency function, consequence, development and directly, and second, from general contextual predictors. With the base of theoretical agency to teacher contextual agency mediated construction, the current study used interview by teacher perceived efficacy. and questionnaire methods and the author conducted the study with a sample of 522 Keywords: teacher development, personal agency, elementary school teachers from four provinces contextual agency, perceived efficacy, in mainland China. The purpose of the study was developmental satisfaction to examine the role of Chinese elementary school teachers’ agency in their professional Teachers socialization and job development. The Teachers’ Agency in satisfaction: A field study from Chinese Professional Development Questionnaire kindergartens included two dimensions: personal agency and contextual agency. The questionnaire was MA, H. W. (Tianjin Normal University), YAO, Q. shown to possess good construct validity by (Nankai University), YUE, G. A. (Nankai University) confirmatory factor analysis, acceptable criterion validity and good internal reliability. The mean of Previous research has well documented that Chinese elementary school teachers’ agency in teacher socializations are positively correlated professional development is in the moderate with teachers’ job satisfactions (JS). However, level. The Teachers’ personal agency score is most of these researchers focused on job statistically higher than their contextual agency satisfaction for the job itself and excluded other score. For teachers with more than ten and less job aspects like supervisors and colleagues. In than twenty years of work experience, their addition, most of them aimed at teachers from personal agency score was statistically higher primary or middle schools and little is known than teachers with less than ten years of work about teachers from kindergartens. Regarding experience. The expert teachers’ personal these, this research treats JS as a agency score was higher than that of multidimensional structure and explores its experienced teachers and novice teachers; their relations with the socialization process. Three contextual agency score was higher than that of hundred and twenty seven teachers from 11 experienced teachers. Teachers from rural key kindergartens in Tianjin, China, participated in schools all scored higher on their personal this research. The socialization degree was agency and contextual agency than did urban measured by Content of Teacher Socialization key school teachers and rural ordinary school Questionnaire, which included four dimensions teachers. Teachers who had made master goals (organization, organizational politics, role and all scored higher on personal agency and task), and JS were measured with the Job contextual agency than did teachers who had Satisfaction Survey, which described job from made performance goals and teachers without nine aspects (reward, promotion, supervisors,

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology interests, colleagues, job itself, personal secondary school teachers’ degree of interaction, et al.). Multivariable regression professional satisfaction and evaluations of technique was used to analyze data. The results interpersonal relationships (71.4 %) were high, showed that: (1) Knowledge of kindergarten while the degree of satisfaction relating to their teachers about their organization was positively income and welfare (5.1%), promotion chances related with each dimension of JS; (2) task (7.5%), social status (10.6%) and their schools mastery of kindergarten teachers correlated (27%) were all significantly lower than the positively with work fairness factors like reward, general level. 3. The two results showed promotion, procedure et al., but negatively with consistently that the job burnout of principals interpersonal factors like supervisors, colleagues was low, their degree of professional satisfaction et al.; (3) role clarity only had positive was high, but they were discontented with their correlations with interpersonal factors; (4) promotion chances. Conclusions that can be knowledge about organizational politics only had drawn from the study are 1. Using job burnout negative correlations with contingent reward. and degree of professional satisfaction as The relations between JS and socializations indicators, the professional existence actuality of depend on the contents of each variables and primary and secondary school principals and the well accepted conclusion that the better teachers in rural areas of central China was good teachers are socialized the higher their JS, is not in general; and 2. The existence actuality of always the case. principals and teachers presented a downward trend. Keywords: teacher socialization, teacher job satisfaction, organizational politics, kindergarten Keywords: teachers, burnout, job satisfaction, teachers, task mastery China, rural

Teachers’ burnout and job satisfaction: Teachers’ experiences of job satisfaction Based on data from rural China and work-life balance: The mediating role of motivation and support XIAOJUN, L. (Hua Zhong Normal University), CUIYING, F. (Huazhong Normal University) HUMPHRYS, K. (Griffith University), BROUGH, P. (Griffith University) The professional existence actuality of primary and middle school teachers in rural areas of Teaching is an emotionally labour intensive job central China was investigated in this study. which requires individuals to engage in nurturing Meanwhile, the developmental trend of / social behaviours while negotiating professional existence actuality between pretest professional and bureaucratic guidelines. As a and protest had been explored. Participants result, the motivation to teach, and the support were 1312 teachers and 1791 principals from the networks developed, may play a role in primary and secondary schools in rural areas of teachers’ experience of job satisfaction and central China, who completed the Job Burnout work-life balance. This study aims to test the Questionnaire, the Professional Satisfaction theory that resources such as motivation and Questionnaire and the Teachers’ Evaluations support (supervisor, colleague, family and Questionnaire. Longitudinal tracking research friend) actually mediate the relationship design (interval time was 12 months) was between job demands and involvement, and job employed in the present study. The data were satisfaction and work-life balance (WLB) as mostly analysed by t test and MANOVA. The opposed to the traditional associations results indicated that 1. In China, three suggested by demands-resources or person- dimensions of job burnout of primary and environment fit models. Five hundred and secondary school principals in rural areas were seventy members of the Queensland Teachers’ significantly lower than the general level; the Union responded to a survey on Teacher degree of job satisfaction was high (67%), but Demands and Work-Life Balance. Work satisfaction relating to wages and treatment demands, Job involvement, Motivation, Support, were significantly lower than the general level at Job satisfaction and WLB were measured (Boyer, only 14.5 percent; 2. Rural primary and Carr, Mosley & Carson, 2007; Canman, Fichman,

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Jenkins & Klesh, 1983; Kanungo, 1982; interventions have concluded that programs O’Driscoll, Brough & Kalliath, 2004). Preliminary concentrating on socio-emotional competencies analyses were run using hierarchical regression can result in gains that are central to the goals of to examine the relationships between Job all schools. However, we do not know if the skills demands, Job involvement, Motivation, Support, transfer to the practice situations and what the Job satisfaction and WLB. In addition, Structural experiences of long term use of SEL programs Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to further are. LQ curricula focuses on training of assess the mediating role of motivation and interaction skills, service-learning, and violence support in the theorized model. As predicted Job and substance abuse prevention. It is based on demands and Job involvement were significantly the values of equal rights, respect for the needs associated with Job Satisfaction (F(2) = 70.7, p < of others, and cooperation and peaceful .001) and WLB (F(2) = 3.29, p < .05). Motivation resolution of conflicts. LQ is international, widely and supervisor support significantly mediated known and has been available for over 20 years. the relationship between demands / Teachers and LQ instructors (12 women and 3 involvement and Job Satisfaction (β = .178, p < men) who had long experience in using LQ .001; β = .238, p < .001, respectively). As such, program at school were interviewed. The the overall models incorporating motivation and teachers worked in elementary, lower secondary supervisor support yielded good fit (χ²(1) = .009, and upper secondary schools. Thematic p = .925; χ²(1) = .018, p = .893, respectively). No interviews were transcribed (116 pages) and mediating effects were found for the processed using qualitative, inductive content relationship between demands / involvement analytical procedures. The themes extracted and WLB or for colleague support, family include perceived effects of the program at the support and friend support. While the data individual, class, school and communal level. At reported here is cross-sectional, Time Two data the individual level, students learned empathy collection is currently underway and results will and expression of emotions. They started to be tested and reported over time. The findings support each other, and become able to make from this study contribute to the modelling of decisions and solve problems themselves. organizational and individual outcomes such as Teachers learned new tools for classroom job satisfaction and work-life balance, management, problem solving, giving feedback, specifically for professions where the boundaries and working with groups. The program changed between work and home are blurred. In contrast their values and behaviour to be more student to traditional theories of demands, resources centered. At the class and school level, teachers and outcomes, this study suggests that perceived that group safety and ability for resources such as motivation and supervisor collaboration increased. The participants were a support actually act to mediate the relationships selected group of teachers who had used LQ for between demands and outcomes. many years. Consequently, their perceptions of the effects of the program were positive. Keywords: teaching, work-life balance, job However, the experiences of teachers offer satisfaction, teacher demands, job support significant insider’s view on the perceived long- term effects of LQ program on children and the whole school community. The results can be Teachers’ experiences of long term use of useful in planning SEL interventions and Lions Quest SEL program measures to study the effects of these interventions. LINTUNEN, T. (University of Jyvaskyla), TALVIO, T. (University of Helsinki) Keywords: social and emotional learning, socio- emotional competencies, schools We interviewed teachers who have long, multi- year experience in using the Lions Quest (LQ) social and emotional learning (SEL) program at Team work with members from different school. The aim was to describe and understand cultures and disciplines at university how teachers perceive the LQ program and achievement of its educational goals. Several BEHRENS, K. (Griffith University), EGEA, K. (The research syntheses and meta-analyses of SEL University of Queensland)

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The aims of this research were to investigate team members from other disciplines, students first year webdesign students’ approach to team needed to address various team work issues, work, their team work preferences and their such as task plan clarification and team member experience of team work, and to identify responsibilities. strength and weaknesses of working in teams in the university environment. In particular the Keywords: university students, team-work, cross- role of working in cross cultural and cross cultural, cross-discipline discipline teams was investigated with regard to communication, task management, relationships Terror management and implicit group and culture. The cohort of first year webdesign identification: The effects of mortality students in the School of Information salience on overlapping mental Technology and Electrical Engineering at representations of self and ingroup Queensland University participated in the study in semester one 2009. As part of the course WATANABE, T. (The University of Tokyo), requirement students completed online KARASAWA, K. (The University of Tokyo) questionnaires regarding their attitude to team work at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the semester. In the questionnaires the In this article, we test the prediction derived students rated various team work attributes. In from terror management theory that mortality addition after the submission of their salience would increase self-ingroup overlap. questionnaires students within their team and as The theory provides the notion that people a team completed an analysis of their team support their cultural worldview when mortality health with regard to individual team members’ is salient. Although previous research has survey ratings. At the end of the semester established death-related thoughts led to students were also asked to submit an individual positive evaluation (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & reflection on their team work experience. The Solomon, 1990) and explicit identification responses of 280 students were used in a (Harmon-Jones, Greenberg, Solomon, & Simon, quantitative and qualitative analysis. There 1996) toward ingroup, it remains unclear how were 126 female and 141 male students, while they implicitly identify their ingroup under the 25 did not indicate their gender. The webdesign fear of death. The present research addresses course was undertaken by students from various this question about overlapping mental disciplines, such as Information Technology, representations of self and ingroup. Specifically, Communication, Multimedia, Arts and our prediction is that mortality salience would Journalism. The majority of students were aged result in enhanced implicit ingroup identification under 20 years and indicated to be Australian. in minimal groups. Thirty-nine undergraduates There was however a large number of participated in the experiment. They completed international students in the course and most the computer-based tasks, which consisted of students were working in teams with members personality questionnaires and a response time from other cultures and other disciplines. The task. Half of the participants were reminded of ratings of students working in cross discipline death-thoughts, and the other half answered teams were generally higher than those working questions about their eating habits. Later, they in teams from a single discipline, indicating were categorised into two groups ostensibly greater awareness of team work attributes. based on art preference (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & However the ratings of students in cross cultural Flament, 1971). Following this minimal group teams did not differ from those working in all- procedure, they rated 60 trait descriptions about Australian teams. It was concluded that self, ingroup and outgroup. Participants next students are capable of working well with completed the response time task on the same members from other cultures and are effective traits, indicating whether or not a presented in their teams. Students effectively address trait was characteristic of ingroup and outgroup issues regarding communication, task members, respectively. If judgments on the management, relationship building and culture group are facilitated by matches with self- in cross cultural teams. However, to be judgments and inhibited by mismatches, it is successful in their team work when working with interpreted that mental representations of the two concepts are overlapping (Smith & Henry,

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1996). In this study, response time facilitation development of behaviour difficulties. Whilst the was calculated by subtracting responses for self- program has been available in Australia for some group matching traits from responses for time and efforts have been made to establish mismatching traits based on questionnaire short-term outcomes associated with its ratings. We then conducted a 2 (MS: mortality implementation in the home (e.g. Bailey et al., salient vs control) x 2 (target: ingroup vs 2009), longer-term outcomes remain largely outgroup) x 2 (valence: positive vs negative) undefined for Australian families. This paper analysis of variance with repeated measures on reports the mid-term findings from a project the last two factors. This analysis found a main designed to address that situation by conducting effect for target (F (1, 37)=3.24, p<.10), and the the first longitudinal evaluation of the 1-2-3 predicted interaction for MS x target (F (1, Magic program using an Australian sample. 37)=6.32, p<.05). Pairwise comparisons revealed Families with a child aged 6-12 years mortality salience increased self-other overlap participated in a controlled trial of the only in the ingroup condition. Response time intervention program. Parents/caregivers of analysis showed ratings of self-ingroup matching those families were randomly assigned to either traits were faster when mortality was salient. an immediate treatment group, or a wait-listed This result is in line with our hypothesis that control group. Parents/caregivers in the mortality salience increases self-other overlap to treatment group began immediately a defend their cultural worldview. The use of practitioner-directed education course, minimal group could be taken as evidence that consisting of two 3-hour group sessions. The people identify with even a new group in the control group commenced training subsequent presence of mortality salience. Since participants to the first follow-up assessment, after an were given no information about their ingroup, interlude of two months. We report here data self-ingroup overlap indicates that self pertaining to the 8-month, post-intervention conceptions are applied to ingroup conceptions follow up and discuss mid-term outcomes for (Cadinu & Rothbart, 1996). Future research both parent/caregiver and child following needs to replicate these findings and further implementation of 1-2-3 Magic in the home. For investigate self-other relationship under a group parents/caregivers, trends in levels of parental setting. stress, confidence in parenting ability and use of positive parenting techniques over time will be Keywords: terror management theory, group discussed. For children, medium-term trends in identification, mortality salience, ingroup, minimal behaviour change will be presented. The present group study provides further insight into the suitability of the 1-2-3 Magic program as an intervention for Australian families. The potential benefits of The 1-2-3 Magic Program: Mid-term outcome of implementation in the home the intervention as an ‘entry-level’ parenting program are also discussed. Ongoing research is focused on establishing the long-term outcomes BAILEY, E. (Southern Cross University), VAN DER associated with the implementation of the 1-2-3 ZWAN, R. (Southern Cross University), PHELAN, T. (ParentMagic Inc.), BROOKS, A. (Southern Cross Magic program in the home. University) Keywords: positive parenting, parenting The aim of this project was to establish the intervention, child rearing outcomes for both parent and child of implementation of the 1-2-3 Magic program (a The antecedents and impact of brief parenting intervention; Phelan, 1984) in organisational identification after a the home. Empirical evidence suggests a robust university merger link between negative parenting techniques and attitudes and the development of child TANG, N. (Shanghai Jiaotong University), WANG, Q. behaviour difficulties (Smith & Farrington, 2004). (Shanghai Jiaotong University) The 1-2-3 Magic program aims to provide parents with positive techniques that facilitate Employee’s identification with the organisation successful child rearing and prevent the has been recognised as an important and critical

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology factor for understanding organisational behavior KEMP, R. (University of New South Wales), (Lee, 1971; Ashforth & Mael, 1989). BOSTOCK, D. (University of New South Wales), Organisational identification will be even more PATERSON, H. (University of Sydney), BRYANT, R. important after a merger. University mergers (University of New South Wales) have been a hot topic and phenomena in the last two decades in China, yet few empirical studies Emergency service workers are routinely have studied the merger’s impact. In this paper, exposed to distressing events. As a result, the we look at the antecedents and impact of management of compensation claims related to organisational identification after a university the development of posttraumatic stress merger. This paper has two studies. In the first disorder (PTSD) is an important issue for study, one university merger was used as the emergency service organisations. The aim of this study focus and 119 employees and faculties study was to review the quality of the diagnostic were surveyed on their organisational assessment reports prepared by clinicians who identification with the former and new had assessed emergency service workers in organisations, their organisational commitment, connection to a PTSD related workers social accounts and satisfaction with the merger. compensation claim. Access was granted to the Meanwhile, supervisors were asked to evaluate files relating to a group of Australian emergency the performance of those employees and service workers who had made PTSD related faculties. In study 2, an experimental method compensation claims and the assessment was used to see if there were priming effects of reports were evaluated relative to the diagnostic identifications with the former and new criteria for PTSD in the DSM-IV-TR. Assessments organisations. The first study showed that: (1) were conducted by psychologists (80%) and satisfaction with the merger and social accounts psychiatrists (20%). In the majority of cases were antecedents of organisational (81%), the assessor determined that the worker identification with the new organisation; (2) the was suffering from PTSD but only one report met identification with the former organisation the minimum standard in that it showed significantly influenced the after-merger job evidence that all symptoms were (a) assessed performance, while the impact of the (the assessor asked the claimant whether they identification with the new organisation on job had experienced the symptom); (b) justified (the performance was moderated by organisational report included examples provided by the commitment. The findings of the experiment claimant); and (c) endorsed (the claimant stated revealed that the priming effect of the that they had experienced the particular identification with the former organisation was symptom). Only one third of assessors’ reports not significant while the identification with the addressed the possibility of malingering. This new organisation could be primed. This finding study suggests that the assessment reports fail has some implication for how to foster to meet minimum assessment standards based identification with the new organisation after a the DSM-IV-TR. The implications of these merger. Social account and satisfaction with the findings are discussed in relation to both the merger are antecedents of post-merger welfare of the emergency service workers and organisational identification. Organisational their employers’ management of compensation identifications with the former and new claims. organisation have different mechanisms on the post-merger job performance and the Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, identification with the new organisation could emergency workers, malingering, workers be primed. compensation, workers welfare

Keywords: organisational identification, university The challenges and successes of merger, post-merger performance, priming effects psychological service delivery to rural South West Queensland The assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in emergency service workers MANN, W. (Centacare), DU PREEZ, J. (University of Southern Queensland)

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General Practitioners and mental health The aim of the present brief oral presentation is clinicians recognise and acknowledge the to quantitatively review prospective high risk expertise of psychologists in the diagnosis and longitudinal studies ascertaining the childhood management of the full range of mental health neurodevelopmental precursors associated with problems. This presentation highlights the schizophrenia. In addition, the current challenges of recruiting and retaining sufficient presentation aims to explore essential research numbers of psychologists by a particular service questions such as whether the observed provider, while also outlining a particularly neurological, neuromotor, neurocognitive, social effective strategy implemented over the past and behavioural deficits present prior or post decade. Continuing difficulties are identified diagnosis? Do they represent a continuous with some options suggested as part solutions. developmental decay? To what extent these Data is presented illustrating the scope of the neurodevelopmental deficits are sensitive and challenges faced: nature and extent of mental specific vulnerability markers for schizophrenia? health problems; scale of demand and This presentation evaluates the findings of 18 geographic are covered; comparative research high risk studies and quantifies the factors that involving other service providers. The significantly differentiate between high risk and organisation has been recruiting and employing normal control children. Inclusion in the review qualified and experienced psychologists for was determined by several criteria. The results South West Queensland region for the past 13 are presented under obstetric, neurological and years. The challenge to the organisation to offer neuromotor, cognitive, social and behavioural effective and continuous services hinges on the domains. In addition, the identified difficulties of recruitment and retention of staff discriminating variables are presented in in these areas. The practice of sponsoring accordance with childhood developmental psychologists from abroad, who meet the stages and relative to their effect sizes. The standards of the Australian Psychological Society strengths and limitations of the studies and as well as the Queensland Board of Psychology, measurements are discussed. Additionally, has proven to be an effective strategy. This has recommendations for further studies are allowed for effective service delivery in this provided to strengthen the research region as described by the community, GPs and methodology by using standardised consumers in a recent survey. Service delivery neuropsychological measurements in order to remains a challenge due to numerous reasons to acquire results that are true positive (specific to be explored. Of particular note is the challenge the development of schizophrenia), replicable of managing a situation in which overseas- and statistically significant. The accurate trained psychologists with a particular cultural identification of predictive neurodevelopmental orientation are required to serve an ever precursors of schizophrenia provides valuable changing multi-cultural population in the South insights regarding the developmental pathways West Queensland region. A future based of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Indeed the exploration of ways to support these identification of childhood neurodevelopmental psychologists—personally and professionally— variables may be markers of genetic liability to whilst delivering an effective service within this schizophrenia. In addition, the true positive multicultural environment is outlined. identification of these endophenotypes is a major advancement in scientific knowledge Keywords: diagnosis, general practitioners, guiding the development of effective early overseas-trained psychologists, recruiting preventative intervention programs. psychologists, psychological service providers Keywords: childhood neurodevelopment, The childhood neurodevelopmental schizophrenia, interventions, development precursors of schizophrenia: A review of longitudinal high risk studies The condition of Chinese adolescents' parental monitoring and its effect on ALATHEIRY, M. (Deakin University), LEWIS, A. their social adjustment (Deakin University)

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WENJUAN, Z. (Beijing Normal University), HONG, Z. Higher level processes such as monitoring and (Beijing Normal University), XIAOWEI, L. (Beijing controlling of cognitive behavior have been Normal University) pervasively emphasized in recent years, and meta-cognitive regulation was regarded as one This study aimed to extend the former construct of the hot points of contemporary psychological of parental monitoring to three factors: parental studies. The significance of scientific research on knowledge, negative feedback and autonomy meta-cognitive regulation is momentous both in granting, as well as to explore the condition of theoretical and practical fields. According to the Chinese adolescents’ parental monitoring, its object, area and time of regulation, meta- effect on their social adjustment, and the cognitive regulation could be decomposed into moderating effect of Neuroticism. A total of two components: on-line regulation and off-line 2340 students participated in this study. regulation. On-line regulation happens during a Parental Monitoring Questionnaires, certain task, while off-line regulation takes place Adolescents' Social Adjustment Assessment out of a certain task situation. The purpose of Questionnaires and NEO-R were used. The the present study was to explore the results showed that: (1) there were significant psychometric structure of off-line meta- differences between grades and sex in cognitive regulation, and to construct an adolescents' parental monitoring. That is, assessing instrument with high criterion-related parental knowledge about girls was significantly validity. The data of this study were collected higher than boys, the negative feedback of boys from a large-scale Information Technology was significantly higher than girls; parental company in China. In Study One, 260 employees knowledge and autonomy granting of children participated in the preliminary test. By using a from lower grades was significantly higher than self-developed questionnaire, a three-factor those from higher grades, and negative feedback structure of off-line meta-cognitive regulation of Grade Eight was significantly higher than was obtained, which included global-planning, Grade Ten and Grade Eleven. (2) The insight and generalization. After a retest study adolescents' parental monitoring could be with 115 participants, the structure of off-line categorized by three styles, including meta-cognitive regulation was confirmed. In democratic, controlling and Laissez-Faire, whose Study Two, in order to examine the criterion- proportion were 38%, 30% and 32%, related validity of the off-line regulation respectively. (3) The three styles differed questionnaire, hierarchical linear regression and significantly in all aspects of adolescents’ social hierarchical logistic regression were conducted adjustment. (4) Neuroticism served as a by the researcher. The following findings were moderating factor in the relationship between obtained: The managers are different from the parental monitoring and negative social common staff in particular regulation factors. adjustment. In general, results demonstrated Managers have a higher generalizing level than that the condition of Chinese adolescents’ others in sales departments, while managers in parental monitoring is balanced. The effect of support departments have higher insight levels parental monitoring is moderated by than others. On the other hand, for common adolescents’ neuroticism character. staff, the level of off-line meta-cognitive regulation fails to predict employees’ Keywords: parental monitoring, parental performance in the sales department. However, knowledge, parental negative feedback, for staff in the support department, level of adolescents' neuroticism, adolescents' social global-planning predicts the creative activities adjustment reversely. According to the results, we may suggest that the off-line meta-cognitive The construction of an off-line meta- regulation questionnaire has good psychometric cognitive regulation test and its qualities, and the procedures of administrating application on personnel selection and scoring are objective and standardized. It can be applied to practical use such as personnel selection and promotion. LI, J. (Beijing Normal University), LI, Y. (The Chinese University of Hong Kong)

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: higher level processing, controlling strong psychometric properties, measuring the cognitive behavior, meta-cognition, on-line and off- balance of risk and protective factors for at-risk line cognitive regulation, personnel selection youth. The CAT-RPM can assist both professionals and young people in identifying The contextualised assessment tool for optimal support networks and most appropriate risk and protection management: interventions to facilitate change. It is useful in a Validation and evaluation of a scale for case management model of assisting young examining the strengths of youth at-risk people at risk.

CARROLL, A. (The University of Queensland), Keywords: at-risk youth, contextualised assessment BOWER, J. (The University of Queensland), tool for risk and protection management, relative ASHMAN, A. (The University of Queensland) socio-economic disadvantage, youth risk severity, youth protective factors The Contextualised Assessment Tool for Risk and Protection Management (CAT-RPM) is a 95-item The dark side of leadership: Prevalence on-line tool that aims to identify risk and of potential leadership derailers in a protection across six domains (self, family, management population school, peers and leisure, community, and significant life events) in at-risk youth. Items WEBSTER, V. (Griffith University), MYORS, B. target information about the operating (Griffith University) frameworks, relationship base, and leisure time activities of participants in these six domains, Currently there is a paucity of research on the and a visual representation of the balance of risk ‘dark side of leadership’. Potential derailers and protective factors emphasises the young might achieve short term objectives but can, person’s strongest domain. Cultural relevance to over time, lose the support of colleagues and Indigenous young people has also been taken subordinates and potentially lead to serious into account. The present research investigated problems in the workplace. This study will the reliability and validity of the CAT-RPM with analyse the prevalence of extreme preferences Australian high school students aged 12 to 18 toward derailment behaviours and the years. In total 387 participants (196 males and relationship between personality and motivation 169 females, mean age of 14.95 years) from nine drivers with the use of these quasi-leadership high schools across three states in Australia tactics. De-identified archival data on the participated in the trial of the CAT-RPM. Using leadership profiles of 301 executives, managers the school’s Index of Relative Socio-Economic and line managers (193 males and 108 females), Disadvantage (IRSED) rating as a guide, across a range of industries and occupations, participants who attended schools located in a were used. Two-hundred and eleven were from range of socioeconomic areas were recruited. the private sector and 90 from public sector. The Participants completed the tool on-line during majority of participating managers were class times using the school computer facilities. Australian, with a small proportion from New Principal Components Analysis forcing two Zealand, United Kingdom, South Africa and Asia. factors was conducted to determine the content The data were collected for the purposes of validity of the instrument. Levels of risk and selection, promotion and/or leadership protection were measured according to a development. The Global Personality Inventory process of weighting the severity of items and (GPI) (Schmit, Kihm & Robie, 2000), an on-line establishing their multiplicity. Psychometric self report leadership profiling tool, was used, properties of the on-line tool were sound with and responses were scored against the adequate alpha levels for the various scales. To appropriate management norm, using establish whether there were differences in risk proprietary software. The independent variables and protection management among males and were: Achievement Drive, Affiliation, Socialised females, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, and Power, Personalised Power and Self junior and senior school students, t-tests were Management. The dependent variables were conducted. The final product is a strengths- Prevalence of leadership derailers, e.g. ego- based, culturally relevant assessment tool with centred, intimidating, manipulating,

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology micromanaging and passive-aggressive. This data the ministry and ended at 19:30. Effectiveness supported the hypothesis that there is a was evaluated in terms of changes in cognitive significant proportion of the management complexity, changes in confidence in population who are likely to use quasi- communication skills, and perceived need for leadership tactics to achieve their objectives. training in communication skills. Independent One-hundred and eighty six (62%) reported a evaluators (i.e. medical doctors and a journalist) strong to extreme preference (seventieth also observed participants and evaluated their percentile or higher compared to the norm) for performances. No significant changes in using at least one derailing behaviour. Eighty cognitive complexity were found. However, two reported a strong preference to use at least confidence in communication skills increased one derailer; 49 reported a strong preference to slightly, and perceived need for communication use at least two derailers; 35 reported a strong skills increased. In addition, the independent preference to use at least three derailers; 12 observers noted the active engagement of reported a strong preference to use at least four participants in the training and commented derailers; and eight reported a strong preference favorably about the relaxed atmosphere during to use all derailers. Using correlation analyses, training. We expected that cognitive complexity significant relationships were found between all would increase as the training proceeded. The independent variables and the dependent absence of significant change in this regard is variable, in the predicted direction. These results likely due to a self-selection bias. That is, the confirm there is a significant prevalence for cognitive complexity demonstrated by using potential leadership derailers in this participants at baseline was higher than management population, supporting the need expected, resulting in a ceiling effect. Relatively for further study into the variables leading to higher interest in crisis communication in this and the impacts of derailers on leadership style. volunteer sample may have been associated with increased communication skills. Given the Keywords: leadership style, management, absence of similar training programs, these leadership derailers, Global Personality Inventory results underscore the relationship between training in communication skills and increased confidence in and perceived need to learn about The development and evaluation of crisis communication skills. It is necessary to improve communication training for health this training program so that the needs of health professionals professionals and the public will be met in the event of health crises. KIKKAWA, T. (Keio University), KATO, F. (Keio University), NAKAMURA, M. (Ryutsu Keizai University), SUGIURA, J. (Aichi University of Keywords: cognitive complexity, communication Education), NAGAOKA, T. (Sanno University) skills, communication skills, crisis professionals, health professionals The aim of this research was to examine the structure and outcome of a crisis communication The development and preliminary training program for health professionals. validation of a religiosity assessment Despite the attention paid to health crises in instrument to be used in the Muslim recent years (e.g. outbreaks of E-coli and swine population flu), relatively little attention has been paid to communication skills in general, and the crisis PURWONO, U. (Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung), communication skills in particular, of health FRENCH, D. (Purdue University) professionals. Poor communication can lead to fiascos during crises. The author and colleagues There has been increasing interest in have been developing and evaluating a training understanding the role of religion in the lives of program in this area. Twenty-five officials of a children and adolescents. The effectiveness of Japanese ministry voluntarily participated in the this research is constrained by difficulties training. The program consisted of five sessions, associated with measuring youth religious which occurred approximately monthly. Each involvement, particularly in the Muslim session began at 18:30 in the meeting room of population. This study reports on the

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology development and validation of an assessment The development and validation of the instrument targeted to measure religiosity in the Chinese Psychological Hardiness Muslim youth population. Based on focused Inventory: An emic-etic approach group discussion and consultation with religious leaders, 22 self rating items was developed to LAI, C. M. (The Chinese University of Hong Kong), assess the engagement of Indonesian YOU, J. (The Chinese University of Hong Kong), FU, adolescents in practices prescribed by the K. (The Chinese University of Hong Kong), LEUNG, F. Islamic religion. Separate scales were developed (The Chinese University of Hong Kong), CHEUNG, F. for males and females because of some gender (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) differences in their prescribed practices. The instrument was administered to 134 males and The present study aims to develop and validate 167 females in public middle and high schools. In the Chinese Psychological Hardiness Inventory addition, adolescent spirituality was also (CPHI). Hardiness is a global psychological quality assessed using both self and parent reports. theoretically defined as consistent pattern of Measures of social competence and other behaviors, motives, and feelings where related data were also obtained from parents, individuals view potentially stressful situations teachers, and peers. The internal consistency as normal aspects of life and opportunities for coefficients of the instrument were 0.89 for the growth rather than threats (challenges), they male’s measure and 0.87 for female’s measure. keep believing in their own capability to change The Multi Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis the situation (sense of competence), and can be (MGCFA) specifying invariant models for males involved in a social relationship (social and females fit the data well (χ2 = 4.44, df = 11). commitment). The indigenously developed CPHI The correlation between adolescent ratings and comprises 32 items with dichotomous scales those of their parents was 0.32 for religiosity originally drawing from the 541-item pool of and 0.26 for spirituality. Adolescent’s self Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory-2 reports of religiosity also correlated significantly (Cheung, Leung, Song, & Zhang, 2001). The scale with adolescent’s general self esteem (r = .21; p was administrated to about 100 Hong Kong = < .001), and child’s sympathy and perspective college students, 1360 normative individuals and taking (r = .36; p < .001), providing evidence of 730 psychiatric patients aged 18 to 45 from construct validity. A MGCFA model specifying Mainland China and Hong Kong. All items in CPHI that spirituality and religiosity are represented were checked and approved to be as one latent construct fitting the data well: χ2 comprehensible by both mainland and Hong (17) = 21.61, non-significant; Comparative Fit Kong Chinese. The CPHI showed high internal Index (CFI) = 0.97; Root Mean Square Error consistency, temporal reliability and valid factor Approximation (RMSEA) = .04; Standardized analytic structure. Hierarchical regression Root Mean square Residual (SRMR) = 0.05. In analysis demonstrated the concurrent validity of contrast, the two factor model was rejected the CPHI in predicting various aspects of life because of poor fit. The instrument can be used satisfaction after controlling for the effect of life to effectively measure religiosity of Muslim stressors. Analysis of variance suggested the adolescents and, therefore, can be used as a concurrent validity of CPHI, in which the component of a multi-reporter and multi- hardiness level of the normative sample was instrument assessment of adolescent religious substantially higher than that of the psychiatric involvement. Furthermore, the results suggest sample. Logistic regression further established that religiosity and spirituality overlap its incremental validity to predict suicidal considerably in this sample. These findings are tendency among depressive patients beyond the discussed in the perspective of future research severity of depression. Norms of the CPHI was related to youth religiosity. provided on the basis of over 1300 normative participants. The CPHI extends the foreign Keywords: religiosity, youth religious involvement, construct of hardiness (Kobasa, 1979) to spirituality, self-esteem, perspective taking collectivistic Chinese culture, and at the same time avoids the problems of translation and cultural irrelevance. It is a comprehensive, efficient, reliable and valid measure of hardiness

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology that taps the psychosocial adjustment level of and reluctance to abandon advantageous Chinese under stress from a combined emic-etic inequality regardless of their grade. No other approach. significant effects were detected. Our results revealed that the aversion to disadvantageous Keywords: Chinese Psychological Hardiness inequality showed a strong development with Inventory, hardiness, stressful situations, age; on the other hand, aversion to competence, depression advantageous inequality remained at low levels. In conjunction with recent findings, the results of this study suggest that advantageous The development of inequity aversion in Japanese children inequality aversion may be evoked selectively (i.e. only within ingroup members) and is scarcely developed among people in general. MORI, K. (Kwansei Gakuin University), YUKIHIRO, R. (Kyoto Gakuen University) Keywords: inequity aversion preference, unequal allocations, inequality, ingroup members, payoffs In this study, we investigated the developmental sequence of inequity aversion preference in Japanese children. Forty-nine Japanese The development of the perception of elementary school children (aged 6 to 12) “overt” and “covert” prosocial behavior participated in the experiment. Each child was in Japanese children asked to allocate virtual tokens to himself/herself and to his/her partner (a YAMAMURA, A. (Osaka university) graduate or undergraduate student). A pair of even and uneven token allocations was Although a large number of studies have displayed on a touch-screen and the participants investigated “overt” prosocial behaviour (e.g., selected the pair of their choice. A total of eight helping, contribution), few have investigated pairs were displayed in a sequence; these pairs “covert” prosocial behaviour (e.g., caring, differed in terms of the absolute, relative, or waiting). Ninomiya (1993) suggests that teachers joint amount of payoff. At the end of the and nurses perceive covert behaviour as experiment, tokens won by the participants prosocial in Japan, however few studies have through the series of choices were exchanged to investigated covert behaviour in childhood. stationery. A principal component analysis on Therefore, the purpose of this study was to the choices in the eight pairs extracted three examine the development of perception of principal components that accounted for 70% of “overt” and “covert” prosocial behaviour and the item variance. The three components the correlation between the perception of each consisted of the following types of pairs behaviour and empathy. Children aged 10 (n = respectively: (1) The unequal allocations were 97) and 12 (n = 80) completed a 16-item advantageous and the payoffs obtained from empathy scale. They were asked about their them were more than those from the equal “concern of empathy” and “perspective taking”. ones; (2) the unequal allocations were Participants also responded to four prosocial disadvantageous but the payoffs obtained from episodes in which a friend was distressed. The them were not less than obtained from the characters in the stories were two helpers who equal ones; and (3) the unequal allocations were are prosocial – one helped immediately (overt disadvantageous and the payoffs obtained from behaviour) and the other kept an eye on distress them were less than those from the equal ones. (covert behaviour). The questions about each of A 3 (component) × 3 (grade group) × 2 (sex) the characters concerned the degree of ANOVA on the rate of equal choice revealed prosociability (8 items). An ANOVA showed that significant main effects of component and grade, the 10 year-olds estimated the overt prosocial and a component × grade interaction effect. In behaviours as being more prosocial than the other words, participants in higher grades were covert prosocial behaviour and that the 12 year- averse to disadvantageous inequality even when olds estimated the covert prosocial behaviours they could obtain a larger payoff from it. as being more prosocial. In addition, for the 12 Besides, participants showed a strong aversion year-olds, the perception of covert prosocial to disadvantageous inequality with low payoffs

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology behaviours had significant plus correlation with monitoring of blood glucose and rates of “concern of empathy” and “perspective taking”. hospitalization (ps > 0.05). Adherence to insulin This effect showed few significant correlations. regimen was the only physiological measure to These data suggest that, in childhood, the remain in the final regression model (p = 0.007). perception of others’ covert prosocial behaviour Young people with T1D reporting high is developmental. It appears that prosocial acceptance and low avoidance behaviours, behaviours are variable in children. Yarrow et al. confidence in their ability to manage the (1976) pointed out that prosociability appears condition, who are not depressed and who are not to be a unitary concept. Their report adherent to their treatment regimen, are more supports this study. likely to achieve acceptable levels of metabolic control. Research models incorporating both Keywords: prosocial behaviour, overt behaviour, psychosocial and physiological markers of self- covert behaviour, empathy management of Type 1 Diabetes can provide a clearer view of those factors which are most important to achieving optimal self- The differential impact of psychosocial management of T1D. Healthcare focusing on and physiological factors on the self- physiological self-care behaviours may not management of type 1 diabetes in young people adequately address those aspects of T1D self- management that can have long term effects on health and quality of life. SMITH, L. (University of Sydney), OVERLAND, J. (Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney), JOHNSTON, C. (The University of Western Sydney), HATHERLY, Keywords: type 1 diabetes, self-care, metabolic K. (The University of Sydney), WALLER, D. (The control, self-monitoring, self-efficacy University of Western Sydney) The dual social impact of university Attaining recommended levels of metabolic outreach programs on enrollment in control can be a challenge for many people with higher education Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). This is particularly so during adolescence due to the physiological and ADDI-RACCAH, A. (Tel-Aviv University), psychological changes taking place during this ISRAELASHVILI, M. (Tel-Aviv University) period. This study aimed to investigate the differential impact of psychosocial and In order to increase the enrollment of low physiological determinants of metabolic control. socioeconomic status (SES) students with higher A sample of 158 Australians with T1D, aged 8 to levels of ability in higher education, many 19 years, and their families, were recruited universities and colleges initiate outreach independent of their source of care as part of a programs. In spite of their popularity, little is longitudinal, cross sectional exploratory study. known concerning the programs’ contributions Data were gathered regarding demographic, and long-term effects. Based on a follow-up physiological (self-monitoring of blood glucose, study of adolescents who were enrolled in such adherence to insulin regimen, rates of a program twenty five years ago, the current hospitalization) and psychosocial (negative study addressed two questions: 1) Did affect, coping, self-efficacy and knowledge of participation in the outreach program lead low- diabetes) information. A capillary sample was SES participants to enroll in higher education? taken for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 2) To what extent did the participants attribute determination. Multiple regression procedures their present personal achievements to their were performed, using backward elimination, to experiences within the outreach program? Using determine those factors contributing to several methods for data collection we were metabolic control. Participants’ attitudes and able to approach 198 adults who had beliefs about coping, negative affect and self- participated (72%) in an outreach program 25 efficacy were significant predictors of metabolic 2 years ago, or who served as a comparison group control (ps < 0.05; adjusted R = .302) and (28%). These ex-students studied in two large contributed more to the variance in the data high schools located in low-SES neighborhoods than physiological measures such as self- of metropolitan Tel–Aviv–Jaffa. The participants

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology completed questionnaires on various aspects of the survey, 152 students (45 males and 107 their participation in the program in the past as females) completed a questionnaire, which well as various aspects of their current life and contained the diagnostic criteria of SSS by Iren self-perceptions. The findings indicate that Institute. The questionnaire included 14 currently (ex)participants in the program have questions regarding their reading and lifestyle. In more advance academic degrees in comparison the experiment, 33 students (13 males and 20 to non-participants. Moreover, interviews with a females) who participated in the above survey random sample of ex-participants show that read Japanese and English texts with or without those who have continued to higher education coloured overlays. Six students met the partially attribute their academic education to diagnostic criteria for possible SSS. The stimuli the outreach program in that it enhanced their were 11 sets of 144 Japanese characters confidence that higher education is attainable. (Hiragana) in a 12 x 12 characters grid. The However, those participants who have not been students read ten sets with coloured overlays enrolled in higher education perceived it as their (Irlen Overlay), and read one set without the personal failure and lack of effort at school. No overlay. The colours of the overlays were purple, significant differences were found between peach, rose, orange, yellow, green, light blue, these two groups in attitudes regarding the blue, bluish gray, and gray. After reading all the social and economic merits of higher education. Japanese texts, they were asked to evaluate how Outreach programs might have dual social easy they were to read with each coloured impact. On one hand they can significantly foster overlay by using the normalized ranking method. the enrollment in higher education of the low- In the same way, they read English texts with or SES population. On the other hand they might without coloured overlays, and evaluated how also operate as a social mechanism that easy they were to read. In the survey, 36 preserves the prevailing social order, which students (10 males and 26 females, 23.7% of the favors the more advantageous groups in society. total) met the criteria for possible SSS. In the Namely, by attributing failure for not enrolling in experiment, light blue, bluish gray, gray, and higher education to personal capacities, the green were ranked significantly more highly than participants who did not continue to higher the other colours (p < 0.01) by the normal education legitimatize social inequality. students. The results were very similar for English characters. Light blue and bluish gray Keywords: low socioeconomic status, university were also ranked highly in the six students with outreach programs, higher education, social possible SSS. Interestingly, some students with inequality, failure attributions possible SSS ranked blue and purple highly, although those colours were ranked low in the normal students. Our study suggested that The effect of coloured overlays on reading Japanese characters for Japanese approximately 20% of students may have SSS in students with/without Scotopic Japan. Overlays in some colours may ease their Sensitivity Syndrome reading.

IMAIZUMI, S. (Chiba University), KOYAMA, S. (Chiba Keywords: scotopic sensitivity syndrome, visual University), HIBINO, H. (Chiba University), SINGU, Y. distortions, reading ease, colour overlays on text (Chiba University) The effect of distraction on forced-choice Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome (SSS) is also symptom validity tests amongst known as Irlen Syndrome. People with SSS individuals with mild-moderate perceive abnormal brightness and visual traumatic brain injury distortions from text while reading. In the present study, we conducted a survey on the LEIGHTON, A. (University of Western Australia) prevalence of SSS in Japanese students. Since coloured overlays were reported to ease reading Measures designed to assess test-taking effort, of English text (Irlen 2005; Wilkins 2003), we also called Symptom Validity Tests (SVTs), are critical examined whether the overlays of various for accurate neuropsychological assessment. It colours could ease reading of Japanese text. In

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology has recently been suggested that some SVTs that The effect of intervening variables on purport to assess effort alone may actually strain for Japanese workers require a degree of cognitive ability (Batt, Shores, & Chelachuk, 2008). Subsequently, NODA, T. (Tezukayama University Graduate these tests may misclassify truly impaired School), NAKAGAWA, T. (University of Tezukayama individuals as feigning or exaggerating, and thus Graduate School), MORISHITA, T. (University of may be unsuitable for use with impaired Tezukayama) individuals. The present study compared the performance of Healthy Adults (HA; n = 74) to Coping, social support and social skill are known those with mild-moderate Traumatic Brain Injury as intervening variables between stressor and (mmTBI; n = 47) on two well-validated SVTs: the strain. The purpose of this study was to examine Word Memory Test (WMT) and the Test of which of those variables reduces strain the most Memory Malingering (TOMM). These groups and how stressor and intervening variables were further randomly allocated to one of three effect strain on Japanese workers. The conditions: full effort (FE), full effort with participants were 241 Japanese workers (184 distraction (FED) or simulated malingering (SM). males and 57 females) who completed five SM groups were given instructions to feign questionnaires to measure stressor, strain, impairment adapted from Tombaugh (1997). coping, social skill and social support. Factor Conversely, the FE and FED groups were asked analysis was conducted on stressor, coping and to optimize their efforts. In addition, the FED social support. Multiple regression analysis was group completed an auditory distraction task used to examine how well strain can be during the learning phase of each SVT. Results predicted from other variables and factors. indicated that participants in the FED condition Finally, an unpaired t-test was used to compare had significantly lower scores on the WMT, but the difference between male and female not the TOMM, when compared to those in the workers. As a result of factor analysis on FE condition for both the HA and mmTBI groups. stressor, six factors (overwork, role ambiguity, Participants in the SM condition scored role conflict, job aptitude, evaluation and significantly lower than both the FE and FED workplace environment) were extracted. For groups regardless of TBI history. With regard to coping three factors (self-subjective type, classification accuracy, sensitivity was identical avoidance type, others-subjective type) were (88%) for the WMT and the TOMM in both the extracted and for social support two factors HA and mmTBI simulating groups. Only one (4%) (positive support, moralistic support) were of the participants across FE and FED groups was extracted. Multiple regression analysis indicated misclassified as giving sub-optimal effort on the that stressor significantly enhances strain while TOMM (96 to 100% specificity). Conversely, social skill reduces strain, however coping and false-positive rates for the WMT were social support were not significant predictors of unacceptable, with eight of 26 (30%) of HA in the strain. With regard to two factors of social distraction condition misclassified as giving support, the result showed that the positive inadequate effort, and 11 of 19 mmTBI (58%) in support from fellow workers reduces strain. In this condition similarly misclassified (42 to 70% contrast, it showed that avoidance type coping specificity). The TOMM test results were increases strain regarding three factors of consistent across FE and FED conditions, coping. An unpaired t-test showed that male supporting it as a true test of effort, whilst the workers were more likely to feel overworked WMT produced unacceptable false positive rates and role conflict, while female workers were under conditions of distraction and hence may more likely to feel workplace environment as a not be suitable for use as a measure of effort for stressor. The results also showed that males persons with significant cognitive impairment. tended to use self-subjective type coping and females tended to use avoidance type coping, Keywords: cognitive impairment measures, and that males had higher social skill than neuropsychological assessment, cognitive ability, females. These results suggest that social skill traumatic brain injury, symptom validity tests reduces strain the most among three intervening variables and that the positive support from fellow workers also reduces strain. In contrast,

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology avoidance type coping seems to increase strain. components are potential targets in safety Finally, there seem to be sex differences in campaigns for Chinese people. stressor, social skill and coping, which may mean that we need different stress managements for Keywords: theory of planned behaviour, drink each sex. driving, risky driving behaviours, perceived control, alcohol use Keywords: stressors, strain, Japanese, coping, social skills The effect of job stress on medical scheme claims and member well-being The effect of invulnerability and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on drinking PIENAAR, J. (North-West University), MOSTERT, K. and driving among young Chinese (Department of Industrial Psychology), ROTHMAN, drivers I. (Afriforte Pty Ltd.), ROTHMANN JR., I (Afriforte Pty Ltd.), HAGEMAN, G. (Energi) WU, A. M. S. (University of Macau), CHAN, D. C. N. (University of Macau) The aim of this research was to determine the impact of job stress on medical scheme claims Though scarcely studied, a large proportion of and physical health risks. A measuring traffic accidents are alcohol-related and thus instrument embracing the job demands-job driving after alcohol use poses risk on both resources model was implemented in a closed personal and public health in Chinese societies. medical scheme environment in the financial Young adults are more likely to engage in industry in South Africa. The member population drinking and driving and thus are of particular of medical aid is 120 000. Participation was concern. The aim of this study is to investigate voluntary and a total of 3230 members both the direct and indirect influences of the completed the survey in a nine month period. three Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) Medical Scheme Insured Benefit claims data was components (attitude, norm, behavioral control) available for the entire sample whilst objective and invulnerability, on young Chinese drivers’ physical health data was available for 1264 drinking and driving. This study is a self- members. Physical health data included blood administrated online questionnaire survey. The glucose and cholesterol levels, blood pressure, Chinese questionnaire template was created by Body Mass Index, dietary index, exercise profile, an online survey program and cardio-vascular disease risk. Firstly, (www.surveymonkey.com), and the survey structural equation modeling was used to fit the hyperlink was posted at popular Chinese public data to a conceptual model. Secondly, forums for young people in Macao. One hundred MANCOVA was used to determine differences in and twenty-four licensed drivers (aged from 19 claims between risk factors while controlling for to 35 years) fully completed the questionnaire certain factors. Lastly, logistic regression was online with informed consent of participation used to determine odds ratios for risk factors. given. Among the respondents, 39% had driven Burnout, stress and associated distress states after taking alcohol in that period of time. The resulted from high job demands and low results of correlation analysis showed that decision latitude and recognition. The intention to drive after drinking was positively relationships were moderated by perceived correlated with attitude, subjective norms, supervisory support at work. These work perceived behavioral control, invulnerability, variables (demands and lack of resources) and prior driving behavior after drinking (ps < contributed to 62% of distress states, which in .05). The result of path analysis revealed the turn was responsible for 64% of stress-related ill significant indirect effect of invulnerability on health symptoms. Work variables (demands and intention, through promoting a favorable lacking resources) were responsible for 40% of attitude and a greater perceived behavioral the stress-related ill health symptoms control of driving after alcohol use. The present experienced by participants. Stress-related findings suggest that irrational beliefs of psychological ill health was the best predictor of invulnerability to danger as well as the three TPB medical aid claims. Members experiencing high levels of stress-related psychological ill health

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology symptoms claimed on average 3135.17 Rands participated in Experiment Three). They all (approximately 418.69 United States Dollars) participated in the pre-test, worked-example more than members experiencing low levels of learning, and the post-test in quiet classrooms. psychological ill health symptoms over a six The results were the following: (1) Experiment month period. The odds of suffering from One showed that the effect that combination of chronic medical conditions also increase correct and incorrect worked-example learning substantially if high risks for burnout were was significantly better than single correct evident. Members at higher risk of burnout also worked-example learning; (2) Experiment Two posed risks in terms of productivity, attendance showed that the scores achieved from the levels, exercise, medicine usage, doctor visits, combination group, which contained equal and being overweight. Strategically, ways to number of correct and incorrect worked- mitigate job stress (consisting of high job examples, were significantly better than the demands and a lack of job resources) in scores achieved from the combination group in combating medical aid inflation should be which the number of correct worked-examples facilitated. Employer groups are crucial and was larger than that of incorrect ones. At the should act as strategic partners of the medical same time, the scores achieved from the aid provider. This is mainly because job stress combination which contained equal number of does not only affect medical expenses but also correct and incorrect worked-examples were affect organizational effectiveness and significantly better than the scores achieved competitiveness and the quality of life and from the combination group in which the health of members/employees. number of correct worked-examples was smaller than that of incorrect ones (the proportion of Keywords: job stress, medical scheme claims, body correct and incorrect worked-examples was 2:6 mass index, organisational effectiveness, burnout or 6:2 in this study). In addition, the scores achieved from the combination group in which the number of correct worked-examples was The effect of learning hydrocarbon larger than that of incorrect ones were higher covalent bond structural formulae by than the scores achieved from the combination correct and incorrect combined worked- examples group in which the number of correct worked- examples was smaller than that of incorrect ones (but this was not a significant difference); QI, Z. (Liaoning Normal University), DEZHI, X. (3) Experiment Three showed that the effect was (Liaoning Normal University) most significant when correct and incorrect worked examples were matched; the effect In previous studies, few researchers paid obtained from the combination group in which attention to the role of incorrect worked- correct worked examples were put before the example in worked-example learning. incorrect ones was worse than the effect of the Furthermore, they drew different conclusions. matched group; the effect obtained from the We thought that the outcomes would be better combination group in which correct worked when using the combination of correct and examples were put after the incorrect ones was incorrect worked-examples compared with the the worst. The conclusion derived from this correct worked-examples only in worked- study is that the learning outcomes could be example learning. This hypothesis was tested by promoted when using appropriate incorrect three experiments in this research which used worked-example in worked-example learning. hydrocarbon structural formulas of organic chemistry as the materials. High school students Keywords: worked-example learning, correct from Grade One were recruited to participate in worked-examples, incorrect worked-examples, this research. Single-factor design was learning outcomes, combinations of worked- implemented in each experiment. All the examples hydrocarbon structural formulas were selected from a chemistry textbook of Senior Two level. A The effect of mindfulness training on total of 293 subjects were assigned to the three performance in closed-skill sports: The experiments (79 participated in Experiment One, power of mild acceptance 116 participated in Experiment Two and 98

1301 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

MEEÛS, M. (Technical University Lisbon), BOEN, F. questionnaire survey was conducted in (Catholic University Leuven), DE CUYPER, B. November 2007 in Ichikawa city, Chiba. Data was (Catholic University Leuven) obtained from a randomly-sampled of 1184 adults (aged 20 to 69). The questionnaire The purpose of this experiment was to examine included the variables of seeing the patrol and the effect of mindfulness training on crime map, as well as four outcome variables: performance in closed-skill sports, during which perceived risk, fear of crime, evaluation of public athletes have much time to reflect in between order and residential satisfaction. Hierarchical their physical activities. One experimental group multiple regression analysis revealed that civilian was composed by 27 participants, who followed patrol is associated with higher perceived risk an eight-week course in mindfulness. It was and lower residential satisfaction, whereas compared with a control group of 36 inspecting a crime map bulletin board was participants who did not follow any training in strongly associated with higher perceived public mindfulness. In the pretest (that is, just before order and residential satisfaction. Fear was the start of the mindfulness course) and in the affected by neither the patrollers nor the crime posttest (that is, after the end of the course, map bulletin board. Civilian patrol seems to be eight weeks later), participants completed three successful in attracting public awareness of motor tests: a darts test, a golf putting test, and crime, whilst the intervention may undermine a sinusoid test. Repeated measures ANOVAs sense of community and residential satisfaction. showed that the experimental group improved Disseminating crime maps might help general significantly more on the golf putting test than public to adjust their perceived risk to objective the control group. A similar result was found for crime rate. the number of errors made on the sinusoid test. The order in which the tests were performed Keywords: crime prevention, neighbourhood crime, (first golf putting test or darts test) also had an fear or crime, community satisfaction, public order impact. The experimental group that performed first the darts test improved significantly more in The effect of providing information on the number of errors, compared to the other increasing users of parking lots for groups. No significant group effects were found bicycles: A single case study on a in the darts test, neither in the extent of errors Japanese university campus on the sinusoid test. It is concluded that mindfulness might have a positive effect on OKINAKA, T. (Kwansei Gakuin University), specific motor skills in closed-skill sports. Further SHIMAZAKI, T. (Kwansei Gakuin University) research is needed to corroborate these preliminary findings. Illegal parking of bicycles near the station, store and on campus is at issue in Japan. They are mindfulness training, motor skills, closed Keywords: obstacles to the mobility of pedestrians and skill wheel chairs. Also, they damage the landscape of a community. Though much effort had been The effect of neighborhood crime devoted to decreasing illegal parking, few prevention on public perception of crime empirical studies are available. The aim of this study was to increase the number of users of a SHIMADA, T. (National Research Institute of Police bicycle parking lot from the applied behavior Science of Japan), IWAKURA, N. (Hosei University), analytic perspective. The number of bicycles in a TAKAGI, D. (University of Tokyo), AMEMIYA, M. parking lot on the campus was measured over 6 (National Research Insitute of Police Science), weeks. Information was provided that included HATA, T. (National Research Insitute of Police the time required to travel between parking lot Science), KIKUCHI, G. (National Research Institute of Police Science) and lecture room, with a campus map and the merit of using parking lots (e.g., secured parking). This information was provided through This study examines the effects of neighborhood placards set in a campus, handbills posted to crime prevention on inhabitants’ perception of illegally parked bicycles, and the university crime and public safety in a suburb of Tokyo. A website. Single case experimental design (ABC

1302 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology design) was used to evaluate the effects of these into two categories on the basis of their age. interventions. Furthermore, parking lot staff The first group was called lower age group (25- assessed the social validity of this intervention 35years) and the second group was called the by completing a 7-point scale questionnaire and higher age group (36-50 years). To study the free description. Providing information in the effect of psychological factors on marital way this study used did not increase the number adjustment three standardized tests were used – of users of the parking lot for bicycles. And the Marital Adjustment Questionnaire although staff of the parking lot assessed the (developed by Dr Pramod Kumar and Kanehan goal of this study as highly important, the result Rahetogi), the Self Disorder Inventory and appropriateness of the study’s procedures (developed by Veerendra Sinha), and the Raven were not satisfactory. Other subsidiary data was Progress Matrices (developed by Raven). All also obtained. three tests were administered on the 200 couples, who were asked to fill out their Keywords: information provision, bicycle parking, questionnaires independently and without applied behavioral analysis discussing answers. There was no significant difference in the level of marital adjustment in the lower age group; however the higher age The effect of psychosocial factors on group showed nominal difference in the level of marital adjustment: An Indian marital adjustment by gender. The difference perspective was calculated in the level of self disorder of the lower age group. The self discloser was higher in SHRIVASTAVA, M. (Higher Education Department) wives compared to the husbands, whereas in the higher age group husbands disclosed themselves Marriage and family are not only optional, they more than wives. The difference was found in are essential as they meet man’s deepest need both the groups for the psychological aspect of for companionship, affection and sexual intelligence. Economic level plays an important expression (Kumar and Rohtagi, 1987). role in marital adjustment. The psychological Veenhoven (1983) equated marriage to an features play an important role in marital indispensable heaven. Marriage makes a person adjustment in all age groups in Indian culture. feel wanted, needed, approved of, secure and complete to a degree which cannot be thought Keywords: psychosocial factors, marriage, marital of in any other human relationship (Coleman, adjustment, Indian perspective 1964). Adjustment state, in which the needs of the individual and the claims of the environment are fully satisfied, is the process by which this The effect of the gender composition of organisations on male and female harmonious relationship can be attained perceptions of ‘glass cliff’ situations (Eysenck, et. al., 1972). There are many psychological and social factors which can affect marital adjustment. Psychological factors HALLFORD, D. (Deakin University), WEBB, J. (Deakin including intelligence, self-disorder, interest, University) feelings, attraction etc., are the main features. Age, religion, income, education, etc. are The glass cliff refers to the higher likelihood of considered social factors. The psychological women being placed in precarious leadership factors selected for the study were self disorder appointments during times of organisational and intelligence, and the social factors of age crisis. The current study aimed to investigate and income. Thus the aim of the study was to male and female perceptions of the fairness, determine the relationship between prevalence and problematic nature of glass cliff psychosocial factors and martial adjustment and appointments and the extent to which these to investigate the relationship between perceptions depend on the gender composition psychosocial factors and marital adjustment. of an organisation. A 2 (gender: male and The sample consisted of 200 Indian couples from female) x 3 (gender composition of organisation: Bhopal and Jabalpur town in Madhya Pradesh, majority male, majority female or equal gender India. Randomly selected couples were divided composition) between subjects design was used in this study. Two hundred and four participants,

1303 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology comprising 139 women (mean age = 26.04, SD = The aim of this qualitative interpretive research 7.32) and 65 men (mean age = 28.66, SD = 7.32) was to explore the experiences of HIV each read a hypothetical glass cliff scenario counsellors and how these experiences influence depicting a female appointed to a leadership their psychological well-being. A case study position in a time of declining organisational design was used. In depth interviews were performance. Three scenario conditions were conducted with nine Sotho speaking volunteer used which differed only in their description of HIV counsellors working in primary health care the gender composition of the organisation, clinics in the Sedibeng region of Gauteng, South being either majority male, majority female or Africa. Additional data was collected through equal gender composition. Participants then observation. Transcribed interviews were responded to items measuring their perception analysed through a process of open coding and of the general, distributive, procedural and these data were integrated with data from interpersonal fairness of the appointment, and observations and literature to construct a its prevalence and problematic nature. For textured description of the experiences of the exploratory purposes, a measure of modern participants in which the focus was on the sexism was also included. A MANOVA analysis psychological wellbeing of the volunteer HIV conducted on the fairness measures revealed counsellors. The data indicated that the that although females found the glass cliff participants were not overwhelmed by the many appointment more unfair than males on stressors of their challenging occupations. They measures of distributive, procedural and succeeded in developing their own ways of interpersonal fairness, these differences were stress relief especially through the practise of not found to depend on gender composition. their spiritual beliefs and other means like Neither females nor males found the participating in community activities and hypothetical appointment overall to be meaningful relationships with significant others. particularly unfair, prevalent, or problematic. They experienced personal growth and Exploratory path analysis revealed that the empowerment in general, but especially in the obtained gender difference in fairness field of health and sexuality. The female perceptions was mediated by levels of modern participants were increasingly able to negotiate sexism. The present findings suggest that safer sex. Participants’ lives were enriched individuals do not find glass cliff situations to be through the regard they received from their unfair, prevalent or problematic, but that there communities, and being in a position to give are gender differences in the evaluation of the information and advice they gained from their fairness of glass cliff situations, and these training and exposure to information. The differences are related to modern sexist participants experience feelings of self-worth in attitudes. However, there is currently little that they were able to contribute to their evidence that such differences depend on the communities and this added meaning to their gender composition of organisations. own existence. It became clear that their Furthermore, these findings suggest that neither character strengths such as wisdom, courage, females nor males may accurately perceive humanity, justice and transcendence enabled women’s overrepresentation in the context of them to function and grow in their difficult poor prior organisational performance, nor the situation. potentially deleterious consequences they hold for female leaders. Keywords: psychological well-being, HIV, occupational stress, volunteer counsellors, stress Keywords: glass cliff, leadership, fairness reduction

The effect the experiences of volunteer The effectiveness of systematic model HIV counsellors have on their own well- interventions in decreasing being: A case study schizophrenic patients’ re- hospitalizations in Razi Psychiatric Hospital, Iran VAN DER MERWE, K. (North-West University), VAN ASWEGEN, L. (Midvaal Local Municipality)

1304 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

RAHEB, G. (Welfare and Rehabilitation University), attributional feedback approach simultaneously. EGHLIMA, M. (Welfare and Rehabilitation The control class received no treatment. The University), FAHLIYANY, M. A. (Welfare and researcher-administered intervention Rehabilitation University ) significantly enhanced the targeted academic self-concept (English self-concept) and modestly The aim of this research is to assess the effect of enhanced Chinese self-concept, a related facet a systemic intervention model on reducing the in the same domain. The intervention had no frequency of re-hospitalizations in schizophrenic significant impact (either positive or negative) on patients. This is applied research using a quasi- the other academic domain (math self-concept) experimental method. The sample group and general school concept. The results includes schizophrenic patients in Razi psychiatry demonstrated that the combined approach center and their families. The method of enhanced participants’ academic self-concept sampling is randomization. The intervention in better than a single enhancing approach. The the experimental group included: psychological research demonstrated the multidimensional training of families and psycho- social support nature of academic self-concept. Strong services for patient after hospitalization. This measurement (e.g., SDQ series) was adopted in research used Student’s t tests, Chi-Square tests designing intervention programs that effectively and Mann-Whitney U tests for data analyzing. enhanced and addressed low-achieving The results showed that the use of a systematic participants’ self-concept. In addition, the intervention model has reducing effects pm the combined treatment, internally-focused rate of schizophrenia patient’s re- performance feedback and attributional hospitalizations. The systematic intervention feedback, worked better to enhance low- model effects schizophrenic patients, their achieving students’ academic self-concept than families and their environments and improves merely using one of them. Further applications the patient’s quality of life and reduces the are discussed in detail. frequency of re-hospitalization. Keywords: academic self-concept, internally- Keywords: systemic model intervention, focused performance feedback, attributional schizophrenia, psychological training, psycho-social feedback support, quality of life The effects of a breath-training program The effectiveness of two treatments to on reducing the stress-symptoms of enhance academic self-concept of low- chronic heart disease patients achieving secondary school students in mainland China SRISAYEKTI, W. (Padjadjaran University), FARDIANI, F. (Padjadjaran University) LAN, Y. (The University of Hong Kong) This study was intended to see whether the This study is designed to investigate the Indonesian traditional breath-training program effectiveness of internally-focused performance 'Merpati Putih' had therapeutic aspects for feedback and attributional feedback in patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). The enhancing academic self-concept of low- aim was find out whether the training had the achieving junior middle school students who effect of reducing stress symptoms of CHD continue their study in secondary vocational patients in Bandung, Indonesia. This study was a education (SVE) of China. Participants were year- continuation of the empirical findings reported one SVE students who were once low-achievers by the members of the organization of the in junior middle school. Three classes of students ‘Merpati Putih’. Twenty clinically stable CHD participated in the 16-week intervention patients (determined by a doctor), including ten program: two classes were experimental and males and ten females, 40 to 60 years old (M = one was acted as a control. One experimental 50.1; SD = 4.8), participated in this study. They class received the internally-focused feedback were diagnosed with CHD with Artery Coronary approach only and the other received the Stenosis greater than 75% in at least one internally-focused feedback approach and coronary artery, recommended by cardiologists

1305 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology for regular medical treatment despite whether attentional control functions, and its potential or not they had received Percutaneous Coronary implications for driving performance. Seventy- Intervention and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft. five Australian drivers completed the Parametric The study consisted of 13 sessions, twice a week, Go/No-Go and n-back tasks, as well as the State- two hours per session. Interrupted time-series Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Driver Behavior with multiple replications design (Cook & Questionnaire (DBQ). A series of ANOVAs Campbell, 1979) was applied. The stress revealed that highly-anxious individuals maintain symptoms were measured by an adapted accuracy at the expense of processing efficiency questionnaire for stress symptoms (Severin, (i.e. response time) for the inhibition, set- 2002), a sphygmomanometer for blood shifting as well as updating function of the pressure, and manual measurement using a stop Central Executive. While hierarchical Multiple watch for the heart beat. Results showed that Regression has shown that the deficit in the breath-training program reduced stress processing efficiency (response times) on the symptoms (questionnaire X = 225.878**, α = Central Executive functions partially mediated 0.05; blood pressure X = 154.224**, α = 0.05; the anxiety – driving lapses relationship reported heart beat X = 28.938, α = 0.05). The Indonesian in previous literature, the current study provided traditional breath-training program 'Merpati evidence to support the potential of Attentional Putih' had therapeutic aspects for patients with Control deficits in accounting for the influence of CHD. The social supports provided by other anxiety on driving performance. A new model of participants should be discussed. The results Attentional Control that incorporates the role of should be further investigated before the pre-attentive processes and dual-task training is implemented and recommended for coordination was proposed to provide a the CHD patients. framework for future research to explore the effects of anxiety on task performance. Keywords: breath training, stress symptoms, chronic disease, medical treatment, Indonesian Keywords: traffic accidents, attentional failure, traditional program driving, processing efficiency whilst driving, central executive functions The effects of anxiety on attentional control functions and its implications for The effects of cognitive appraisal of driving performance being teased on self-esteem and loneliness WONG, I. (CARRS-Q, Queensland University of Technology), MAHAR, D. (Queensland University of HAYAMA, D. (University of Tsukuba), SAKURI, S. Technology), TITCHENER, K. (Queensland University (University of Tsukuba) of Technology) Previous studies (Kowalski, 2000; Storch et al., Attentional failure has been demonstrated to be 2003) have demonstrated that an experience of a leading cause of traffic crashes. Recent crash being teased damages the psychological statistics from the South Australia police functioning of the target (e.g., low self-esteem, department revealed inattention to be a major high social anxiety, and high loneliness). contributing factor in as many as 60% of fatal Kowalski et al. (2001) suggested the effects of crashes in the year 2008 (South Australia Police, being teased are changed by how a target 2008). Further, experimental and naturalistic evaluates the experience and Lazarus’ model of observation studies have also identified cognitive appraisal toward stressors (Lazarus, attentional failure to be a significant predictor in 1966) is useful to assess evaluation of being driving errors and lapses (Shahar, 2009; Wilson, teased. Cognitive appraisal includes primary Chattington, & Marple-Horvat, 2008). Emerging appraisal and secondary appraisal. The purpose research has highlighted the important influence of this study is to examine the effects of psychological factors, such as anxiety, have on cognitive appraisal of being teased on self- attentional control in cognitive and motor esteem and loneliness. One hundred and eighty performance. The purpose of this investigation two college students (76 male and 106 female) was to explore the impact of anxiety on participated in this study. First, they completed a

1306 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology questionnaire about their cognitive appraisal of Subjects not only mimic the different facial being teased (5 point scale), such as evaluation expressions, but also report experiencing of threat (e.g., “Being teased is very painful”, 4 corresponding emotions. In addition, people items), importance (e.g., “it is important for me who self-rated themselves as high in EE, tended to react well to teasing”, 3 items), and to react more distinctly with facial muscles to effectiveness (e.g., “I’m good at reacting to different facial expressions of emotion. The teasing”, 3 items). They also completed a self- purpose of this study is to investigate the effects esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965), and the UCLA of EE on the sensitivity to FF. Participants will be loneliness scale (Russell et al., 1980). Cluster screened and divided into high or low EE groups Analysis revealed participants were classified using the EE Tendency Scale (EETS). As a cover into three clusters based on cognitive appraisal story, participants will be informed that the of being teased. The first cluster (n=80) is called purpose of the study is to examine differences the “indifference cluster” and is characterised as between healthy people and facial-muscle low threat, low importance, and low paralysis patients. Participants will be randomly effectiveness. The second cluster (n=49), called assigned to a positive or negative expression the “threatened cluster” is characterised as high condition, and will wear a corresponding threat, moderate importance, and low transparent mask of a happy or disgust effectiveness. The third cluster (n=53) is called expression based on Facial Action Coding System the “adaptive cluster” and is characterised as action units. People will be asked to fit their low threat, moderate importance, and high faces to the mask while watching video clips. The effectiveness. Concerning frequency of being order of happy and disgust films presented will teased, the indifference cluster scored be counter-balanced within each condition. The significantly lower than the other two clusters. participants will then respond to a ten-point One-factor analysis of variance indicated scale according to how happy or disgusting they participant in the threatened cluster (M=2.15) thought the films were. After the last film, the scored significantly higher on loneliness than participants will be interviewed to check participants from the adaptive cluster (M=1.88). whether they figured out the true purpose of the Additionally, participants from the adaptive experiment, followed by a debriefing of the cluster (M=3.52) scored significantly higher on experiment. The study is currently in progress. self-esteem than participants from the We predict that people high, as compared to threatened cluster (M=3.12).The results of this low, in EE will rate the happy film as more happy study supported Kowalski’s idea that cognitive and rate the disgust film as less disgusting in the appraisal (Lazarus) is useful to examine the positive condition. We also predict that the effects of being teased. The result that one third people high as compared to low in EE will rate of participants viewed teasing as cruel is the disgust film as more disgusting and rate the important because the effects of being teased happy film as less happy in the negative are little known in Japan. condition. This is an empirical study to examine the effects of EE on the sensitivity to FF. The Keywords: teasing, cognitive appraisal, self-esteem, expected findings will suggest that higher EE is loneliness, Lazarus essential in experiencing more positive interpersonal relationships. The effects of emotional empathy on the sensitivity to facial feedback Keywords: emotional empathy, facial feedback, facial action coding system, interpersonal relationships, emotional expression JANG, S. L. (Chung-Ang University), LEE, J. H. (Chung-Ang University) The effects of participating in community activity on self and collective efficacies: Emotional empathy (EE) is defined as an An intervention in classwork of a junior observer’s emotional response to another high school in Sapporo person’s emotional state and provides vicarious generation of emotional feelings in the receiver similar to those of the sender. Facial feedback OHNUMA, S. (Hokkaido University), MORI, Y. (Hokkaido University) (FF) and EE have an intimate relationship.

1307 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

This study examined the effects of participating activities would be effective in environmental in community activity on self and collective education programs in school in Japan. efficacies. Many schools in Japan encourage students to participate in community activities Keywords: community, self-efficacy, collective- as class work. Usually, students’ participation is efficacy, Japan, junior high mandatory, but sometimes it is voluntary. Students of a junior high school answered the The effects of perceived social support same questionnaire twice at two separate times. on minority stress in lesbians and gay The first time (April, the beginning of the spring men term) the base rate for self and collective efficacies was measured. During the term, there were mandatory and voluntary community CONDREN, M. (York University) activities. Students in the first grade had to participate in a community activity for planting Lesbians and gay men are regularly faced with flowers as class work in June. Students could several stressors related to their minority status. then participate in the voluntary activity of Negative external events, stigma consciousness, cleaning the local park in early July, though few internalised homophobia, and self-concealment students chose to participate. Students are widely reported among sexual minorities, answered the second questionnaire at the end and are associated with negative mental health of the spring term (end of July). Data from 411 outcomes. Perceptions of stressors and the students in the first sample and 412 in the resources to deal with them are important in the second sample were obtained. Only 123 coping process. In the present study it is responses gave valid data that could be matched hypothesised that social support from sexual between the two sample sets due to anonymity minority and heterosexual sources will alleviate reasons. Participants (n=20) and non- perceptions of stressors in gay men and lesbians. participants (n=103) of the volunteer activity Self-identified gay and lesbian students at a large were compared. A 2 (participation) x 2 (time) Canadian university participated in an internet ANOVA with efficacies as dependent variables study of perceived social support and stressors. was conducted. Results showed that the main Support from other sexual minorities as well as effect of participation was significant, implying support from heterosexuals was examined. that participants had higher self and collective Because support from parents may be of efficacies than non-participants. The interaction particular importance to university and college effect was also significant: participants got students, it was assessed separately. Students higher efficacies throughout the term, while also reported their experience of four minority non-participants decreased in their efficacies. stressors: negative external events, stigma However, examining the effect of mandatory consciousness, internalised homophobia, and activity on non-participants of the voluntary self-concealment. Source and amount of activities, those who joined the mandatory perceived support were studied in relation to activity did not decrease their efficacies these four minority stressors. The effects of high throughout the term. This result indicated that perceived support from sexual minorities, high mandatory activity had an effect to preserve perceived support from heterosexuals, low non-participants from losing motivation to join perceived support from sexual minorities, and the community activity. The results suggested low perceived support from heterosexuals on that voluntary activity encourages those who the four minority stressors were examined. have high motivation from the beginning. But Theoretical and practical implications of the only voluntary activity winnows out the findings are discussed, including the importance motivation of the other people. Mandatory of the perceptions of stressors and resources in activity is also important for preserving people the experience of minority stress. Particular who do not have high motivation at the attention is given to the role of social support beginning from losing self and collective from various sources in interventions to increase efficacies, otherwise they lose more motivation. well-being among lesbians and gay men. The The combination of voluntary and mandatory present study should contribute to theoretical

1308 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology conceptions of stress, particularly the MEEÛS, M. (Technical University Lisbon), SERPA, S. transactional theory of stress. (Technical University Lisbon), DE CUYPER, B. (Catholic University Leuven)

Keywords: lesbians and gay men, social support, stressors The purpose of this experiment was to study the impact of video feedback on the coaches’ nonverbal behaviour, and its relation with their The effects of the amount of information and the cognitive style on the sport athletes’ anxiety and perception of coaches’ decision making of badminton athletes in behaviour and emotions. One experimental decision-making speed and accuracy group was composed of 45 athletes and four coaches, and one control group by 58 athletes and five coaches. The measures included one YE, H. (Beijing Sport University), CHI, L. (Beijing Sport University) adapted Coaching Behaviour Assessment System (CBAS), one adapted Coaching Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ), and the Competitive State This article examines the effect of amount of Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). The participants information and cognitive style on badminton responded to the questionnaires twice with decision making. Badminton athletes of varying seven weeks in between responses. The abilities were studied in the decision-making coaches’ behaviour in competitions during speed and accuracy. This study used a testing halftime breaks and timeouts was video system of decision-making ability of badminton recorded. Each coach received a frequency table players which was designed independently and with the answers of his team in the first series of examined the effect of amount of information responses, compared with his own answers. The and cognitive style on speed and accuracy of coaches also saw a video of their behaviour intuitive decision-making. The results indicate during their interventions in competition. that: (1) Between different decision-making Repeated measures ANOVA’s showed that tasks of varied amount of information, there is a athletes of the experimental group became significant difference in the correct response significantly less anxious and that they perceived rate; (2) The average reaction time and the their coaches significantly more positively than correct reaction time of the large amount athletes of the control group. The self- information decision-making tasks are less than perception of coaches of the experimental group the small one; (3) The correct rate of the large improved significantly more, compared to the amount information decision-making tasks is self-perception of coaches of the control group. higher than the small one; (4) The correct One-way ANOVA’s showed that goalkeepers in response rate of high sports level athletes is both conditions were significantly more anxious significantly higher than the lower one, but there in the pre-test. In both conditions, goalkeepers is no significant difference in reaction time. In perceived their coaches less positively than the conclusion, badminton players develop decision- field athletes in both pre- and post-test. It is making speed earlier than the decision-making concluded that an intervention using video accuracy and in the large amount of information feedback might have positive effects on the task, the decision-making speed and accuracy of anxiety level and coach perception among badminton players were lower than in the small athletes, and on the self-perception of coaches. amount of information task. It is also concluded that goalkeepers perceived their coach less positively and were more Keywords: cognitive style, badminton players, anxious compared to field athletes. Further reaction time, decision-making speed, decision- research is needed to corroborate these making accuracy findings.

The effects of video analysis of the Keywords: non-verbal behaviours, anxiety, sports nonverbal behaviour of handball coaches coach, athletes, video analysis on the coach-athlete relationship

1309 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The evidence of the procedure meanings Recent research has shown that Euro-American of Chinese connectives Dan and Buguo adoptive parents have experienced social prejudice and discrimination when their ZHOU, L. (Capital Normal University), LIU, H. adoptive children are from another race (e.g. (Chinese People's Public Security University) Friedlander, Larney, Skau, Hotaling, Cutting, & Schwam, 2000). Due to these parents not being The present study aims to find out evidence from ethnic minorities, they typically have not about constraints on Chinese adversative experienced these issues prior to adoption. The connective Dan and Buguo imposes on utterance purpose of this research is to investigate how interpretation by using event-related brain Euro-American parents re-explore their racial potentials (ERPs) technology. We perform two identity after facing social prejudice and ERPs experiments in the Language Acquisition challenges in developing their child’s racial and Lab of Captail Normal University in China. The 20 ethnic identity. Themes from the current study participants are university students and the were compared with existing conceptualizations stimuli, which are testing sentences, are of Euro-American racial identity development presented randomly through the software called (e.g. Hardiman, 1982; Helm & Cook, 1999; STIM 2. ERP data or the electro-encephalogram Ponterotto, 1988). Between 2004 and 2008, of the two experiments and are processed by Americans adopted over 31,000 children from the software called Scan 4. The results indicate China, which currently is the highest number of that the response accuracy rates of the adoptions to the United States from one country sentences with Dan / Buguo are apparently (United States Department, 2009). Over 90 higher than those without Dan / Buguo under percent of the adoptive parents were European different conditions, and that the response times Americans and most of them had goals for their of sentences with Dan / Buguo are faster. The children’s racial and cultural socialization behavioral data and ERPs data support each (Rojewski, 2005). Therefore, this study focused other to explain the cognitive role of Dan / on Euro-American parents’ experiences in raising Buguo in language understanding, which helps children from China. Fourteen Euro-American the participants get to the appropriate parents were recruited through a Chinese interpretation of the utterance more quickly. language and cultural school for children Based on the theories of brain and neural adopted from China. At the time of the science and cognitive pragmatics, we discuss the interviews, the children were between the ages two kinds of data, the behavioral data and ERPs of 6 and 11. The parents were well educated, data in order to clarify and explain more economically stable, and lived in predominantly scientifically the role of Dan / Buguo in language white, middle class, suburban communities. A interpretation. We believe that Dan / Buguo phenomenological design was used to encodes procedural meaning and the purposefully select a small sample of proposition introduced by them has the information-rich cases (Patton, 2002). Each contextual effect of contradiction and parent completed a one to two hour intensive elimination. We point out that Chinese interview. Questions focused on the parent’s connective Dan / Buguo plays a positive role in efforts at cultural socialization and how the language interpretation. parent’s own racial identity had been affected by adopting a child from China. Audiotapes were transcribed and then coded separately by three Keywords: utterance interpretation, language research team members to identify key interpretation, event-related brain potentials passages. Our research team met several times to discuss and come to consensus on these The experience of cross-racial adoption: passages. Next, team members individually Transformations in parents’ racial identified essential features of the data at the identity next level of analysis. The team met over several sessions to discuss this step and come to a CHEN, Y. L. ( Research Council, consensus. Key themes from the interview National Science Council), LAMBORN, S. (University reflected a progression through the adoption of Wisconsin), LU, H. (University of Wisconsin) process and how it ultimately affected personal

1310 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology identity growth in the parents. Central topics development. However the question is whether included adoption memories, cultural the structures of this conscience in conformity socialization practices, challenges to the child’s are synchronous with the plan of nature, plan of cultural socialization, and personal racial identity life? Are they going along with the in-itself of growth of the parents. In particular, the parents Being? Are they consistent with the original life indicated that they had been changed by implanted in that particular child, that is the adopting a child from China by being more ontic In-itself? The ontopsychological method sensitive to inequalities in American culture and has discovered an objective criterion of the by adhering more strongly to a universal, functionality of a human being and therefore humanistic view of the world. This study proposes a new vision in the area of pedagogy. provided essential features from in-depth How can psychology be more efficient for the interviews with Euro-American parents to show pedagogy of the future society – society of the how their own racial/ethnic identity was new economy and information society? As our transformed by the experience of including a educational model seems to be too far removed child of Asian background in the family. The from the every-day reality of our children and results confirmed many aspects of previous that is changing too rapidly. Through white racial development models, but also individualization and isolation of the impulses of suggested that most participants have the basic life project of any individual it is developed a strong interest in embracing possible to discover how the project of nature of multiculturalism and have cultivated a a life-child wants to actualize itself in existence, differentiated worldview about another country, and using the instruments of ontopsychological China. school it is possible to offer to an individual victorious strategies that will be useful and Keywords: social prejudice, racial discrimination, functional at the individual as well as social inter-racial adoption, ethnic identity, levels. Today, thanks to the internet, every multiculturalism young person can share his views with the rest of the world. The great majority of young people in the world do not read the information The grounding principles for the modern pedagogy: Ontopsychological approach disseminated by official institutions, by university, and by the in general. They read only about themselves, their problems and their DMITRIEVA, V. (Saint-Petersburg State University), anger. Nevertheless every young person claims VEREITINOVA, T. (Saint-Petersburg State University) the right, the fact, and the evidence that “I exist”. This is where psychology can be more The goal of this paper is to present the novelty active and more efficient and the way it might of the achievements of the ontopsychological be will be demonstrated in terms of this paper. school in the area of pedagogy and educational psychology. The aim is to describe the Keywords: ontopsychology, life project, young methodology, goal and guiding principles of people ontopsychological pedagogy, providing examination of the cases. A child is a project of nature, which is actuated in the individualized The impact of conflict in teams affective (distinct) place within defined historic processes. outputs If the ambient environment wants him to be a great man, a great scientist, a good citizen, then AKEL, N. (Universidade de Brasilia), PUENTE- it must provide him with instructions, that is PALACIOS, K. (Universidade de Brasilia) must create the conditions for the child. The child, with his needs, absorbs the prevailing rules The main aim of this study was to develop and of the surrounding ambient environment in empirically test a predictive model of the role of order for him to become and to formalize conflict in the effectiveness of work teams. himself. However society gives only the general Effectiveness was measured through affective principles of how thinking must proceed and criteria, namely satisfaction and commitment to what is good and what is evil. It lays the the team. Two studies were carried out. The first groundwork for the future conscience sought to construct and validate the Intragroup

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Conflict Scale. The second study investigated, in Increasing evidence proves persons nowadays a first phase, the relationship between the will likely spend their leisure time with online interdependence of tasks, results, and conflicts. games. This study investigates the intangibility In a second phase, Study 2 analyzed the influence on perceived risks (including social risk, relationship between conflicts, satisfaction, and time risk, financial risk, physical risk, commitment. For the first study, the data were performance risk and psychology risk) among collected from a sample of 200 students and online gamers. The self-completed market workers. The analysis of the data was done by survey questionnaire employs two measures: factor analysis. For the second study, data were the Intangibility Scale and the Perceived Risk collected from 125 police officers belonging to Scale. Data were gathered in the biggest-sized 25 teams of the Federal Police of Brasilia. The metropolitan area, Taipei, in north Taiwan, and analysis of the data was done by linear multiple interviews all took place either at Cyber Café regression. The results showed the theoretical People (with a total of 1018 participants) or via adequation of Intragroup Conflict Scale and its online questionnaire (totaling 400) with statistic reliability, with a two-factor empirical voluntary participants. Structural Equation structure (task conflict α = 0.85; relationship Modelling analysis was used. Cronbach α was conflict α = 0.91), both accounting for 52.19% of adapted to measure reliability and had the variance. Regarding the relationship acceptable reliability. The estimates of between the variables of the model proposed in Composite Reliability and Average Variance study 2, it was found that the interdependence Extracted demonstrated that the measurement of tasks and results contributed to explain both model had acceptable internal consistency. task conflict (R² = 0.07) and relationship conflict Convergent validity is indicated when the path (R² = 0.05). In addition, it was found that task coefficients (loadings) between each latent-trait conflict was negatively related to satisfaction (B factor and its manifest indicators are statistically = -0.61) and commitment (B = -0.46), while significant. All factor loadings in the relationship conflict had no significant impact on Correlational Factor Analysis were significant, effectiveness indicators. The results showed the and moreover exceeded .5, supporting the reliability of the Intragroup Conflict Scale, and convergent validity of the scale items. Regarding therefore it can be considered a good tool for the fit statistics for the full model, the diagnosis of conflict in teams. The predictive hypothesized model was estimated and all the model was observed, the level of task and other statistics were within the acceptable results interdependence predicted the conflict ranges, which indicate a good model fit. Results level in work teams and also it was verified that reveal significant positive relationships between conflict has a relevant participation in explaining Intangibility and all dimensions (social risk, time the affective links between members and their risk, financial risk, physical risk, performance risk team. Therefore, the diagnosis of conflict level and psychology risk of Perceived Risk among provides relevant information for managers in participators in online games). This work organizations. suggests possible result explanations and discusses finding implications. Keywords: intra-group conflict, work teams, team effectiveness, organisational management, Keywords: online game usage, intangibility intragroup conflict scale influence, perceived risks, psychology risk, social risk The impact of intangibility on perceived risk of online games The impact of LMX on staff nurses' organisation-based self-esteem: A LEE, Y. H. (National Taiwan University of Science mediating effect of perceived and Technology), CHEN, S. L. (Tamkang University, organisational support Taipei), HSIEH, C. L. (Hsing-Wu College), LEE, Y. H. (National Taiwan University of Science and KAO, Y.T. (I-Shou University), YUAN, S.-C. (Chung Technology) Shan Medical University), WANG, S. M. (Cheng Ching Hospital), LI, C.H. (Chung Shan Medical

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

University Hospital), HSU, F.BZ62C. (Kangshan University of Memphis has affected attitudes Hospital of Kaohsiung County) toward work and career thoughts. In the summer of 2009, as part of the Economic Due to the high turnover rate, it is important to Stimulus Package in the United States of America understand the working conditions among staff (USA), 166 young workers were employed with nurses in the nursing profession. This federal funds at the University of Memphis. They longitudinal study aimed to examine factors were provided with meaningful work related to nurses’ organisation-based self- experiences, technology training, seminars on esteem, especially focusing on the mediating how to apply for jobs, and individual and group effect of perceived supervisor support and the counseling around work behaviors. A number of cross-level effect of the head nurses’ political career related instruments, such as the Career skill. Around 1160 staff nurses from three Thoughts Inventory, FACES and the Semantic hospitals participated in the study. Both the staff Differential were administered pre and post the nurses and head nurses were asked to fill out 10 week work period at the University. the questionnaires. Each participant was Significant results were obtained in the area of assigned a unique code to ensure that data improved attitudes towards work and self as collected at the three stages could be matched. worker. Young, disadvantaged youth can benefit The number of valid responses for each stage from a meaningful, even if brief, work were 813, 945, and 893 respectively. Among experience. These youth not only made a salary, them, about 396 staff nurses completed the but through some significant work related questionnaires at each stage. The valid data was interventions, improved their attitudes towards analysed and the results of hierarchical work and themselves as workers. The results of regression analysis indicated that there was a this model program will be replicated in the full moderating effect of perceived supervisor summer of 2010 and, hopefully, will be support on the relationship between leader- disseminated as a model program for improving member exchange and organisation-based self- career thoughts. esteem. Furthermore, the findings of hierarchical linear modeling revealed a Keywords: career thoughts inventory, meaningful significant main effect of head nurses’ political work for youth, youth attitudes towards work, skill on staff nurses’ perceived supervisor youth work interventions, work behaviors support. According to these results, we concluded that both leader-member exchange The impact of organisational climate on and head nurses’ political skill contribute to staff field placement experiences of university nurses’ perceived supervisor support. In students addition, the high quality of the leader-member relationship sends the message about the DHARMAPURI, S. (Deakin University), FULLER- support from the supervisor that promotes the TYSZKIEWICZ, M. (Deakin University) members’ self-worth and enhances their organisation-based self-esteem. Although accumulated research findings highlight the importance of organisational Keywords: leader-member exchange, LMX, nurses, climate for employee wellbeing and job organisation-based self-esteem, organisational satisfaction, the majority of these studies have support looked at populations of full-time and/or experienced employees. The present study The impact of meaningful work on builds on prior research by evaluating the disadvantaged youth relative importance of key climate variables on postgraduate university students’ experience of SCHIRO-GEIST, C. (University of Memphis), field placement, a population characterised by BROADBENT, E. (University of Memphis) relative inexperience and who tend to exhibit an inordinate amount of stress in relation to work. The aim of this research was to describe how a Eighty post-graduate psychology students from program of providing meaningful work at the Australian universities completed an online questionnaire measuring organisational climate

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology variables (support, workload, role clarity, Hong Kong were recruited to participate in a recognition and level of autonomy) and survey examining the association between placement-related outcomes (job satisfaction various dimensions of religiosity and well-being and job stress). Dominance analysis (Azen & variables. Path model analysis demonstrated Budescu, 2003) was used to determine which of the complex relationship between various the climate measures was the most important spirituality dimensions (religious belief, practice (or dominant) predictor of two key outcome and experience) and well-being variables, variables (placement satisfaction and placement- manifested in life satisfaction, mental health, related stress). While standard multiple social trust and sense of community. While regression analyses revealed that the some spirituality-related variables may directly organisational climate variables accounted for predict sense of community and mental health, 43% variance in job satisfaction and 26% the relationship between spirituality-related variance in job stress, dominance analyses variables and life satisfaction and social trust are further revealed that recognition was the most mainly mediated through sense of community dominant predictor of job satisfaction whereas and mental health. Furthermore, well-being at workload was the most dominant predictor of the community level (feeling sense of placement-related work stress. Interestingly, community and social trust) affects well-being level of autonomy was poorly related to self- on the personal level (life satisfaction and reported satisfaction and stress, suggesting that mental health). These findings not only show it may not be an important climate variable in that the influence of religion on people’s well- inexperienced work populations. Present being can be richly diverse, but also match quite findings of most relevant predictors of key well with the emerging literature on the salutary employee outcomes are discussed in comparison effect of social capital on health and well-being. with results for populations of full-time and Thus, when studying the effect of religion, the experienced employees, and also in light of multi-dimensions of religion and the religious current practices with regards to organisational context cannot be overlooked when drawing any set-up for field placement of university students. conclusion regarding the cost and benefit of religion. Keywords: postgraduate students, field placement, job satisfaction, job stress, organisational climate Keywords: spirituality, religiosity, well-being, sense of community, mental health The impact of protestant spirituality on the well-being of people in Hong Kong The impact of Theory of Mind intervention on school children’s peer NG, E. (Victoria University), FISHER, A. (Victoria experience University) ZONGKUI, Z. (Hua Zhong Normal University), There is compelling evidence that religion is a XIAOJUN, S. (Hua Zhong Normal University), HUASHAN, L. (Hua Zhong Normal University) potent force in society, shaping both individuals and the larger society. The most recent WHO Melbourne charter also regards spirituality as The relationship between children’s peer one important protective factor for mental interaction and Theory of Mind (TOM) in health and well-being. Although literature childhood was examined in the current research demonstrates that the relationship between with the guidance of the lifespan perspective. religion and well-being is generally positive, Whether a TOM intervention was effective was information about the mechanism of the examined as well as whether the intervention religious influence on well-being is still far from could predict change in peer experience. clear. The primary objective of the present study Sociometric nomination, sociometric rating and is to examine how Protestant spirituality affects questionnaire methods were applied in this the well-being of people in the context of Hong study. Forty children in an elementary school Kong. 324 Chinese from four Protestant from Grade three to Grade six completed the communities, representing four major kinds of Friendship Quality Questionnaire, and Peer Protestant spirituality, and one social center in Nomination, Class Play, Situational Story, and

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology self-made Theory of Mind tasks. Longitudinal Inventory, and caregiver burden as measured by tracking and intervention research design were the Zarit Burden Interview. At six months employed in the present study. The data were following the initial contact, 108 caregivers were mostly analysed using t-tests and ANOVAs. The successfully contacted and responded to the results of the study found that 1. The training of Short Form General Health Questionnaire (GHQ- 20 children from Grade three to Grade six was 12). Family caregivers reported poor mental effective in promoting Theory of Mind, 2. There health, 81.5% of the respondents reported a was a significant positive correlation between GHQ-12 score above the cut-off point (greater the pretest and posttest on Peer Interaction and than two). A series of regression analyses was TOM, 3. The differences between friendship conducted to determine the relationship quality scores between the pretest and the between patient problem behavior, caregiver posttest vary significantly in the experimental burden, and caregiver mental health. In the first and the control group. The difference between two regression models, patient problem the scores in the experimental group is behavior was associated with caregiver mental significantly greater than that of the control health (B = .26, p < .05) and caregiver burden (B group and the difference between the pretest = .42, p < .01) respectively. In the final regression and the posttest of fifth and sixth grade groups model, a full mediation was observed where the is significantly higher than that of third and addition of caregiver burden to the regression fourth grade groups. 4. The difference between for caregiver mental health reduced the relation the pretest and the posttest of TOM can of patient behavior problem to caregiver mental significantly predict the difference between the health (B = .03). This study found evidence that two tests of Friendship Quality. This study subjective appraisal of stress mediated the illustrated that the intervention of TOM is relationship between stressor and mental effective with the level of the TOM increasing health. Specifically, the relationship between after receiving the training. The difference patient behavior problems and caregiver mental between the pretest and the posttest of TOM health was mediated by caregiver burden. For can significantly predict the difference between intervention programs for dementia patients the two tests of Friendship Quality. and their caregivers to be effective, service providers should provide assistance that can Keywords: theory of mind, school children, peer reduce objective stress as well as assistance to experience, friendship, peer interaction help caregivers modify their subjective perception of the stressful situation. The impacts of objective and subjective caregiving stressors on caregiver mental Keywords: stress process model, caregiver burden, health: A six-month prospective study of patient problem behaviors, general health caregivers of older Chinese people with questionnaire, dementia dementia The importance of exploring the YAN, E. (The University of Hong Kong) relationship between cultural values and job stress among Sri Lankan migrants in Australia Guided by Pearlin’s (1999) stress process model, this six-month prospective study investigated the impacts of objective and subjective AIMAN, L. (Deakin University), THOMAS- RAJAPAKSA, R. (Deakin University) caregiving stressors (patient problem behaviors and caregiver burden) on caregiver mental health in a sample of caregivers of older Chinese This paper discusses the importance of with dementia residing in Hong Kong. A understanding the relationship between cultural consecutive sample of 122 family caregivers of values and job stress among Sri Lankan migrant dementia patients was recruited from local non- employees in Australia. It is important to study government organizations. Caregivers provided this group as the number of migrants entering information on their demographic Australia and consequently entering the characteristics, patient behavior problems as Australian workforce, is increasing every year measured by the Cohen Mansfield Agitation (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007). Despite

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology this there remains a dearth of research between experienced people in related regarding migrant groups, and specifically departments and organizations to help us to regarding the relationships between cultural present a set of remedies to make sense. As a values and job stress. As a result little is known result, all the information is categorized in seven about the general wellbeing of Sri Lankan specified groups: individual, family, social, migrants in the workplace. The current paper economic, therapeutic, facilities and medical will present the rationale for the examination of services, life improvement and their factors influencing the wellbeing of Sri Lankan compatibility. Studies have shown that when the migrants in the workplace and present the aims problem is recognized the first problem for of the proposed research. Further, the those who suffered GID is individual and family appropriate methodology to study migrants in troubles. Economic troubles and lack of facilities the workplace will be presented. The and services come after. The only organization implications of such a project include the better that is responsible to support them is Behzisti understanding of employment factors related to with the cooperation of Legal Medical Sri Lankan migrants and policy suggestions for Department who check them and make some employers with a culturally diverse workforce. counseling sessions, then present them for operation. Studies have indicated that medical Keywords: cultural values, job stress, migrants, services do not have the good qualities which workplace are needed and the injured people often have problems in immediate adaptation. The importance of gender identity disorders in Iran (Case study: Shahid Keywords: gender identity disorder, sexual disorder Navab Safavi Center, Tehran) therapy, sexual identity, social compatibility, social and cultural adaptation

GOLKARIAN, P. (University of Tehran), AREFNAZARY, M. (University of Tehran), The influence factors and mechanism of AZHDEHFAR, L. (Azad University of Tehran) societal risk perception

Sexual disorder therapy involves a psychic-based ZHENG, R. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), LI, S. recognition but the cure of sexual dissatisfaction (Chinese Academy of Sciences), SHI, K. (Chinese doesn't include the change of Sexual Identity; Academy of Sciences) however, identity is considered too important to adopt a recognized disorder to his/her The degree of risk that individuals assign to distressed identity. According to the cultural and societal problems involving possible harm social situations of Iran, and in spite of removal helps shape their attitudes toward public of legal preventives, executive remedies, policy on such issues. So it is of great value in recognition, guidance and support for Gender theory and practice to investigate societal risk Identity Disorder (GID) is still unknown amongst perception of people especially in a Socio- the public. The purpose of this research is to economic transition period. A total of 2,485 present a psychic profile of GID, their individual people participated in the survey (43% males satisfactions in life, their social compatibility and and 57% females). Their ages ranged from 18 to finally some remedies which are proposed by 83 (median = 36.3) and they were all come from experienced people in related departments and Beijing. In general, the sample is in line with the organizations (such as Behzisty Department, region’s population characteristics. The major Naja, Country Ministry etc). In the first step we findings are listed: Firstly, a scale of societal monitored 200 suffered people in Shahid Navab risk perception was designed and two factors Safavi center via a directional open-response were identified (Dread Risk and Unknown interview approach. We gathered valuable Risk). Secondly, structural equation model was information about participants’ disorder used to analyze the influence factors and reputation, their family, mental, social, mechanism of societal risk perception. Risk economic and medical troubles and also their preference, government support and social personal opinion on social and cultural justice could influence societal risk perception adaptation. A parallel interview was conducted directly. Government support fully moderated

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the relationship between government trust and the following escape strategies: wishful and societal risk perception. Societal risk thinking (r = .32, p < .01), and keeping distance (r perception influenced life satisfaction, public = - .22, p < .05). There is a negative correlation policy preferences and social development between the emotion group called Benefit belief. From the result, we can conclude that: 1) Emotions and one escape strategy which is Daily life hazards, instead of macroscopically wishful thinking (r = -.41, p < .01). There is a problems, capture the preoccupation of current positive correlation between the emotion group China; and 2) By describing the societal risk called Threat Emotions (anxiety, uncertainty, and examining the structured model, we can hopelessness) and the following escape account for the influence factors and strategies: wishful thinking (r = .59, p < .01) and mechanism of societal risk. Recognition of both keeping distance (r = .31, p < .01). There is a direct and indirect effects through the modeling positive correlation between the emotion group of exogenous and endogenous relationships called Harm/loss Emotions (anger, improves the ability to capture the myriad disappointment, sadness) and the following determinants of the citizenry’s perspective on escape strategies: wishful thinking (r = .51, hazard management. p<.01) and keeping distance (r = .30, p < .01). There is a negative correlation between the Keywords: hazard management, risk perception, emotion group called Threat Emotions and the government trust, social justice, socio-economic following confrontation strategies: fighting (r = - transition .33, p < .01), problem solving (r = -.32, p < .01) and acting according to the schedule (r = -.33, p < .01). There is negative correlation between the The influence of emotional state on coping with exam stress emotion group called Harm/loss Emotions and the following confrontation strategies: fighting (r = -.23, p < .05) and acting according to the BARGIEL-MATUSIEWICZ, K. (University of Warsaw), schedule (r = -.41, p < .01). On the basis of the WILCZYSKA-KWIATEK, A. (Silesian University) presented study it is possible to claim that emotions of challenge, emotions of benefit, The aim of this research was to describe the emotions of threat and emotions of harm/loss connection between emotions and strategies are connected with applying different strategies applied in an exam situation. The study was a of coping with exam stress. Emotions of randomized controlled trial using a convenience challenge and emotions of benefit help applying sample of 90 fully informed and consenting confrontation strategies, while emotions of young people just before an important exam. threat and emotions of harm/loss are connected The instruments comprised of the Emotional with using escape strategies. The conclusions State Inventory and Ways of Coping from the study may be helpful for people who Questionnaire, both of which are based on experience the situation of exam stress. Lazarus’ (1984) theory. The results show that there is a connection between emotions and Keywords: emotions, coping strategies, exam strategies applied in an exam situation. There is stress, escape strategies, confrontation strategies positive correlation between the emotion group called Challenge Emotions (excitement, satisfaction, willingness) and the following The influence of affective reactivity, confrontation strategies: fighting (r = .54, p < sensation seeking and risk perceptions .01), problem solving (r = .59, p < .01) and acting of risky driving behaviours according to the schedule (r = .43, p < .01). There is also a positive correlation between the WONG, I. (CARRS-Q; Queensland University of emotion group called Benefit Emotions Technology), TITCHENER, K. (Queensland University (gladness, joy, optimism, relief) and the of Technology) following confrontation strategies: fighting (r = .34, p < .01), problem solving (r = .37, p < .01) Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) proposed and acting according to the schedule (.33, that the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) and p<.01). There is a negative correlation between Behavioural Approach System (BAS) are the emotion group called Challenge Emotions instrumental in understanding an individual’s

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology tendency to engage in risky behaviours. Previous proposed that generation may play a mediating studies have reported individual differences in role in the relationship between OC and ITL. The BIS and BAS to be associated with challenging current study examined the association between health behaviours such as substance use and OC and ITL and explored whether generation is a gambling. Specifically, findings from previous mediator of this relationship. Participants research suggest that BAS sensitivity appeared consisted of 202 Allied Health Professionals from to contribute to engagement in risky behaviours metropolitan and rural health agencies. The through the heightened tendency to seek out majority were female and came from a variety of novel and potentially rewarding experiences. age groups. Participants completed the Work The current study aims to apply the predictions Environment Scale (WES; Moos, 1994), two of RST to a range of risky driving-related items as a measure of ITL as well as demographic behaviours, such as speeding, drink driving and information including gender, age group and drink riding. An additional focus of the present generation. Multiple linear regression analyses study is the effects of sensation seeking on the revealed that OC factors as a whole contributed perception of risk for these risky behaviours. 36.1% of variance in ITL. Three factors, namely Approximately 300 participants from the State of Supervisor Support, Job Involvement and Queensland, Australia, will be surveyed using an Physical Environment were each found to online questionnaire designed to assess contribute unique variance in ITL. Subsequent participants’ levels of BIS, BAS sensitivity, mediation analysis found that generation did not sensation seeking, and risk perceptions of a mediate the relationship between OC factors range of risky driving related behaviours, such as and ITL. The results provide evidence for OC as a drink driving and not using a seatbelt. Data significant contributor to employees’ ITL. generated from the sample will be analysed Specifically, it was found that Supervisor using regression techniques to assess the Support, Job Involvement and Physical relationship between BIS/BAS sensitivity, Environment contributed unique variance in ITL. sensation seeking, and risk perceptions of risky These results imply that organisations should driving behaviours. Findings from the current focus retention strategies around OC factors study will contribute to the literature of rather than customising strategies according to Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and report the generational differences. application of the theory to the traffic psychology domain. Our findings will also Keywords: organisational climate, intention to contribute to the existing body of literature leave, supervisor support, job involvement, physical identifying personality traits that might make work environment individuals more likely to engage in risky behaviours. The influence of meditation on well- being: The mediating effect of Keywords: risky driving behaviours, reinforcement psychological acceptance sensitivity theory, behavioural inhibition system, behavioural approach system, risk perception CHU, L. C. (Chung Shan Medical University)

The influence of generation on the Past empirical evidence has demonstrated that relationship between organisational meditation is not only beneficial to mental climate and intention to leave health (Carmody & Baer, 2008) and the regulation of cognitive and emotional GERBER, T. (Victorian Department of Health), VON functioning (Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002), TREUER, K. (Deakin University), FULLARTON, C. but is also effective in eliminating perceived (Deakin University), JOHANSEN, S. (Deakin stress and related symptoms (Carmody & Baer, University) 2008). Very few studies have attempted to understand mediating processes underlying the Recent literature has suggested that relationship between meditation and well-being. generational differences may account for some These benefits of meditation may be attributed variance in findings between Organisational to its acceptance nature. Psychological Climate (OC) and Intention to Leave (ITL). It was acceptance is people’s willingness to experience

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology thoughts, feelings, and physiological sensations, showed that under meditation experience the especially those that they evaluate negatively, predictor of well-being as job satisfaction, such as fear, without having to avoid them or let mental health, and physical health were partially them determine their actions. These achieved through the mediating effect of the characteristics can enable people to disengage psychological acceptance. The findings confirm effectively from automatic thoughts, habits, and that meditation not only generates a direct unhealthy behavioral patterns, thus fostering effect for balancing its practitioners’ well-being, informed and self-endorsed behavioral but also has an indirect effect in terms of regulation, something which has long been enhancing their well-being by storing up high associated with the enhancement of well-being. psychological acceptance. The therapeutic Past research has found that people with higher efficacy of psychological acceptance has psychological acceptance tend to have better received increasing attention from every type of mental health (Bond & Bunce, 2003; Donaldson- proposal for stress-management training. Feilder & Bond, 2004). This study therefore However, it is important to ask whether expects that the longer people engage in intervening to foster more psychological meditation, the higher the level of their acceptance can help improve well-being in the psychological acceptance should become. future. Future studies should compare and Psychological acceptance therefore appears to evaluate the relative effectiveness of a variety of be an effective mediating variable in terms of such stress interventions on psychological the relationship between meditation and well- acceptance. being. This study extends previous research by proposing and testing a model that examines the Keywords: meditation, perceived stress, well-being, mediating effect of psychological acceptance on psychological acceptance, job satisfaction the relationship between meditation and the well-being. We used a cross-sectional survey The influence of orthodontic treatment research design and convenience sampling to on self esteem and perceived collect data. The study’s participants were full- attractiveness time working adults employed by public and private enterprises in Taiwan. We distributed 350 questionnaires, directing 175 mostly HOWE, E. (University of Sydney), CHIU, Y. (University of Sydney), KENTJUNG, R. (University of towards students of the Zen Buddhist Sydney) Association who had jobs. All participants were asked to evaluate their meditation experience, psychological acceptance and well-being. The With the increasing popularity of orthodontic sample returned 271 responses, 135 from males treatment for occlusal anomalies with aesthetic and 136 from females, with a mean age of 35.58 improvement but minimal benefits for oral years, an effective questionnaire rate of 77%. function, dentists argue that such treatment is These participants employed in industry sectors important for social and psychological wellbeing. such as hi-tech, finance and insurance, business Since elective orthodontic treatment may be and professional services, traditional recommended as a preventive measure for manufacturing, medical and government. From social or psychological problems, the aim of this the regression analysis, it was discovered that study is to review current literature pertaining to psychological acceptance was positively the assertion that orthodontic treatment is of associated with well-being as job satisfaction, value in improving self-esteem and perceived mental health, and physical health (β = .27, p < attractiveness. Searches in Medline database .01; β = .64, p < .01; β = .55, p < .01). In addition, (1950 to 2009), EBM reviews, and PsycINFO meditation experience was positively associated were performed using “malocclusion”, “orthodontics”, “self-concept”, and “body with psychological acceptance (β = .36, p < .01). image” as sub-headings, with “psychosocial”, Furthermore, this study confirmed that meditation experience was positively associated “self-esteem”, and “perceived attractiveness” as with well-being as job satisfaction, mental keywords. Included were studies investigating the association between orthodontic treatment health, and physical health (β = .24, p < .01; β = and change in psychosocial measures, such as .46, p < .01; β = .47, p < .01). Finally, this study self-esteem, self-concept, body image, facial

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology appearance, perceived attractiveness and employees and their supervisors. Participants aesthetics. Articles with orthognathic surgery as were recruited from multiple industry and the treatment modality were excluded. The company types in China. Subordinates rated search yielded 219 articles, of which 24 met the their own regulatory focus and LMX, and inclusion criteria. Many studies support the supervisors rated their own regulatory focus and association between orthodontic treatment and the task performance and contextual improved dentofacial aesthetics; however, performance of their subordinates. Data were limited evidence exists for the influence of matched in pairs for statistical analysis. Some of orthodontic treatment on self-perceived the key findings included: (1) promotion focus of attractiveness. There is conflicting evidence both the supervisors and the subordinates was concerning the influence of orthodontic positively related to the contextual performance treatment on self-esteem. This might be of the subordinates, and prevention focus of explained by the lack of rigorous definition of both the supervisors and the subordinates was constructs, unreliable measurement strategies, positively related to the task performance of the lack of control of confounding variables, poor subordinates; (2) there was an interaction effect patient randomisation and a dearth of of the regulatory focus of the supervisors and longitudinal studies. Rigorous research to the subordinates. When the regulatory focus explore the influence of orthodontic treatment scores for the supervisors and the subordinate on self-esteem and perceived attractiveness is were both higher, the outcome scores were required, employing a standardised approach, higher; (3) The similarity of regulatory focus of reliable measures, appropriate control of the supervisors and the subordinates moderated potential confounding variables and a the relationship between regulatory focus of the longitudinal research design with pre- and post- subordinates and certain dimension of LMX; and treatment assessment. (4) LMX partially mediated the relationship between regulatory focus and the performance Keywords: occlusal anomalies, orthodontic of the subordinates. In conclusion, regulatory treatment, self-esteem, perceived attractiveness focus is an important antecedent of employee performance, and both the level of regulatory focus of the supervisors and the subordinates The influence of regulatory focus of and the interaction of regulatory focus of the supervisors and subordinates on LMX supervisors and the subordinates play critical and the performance of the subordinates roles.

WU, X. (Beihang University), WU, Z. (Tsinghua University), WU, Y. (Tsinghua University), LI, R. Keywords: regulatory focus, leader-member (Beihang University) exchange, promotion focus, prevention focus, task performance Regulatory focus theory proposes that people have two distinct self-regulatory foci: promotion The influence of resilience on the focus and prevention focus. The major purpose appraisal of academic stressors as of this study was to examine the effect of threatening and challenging regulatory focus of supervisors and subordinates on leader-member exchange (LMX) quality KATTER, J.K.Q (York University) perceived by the subordinates, and the task performance and contextual performance of the Throughout their education students encounter subordinates. This study investigated (1) the many difficult situations that must be dealt with different effects of promotion focus and effectively in order to avoid negative prevention focus on task performance and psychological, physical, and academic contextual performance, (2) the effect of consequences. According to the transactional difference and/or interaction of regulatory focus model of stress and coping, when individuals are of supervisors and subordinates on LMX and faced with an actual or anticipated stressor an performance, and (3) the mediating role of LMX evaluative thought process is triggered where between regulatory focus and performance. the potential impact of the situation to their Participants of this study included 249 own well-being is appraised. Threat appraisals

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology involve assessing the potential for harm or loss The general aim of the study was to investigate in the future, while challenge appraisals reflect adolescent emotional well-being and the parent- the anticipation of gain or growth from the adolescent relationship as a precursor to situation (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). One factor adolescent emotional well-being. The research that may influence the way in which an was conducted at two secondary schools located individual will appraise stressors and in the Gauteng province in South Africa. A consequently cope with them is trait resilience, quantitative cross-sectional survey research which refers to the personal qualities that allow design was followed. Convenience sampling was a person to thrive in the face of adversity used. Participants included Grade 9 to 11 (Connor & Davidson, 2003). It is hypothesized learners who fitted the selection criteria. that higher levels of trait resilience, compared to Validated psychological measuring instruments lower levels of resilience, will be associated with were used to gather information at the schools. the appraisal of upcoming tests and exams as The results indicated that the parent-adolescent more challenging and less threatening. Three relationship was a predictor of the emotional hundred and four university students completed well-being of this total group of adolescents and an online study in the week prior to the end of attachment-anger and family satisfaction- the academic term. Participants completed a cohesion were the best predictors. Significant series of personality measures including trait differences between genders on emotional resilience, and were then randomly assigned to intelligence and fortitude and between cultures either a resilience boosting writing exercise, or a on emotional intelligence, fortitude and positive control exercise. Participants then appraised affect were found. The emotional well-being of their own upcoming tests and exams as adolescents correlates with aspects of the threatening and as challenging. A MANCOVA parent-adolescent relationship and the parent- was preformed to examine the association adolescent relationship could serve as a between the personality measures, writing predictor of adolescent emotional well-being. exercise and appraisals. Results reveal the hypothesized association between trait Keywords: adolescent emotional well-being, resilience and appraisals, such that resilience parent-adolescent relationship, attachment anger, was positively related to appraisals of challenge, family satisfaction, emotional intelligence and negatively associated with appraisals of threat. Further analyses to examine the The influence of time pressure and mechanism through which resilience affects number of attributes on information appraisals suggest that affect may play a role. processing in purchasing decisions The research findings suggest that resilient individuals are more likely to appraise upcoming WANG, D. (Shandong Normal University), HU, Y. stressful events as challenges, rather than as (East China Normal University) threats, due in part to the association of resilience to affect, such that resilient individuals appear to have more positive affect and less This research employed the technology of negative affect than non-resilient individuals. information board, used a commodities Theoretical and practical implications of the purchasing decision as the experimental task, association between resilience and appraisal are and explored the influence of time pressure discussed. (high time pressure, low time pressure and no time pressure) and the numbers of attributes on decision makers’ information processing. The Keywords: trait resiliance, appraisals, stress coping study included two experiments. A preparative experiment tested the time of decision making The influence of the parent-adolescent under different time pressures via simulated relationship on adolescents' emotional commodities purchasing tasks programmed with well-being a computer. The formal experiment explored the influence of time pressure and the numbers of WILLIAMS, H. (North-West University), VAN EEDEN, attribute on information processing, on the basis C. (North-West University), KOEN, V. (North-West of preparative experiment. The results showed University) that (1) on the depth of information search and

1321 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology average decision time, time pressure and the leadership, and quality of team-work number of attributes had a significant main development. The quality of work atmosphere effect and interaction. (2) on the mode of development does not affect the meaningful information search, time pressure and number performance significantly. of attributes had a significant main effect, but no significant interaction. And decision makers Keywords: work quality, work behaviors, usually applied a decision strategy according to meaningful performance, work environment, team- alternatives under no and low time pressure. work However they mostly applied a decision strategy according to attributes under high time The interaction of job demands and job pressure. resources in a matrix organisation

Keywords: Purchasing decisions, Time pressure, O'DONNELL, M. (University of New South Wales), Decision making, Information processing BROWN, M. (University of Melbourne), BENSON, J. (University of South Australia), GLENNIE, M. The influence of work behavior on (University of New South Wales) meaningful performance The paper makes use of the Job Demands - JATNIKA, R. (University of Padjadjaran) Resources model to explore the impact of the introduction of a matrix organizational structure This research is a causal study which is in one large public research-focused conducted to determine the effect of work organization in Australia. The findings represent behavior on meaningful performance. the outcome of a qualitative research project Meaningful performance is the performance exploring the interaction of job demands and job generated by the fulfillment of serving a better resources in a large scientific research work environment, which is conducted without organization. Exploratory semi structured the burden and caring, which is run by lasting to interviews were held with research scientists realize a better future (Jatnika, 2006). across six divisions and at different levels of the Meaningful performance will not only produce organization. Staff members were interviewed high performance but also the one that will for approximately one hour. The interviews were make individuals have meaning in their work. digitally recorded, transcribed and analysed These individuals will eventually be respected, using NVIVO software. A total of two focus be models for other parties, and be able to groups comprised of six staff and 20 individual improve self-actualization. Therefore work is not interviews were undertaken in 2009. The only an activity to get some income, but also a qualitative stage of the research allows for the part of the individual’s definition of himself, so identification of a range of organization specific that individual can improve self-actualization. job demands and resources. These will be Conceptually meaningful performance is explored further during the second quantitative influenced by the work behavior (quality of stage of the project. The newly introduced interpersonal relationship, acceptability of matrix organizational structure had greatly leadership, quality of team-work development increased the workloads of supervisors who and quality of work atmosphere development). were responsible for substantially larger The measurement in this research is done using numbers of research staff. The electronic system questionnaires given to 327 top managers, used to record the working time of scientists middle managers and supervisors on service created considerable job dissatisfaction. The companies in Indonesia. The data obtained were system did not permit scientists to record their analyzed using path analysis that will be exposed actual hours worked. This resulted in an to the variables that significantly affect the unwillingness to work above standard working meaningful performance. The results of data time. Many junior scientists experienced analysis show that meaningful performance is reduced career guidance from supervisors who influenced by work behavior: quality of were often unable to comment on the quality of interpersonal relationship, acceptability of their science. Research scientists also experienced increased role conflict. Senior

1322 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology management encouraged a focus on Keywords: forgiveness, marital satisfaction, nuclear commercialization, and staff performance was families, couples, family health also increasingly assessed against success in securing external funding. The criteria The measurement of workplace underpinning promotion decisions, however, socialisation: An evaluation of the continued to be dominated by research validity of the Thomas and Anderson publications. Relationships with co-workers and Socialisation Questionnaire (TASQ) team dynamics were often positive. Nevertheless, the organizations culture was WEINAND, C. (Deakin University), VON TREUER, K. widely viewed as competitive and many female (Deakin University), WINDLE, K. (Deakin University) interviewees highlighted difficulties with career advancement and with being accepted in a Researchers report positive relationships male-dominated environment. The paper found between newcomers' socialisation on important support for the argument that increasing job work outcomes such as job performance, job demands combined with reduced job resources satisfaction, commitment, turnover, mental results in withdrawal behaviours and declining health, task mastery and intentions to stay. levels of employee motivation and commitment. Consequently, the measurement of workplace socialisation is important. Few studies utilise Keywords: job demands-resources model, job consistent measures of socialisation and even resources, organization specific job demands, less studies report upon the factor structure, employee motivation, employee commitment other validity results and reliability. The aim of this study was to examine the proposed four The investigation of forgiveness among factor structure (social, role knowledge, original and nuclear families and its interpersonal support, and organisational relationship with marital satisfaction knowledge) of the Thomas and Anderson Socialisation Questionnaire (TASQ) as originally HOSSEINI, A. (Melbourne University) reported by Thomas and Anderson (1998). Furthermore, generalisability of the factor This study investigated forgiveness in original structure will be tested in a different sample. and nuclear families as well as its relationship Correlations between the TASQ and subscales with marital satisfaction. The research has been with a similar established instrument may also conducted on 200 families (couples including support the validity of this instrument. This 100 wives and 100 husbands) in Tehran, Iran. sample comprised of 215 employees from 17 They were selected according to convenient different Australian-based organisations. The sampling. It was a descriptive study and the tools TASQ was used as the measure of socialisation used were: demographic questionnaires, family and the Work Environment Scale (Moss, 1981) forgiveness scale (FFS) and questionnaire of factors of job involvement, supervisor support marital satisfaction (ENRICH). The results of the and co-worker cohesion were measured. The study showed that there was a significant factor analysis revealed four factors: social, role positive correlation (r = 0.38) in forgiveness knowledge, interpersonal support, and between two generations and also between organisational knowledge which was consistent forgiveness and marital satisfaction (r = 0.51). In with Thomas and Anderson’s (1998) findings. addition, there was a significant positive However, there were variations in the item correlation between forgiveness and age, loadings in the social subscale. The TASQ marital duration and education levels of couples. subscales were compared with the subscales of However, there was not a significant relationship the Work Environment Scale and results between the number of children and revealed significant correlations between the forgiveness. According to the findings we can say subscales. Based on inspection of the items, it that forgiveness may be effective in preserving was suggested that the ‘social’ subscale can family health. more accurately be relabelled as ‘co-worker cohesion'. Cronbach's alphas were; social (0.87), interpersonal support (0.88), role knowledge (0.90), and organisational knowledge (0.87).

1323 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

With some recommended changes the TASQ strategies. Mediation models of externalising, was found to be a reliable and valid measure of anxious/depressed, withdrawn/depressed, and workplace socialisation that is generalisable to aggressive behaviours illustrated significant other groups. overlap with adolescents’ abilities to manage and control strong emotions and engage in non- Keywords: workplace, socialisation, socialisation productive coping strategies. The results are questionnaire, Thomas and Anderson, validity discussed in regards to how coping strategies are utilised in adolescence may produce more or less adaptive patterns of coping during The mediating effects of emotional adulthood. The development of emotional intelligence and coping strategies on abilities may be required to improve coping problem behaviours in adolescents outcomes for adolescents, which in turn may produce better psychological outcomes for HANSEN, K., DOWNEY, L. (Swinburne University), adolescents in the long-term. BIRNEY, J. (Swinburne University), STOUGH, C. (Swinburne University) Keywords: emotional intelligence, problem behaviour, coping strategies, adolescence Early adolescence is a time of transition during which the individual experiences not only profound physical, emotional and cognitive The microcredit and its users: A changes, but also changes in terms of societal comparative study between Argentina expectations regarding appropriate behaviour and Spain from a psychological patterns and preparation for taking on adult perspective roles. This transition from childhood to adolescence can be a challenging time for many PRADO GASCO, V. J. (Universidad de Valencia), young people. While many adolescents navigate QUINTANILLA-PARDO, I. (University of Valencia), this period without experiencing major ALTAMIRANO, P. (University of Cordoba), DE MARIA, M. (University of Cordoba) difficulties, some individuals may experience psychological and behavioural problems. As many as 14% of Australian children under the The aim of the study was to compare some of age of 15 have some form of mental or the main important dimensions of a microcredit behavioural problem (Australian Bureau of between two countries and to analyze and Statistics, 1997), and such problems may have compare the consumer profile of a microcredit. “flow-on” negative consequences into The sample comprised 100 subjects. Interviews, adulthood. In light of this, the establishment of questionnaires and discussion groups were used methods to identify individuals who are at risk to collect a range of information across the for developing problem behaviours and following dimensions: 1) consumer profile (age, strategies for the amelioration of these genre, work situation, education level, marital behaviours is of critical importance. It has been status, job experience, experience in leadership, proposed that the recently emerging concept of experience in creating organizations, market Emotional Intelligence (EI) may offer a measure research, motivation of solicitude, country, that has predictive value for identifying those at among other dimensions); 2) characteristics of greatest risk for problem behaviour. This study the microcredit (financial sources, interest rates, explored the mediating effect of Emotional quantities, beneficiaries, financial institutions, Intelligence (EI) and coping strategies on grace period, commission among other problem behaviours in Australian adolescents. dimensions); 3) process of solicitude and One hundred and forty-five adolescents (60 concession; and 4) situation of the microcredit males and 85 females with a mean age of 12.02 (number of operations, quantities, refund rates, years) completed self-report instruments of EI, default rate, delay in the refund, among other stress coping strategies, and problem dimensions). A descriptive analysis and meta behaviours. The relationship between Emotional data was produced using SPSS 16.0. Differences Management and Control and engagement in between both countries have been observed in internalising behaviours was found to be most of the analyzed dimensions, nevertheless mediated by the use of non-productive coping not in the sub-dimensions. There seem to be lots

1324 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology of similarities in the demographic profile of were victims of some policies, while cadres microcredit's clients between both countries considered their policies benefitted most (considering age, education, marital status, people; 2) nonfeasance of authorities was experience). On balance, in the Spanish context, considered as a most dissatisfactory the microcredit characteristics have more administrative behavior by residents; 3) relative likeness with the traditional credits, with a deprivation of some social groups and collective bigger presence of private financial institutions identification may be a mobilization of mass (banks), while Argentina's microcredits have a incidents, and rumors before and during the major relationship with the original approach of incidents play a catalyzing and magnifying role; the Grammen Bank and their running is public. 4) policy failures and improper administrations In Spain, this kind of financing has a relative were the root causes of mass incidents. We also short history when compared to Argentina, and found that the conflict aims of mass incidents nowadays it has been strongly affected by the were restricted to official properties (vehicles economic crisis in the country. The solicitude and/or buildings) and collectives hardly injured process in Argentina's case has lower levels of official staff. They rarely destroyed private bureaucracy and depends entirely on public materials. Mass incident is a strategy of institutions; however, this is completely disadvantaged social groups to put pressure on different in the Spanish case. Finally higher rates authorities for declaring or protecting their of refund have been observed in the last years in interests. Policy failures and improper the Argentina's case comparing with Spain. administrations are knowledge-based errors of policy makers and official staff, so officials are Keywords: microcredits hardly self-aware their failures immediately. Social scientific scholars as the third party may be an intermediary between collectives and The mobilization and root causes of mass authorities, and be a detector to help incidents in China: Case studies governments find their policy failures and improper administrations. WANG, E. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), ZHANG, S. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), ZHOU, J. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), LIN, J. (Chinese Keywords: mass incidents, civil conflict, mass Academy of Sciences) mobilization, disadvantaged social groups, collective behaviour

Mass incidents in China refer to the conflicts between some collective groups and their The moderating effect of an innovative administrative authorities. There are tens of climate on the relationship between work-related stress and job satisfaction thousands mass incidents that have occurred every year during past decades. A new characteristic was observed since 2004: While PIYASENA, N. (Deakin University), FULLER- officials intervene in an ordinary civil or security TYSZKIEWICZ, M. (Deakin University) conflict, the conflict soon turns to the authorities. It infers that discontent accumulates An innovative climate has been suggested to be in people. This present study tried to explore a job resource by which organisations can assist why and what people feel discontent about and experienced employees alleviate the negative how a mass incident is mobilized. Four cases of effects of work demands on job satisfaction. mass incidents that occurred in 2008 and 2009 However, considering the job environment of were chosen as the subjects of this study. We inexperienced employees may be quite different interviewed the local cadres and residents, to experienced employees, the aim of the asking the same questions, such as what public current study was to test the relevance and policies the local government made in recent impact of an innovative climate on job years and how they thought the public policies satisfaction in inexperienced employees. In an worked. Comparing the responses of the cadres attempt to better understand how an innovative and residents, we tried to determine policy climate impacts job satisfaction, a secondary aim failures and improper administrations. Results was to explain how an innovative climate leads indicated that: 1) residents complained that they to job satisfaction using autonomy, support, job

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology clarity and organisation-based self-esteem Human Services, 2008). Among college students, (OBSE) as potential mediators. For the study, 80 approximately 25% meet the criteria for being university students currently enrolled in an adult child of an alcoholic (ACOA; Grant et al., postgraduate studies in psychology and 2004). History of alcohol abuse in one's family of undertaking placement as part of their university origin is linked to offspring risk for alcohol abuse degree were invited to complete an online (King & Chassin, 2007; Warner, White, & questionnaire measuring organisational Johnson, 2007; Zhou, King, & Chassin, 2006). experiences and climate. In contrast to prior Whether maternal or paternal alcoholism is studies (which have sampled experienced/full- linked to greater risk is not known. We examined time employees), current results suggest that whether the effect of ACOA status on hazardous high levels of innovation may strengthen the drinking was moderated by which parent was negative relationship between work-related suspected of alcoholism. Surveys were stress and job satisfaction. The results also completed by 687 undergraduate students revealed that the relationship between an attending a large university in southeastern innovative climate and job satisfaction is Virginia. Based on their Children of Alcoholic significantly mediated by OBSE and partially Screening Test (CAST; Jones, 1983) scores, 24% mediated by job clarity. It was concluded that (162 of 687) were categorized as ACOAs (CAST low innovative climates as opposed to high score ≥ 6); 66% (451 of 687) were categorized as innovative climates act as a buffer against the non-ACOAs (CAST score ≤ 1). The remaining 11% negative impact of work-related stress on job (74 of 687) were indeterminate (CAST score two satisfaction for inexperienced employees while a to five); data from indeterminate respondents high innovative climate exacerbates this effect. were not examined in the following analyses. Therefore, the effect of an innovative climate on Using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification the relationship between work-stress and job Test (AUDIT; Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders, & satisfaction established in past research based Monteiro, 2001), 27.3% were classified as on experienced employees cannot be hazardous (medium to very high) drinkers. Using generalised to inexperienced employees. The hierarchical regression analysis, we entered the findings of the current study also reinforce the main effects of ACOA status and suspecting need to provide sufficient structure with clear mother and/or father of having a “drinking policies and procedures for inexperienced problem” in Step One, and entered the employees in order to reduce work-related interaction between ACOA status and suspecting stress and enhance job satisfaction. mother and/or father of having a “drinking problem” in Step Two. In Step One, only ACOA Keywords: innovative climate, work stress, job status (dummy-coded, 0 = non-ACOA, 1 = ACOA) satisfaction, inexperienced employees, organisation significantly predicted hazardous drinking (β = based self-esteem .146). In Step Two, the effect of ACOA status on hazardous drinking was moderated by suspecting one’s mother (but not one’s father) The moderating effect of parent gender on hazardous alcohol use among college of alcohol misuse (β = .155), which rendered the students who are the Adult Child Of main effect non-significant. These results Alcoholics (ACOAs) indicate that the effect of ACOA status has a stronger association when one’s mother is suspected of alcoholism. Future research should KELLEY, M. (Old Dominion University), PEARSON, M. (Old Dominion University), TRINH, S. (Old examine the potential mediating mechanisms Dominino University), KLOSTERMAN, K. (Friends through which maternal and paternal alcoholism Research Institute), KRAKOWSKI, K. (Virginia may have differential effects on young adult Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology), children. KULNIS, A. (Old Dominion University) Keywords: paternal and maternal alcoholism, Approximately 11% of all children in the United alcohol abuse, hazardous drinking, children of States (US) live with at least one parent who alcoholic screening test abuses or is dependent on alcohol or other substances (US Department of Health and

1326 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The moderating role of leader-member symptoms. Following a standard consent exchange in the organizational justice to process, each woman participated in a semi- job satisfaction and turnover intention structured interview (approximately 30 to 45 relationship minutes in duration) focused on PA motivators, barriers, and mood influences. The interview REN, R. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking process continued until theoretical saturation University), KONG, H. (Luxottica Group), YU, Z. was reached. Inductive Content Analysis was (Luxottica Group) used to analyse data. Nearly half the participants (n = 5) reported a sedentary level of PA. For This research examines leader-member those who reported some PA, the main modes exchange (LMX) as a moderator of the were incidental/lifestyle (n = 7), and walking (n = relationships between organisational justice, job 3). Main motivators to PA were socializing with satisfaction and turnover intention. We others (9), health benefits (5), enjoyment (4), hypothesised that group managers would and doing something different from their daily influence the organisational justice feeling in routine (4). Major barriers to PA included health their apartment. Five hundred and thirty-eight problems (n = 9), low motivation (n = 9), employees from the front line participated depression/low mood (n = 7), and weight (n = 5). voluntarily. They were asked to finish the All participants reported well-being benefits questionnaire independently and seriously, and from PA (n = 11), however, the majority of to return the questionnaire the following day. participants (n = 8) indicated that having a low Measurements included LMX, job satisfaction, mood resulted in less PA behaviour. The main organisational justice, and turnover intention. factors motivating PA participation for these The results showed that the positive relationship mid-life women related to socializing with others between organisational justice and job and adding variety to daily routines. These are satisfaction was weaker when the mean on LMX predictable motives, because isolation (e.g. loss was low. In addition, the negative relationship of significant others), and monotonous daily between organisational justice and turnover routines (e.g. being retired) are concerns among intention was weaker for those high in LMX. The older people. Given the high risk of health findings highlight the important role that leaders problems associated with being overweight, play in influencing the relationship between type 2 diabetes, and depression, it is not organisational justice to job satisfaction and surprising that the major barriers to PA turnover intention through the patterns of participation related to physical (e.g. associated inclusion that they create in their units. pain, weight) and psychological (e.g. low mood) health, consistent with similar research. Although PA was perceived to have Keywords: leader-member exchange, organisational justice, job satisfaction, turnover psychological well-being benefits, low mood was intention a main barrier for PA. Effective, individualized psychological interventions are needed to increase PA behaviour among this population, so The motivations for and barriers to that they can attain physical and psychological physical activity among overweight health benefits. women with type 2 diabetes and depression Keywords: depression, overweight, motivation, mood, type 2 diabetes MOORE, M. (Victoria University), MORRIS, T. (Victoria University) The narrative format model for second The aim was to use qualitative methods to language learning in migrant pupils explore the motivators, barriers, and mood influences on participation in physical activity PIRCHIO, S. (Sapienza University of Rome), (PA) of overweight women with type 2 diabetes TAESCHNER, T. (Sapienza University of Rome ), and depression. Participants were 11 overweight MARCHIONE, C. (Sapienza University of Rome ), ROTILI, C. (Sapienza University of Rome ) women (median age of 61 years; IQR = 25) with type 2 diabetes and at least mild depressive

1327 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

This presentation describes the results of an BARBER, D. (Edith Cowan University), DEAR, G. intervention for second language learning, using (Edith Cowan University) the Narrative Format Model, among first and second generation migrant children attending This study aimed to: 1) explore the violence risk Italian primary school. The intervention lasted assessment practices of Australian psychologists one school year (2008/2009) and involved first and psychiatrists, 2) evaluate local violence risk and second grade classes of a school in the assessment practices against international province of Brescia, Northern Italy. It was standards and, 3) explore the influence of implemented through narrative dramatic various practitioner variables (e.g. training) and activities carried on in Italian, integrated in the case characteristics (e.g. jurisdiction) on the local general curriculum for migrant and non migrant practices currently being employed. A combined pupils in an inclusive education setting. Italian exploratory-descriptive research design was language abilities were assessed in children employed to survey, identify, analyse and participating in the language intervention and in describe the violence risk evaluation practices of a control group, in the same school. One seventy-five Australian psychologists and hundred and one first and second grade pupils psychiatrists with relevant experience. participated in the study, 56 were in the Participants completed an online survey about intervention group and 45 were in the control the type of assessment methods they employed group. Receptive vocabulary, text in their most recent violence risk assessment for comprehension and narrative production were pre- or post-sentencing matters, the type of assessed in both groups at the beginning (pre- information they included in their report, and test) and at the end of the language intervention the way in which they communicated their risk (post-test) in order to assess the effectiveness of evaluation to the decision-makers. Participants the narrative format activities for Italian were also asked to provide qualitative language learning. As expected, results show a explanations for their assessment practices and significant improvement of Italian language subsequent interviews with current participants abilities among the experimental group with will be undertaken to further explore the factors regard to complexity of sentence production. that influence local violence risk assessment Moreover, both groups show improvement in practices. A follow-up study will also be receptive vocabulary and text comprehension. In undertaken with key stakeholders to elucidate conclusion, the effectiveness of the narrative the implications of the findings from the original format activities for teaching Italian to migrant study and investigate the needs of consumers of children has been partially confirmed. It is violence risk assessments. Conclusions drawn important to note that the control group is not a from the findings of this study and the empirical “non-intervention” group: teachers in these literature on violence risk assessments address a classes carried on a traditional Italian language variety of practice-oriented research questions. teaching activity with Italian and migrant The results are expected to contribute to the children. This might explain why both groups development of training programs and showed improvements in observed abilities. recognised professional standards and Moreover, it is worth considering that the guidelines, which in turn, are anticipated to yield Narrative format activities have been positively more empirically-based predictions of violence evaluated by teachers, pupils and the school risk, satisfy legal standards and rules, and management, who decided to adopt this ultimately result in better risk-related decision- psycholinguistic model also in the current school making. Efforts to enhance the provision of valid year (2009/2010) in other classes. and reliable violence risk assessments is of particular importance following the introduction Keywords: second language learning, language of Dangerous Offender legislation in numerous learning intervention, narrative format activities, jurisdictions and the increasing reliance by psycholinguistic model, migrants courts and others legal decision-makers on psychological and psychiatric opinion regarding The normative practices of Australian offenders’ risk of violence at the time of mental health practitioners when sentencing or release from custody. assessing risk of violence in offenders

1328 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: violence risk assessment, Australian beginning of the twentieth century and coined psychologists, Australian psychiatrists, practitioner as empathy by Tichner in 1909 as a way of variables knowing the concience and understanding the other “in the muscle“. Its development was The Pain of Difference: The experience of continued and revitalized by personality shame and embarrassment amongst a theorists in the 1930’s, Rogerian sample of gay men living in Australia psychotherapists in the 1950’s and the theorists of conditioning in the 1960’s and more recently BECKER, A. (La Trobe University) by social and evolutionary psychologists in explaining altruistic behaviors (Eisenberg & Strayer, 1987). Two traditions has been Internalised homophobia has been extensively identified in the study of empathy, one stresses researched and implicated in the wellbeing of in its emotional components while the other gay men. It has been suggested that shame may equates it to the accurate perception of others, be the principle pathogenic factor in internalised while a third one emerges from the work of homophobia (Allen & Oleson, 1999). Over the Davis (1966) which suggests that is should be last few decades, shame has not received nearly considered as a set of constructs. Empathy has as much research interest as has internalised been associated to important individual and homophobia. There is clinical evidence to organizational variables. The individual variables suggest that shame, specifically internalised include: self-esteem, social skills, abilities, shame or a shame based identity, is predictive of interpersonal effectiveness, and helping, poorer biopsychosocial outcomes in gay men. customer service orientation and achievement, Whilst we have seen the ‘depathologising’ of while the organizational variables include: homosexuality and the development of gay- organizational commitment, work performance affirmative psychotherapies, there is further and attendance to work, but not related to job need to develop our understanding of the involvement. Also empathy in supervisors has experience of shame, and its correlates, amongst been related to higher employee satisfaction gay men. Qualitative research is being and lower levels of depression, anxiety and conducted with nine Australian gay men fatigue of their employees and higher exploring their experiences of shame and productivity, but also with supervisor’s leniency. embarrassment and how they have been More recent research has explored how it can be affected by and managed to cope with these experienced via the Internet (Preece, J. and feelings within and or without psychotherapy. Ghozati, K. (2001). We believe that employees Preliminary findings and potential implications have been under-used in different societal of this study will be discussed. settings, but especially in work settings. In this presentation we will explore the relation Keywords: internalised homophobia, shame between empathy and organizational attitudes that have been related in literature to pro-social The potential of empathy in building organizational behavior. We will propose healthier organizations empathy as a variable that not only has the potential to explain positive outcomes in work MORENO-VELÁZQUEZ, I. (Rio Piedras Campus, organizations but the value to be developed so University of Puerto Rico), SÁNCHEZ-CARDONA, I. that it may strengthen human relations and (University of Puerto Rico ), CUEVAS-TORRES, M. develop healthier individual and work (University of Puerto Rico ) environments.

Empathy has been defined as understanding and Keywords: empathy, organisational attitudes, sharing in another's emotional state or context human relations, work environment, employee (Eisenberg & Strayer, 1987). It originated in satisfaction Germany as “Eisfuhlung” and was initially used by Vischer (1873) in relation to the projection of The power of optimism: A road to self in an artistic object. It is believed that was success? introduced to psychology by Lipps at the

1329 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

HO, P. Y. (Chinese University of Hong Kong) in psychology. Leadership is essential in examining the fundamental differences between Previous researchers have investigated the psychology and psychiatry as allied professions. benefits of optimism. Yet, most studies only use The importance of responses (action) is the a comparative approach among control and initiator of all behaviour including effective experimental groups to support the idea that behavioral changes in clients. Changing optimism enhances people’s well-being. The behaviour is the prime responsibility of current research tries to redefine success as a psychologists. A brief review was done of past subjective goal achievement and investigate eminent psychologists and application to how optimism has an effect on achieving a self- psychological therapy and their leadership, determined goal. Task performance was embracing the power of positive action in measured using Boogle word puzzle among 118 therapy and leadership. Adler reported, “Trust young adults (43 males, 75 females). As only movement (action). Life happens at all hypothesized, dispositional optimism (LOT-R) levels of events, not word. Trust movement”. was positively correlated with successfulness. Skinner introduced the concept of operant Variables including proactive attitude, self- conditioning. Both Adler and Skinner have been efficacy and confidence level were also influential as leaders in focusing on measured, but no correlation with competencies for effective behavioral changes successfulness was found. Results predicted that resulting in many therapeutic approaches such optimism has a unique role in determining the as, for example, cognitive behavior therapy, individuals’ successfulness. Further research is rational emotive behavior therapy and holistic encouraged to investigate the mechanism for psychology. Applied psychologists and clinical this result. psychologists continue to function in a “thinking- feeling-acting” way. “Action has always been the primary and initiating event followed by feelings Keywords: dispositional optimism, well-being, goal and consolidated in thinking”. Behaviour achievement, success, self-efficacy (actions), emotion (feelings) and cognition (thinking) are inter-related but the behavior, as The power of positive action in therapy Adler and Skinner, has already been identified as and leadership the primary event. Applied psychologists need to act based on knowledge and the cumulative KENNETT, K. (Life "Be in It' Education Pty Ltd) structure of past actions. The cycle begins with action that elicits feelings (feelings of the heart) The aim is to reinforce the importance of and results in structural thinking (both responses (actions) as the initiator of behaviour convergent and divergent). Reference is made to in therapy and leadership and the benefits of the Kouzes and Posner (2008) in Leadership power of positive action; to focus on the Challenge, namely, concepts of “model the way fundamental responsibility of psychologists (action), inspire (feeling) a shared vision providing therapy to acknowledge expertise in (thinking), challenge the process, enable and changing behaviour not merely treating encourage the heart”. In conclusion: “Grasping symptoms and to re-discover that the order of the structure of life and leadership involves experience is action followed by feeling and ongoing responses (action) taken by self and resulting in thinking. The application of the study others that support inter-relatedness among of human behaviour is fundamentally seeking practice (action), emotion (feeling) and theory benefits to improve quality of life. For example, (thinking) in more meaningful ways”. This also the positive behaviour of the therapist brings applies to the process of therapy and the taking about effective improvements in the behaviour of action by both practitioner and client. “The of the client and leaders can improve the overall fatal disconnection between practice (action) lives of a community or nation. A review was and theory (thinking) is still a challenge” done of leadership in terms of the concept, Research relies on ‘either/or’ decisions, while “Positive Actions elicit Passion and create life continues to exist in the world of ‘ands’. The Visions” © Kennett, 2009, involving application structure of our thinking impacts on our actions. to life, leadership, and therapy and to advances However positive thinking without action is

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology sterile. Constant reliance on incorrect ordering had greater usage of negative emotion words of how behaviour (responses patterns) occurs while narratives in the happy condition had severely limits effectiveness as therapists and more positive emotion words. These findings leaders. Therapists and leaders need to focus on have been discussed in light of cognitive the importance of “Positive Actions elicit Passion processing and confrontation – inhibition theory and create Visions”© Applied psychologists need to understand the possible mechanism to ensure research and critical thinking involves underlying health. All three conditions however application - the need to recognize “time to take showed significant improvements in long term ACTION”. Effectiveness of knowledge relies on symptoms and health problems. Hence, actions and implementation. Effective expressive writing does reap physical health behavioral changes only occur through ACTION. benefits. Therefore it can be concluded that writing is an effective intervention to improve Keywords: positive action, leadership, quality of life, one’s health. behaviour change Keywords: psychological health, positive affect, The power of written emotional negative affect, physiological health, physical expression on psycho-physiological health health The precedence of local features in GARGYA, S. (Delhi University), KHOSLA, M. (Delhi Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) University) YONGNING, S. (Kyushu University), YUJI, H. (Kyushu The present research examined the effect of University) written emotional expression on participant’s psychological health–affect [Positive Affect (PA) The purpose of this study was to examine the and Negative Affect (NA)], and cognition weak right hemisphere hypothesis in Attention [components of the Impact of Event Scale (IES) Deficit Disorder (ADD) by comparing the i.e. intrusions, hyper arousal and avoidance, performance of children with ADD to that of narrative analysis] and physiological health children without ADD on the processing of [Heart-rate (HR), Blood-pressure (systolic SBP) compound patterns. An ADD group (N = 13) and and (diastolic DBP)], and physical health a paired normal group (N = 13) completed (symptoms, perceived and general health). Ten Navon (1977) tasks under three variations of participants were randomly assigned to each of attention procedure. The first was a divided three conditions- Trauma Condition, Happy attention procedure in which the target could Condition and Neutral Condition (n = 30). Each appear at either the global or local level. The participant wrote for three days consecutively, second was a shift attention procedure in which and a follow up was taken after two months. participants were required to shift their Pre and post measures of writing were taken on attention from a local-oriented task to a global- affect using the Positive and Negative Affect oriented task or from a local-oriented task to a Schedule (PANAS), cognition via the Impact of global-oriented task. The third was a selective Event Scale revised (IES), and narrative content. attention procedure in which the target always Physiological arousal was assessed by recording appeared at the global level or the local level. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure, while physical The local interference effect rather than global symptoms and health were assessed using the interference effect was observed in children SMU- health Questionnaire. Findings revealed with ADD regardless of the attention procedure, significant short term affect changes across all which was opposite to Navon’s finding of a the three conditions. The happy condition global interference effect observed in normal induced a significant reduction in heart-rate, individuals. The finding of a local interference health problems and symptoms. The trauma effect in children with ADD suggests that people condition induced an elevated heart rate, and with ADD process compound patterns quite reduced health problems. The neutral condition different from typically developing children, and also showed significant improvements in health they process local instead of global information problems. Narratives in the trauma condition automatically in a very early stage of processing.

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

2 The local interference effect confirmed the weak high level (χ r = 6,93; v = 7; n = 4; p = 0,43). The right hemisphere hypothesis in ADD and frankest changes were registered concerning presented evidence against the DSM-IV sportswoman’s psychic state indexes to criterion’s (APA, 2000) deficit hypotheses of ADD autogenic norm, and also concerning the that the inattention symptoms may manifest coefficient of the vegetative activation. That itself as a failing to give close attention to testifies to increments in the comfort level of details. This study also suggests that the psychic state and the psychic activity of the Global/Local information interference test may whole team. Positive changes in psychic tension provide more information for diagnosis of ADD lowering and increments in mental capacity level and, in regards to training, instead of solely were specified. Therefore, the positive dynamics paying attention to training of individual in whole of the psychic state of the woman’s information cognition, the training of grasping fencing team during preparation for 2009 global information should be stressed. European championship can be specified. In conclusion, the control of a psychic state of Keywords: attention deficit disorder, attention, sportsmen enables definition of the thresholds weak right hemisphere hypothesis, inattention for the usual and extraordinary mental activity symptoms of the sportsman, his strategy and styles of self- control, their arsenal and efficiency, an opportunity to carry out correctional training The psychic states dynamic of a women's fencing team during preparation for the actions on expansion and activation of main season competition regulatory resource of the athlete which can be constructed through the organization of energo- informational space and results in a sensation of KOLOSOV, A. (State Scientific Research Institute of psychological sufficiency of resources to achieve Sport), LOZKIN, G. (Institute of Psychology Academy of Pedagogical Science), KOLOSOV, A. (State high sports result. Scientific Research Institute of Sport) Keywords: sportswomen, psychic state, team This research was carried out during preparation change, self-control, psychological resources for the 2009 European championship, with the Ukrainian female fencing team participation. The The psychological mechanism of Chinese methods used included theoretical overseas students' collective protests generalization, the Luscher Colour Test and against Western Media Friedman ANOVA. During the whole period of preparation, the individual differences of psychic ZHANG, J. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), WANG, state of sportswomen and the change trajectory E. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), MANDL, H. of the whole team were analyzed. Such an (Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich) approach was reasonable for research on organization of interpersonal space inside the Contrary to the image of impassionate team, its regulatory capabilities, and the state of bystanders of political issues, in the year 2008 formation of collective subject of activity. The before the Beijing Olympic Games, a large analysis of the psychic state indexes testifies to amount of Chinese overseas students protested the presence of increments in predominance of against some major western media in many ergotropic balance in sportswomen’s vegetative western countries. Based on the dual pathway 2 processes characteristics (χ r = 10,19; v = 7; n = 4; model of collective action (Van Zomeren, Spears, p = 0,09). It testifies to increment in activation & Leach, 2004), the present study aimed to potential of their psychic sphere. At the same understand the effect of collective time the current level of sportswomen’s psychic discrimination, political trust of the Chinese 2 tension came down gradually (χ r = 6,52; v = 7; n government, motivational inference and = 4; p = 0,48), the deviation scope from national identity on two core constructs: group- autogenic norm of psychic state normalized and based anger and group efficacy. One hundred testifies to increments in the comfort level of the and thirty nine students were surveyed with 2 team’s psychic state (χ r = 13,95; v = 7; n = 4; p = questions about national identity, collective 0,04), and the mental capacity steadied on the discrimination and political trust of the Chinese

1332 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology government. They were then asked to recall a surroundings. This research verifies whether this report made by any western media institution exists also in Spain. The complete database of about China or Chinese people which impressed appointments made by the prime minister, them when they were in Germany and to answer ministers in the cabinet, presidents of regional questions about their inferences about: the governments and deputy directors appointed by media’s motivation, attitudes of their peers them, has been analyzed first qualitatively and (group emotional and action support), group- afterwards quantitatively. The total amount of based anger and group efficacy, their former appointments analyzed has been 266 at the participation in these kinds of protests and national and regional level in the whole country. behavioral intentions for future protests. The prime minister appointed 50% to 50%, Structural equation modeling (SEM) was whereas the only female regional governor performed using Amos 7.0 to investigate the behaved as Queen Bee. Eighty nine percent of possible relationships among all variables. The appointments made by female ministers SEM results showed that group-based anger and favoured men, none were within the Quota 40% group efficacy were the most immediate to 60%, and 11% of appointments were women. predictors of collective action. Further, group Forty-eight percent of appointments made by emotional support, collective discrimination and female deputy directors in regions were men, political trust contributed to group-based anger 27% kept the 40% to 60% quota, and 13% which was partially mediated by motivational appointed women. This confirmed the existence inference of the media; on the other hand, of Queen Bee Syndrome effects in top positions political trust of the Chinese government, of the national and regional governments in the national identity and group action support country. A quota system has been enacted by contributed to collective efficacy. By confirming law by the government and the parliament but the dual pathway model of collective action, the when top female politicians make decisions they present study further suggested that there prefer males as top policy makers in their near would be different predictors of group-based surroundings. The existence of a Ministry of anger and efficacy. Motivational inference could Equal Employment Opportunities is not enough be a major mediator in the emotion-focused to change this mentality. coping route, which could partly result from perception of past discrimination; political trust Keywords: queen bee syndrome, equal and national identity would provide a basis for opportunities, gender distribution in policy makers, legitimacy and external reward which could gender quotas in organizations improve efficacy in the problem-focused coping route. The specific reason of this event and The relation between prior experience general themes about protest behavior in and emotional creativity: The role of foreign countries was discussed. mindfulness

Keywords: media protests, collective discrimination, WENJUAN, Z. (Beijing Normal University), HONG, Z. political trust, motivational inference, national (Beijing Normal University) identity This study explored the relationship between The Queen Bee Syndrome in top prior experience, mindfulness and emotional positions in the Spanish Government: creativity. We examined whether prior trauma National and regional (such as parents’ divorce or a serious accident) is associated with emotional creativity and the PRIETO, J. M. (Complutense University), GARCÍA- moderate effect of mindfulness. Both VELASCO, O. (Complutense University ) quantitative and qualitative data from Assessing Prior Trauma Events, the Mindful Attention The Queen Bee Syndrome was identified in 1973 Awareness Scale, and Emotional Creativity and it entails that women in top positions in Triads, were gathered from 312 undergraduate organizations appoint men as direct students in Beijing. The results indicate that collaborators or team-mates. These women prior traumatic experience relates positively to rarely appoint women in their near emotional creativity. Multiple regression analysis

1333 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology identified that mindfulness moderates the understanding of depressed mood. Furthermore, relationship between prior traumatic experience the predictiveness of positive constructs by and emotional creativity after controlling for the depressed mood will be discussed. effects of personality and emotional intelligence. Qualitative analyses were further made of 40 Keywords: depression, optimism, individual daily stories from subjects writing in response to the goals, mood Emotional Creativity Triads Test. The result demonstrates that subjects with higher The relationship between interpretation mindfulness scores are evaluating prior of religion and understanding about traumatic events more in a complex manner, gender roles in marriage and the family and are less likely to reach premature conclusions; they can gain more benefits from overcoming hardships. Early trauma experience ENDUT, N. (Universiti Sains Malaysia), MOHDHASHIM, I. (Universiti Sains Malaysia), is positively associated with emotional creativity. AZMAN, A. (Universiti Sains Malaysia) Mindfulness can moderate their relations, and may facilitate subjects who are experiencing trauma events to explore more meaning This study examines group differences (gender, regarding their prior experiences and appraise religion and ethnicity) in young adults’ these events in a more complicated and mature assessments of their level of religiosity and manner. interpretations of related religious views about marital and family relationships and then their views about gender roles in these relationships. Keywords: trauma, mindfulness, emotional It further investigates the links between these creativity, maturity, mindfulness attention awareness scale sets of constructs. The respondents were 199 young adults who are compulsory participants of two camps of National Service training. They The relationship between daily goals and were selected to represent diverse socio- depressed mood economic backgrounds. Respondents convened in a prepared venue and questionnaires were ASGARI, Y. (Deakin University), MILLER, R. J. (Deakin administered to them within scheduled time. University) For this study, they were required to answer three sections of questions: background Empirical evidence suggests that setting goals is information, a ten-item section on level of inversely related to depression. The purpose of religiosity and interpretation of religious views this longitudinal study was to examine the about marriage and the family, and a 28-item relationship between depressed mood changes section on views about gender roles in marriage and small daily goals. In this study, small daily and the family. Findings show that there is no goals have been classified as practical and difference in male and female respondents’ emotional daily goals. Positive and negative assessments of their level of religiosity. There cognition constructs were also examined in are differences between their assessments of relation to the depressed mood. Data were level of religiosity based on their religion and collected from a community sample. A total of ethnic groupings. Malay and Muslim 178 adults of both genders (aged 18 to 70) respondents reported higher levels of religiosity participated in the first phase of this longitudinal compared to other groups. People who reported study. After an eight week interval, 144 as more religious also reported more traditional completed the questionnaires again. These views about gender roles in marriage and the questionnaire sets consisted of a demographic family. Respondents who reported higher questionnaire, in addition to Explanatory Style, religiosity reported higher interpretations of the Optimism, Negative Thoughts, Hope, Mood and sanctity of marriage and higher leanings towards Daily Goals questionnaires. Findings showed that a patriarchal interpretation of religion. The study lower levels of emotional goals resulted in indicates that religion may play a role in how significant decrease in positive mood states and young people interpret gender roles. Youths increase in depressed mood. This knowledge of who describe themselves as religious appear to individual daily goals is important for an have more traditional views about gender roles.

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Those who demonstrate a patriarchal outlook to The relationship between personal and interpreting religious teachings tend also to have organizational values in an industrial more traditional views about gender roles. company Youths of a particular ethnic group and religion show a higher degree of religiosity than others. POUREBRAHIM, S. (National Iranian Oil Refining These youths also have the tendency to give and Distribution Company), REZA, H. (Isfahan patriarchal interpretations to religious teachings University), ALAVI, S. K. (National Iranian Oil and to view gender roles in more traditional Refining and Distribution Company), SHIRVANI, L. ways. Taking these implications into account, it (Isfahan University), AKHBARI, M. (Isfahan is important to further explore the relationship University), MOHAMMADI, M. (Isfahan University), FASIHIZADEH, N. (Isfahan University) between religiosity and views about gender roles by investigating more elements in religion that may bring about such views. Schwarts has determined ten types of personal values including conformity, tradition, benevolence, universalism, self-direction, Keywords: religiosity, marital relationships, gender roles, patriarchal interpretations, religion stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power and security. Organizational values are indeed the supervisor's ideas and beliefs of how to behave The relationship between keen social with a subordinate. As long as the organizational connectedness and attachment to values match with employee's values the parents and adults in college students employee will be more satisfied and committed to the organization. In addition, they work better GHOBARY BONAB, DR. (University of Tehran), and show little desire to leave the organization. MAJID, A. (Medical Sciences University) The purpose of this research is to investigate the congruency between personal and The aim of the current study was to investigate organizational values. This research was of a the relation between keen social connectedness, correlational kind. Using this method, 269 attachment to parents, and adults in college people responded to two questionnaires: the students of the University of Tehran. To Schwarts Values Survey (Schwarts, 1996) and accomplish the stated goal 120 college students Organizational values (a researcher-made from the School of Psychology and Education questionnaire, 2009). Factor analysis of were selected by means of random selection Organizational values questionnaire showed from different departments of the school, and three factors: Attention to human resources, the following scales were administered to them: competition and globalization and Commitment Attachment to Parents Questionnaire (Hazan & to the organization. The results showed that, Shaver, 1986), Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & there is significant relationship between Read, 1995) and Questionnaire of Keen Social conformity, tradition, benevolence, universalism Connectedness (Ghobary Bonab, 1999). Analysis with attention to human resources and values, of data with utilization of multiple regression conformity, benevolence with competition and analysis revealed that the magnitude of keen globalization; also the value of conformity, social connectedness can be predicted from tradition, and power had a significant attachment security (i.e. dependability on the relationship with the commitment to the partner) to adults. In addition, magnitude of the organization. According to the results, secure attachment was a significant predictor of coordinating personal and organizational values keen social connectedness and having a good to each other is important in terms of training relationship with parents. In conclusion, the programs and Strategic Organizational results indicated that quality of attachment is a Management. Although, all the Schwartz values significant predictor of keen social seems to be important, some of them are more connectedness. important.

Keywords: quality of attachment, social Keywords: personal values, organizational values, connectedness, adult attachment scale, attachment employee values, training programs, organisational management

1335 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The relationship between personality (i.e. experimental research in controlled and blogging settings) but not effectiveness research (i.e. non- experimental research in natural settings) is BAKER, J. (Swinburne University of Technology) suitable to evaluate causal hypotheses about the relationship between professional interventions and applied outcomes. An analysis was Previous research examining the Big Five conducted to demonstrate that the traditional personality traits found that openness and paradigm for causal research permeates recent neuroticism predicted blogging behavior, with announcements by the APA about the concept female gender moderating the relationship of evidence-based practice. The traditional between neuroticism and blogging (Guadagno, paradigm must be rejected. The unified Okdie & Eno, 2008). However the effect of paradigm for causal research is detailed and neuroticism was only significant in the second of indicates that the APA’s account of evidence- two trials, and the authors posited that based practice must be amended on two openness may become less related to blog accounts. First, the causal conclusions reported behavior as blogging becomes more in efficacy research are not superior to the mainstream. As blogging has increased causal conclusions reported in effectiveness significantly from the time of original data research. Second, both efficacy and collection, and as the effect of neuroticism was effectiveness research are necessary to evaluate intermittent, the present study aimed to the causal impact of professional interventions. replicate this study with a larger sample The APA’s account of evidence-based practice population. A sample of 583 internet users was must be revised. In particular, the contribution recruited from Facebook.com to replicate the of effectiveness research to evaluate the causal initial study by Guadagno et al. The sample was impact of professional interventions is more composed of 219 bloggers and 364 non- important than currently acknowledged. bloggers, with a mean age of 29.88 years old (SD = 11.30 years), and 60.7% of the participants were female. Personality factors were measured Keywords: professional practice, efficacy, using Saucier’s (1994) Mini Markers. In partial effectiveness research, evidence-based practice, contrast to Guadagno et al.’s study, openness, experimental versus non-experimental research but not neuroticism, significantly predicted blogging. Also no gender difference was The relationship between stressful life detected for neuroticism on blogging. No events and social adaption of Chinese differences in neuroticism were found between teenage students: The role of social bloggers and non-bloggers in this study with an problem solving ability as a moderator increased sample size, suggesting that the main personality difference lies in openness. YANG, Y. (Beijing Normal University), ZOU, H. (Beijing Normal University), CHENG, Y. (Beijing Normal University) Keywords: cyberpsychology, internet usage, big five model of personality, social compensation hypothesis, social connections This paper proposed a methodology to illuminate the role of social problem solving The relationship between scientific ability as a moderator when examining the evidence and professional practice in relationship between stressful life events and applied psychology: Questioning the social adaption of Chinese teenage students. APA’s account of evidence-based practice The hierarchical sampling approach was applied in this study based on the responses from 2,157 LYND-STEVENSON, R. (Flinders University) Chinese teenage students in junior or senior high school, from Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin, Xi’an, Wuhan, Guangzhou, and Kunming. The primary aim of the current proposal is to Questionnaires and surveys were used to collect question the American Psychological the data from the sample. Three interesting Association’s (APA’s) account of evidence-based findings were deduced from the analysis. Firstly, practice. The APA argues that efficacy research the stressful life events of Chinese teenage

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology students are embodied by their academic and project (planning). The statistical population achievements and relationship with their peers, was 6400 personnel of a public company and as well as the interrelationship and health 270 personnel among them were selected condition of their family members. Secondly, the randomly. Research instruments were DISC stressful life events of Chinese teenage students Personality Inventory (Marston, 1928), the TQ are considered as a prediction indicator for their questionnaire (Gazzara, 2002) and Turnover social adaption condition. Surveys show that inions (Smitt, Crample & Porter, 1976). Multiple those students with more experience of stressful regression analysis was applied to the data. life events possess lower abilities in social Results show that there are significant adaption, which can be reflected by loss of relationships between components of confidence, unsuccessful handling of Compliance and Steadiness of DISC and Project interpersonal relationships, and low efficiency at planning of TQ and also between these two work, etc. Last, but not the least, the variables and turnover. Thus turnover and relationship between stressful life events and displacement are disadvantageous for social adaption is moderated by social problem organizations. Considering influential personality solving ability. Individuals with stronger social variables in turnover can help human resource problem solving ability have lower possibility of managers to identify and select appropriate pessimistic social adaption when they are personnel that fit to work environment. suffering various stressful life events. It was concluded that social problem solving ability Keywords: employee task, personality models, plays a vital role in addressing the relationship emotional response, personnel selection, project between stressful life events and the social planning adaption of Chinese teenage students. The relationship between trait anxiety, Keywords: stressful life events, social adaptation, trait competitive anxiety, riding problem-solving, moderator, Chinese students experience, accident/injury status, and state competitive anxiety for equestrian The relationship between the behavior athletes model of Marston and task quotient with employee turnover HOGG, R. (Charles Sturt University), HODGINS, G. (Charles Sturt University) POUREBRAHIM, S. (National Iranian Oil Refining & Distribution Company), REZA, H. (Isfahan This study aimed to develop a deeper University), MOHAMMADI, M. (Isfahan University), understanding of the mechanisms underlying FASIHZADE, N. (Isfahan University), AKHBARI, M. equestrian athletes’ state competitive anxiety (Isfahan University), SHIRVANI, L. (Isfahan levels. It also aimed to explore the relationship University) between state competitive anxiety and trait anxiety, riding experience, and accident/injury The current research is based upon the model of status for equestrian athletes, as these Marston or DISC (consisting of four basic constructs have been linked to state competitive components) and aligning an employee task anxiety in broader sport psychology research. mixture named Task Quotient (TQ) with One-hundred and fifty-five equestrian athletes Employee Turnover. There are many personality who ride competitively completed a models, and each model uses various interesting questionnaire set distributed locally and online personality dimensions to define a person's using equine-related businesses and personality. Marston (1928) developed a associations. Demographic and information on personality model referred to as DISC that participants’ riding status was collected, and intended to explain people's emotional response trait anxiety, trait competitive anxiety, and state and that measures four dimensions of human competitive anxiety levels were measured. Trait personality: Dominance, Influence, Steadiness anxiety was found to be significantly related to and Compliance. TQ in this study is defined as state competitive somatic (r = .43, N = 130, the total combination of three tasks, routine p<.01), and cognitive anxiety (r = .50, N = 130, (respective), trouble shooting (problem solving) p<.01). Trait competitive anxiety also

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology demonstrated statistically significant positive correlations with mental health, anxiety, relationships with state competitive cognitive (r dysfunction and depression; but has no = .80, N = 130, p<.01) and somatic anxiety (r = correlation with somatic signs. Masculinity has .83, N = 130, p<.01). Trait anxiety and trait negative correlations with mental health and competitive anxiety predicted state competitive dysfunction; but has no correlations with cognitive anxiety at a statistically significant level somatic signs, anxiety and depression. In F (5, 124) = 65.23, p<.0005), and also predicted addition, the results of regression analysis state competitive somatic anxiety at a showed that masculinity does not have a statistically significant level F (5, 124) = 86.20, significant role in explaining mental health and p<.0005). Subjective perceptions of its components. The results of this research accident/injury severity were found to be showed that employed women are high in statistically significantly related to state gender role (masculinity-femininity). Also, more competitive cognitive (r = .37, N = 110, p<.01) study and research must be done about gender and somatic (r = .33, N = 110, p<.01) anxiety and role in Iran. to predict state competitive cognitive [F (1, 108) = 17.34, p<.0005) and somatic anxiety F (1, 108) Keywords: gender roles, employed women, general = 13.18, p<.0005) at a statistically significant health questionnaire, sex role inventory, femininity level. The findings of this study suggest that and masculinity because of the added dynamic of the horse, as well as other dynamics of equestrian sports, The relationship of organizational such as the high risk involved, the anxiety commitment with effective variables on experience of equestrian athletes may be unique it from that of other sporting populations. In other aspects, however, the results of this study POUREBRAHIM, S. (National Iranian Oil Refining indicate that equestrian athletes are similar to and Distribution Company), ALAVI, S. K. (National other athletic populations in their state Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company), competitive anxiety responses. OREYZI, H. R. (Isfahan University), MOHAMMADI, S. A. (National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Keywords: competitive anxiety, trait anxiety, state Company), AKHBARI, M. (Isfahan University), anxiety, equestrian sports FASIHIZADE, N. (Isfahan University), SHIRVANI, L. (Isfahan University), MOHAMMADI, M. (Isfahan University) The relationship of gender role with mental health and its components in employed women Organizational commitment is a multinational construct that has a specific effect on job and work issues. The current research attempts to ALIAKBARI DEHKORDI, M. (Payame Noor university) examine the relationship of organizational commitment with its 14 predicator variables In the present study, the relationship of gender such as participation in decision making, role (masculinity and femininity) and mental organizational citizenship behavior, job scope, health was investigated in employed women. confidence to supervisor, organizational For this purpose, a sample consisting of 500 confidence, job involvement, promotion employed women in administrations, opportunity, internal motivation, supervisory organizations and administrative companies of quality, job alternatives etcetera. Two hundred Tehran city were selected randomly. All subjects and seventy two males and females of 4700 answered all items of Goldberg’s (1972) General employees of a public organization were Health Questionnaire (GHO) and Bem’s (1981) selected by a random sampling method. Data Sex Role Inventory (Short Form). To analyze data were analyzed through path analyses and statistically, Pearson`s correlation coefficient stepwise regression analyses. Stepwise and multivariate regression were used. The regression results showed that promotion results of the research indicated that femininity opportunity, job involvement, participation in and masculinity are positively correlated with decision making, pay satisfaction, confidence to each other. Femininity also has negative supervisor, satisfaction with supervisor and

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology organizational confidence were most robust significant correlation between EQ and predictors of organizational commitment. Entrepreneurial Intention (r = 0.540, p < .05) Results indicate that some subtle variables have among stay-at-home wives and mothers. Based great impacts on organizations and their on the results, it was concluded that higher risk- productivity. Thus managers must recognize taking propensity and Emotional Intelligence is these variables and their effects on organization. related to higher entrepreneurial intentions of In this trend they can induce or change the individual. It was also found that stay-at- considerable variables and their effects, home wives and mothers had a medium level of variables such as organizational commitment Entrepreneurial Intention. Based on these and its predicators that have very important results, it was concluded that higher risk taking affects on organizational success. propensity and Emotional Intelligence is related to higher entrepreneurial intentions of the Keywords: organisational commitment, individual. As a result, care and action should be organizational success, organisational taken to develop the EQ and Risk Taking management, productivity Propensity of stay-at-home wives and mothers, in order to increase their Entrepreneurial Intention. The relationship of risk taking propensity, emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial intentions Keywords: risk taking, emotional intelligence, entrepreneurship, stay-at-home mothers MANGUNDJAYA, W. (University of Indonesia), DAHLAN, W. (University of Indonesia) The relationships among adult attachment styles, relationship-histories Entrepreneurship is becoming a very relevant and marital attitudes among Filipino instrument in promoting economic growth and young adults development in a country. However, in Indonesia only 0.18 percent from approximately PARCON, A.M. (University of the Philippines 200 million people are entrepreneurs. It is Diliman) important for Indonesia that women enter business as well as men, particularly those who The relationships between adult attachment are ‘stay-at-home’ wives and mothers who are styles, individuals’ relationship histories and not officially ‘employed’ who may have more marital attitudes were studied. A survey was time compared to those who work full-time. distributed among 179 single, Filipino, young This study examined the degree of adult professionals aged 21-31 years. To entrepreneurial intention and the factors that measure the Attachment Orientations of the influence it in these women. The objective of participants, the study used the Experience in the study was to identify the relationship Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) Adult between risk-taking propensity, emotional Attachment Questionnaire by Fraley, Waller and intelligence and entrepreneurial intentions. The Brennan (2000). Scores were correlated with the research used a quantitative ex post field study participants’ present relationship status, past design and correlational methods. To collect the relationship experience and number of romantic data, this study used the modified relationships. The researcher also correlated the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ), ECR-R scores with the participants’ perceived the Emotional Quotient (EQ) Questionnaire and marital attitudes. Result showed that the Risk Taking Propensity Questionnaire which has Attachment-Related Anxiety and Avoidance been recently modified and validated. This scores were significantly correlated with one’s research was conducted with stay-at-home present relationship status obtaining r = -.267 wives and mothers (N=128) in Jabodetabek and r = -.452, p<.01 respectively. Anxiety and (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tanggerang and Bekasi Avoidance scores were again significantly area). Findings indicated that there was a correlated with past relationships experience, positive and significant correlation between Risk however, Anxiety and past-relationships Taking Propensity and Entrepreneurial Intention experience obtained r =-.192, p<.05 while (r = 0.598, p < .05), as well as the positive and Avoidance and past-relationship experiences

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology obtained r =-.342, p<.01. Further, when explicit attitudes which are assessed through correlated with participants’ number of romantic self-reports can be manipulated in conscious relationships, only Avoidance scores was awareness. Implicit attitudes, on the other hand, significantly correlated with r = -.207, p<.01. In are activated automatically and can influence terms of perception of marriage, only Avoidance behavior outside the boundaries of was positively correlated with their perceived consciousness. Thus the aim of this study is to age of marriage entry obtaining r =.169, p<.01 investigate the relationship between problem which shows the probability that the more gambling severity and implicit attitudes towards avoidant a person is, the more they will delay gambling using the Gambling-Implicit their marriage entry. Moreover, a negative Association Test (G-IAT). Participants will consist correlation was found between perceived of 40 undergraduate students who have gone satisfaction in marriage and Avoidance with r =- gambling at least once. Prior to the task, they .182, p<.01. Nevertheless, both Anxiety and will be asked to take the Korean Form of the Avoidance negatively correlated with the Marital South Oak Gambling Screening (K-SOGS) Attitudes Scale with r =-.517 and r=-.492 at p<.01 questionnaire to evaluate gambling severity, and respectively. Furthermore, both Anxiety and the Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (GABS) Avoidance scores were negatively correlated to assess explicit attitudes towards gambling. with their perception of happiness, Participants’ implicit attitudes towards gambling agreeableness and confidence in marriage. The will then be evaluated using the G-IAT. The study findings further validated the ambivalence and is currently in progress. We predict that the K- fear in entering relationships of highly anxious SOGS will correlate higher levels of implicit and avoidant individuals, although it was more attitude for gambling (G-IAT) than levels of salient among avoidant participants as they explicit attitude for gambling (GABS). For were less likely to venture into romantic participants with low K-SOGS scores, both relationships. Moreover, highly anxious and implicit and explicit attitudes will predict avoidant individuals had negative attitudes gambling severity, but for participants with towards marriage, although only those who higher K-SOGS scores, implicit attitude will be were highly avoidant perceived more more predictive of gambling severity than will dissatisfaction in marriage and would more likely explicit attitude. The expected results of the delay their marriage entry. The findings of this present study will suggest that positive implicit research are helpful in terms of relationship, attitudes towards gambling are related to premarital and family counseling. gambling severity. As high gambling severity individuals may show differences between Keywords: adult attachment, attachment style, implicit and explicit attitudes, we suggest that it relationships, marital attitudes, Filipino may be necessary to assess them both in clinical situations which may in turn increase the predicting effectiveness for gambling severity. The relationships between gambling severity and implicit attitudes towards gambling Keywords: gambling attitudes and beliefs scale, implicit association test, pathological gambling, irrational beliefs, implicit attitudes KIM, D. Y. (Chung-Ang University), LEE, J. H. (Chung- Ang University) The road well travelled: The role of past experience in taking another’s The characteristic problems of pathological perspective gamblers are their attitudes towards gambling and their irrational cognitive expectations. Most pathological gamblers believe that gambling will GERACE, A. (Flinders University of South Australia), ultimately bring them profit. This kind of positive DAY, A. (Deakin University), C, S. (University of South Australia), MOHR, P. (University of South attitude towards gambling is an important factor Australia) which facilitates gambling addiction behaviors to continue or relapse. Irrational beliefs and attitudes for gambling can be explicitly The influence of past experience on empathy evaluated using self-report scales. However, has rarely been investigated in the psychological

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology literature. In previous empirical research which MEILIN, G. (Capital Institute of Physical Education), has been conducted, empathic outcomes have HUI, C. (Chinese Academy of Sciences), JIANXIN, Z. been largely focused upon, such as interpersonal (Chinese Academy of Sciences) accuracy and affective responses. The influence of having experienced a similar situation to that The incidents of juvenile delinquency, especially of another person on perspective taking, a those involving aggression have risen in recent cognitive empathic process, has been largely years. Compared to non-delinquent adolescents, ignored. The purpose of this study was to do these aggressive juvenile delinquents examine whether past experiences make it demonstrate behavioral and emotional easier for individuals to take the perspective of differences? This study investigates the role of another person in a new, but similar situation implicit aggression and implicit evaluation of and the extent to which other perspective-taking emotion regulation in discriminating aggressive strategies, such as switching places with the juvenile delinquents and test if the roles are target or considering common or typical gender-specific. Ninety-three aggressive juvenile reactions, make the perspective-taking process violent delinquents and 130 age-matched high less effortful. A sample of 152 undergraduate school students took the Aggression participants was provided with an induction to Questionnaire (AQ; Buss,1992), Emotion take the perspective of a vignette protagonist Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & involved in a problematic interpersonal situation John,2003), Implicit Aggression Association Test (relationship problems, bereavement, work (self-edited) and Implicit Evaluation of Emotion conflict, sexual coercion). Participants then Regulation Test (Iris,2006). Logistic hierarchical reported their perceived ease in taking the regressions were conducted on aggressive and other’s perspective, degree of similar past non-aggressive behaviors. It was found that experience, strategies used to take the other’s implicit aggression has a significant predictive perspective, and emotional and cognitive effect. That is to say, the stronger the implicit responses toward the protagonist. Results aggression is, the more likely adolescents are to revealed that similar past experience was the commit violent crimes. Another interesting strongest predictor of ease in undertaking the finding is that gender regulates the predictive perspective-taking task. Moreover, the extent to effect of the implicit evaluation of emotion which similar past experience increased ease of regulation on juvenile delinquency. For females, the perspective-taking process was moderated those who are more controlled in implicit by the extent to which the participant reflected evaluation of emotion regulation tend to be on that past experience. Dispositional empathic more aggressive than otherwise. However in tendencies had a limited influence on ease, and males, implicit evaluation of emotion regulation neither past experience or ease was found to be could not predict adolescents’ aggressive a significant influence on empathic emotion. behaviors even after controlling explicit Perceptions of process ease did, however, aggression and explicit evaluation of emotion mediate the relationship between past regulation. This study revealed the predictive experience and perceptions of accuracy and effect of implicit aggression and implicit confidence in taking the other’s perspective. The evaluation of emotional regulation on important role of past experience in taking adolescents’ violent crimes and the regulative another’s perspective is addressed, in particular effect of gender on implicit evaluation of how this may be used in counselling and helping emotional regulation. The possible mechanism relationships, and ways in which self-related behind the finding and the influence this finding reflection and insight influence the taking of has on adolescents’ education are discussed. In another’s perspective. conclusion, both implicit and explicit aggression can significantly predict violent crimes. Under Keywords: perspective taking, empathy, counselling the explicit conditions, explicit aggression has a practice, self-reflection strong predictive effect, yet its predictive power is regulated by explicit evaluation of emotion regulation, that is to say the predictive power is The role of aggression and evaluation of emotion regulation on adolescents’ not significant on those who tend to express an aggressive behavior explicit evaluation of emotion regulation. When

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology explicit aggression and explicit evaluation of The role of coping in the emotion regulation are controlled, the implicit intergenerational transmission of variables are tested. The research finds the problem gambling predictive effect of implicit aggression is still significant and the predictive effect of the DOWLING, N. (University of Melbourne), JACKSON, implicit evaluation of emotion regulation is edge A. (University of Melbourne), GERAGHTY, J. significant, which is regulated by gender. (University of Melbourne), THOMAS, S. (Monash University), FRYDENBERG, E. (University of Melbourne) Keywords: emotion regulation, delinquents, implicit aggression, evaluation There is now substantial evidence that children of problem gamblers are more likely to develop The role of child rearing training skills in gambling problems themselves than the children reducing mothers’ stress and children’s behavioral problems of non-problem gamblers. However, little is known about the risk and protective mechanisms associated with the transmission of FARZADFAR, Z. (Shahid Beheshti University) gambling problems from parents to their offspring. The current study aims to evaluate the The present research examined the efficacy of role of coping in the intergenerational parenting skills training in preventing stress in a transmission of problem gambling in a sample of non-clinical sample of mothers, and in reducing adolescents. The sample consisted of 612 behavioral problems among their children. The students aged between 12 and 18 years from Parenting Stress Index (PSI; Abidin, 1990) was secondary schools in Victoria. Participants administered to an original sample of 198 completed self-report measures evaluating mothers. Fifty-one mothers who scored highest parental (paternal, maternal) problem gambling, on the PSI were chosen and randomly assigned adolescent problem gambling, and coping to two experimental (N = 26) and control (N = (productive coping, non-productive coping, and 25) groups, and completed the Child Behavioral reference to others). The findings revealed that Checklist (Achenbach, 2001). Quantitative data there was a weak but significant relationship were analyzed using pre-post test (t test), between paternal and adolescent problem correlation coefficient, and multiple covariance gambling but that there was no significant analyses. Findings showed that after relationship between maternal and adolescent intervention: a) mothers in the experimental gambling problems. The findings revealed that group showed lower levels of stress, as non-productive coping (avoidance strategies compared to mothers in control group, b) generally associated with an inability to cope) children of mothers in the experimental group was a mediating mechanism underlying the showed less behavioral problems than children relationship between paternal and adolescent of mothers in the control group. In conclusion, problem gambling and that productive coping parenting skills training reduces maternal stress (attempting to solve the problem whilst and children’s behavioral problems. This remaining physically fit and socially connected) procedure may occur because parenting skills served to mitigate the transmission of paternal directly affect maternal stress reduction and gambling problems to adolescents. The subsequently their children behavioral problems identification of the role of coping in the decline. On the other hand parenting skills may intergenerational transmission of gambling empower mothers to manage difficult behaviors, problems is important in informing the design of and as a result, maternal stress decreased. targeted prevention and intervention programs necessary to reduce the transmission of problem Keywords: parenting skills training, mothers' stress, gambling from one generation to the next. children's behavioral problems, child behavioral checklist Keywords: coping, problem gambling, intergenerational transmission, avoidance, adolescents

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The role of dissociation in conceptual questionnaire which assessed their EI, empathy, and perceptual processing in chronic social desirability and how frequently they Posttraumatic Stress Disorder engaged in bullying behaviours and were the target of peer victimisation. Teachers were DORAHY, M. (University of Canterbury), LYTTLE, N. asked to rate the peer relations of students. (The Belfast Health and Social Care Trust), Results of the study indicated that EI particularly HUNTJENS, R. (University of Groningen) the dimensions of emotional decision making and emotional management and control, This study explored the role of dissociation in significantly predicted the propensity of perceptual and conceptual processing of adolescents to be subjected to peer trauma-related material in chronic Post victimisation. EI and empathy were also Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In clinical associated with adolescent bullying behaviours. participants with and without chronic PTSD (N = It was concluded that anti-bullying programs in 50) matched on age and gender and geographic schools could be improved by addressing deficits location, a computer presented experimental in EI in adolescents who are at a greater risk of study investigated perceptual and conceptual being subjected to peer victimisation. priming for trauma-related, general threat, and neutral words in "Troubles"- related trauma Keywords: Emotional intelligence, bullying, survivors in Northern Ireland. Measures of state victimization, adolescence and trait dissociation, state anxiety and general psychiatric symptoms were also assessed. The role of extracurricular activities in Evidence of enhanced perceptual priming in developing students’ self concept PTSD for trauma stimuli was found along with a lack of conceptual priming for such stimuli. State DEWAJANI, S. (Gadjah Mada University) dissociation made a significant contribution to predicting priming for trauma words. The findings show the importance of state The study investigated the relationship between dissociation in trauma-related processing and extracurricular activities to improve elementary posttraumatic symptoms. Because of its school students’ self concept; types of association with perceptual processing, extracurricular activities which can improve dissociation may be particularly important in the elementary school students’ self concept; and development of intrusive PTSD symptoms, like the duration of effective extracurricular activities flashbacks and nightmares. to improve elementary school students’ self concept. The study used a correlational design to confirm the relationship between extracurricular Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, activities and elementary school students’ self dissociation, perceptual processing, conceptual processing, trauma concept, using a sample of 296 students of Jogjakarta province elementary schools. Students’ self concept was measured using the The role of emotional intelligence and SDQ 1 (adapted from Marsh (1985)), and empathy in adolescent bullying extracurricular activities were collect by the behaviours and peer victimization Student Extracurricular Activities Questionnaire (SEAQ). The result of the study showed that STOUGH, C. (Swinburne University), LOMAS, J. there was a significantly correlation between (Swinburne University), HANSEN, K. (Swinburne students’ self concept with their numbers of University) extracurricular activities involved (r = 10.121; p = 0.01), and that there was no significant The aim of this study was to examine the role of correlation between students’ self concept with Emotional Intelligence (EI) and empathy in their duration of performing extracurricular adolescent bullying behaviours and peer activities in a week (r = 0.889; p = 0.101). victimisation. The sample consisted of 68 Additionally, there were no significant adolescents and eight teachers from a secondary differences between students’ self concept with college in southeast Melbourne. Student Arts (F = 0.712; p = 1.09) and Sports participants completed a self-report

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology extracurricular activities (F = 0.952; p = 0.299). and how they impact various societies. As However, there were significant differences disability is influenced by the societal values and between students’ self concept with boyscout the environment, different societies will have (Scout) (F = 9.297; p = 0.03); Science (F = 8.228; p different concepts of disability and how it is = 0.04) and religious (F = 8.344; p = 0.04) protected by law. This will affect the level of extracurricular activities. In order to improve access an individual has to accommodation, students’ self concept, as one of the important housing, and opportunities in different societies. aspect of children personality development, it is In addition to physical functioning, the level of recommended that schools should arrange access the law provides impacts psychological extracurricular activities for students to train and variables such as self efficacy, self-esteem, and develop their self concept. This extracurricular attitude towards disability. Success of disability activities is the place for students to determine laws depends mainly on the actions and and evaluate themselves. Additionally, schools attitudes of individuals in society who must could arrange extracurricular activities that enforce it by removing architectural and encourage strong relationships between communication barriers and providing students and their tutors, such as boy/girl Scout; accommodations. Understanding the role that religious activities and Science activities. Overall, law plays in the psychological and physical the research found that the duration of each functioning of people with disabilities is crucial extracurricular activity does not have any impact for psychologists and other rehabilitation on the students’ self concept, and therefore it is professionals aiming to utilize interventions to not to say that the longer the activities the help patients with disabilities lead more better. The more important aspect is the quality independent and fulfilling lives. This research of tutor relationships. offers valuable insight into how people in different countries perceive disability and the Keywords: self-concept, students, extra-curricula need for global communication on the topic. activities, student extra-curricula activities questionnaire Keywords: disability perception, disability, accessibility laws, rehabilitation The role of international accessibility law on the psychological outlook and The role of narcissism in social anxiety physical functioning of people with disabilities WILLIAMS, J. (Swinburne University of Technology), BATES, G. (Swinburne University of Technology) KUEMMEL, A. (James A Haley VAMC), KUEMMEL, R. (Cincinnati Children's Hospital) Recent ethological theories of social anxiety have emphasized that social anxiety is related to This presentation examines the role that perceptions of social rank. While a submissive international accessibility laws play in the type of social anxiety (cf. DSM-IV-TR) has been psychological and physical functioning of People extensively studied, recent cluster analytic with Disabilities. Given that the wheelchair studies have identified a variation associated accessibility of a disabled individual’s with dominant/aggressive, impulsive and environment plays a large role in how People disinhibited behaviours. Viewed through the with Disabilities function in different societies, lens of Personality Psychology, this type shares this theory was examined through a literature similarities with narcissistic personality. review and legal research on international Therefore, the current study sought to explore accessibility law, then integrated with qualitative the role of narcissism in social anxiety. In data of the presenters’ (one of whom has a response to notices on social anxiety websites, physical disability) personal experience of travel 349 people completed a questionnaire. The to different countries. Analysis of literature and questionnaire measured social anxiety (Social disability legislation revealed that various Interaction Anxiety Scale), narcissism disability rights laws enacted throughout the (Narcissistic Personality Inventory), covert world differ not only in their structure and narcissism (Hypersensitive narcissism scale), coverage, but also in the way they are enforced

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology narcissistic pathology (Narcissistic Personality The aim of the current study was to explore the Disorder scale), anger (Dimensions of Anger effect of personality, intelligence, perceived Reactions), Shame (Experience of Shame Scale) value of education, perceived view of school, and Depression (Depression, Anxiety, Stress view of intelligence and use of study strategies Scale). The sample was heterogeneous with 150 on student academic achievement in final year- participants in North America, 141 in Europe, 40 secondary and first year-tertiary students. in Australia/New Zealand, 10 in Asia, and seven Participants were 655 final year tertiary students in other regions. Ages ranged from 18 to 74. who completed a questionnaire containing Cluster analysis of the data revealed the scales measuring the above variables. Study presence of five distinct social anxiety clusters. strategies included short and long-term time Subsequent multivariate analysis indicated that management, critical thinking, elaboration, the groups significantly differed on social rehearsal and peer learning. Participants gave anxiety, narcissism and anger. On the basis of the researcher consent to access their 2008 group differences in these variables, the groups examination results. In 2009, those students were labelled: narcissistic social anxiety group who went on to tertiary study at the University (NSA), covert narcissistic social anxiety group of Canterbury were contacted and asked to (CNSA), angry covert narcissistic social anxiety complete a similar questionnaire to the one they group (AnCNSA), general social anxiety group completed in 2008. Sixty-two students (GSA) and low social anxiety group (LSA). In completed the questionnaire and gave consent terms of social anxiety, the covert narcissistic for the researcher to access their 2009 university groups were more impaired than the other results. Multiple regression analyses found that groups. Additionally, all three social anxiety a number of variables significantly predicted groups with narcissistic characteristics evinced academic achievement in final year secondary higher scores on measures of depression and school, including sex, intelligence, personality shame than the non-narcissistic social anxiety (conscientiousness, openness to experience), groups. The current results are consistent with and use of critical thinking skills. Data analysis of Paul Gilbert’s ethological model of social anxiety. university results is currently being conducted. Viewed from this perspective, the narcissistic Correlations will be generated to determine the social anxiety groups can be characterised as variation in responses between 2008 and 2009. individuals who have a perception of low social Multiple regression analysis will be used to rank (high social anxiety) coupled with a desire determine the relative influence of the variables for power, control and grandiosity (high measured on academic outcomes at a tertiary narcissism) but feel unable to “challenge” those level. If there are differences in the factors that perceived to be dominant for fear of the influence academic success in secondary school interpersonal consequences of such a challenge. compared with a tertiary setting, this has More broadly, the current results suggest that implications for the education and guidance social anxiety is a broad and heterogeneous services that should be offered in these settings. phenomenon, and that re-analysis of social Secondary schools may need to consider the anxiety using alternative theoretical paradigms support that students require to make a (such as ethology) yields meaningful distinct successful transition to tertiary study depending variations of the disorder. on the relative usefulness of different strategies in the two settings. Keywords: social anxiety, narcissism, ethology, shame, personality psychology Keywords: academic success, secondary students, tertiary students, intelligence, attitudes The role of personality, intelligence, attitudes to education and use of study The role of regulatory anticipation, strategies in academic success in final regulatory reference, and regulatory year secondary and first year tertiary focus on health behavior students LUBIS, D. U. (University of Indonesia), TAKWIN, B. WALL, G. (University of Canterbury) (University of Indonesia)

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

This study examined self-regulation in relation to Boredom stress as a negative effect of a new health related behavior (health behavior), in public management policy has not been people of DKI Jakarta. The aim of this study is to extensively researched in Indonesia, although understand how people living in DKI Jakarta the impact of this psychological state is regulate their self in order to maintain their pervasive on individual performance in health behaviors, including the self-regulation workplaces. Research in the field has shown that principles they use. Using three principles of self- job demand variables (quantitative workload regulation; regulatory anticipation, regulatory and job characteristics) are significant predictors reference, and regulatory focus (Higgins, Grant, of boredom stress. We assumed that the effect & Shah, 1999) this study examined the role of of job demand variables on boredom stress those principles on health behavior of people would be moderated positively and negatively living in DKI Jakarta. Anticipation varied into two by personal resources variables (self efficacy and types, namely (1) anticipation of pleasure or resiliency) in the changing work environment, success in the future, and (2) anticipation of due to a new public management policy in failure or pain in the future. The memory of past Indonesia. This study employs 213 employees experience divided into two, namely (1) from the regular units of Directorate of General recollection of success or pleasure, and (2) Treasury – Indonesian Ministry of Finance. as memory of failure or pain. Self-regulation participants. Data were analyzed using strategies varied into (1) regulatory focus univariance statistics methods (moderated promotion and (2) regulatory focus prevention. hierarchical multiple regression). The result Health behaviors are divided into health shows that workload quantity and task promotion behaviors and health prevention characteristics negatively affect boredom stress. behaviors. A total of 385 citizens of DKI Jakarta Thus, both variables are significant predictors of (200 males and 185 females) participated in this boredom stress. Self efficacy failed to positively study as respondents of survey and moderate the effect of job demands variables on questionnaire. Each participant responded to employees’ boredom stress. On the other hand, questionnaires which measure their regulatory resiliency shows a negative and significant effect anticipation, regulatory reference, regulatory as a moderator variable of the relationship focus, and health behavior. Data analysis using between job demands and boredom stress. multiple correlations and multiple regression Resiliency is more useful and necessary than techniques indicated the role of self-regulation self-efficacy in dealing with underload conditions principles on health behavior and preventive at work, to reduce the potential emergence of regulatory focus and preventive behavior. boredom stress as one of the negative However no significant relation with regulatory consequences of change in units having the anticipation of pain and preventive behavior was same work characteristics. found. This study concludes that self-regulation in order to achieve health is influenced Keywords: boredom stress, public management anticipation, memory of past experiences, and policy, job demands, personal resources, workload self-regulation strategies used. The role of self-efficacy and non Keywords: health related behaviours, self- productive coping strategies as regulation, regulatory anticipation, regulatory mediating the relationships between reference, regulatory focus insecure attachment and NSSI (Non- Suicidal Self-Injury) The role of self efficacy and resiliency as moderating effects between job demand GIDEONI-COHEN, S. (Monash University), HASKING, variables and boredom stress P. (Monash University), SABURA ALLEN, J. (Monash University) PURBA, D. E. (Universitas Indonesia), MANSOER, W. D. (University of Indonesia), WIDIARTO, P. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a phenomenon (Indonesian Ministry of Finance) on a rise which peaks during adolescence. This study examines the risk factors such as insecure attachment with mother, father and peers, low

1346 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology self-efficacy and non-productive coping more flexible behavior (Sennett, 2008). Conflicts strategies; and their relationship with NSSI in a arising from these different working styles community sample of young people. The sample manifest in speech by using certain metaphors included 275 young people (aged 13 – 26), who (Lakoff & Johnson 2007). To analyze the completed a self-report questionnaire assessing metaphors-in-use by company members the constructs of interest. Insecure attachment concerning self-perception and third-person- with the mother, insecure attachment with perception, interviews with members of all father and peers were found to be related to hierarchical levels have been conducted in small NSSI. Nevertheless, these relationships were and medium enterprises across different sectors. mediated by low self-efficacy and non- The data was analyzed using atlas.ti. The method productive coping strategies. It may be that low included a triangulation of Grounded Theory self-efficacy is at least partly a product of the (Strauss & Corbin 1996) and Qualitative Content negative internal working models which were Analysis (Mayring 2007), focusing on metaphor- established as a result of insecure attachment in-use. The analysis of metaphors-in-use shows relationships. Also, it was found that NSSI peaks and explains differences between elder and in early adolescence until mid adolescence. In younger employees in the organizational regard to the peak age and to low self-efficacy context. The results help to get an which was found to be central as this is the understanding of the organizational culture and, cognitive process which comes previous to the as a consequence, an understanding of selection of coping strategy, the implications enhancing and the constraining factors of consider the possibility of prevention program to knowledge transfer on a linguistic level. improve self-efficacy perception at the departure from childhood to adolescence. Keywords: ageing workforce, intra-company self- perceptions, organisational culture, Keywords: self-injury, self-harm, attachment, self- intergenerational knowledge transfer, metaphors- efficacy, coping strategies in-use

The role of self-perception and third- The role of social psychology in person-perception concerning alleviating poverty and increasing well- intergenerational knowledge transfer being through women's empowerment

MITTERHOFER, H. (Institute for Communication in TAKWIN, B. (University of Indonesia), MARKUM, M. the Professional Field and Psychotherapy), E. (University of Indonesia), PRIMALDHI, A. STIPPLER, M. (University of Innsbruck), GROPPE, S. (University of Indonesia) (University of Innsbruck) The purpose of this study is to construct a model The demographic change in industrial countries of for alleviating poverty through women’s like Austria entails ageing societies (Klein, Lher & empowerment by facilitating them to start a Wilbers 2008) and ageing workforces (Frerichs, small business. Thus empowerment is achieved 1998, Becker/Naegele 1993). Regarding this by successfully increasing family income through change, the project “Diversity and Knowledge small business ventures. This research was Management” funded by the Austrian National conducted over a six-month period using a quasi Bank aims to analyze how intra-company self- experimental research design. A total of 100 perceptions and third-person-perceptions of housewives (age range from 21 to 55 years old) different generations influence knowledge from two poor communities, Depok City and DKI transfer. Elder workers provide important Jakarta, participated in this study. Attrition rate sources of organizational knowledge (Krenn, was quite high; only 59 participants completed 2001). At the same time, they can be seen as the whole program (23 people in Depok, 36 rigid (Argyris 2006, Nelson & Winter, 1982). people in DKI Jakarta). In order to facilitate the Young workers lack the specific experiences development of individual and group linked to the company´s history (Lave & Wenger, empowerment, participants were first trained to 1993). This may – combined with the different develop individual traits through a series of age-related upbringing and imprinting – lead to a activities during the intervention program.

1347 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Participants participated in activities to increase subtitles alone. The results showed (1) the first self-efficacy, self-esteem, trust, cooperation, and and third grade pupils acquired new words with need for achievement. These traits were incidental learning, and acquired more new deemed necessary in order for the participants words in condition of the high new dense words to develop a small scale business venture. than low new dense words in the task of Participants were divided into groups where watching video program with subtitles; (2) first- they brainstormed potential business ventures grade children with the low reading level utilizing the resources they had, then designed acquired the same quantity of new words as the product/service which they would provide, first-grade children with high reading level in the and then implemented their business plan. The condition of subtitles with pinyin, but their measure used in this study was a behavioral quantity of new words were significantly lower check-list to record behavioral observation data than the high reading level students in the related to the research variables. Two groups condition of no-pinyin subtitle; (3) third-grade from Depok managed to increase each pupils with high reading level learnt more new member’s income by 40% at the end of the words than pupils with a low reading level, but program. Almost all indicators of social aspects the quantity of new words that third-grade showed an increase. One indicator which did not children acquired in the conditions of pinyin show sign of increase was the measure for subtitle were not different from the condition of subjective well-being; participants did not show no-pinyin subtitles. The findings of the research an increase in general satisfaction with their life, indicated that incidental learning that made use and it was assumed that participants were of subtitles is a favorable method of enlarging striving for a better overall condition of their life. children’s vocabulary, specially, for first-year Overall, the model shows early indications of children. successfully facilitating the development of business among women in poor communities. Keywords: incidental learning, reading level, Further refinement of the model is required in subtitles, dense words, children's vocabulary future studies. The role of the internet for same-sex Keywords: well-being, poverty, women’s' careers, attracted youth self-efficacy, need for achievement OVERTON, N. (RMIT University) The role of subtitles in the children’s incidental learning Australian studies have shown that same-sex attracted youth (SSAY) experience higher levels WANG, A. (Beijing Normal University), SHU, H. of bullying and victimisation in school settings, (Beijing Normal University) and are at a higher risk of substance abuse, mental health issues, self-harm, and suicide. The present study examined the role of subtitles Fear of harassment or rejection from peers and in first and third grade pupils’ incidental learning family are one reason many SSAY chose not to on a reading alone condition. Participants were disclose their sexual feelings or identity. This can 40 first grade and 40 third grade pupils (20 low result in feelings of isolation and loneliness, and reading level and 20 high reading level children a lack of visible supports. The internet has in each grade according to their Chinese test unique qualities such as high levels of anonymity scores and their Chinese teachers’ evaluating to and lack of geographical distance that increase their reading level). In the experimental design, opportunities for users to make connections three factors were participants’ reading level with similar others. The aim of this research is to (high and low reading levels), subtitle forms examine how SSAY across Australia use the (with pinyin and no-pinyin), and new dense internet as a means of finding information, words (high and low dense). The experimental forming and expressing their sexual identity, and materials were 4 videos, where each grade used forming friendships and a sense of community. 2 of them which included high and low new What are the characteristics of SSAY who do, dense words. Each child watched 2 videos with and alternatively do not, use the internet to high and low dense words and pinyin (no-pinyin)

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology explore their sexual identity? Quantitative and to understand reasons of child’s behaviors, analysis will be employed to explore variables and mother’s outlook on “my child” has such as age, gender, rural/urban setting, cultural changed. Other mothers’ support was also background and sexual identity. Additionally, effective for this case. who discloses their sexual identity, or “comes out” online? Qualitative analysis will then be Keywords: family support programs, mothers, low used to ascertain themes around the function birth-weight children, mother-child play activities that internet use serves for SSAY. These questions form part of a larger national study The spirit is willing, but the flesh is and it is expected that approximately 2,000 SSAY weak, or rather: The flesh is willing, but people will participate in this study. Data the spirit is weak? When automatic collection is currently being undertaken, and will associations prevent physical exercise continue until April 2010.

BLUEMKE, M. (University of Heidelberg), BRAND, R. Keywords: same-sex attracted youth, internet (University of Potsdam), SCHWEIZER, G. (University usage of Potsdam), KAHNERT, D. (University of Potsdam), GEBHARDT, J. (University of Potsdam) The significance of family support programs for mothers of very-low-birth- Models employed in exercise psychology weight children: A case study of a mother highlight the role of reflective processes for who had worries about the development explaining behavior and behavior change. of her child However, as discussed in the social cognition literature, information-processing models (dual- NOI, M. (Seinan Jo Gakuin University) process models) also consider automatic determinants of behavior. We examined the This case study tried to discuss the significance relevance of automatic processes for predicting of family support programs for mothers of very- physical exercise. Applying a priming task in a low-birth-weight children, through a case of a quasi-experimental design, we assessed the mother who had had serious worries about the automatic evaluations of exercise stimuli in development of her child. The case involved a physically active sport and exercise majors, mother who had joined the group of family physically active non-sport majors, and inactive support programs for children with very-low- students (N = 94). Two different affective birth-weight and their families. She had serious priming tasks were used: one task applying worries about her child’s development and sport-specific (experiential) positive and wanted to know the developmental negative target words and the other task using characteristics of very-low-birth-weight children. target words of generic valence. A second study Family Support Programs: Mother-Child Play was run as a conceptual replication (N =74), Activities and Mother Meetings, were done for using only the sport-specific priming task, but two months (13 sessions). Children with very- involving a student sample across the complete low-birth-weight at the age of 2 to 3 and their spectrum of activity and exercise intentions. families had joined voluntarily. At the beginning, Results of both studies showed that physically she saw her child as “my child born with very- active students responded faster to positive low-birth-weight”, and could not approve of words after exercise primes, while inactive child’s characteristics. However, through the students responded more rapidly to negative intervention with her to recognize the “child’s words. As a cautious note, findings were own developmental characteristics” and the obtained only with sport-specific experiential “reasons of the child’s behaviors”, her outlook items reflecting negative and positive on “my child” changed to “my child has consequences of exercise. Reaction times of the difficulties to get into the group”, and finally, sport-specific priming task, however, “my child is developing in her own way”. She successfully predicted the reported amounts of also had started to talk more about her child’s exercise in regression models. The results behaviors at home. The intervention for her was illustrate the significance of dual-process models aimed at noticing the child’s own characteristics, in sports psychology. Specifically, affective states

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology at the automatic level such as automatic Against such a backdrop, what is the role and evaluations are an important ingredient in status of psychology in Alaska? This presentation exercise behavior, which need to be taken into will survey best practices from a positive account when targeting at behavioral changes. psychology point of view, including a description of services provided by other helping Keywords: automatic associations, physical activity professionals.

The state of psychology in Alaska Keywords: Alaska, rural, crime, substance abuse, positive psychology

RICH, G. (University of Alaska Southeast) The structure of attachment mental model in middle childhood This presentation focuses upon psychology in Alaska, which became the 49th of the 50 United MURAKAMI, T. (University of Tsukuba), SAKURAI, S. States in 1959. With the exception of its largest (University of Tsukuba) city, Anchorage - home to about half of the state’s approximately ½ million people - Alaska is largely rural. For instance, there would be Given recent evidence for multiple attachment sixteen people in New York City if it had the models, we examined the structure of same population density. Alaska is plagued by attachment mental models in middle childhood. social problems. Compared against the national We aimed to compare three models, that is, the average for sex crimes, Alaska ranked 43rd Hierarchy model, Integration model, and among all states. Since 1976, Alaska has ranked Independence model. In examining the in the worst five states for its rate of reported structure of mental models, we considered rape. Substance and alcohol abuse also plague coincidence of mental models for each multiple the state. Some polls listed the state as fifth attachment figure. In the Hierarchy model, the worst in the nation for its assault rate. Alaska mental model for the first attachment person ranks among the worst five states for its should strongly influence the mental model for domestic violence rate, with Alaskan women other attachment persons. In the Integration being killed by a partner at 1.5 times the model, mental models for specific persons national average. Alaska’s school dropout rate (8 should be integrated by a general model. In the percent) was double the national average in Independence model, mental models for specific 2005-2006. Thirty-eight percent of ninth-graders persons should be separated, and independent. will have no high school diploma in 10 years, Respondents were 541 elementary school according to an Alaskan Commission, which students (253 boys and 288 girls). First, we found that Alaska ranks 50th (last), in the identified attachment figures of the children. number of ninth-graders who will likely have a Attachment figures were assessed by bachelor's degree in ten years. Alaska’s suicide nomination of three important persons in rate is consistently one of the highest in the proximity-seeking function, secure haven nation. In 2002, Alaska had almost twice the function, separation protest function, and secure national average of suicides at 10.6 for every base function, drawn from Hazan and Zeifman 100,000. Other health problems impact the (1994). Second, we measured children’s state. For instance, from 2000 to 2007, Alaska attachment mental models for each of these had the first- or second-highest nationwide attachment figures. Mental models were Chlamydia infection rate. There also are severe assessed in two dimensions. One dimension is financial challenges. A poll of the ten most avoidance of intimacy/other-model and the expensive cities in the U.S.A. listed three Alaskan other dimension is anxiety of abandonment/self cities: Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau. Alaska model based on Bartholomew and Horowitz leads all states with the highest median credit (1991). Correlation analysis revealed that the card debt, based on 2006 information. Finally, mental models of three persons are modestly the climate greatly impacts the state. In addition related (rs = .46~.37 in avoidance dimension, rs = to the snow and extreme temperatures, Alaska .65~.61 in anxiety dimension). The ranks number one in the U.S.A. for earthquakes. Independence model was not supported. Subsequently, SEM analysis was conducted in

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the other two models. The Integrated model’s achievement, learning habits, emotional and fit indices were GFI = .961, AGFI = .940, CFI = behavioural problems above the clinical cut-off. .986, RMSEA = .037, BIC = 548.66, chi-square The results indicate that the SBS is a reliable and =180.52, df = 111, p <.01. The Hierarchy model’s valid scale in the Australian context and is a fit indices were GFI = .943, AGFI = .916, CFI = useful tool for the identification of learning, .970, RMSEA = .052, BIC = 603.22, chi-square = emotional and behavioural problems among 259.63, df = 115, p <.01. The Integrated model’s children. fit index indicated better than the Hierarchy model’s one. Therefore, we concluded that the Keywords: student behaviour, behaviour problems, Integration model provides the best explanation children, adolescence for the structure of attachment mental models in middle childhood. The study of leadership and new direction for developing entrepreneurs Keywords: attachment, mental models, middle in Thai small and medium sized childhood, attachment model structures enterprises

The student behaviour survey: CHONGVISAL, R. (Kasetsart University) Psychometric properties in an Australian sample This research comprised of 2 phases. The first phase was designed to study the leadership of HAMMOND, S. (Australian Catholic University), Thai small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) MURPHY, T. (Australian Catholic University), entrepreneurs and the second phase was to COVENTRY, N. (Austin Health), NURSEY, J. (Austin develop new leadership through training course. Health) For the first phase, there were three sample sets. In the first sample set, the data were This study examined the psychometric collected from 30 successful SMEs properties of the Student Behaviour Survey (SBS; entrepreneurs by in-depth interview and critical Lachar, Wingenfeld, Kline & Gruber, 2002), a incident technique (CIT). The data were analyzed 102-item teacher report measure of behavioural to generate items of leadership scale for Thai and emotional problems in children and SMEs entrepreneurs. The pilot 120-item adolescents. Participants were teachers of leadership scale was tried out on the second primary school children (ages 5 to 11 years) from sample set consisting of 544 SMEs a regular education (n = 76) and Child entrepreneurs. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) (n = was used to explore the dimensions underlying 436) setting. For the regular education group, the leadership scale. Confirmatory factor teachers completed the SBS as part of risk study. analysis (CFA) was used as a follow-up to For the clinically referred group, teachers determine the definite number of factors. Six completed the SBS at referral to the CAMHS factors resulting from CFA were 1) service. The SBS was found to have good internal encouragement of subordinates’ inspirational consistency for both the regular education and motivation, 2) consideration and well wishing the clinical groups. Principal components toward others, 3) morality in business, 4) analysis at the item and scale level yielded 3 capability of strategic thinking, 5) encourage components: Externalising difficulties, social consciousness, and 6) openness. The final internalising difficulties and academic resources. 30-item leadership scale was validated with the Intercorrelations among subscales indicated third sample set composing of 1,064 SMEs adequate convergent and discriminant validity. entrepreneurs. The known-group technique was For the regular education group, meaningful used to test the construct validity using the significant correlations were obtained between success of the entrepreneurs as the criterion. the SBS and the Strengths and Difficulties Scale The results indicated that the leadership scores (SDQ) teacher version demonstrating sound of all six factors from the highly successful SMEs concurrent validity. The clinically referred group entrepreneurs were statistically higher than the differed significantly from the regular education scores from the low successful SMEs group on all SBS scales, with academic

1351 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology entrepreneurs. In the second phase, new youth. The rate of physical, emotional, and direction for developing leadership of Thai SMEs sexual damages are higher. They live in a hard entrepreneurs was proposed through the social, economic and familial situation. They training course developed from Phase One. The suffer from emotional, behavioral, learning, Training Workshop for Developing SME social and personal problems. Psychologist Entrepreneurs’ Leadership was developed and activities with a social approach play a drastic its quality assessed by the experts. There were role in preventing child abuse to occur in Iran. three stages in the training course; assessment However, with this route, there are some before training, leadership development by challenges concerning cultural, legal and training, and evaluation after training. The protective problems. course was organized into nine modules. After the training, two meetings were held to monitor Keywords: childhood abuse, children's and evaluate the progress of leadership vulnerabilities, familial abuse, child psychology development plan, to let them share their experiences with each other, to advise them on The study on the behaviors of leaders how to solve the problems during implementing, which influence the trust of employees in and to adapt their plan accordingly. the Chinese state-owned telecommunications enterprises Keywords: entrepreneurship, critical incident technique, leadership development, leadership WANG, L. (Beijing Normal University), ZHANG, J. training, strategic thinking (China Telecom Company), CHEN, M. (Beijing Normal University), CHE, H. (Beijing Normal The study of psycho-social problems of University) abused children in Iran, applied psychology preservative processors and This paper aims to explore which leader some obstacles for prevention behaviors can influence the trust between a leader and subordinates as perceived by RAHEB, G. (Welfare and Rehabilitation University), employees in the Chinese State-owned EGHLIMA, M. (Welfare and Rehabilitation Telecommunications enterprises and to explore University) any differences by gender and job age. Five leaders and 12 subordinates by Behavioral Event Child abuse is caused by various factors that Interview (BEI) method were interviewed. From create psycho-social problems for children and the interview materials and the literature, a 65- youth. Children are more vulnerable than others. item questionnaire was developed to measure Everything and every action that jeopardizes a the trust between a leader and subordinates. child's psycho-physical health is child abuse. Any The questionnaire was tested on 221 neglect or any action that puts them at risk participants, including 164 subordinates and 57 physically and psychologically is called child leaders. The questionnaire was revised to 50 abuse. In this study we would like to investigate items based on the data of the first test. After psycho-social problems of abused children in the the second test with 220 participants, including family and to recognize the role of psychologists 164 subordinates and 56 leaders, the in preventing this phenomenon and also in questionnaire showed good reliability and recognizing some obstacles, such as legislation, validity. This study showed that the behaviors of which they are facing in Iran. The method of leaders, which influence the trust in leadership, study being used is case studies about children were accounted for in a six-factor model, and youth that have been hurt by their parents. arranged in descending order of importance as The sample is chosen from children being kept in follows: ability, integrity and responsibility, job rehabilitation centers or who have visited a involvement, support and development, clinic. The sample consists of 65 children and the acceptance and cooperation, and openness and measures are the MMPI, Raven’s Progressive authority. There was no significant difference Matrices and Weschler’s test, inquiries of the between male and female subordinates in the family's statues and psycho-statues. The results six factors. However, when the leader shows indicate that children are more vulnerable than more job involvement, support and

1352 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology development, acceptance and cooperation, and The three “r”s: Psychologists delivering openness and authority, they can win greater services to regional, rural and remote trust of new employees than old ones. In areas in Australia conclusion, the study showed that 1) the behaviors of the leaders that can influence the DE GRUCHY, D. (Centacare Family Services) trust between a leader and subordinates is a six- factor model; 2) the six factors have the same The aim of the study was to showcase what influence on the trust in the gender variable; and psychologists working in isolated geographic 3) there was a significant difference between areas within Australia are doing to provide different job ages in job involvement, support excellent psychological services within the and development, acceptance and cooperation, constraints imposed by distance, isolation, and openness and authority, therefore we multiple relationships, restriction of access to should take different measures to employees of professional development and supervision, different job ages. working with culturally and linguistically diverse groups, burn out and safety. Work in this area is Keywords: leadership, trust influenced by costs – time, resources and money – and the lack of suitably qualified staff. Local The threat of negative stereotypes in Australian Psychological Society members wrote interactions of their experiences of the above with a view to outlining the particular challenges and rewards SHAPIRO, J. (University of California, Los Angeles of working within this area as well as the coping (UCLA)) strategies they developed to tackle these difficulties. Recommendations are made as to what departments and organisations who The aim of this research was to understand the service these areas can provide such isolated manifestation of overt and covert forms of psychologists to enable them to cope effectively. discrimination in customer service interactions. Evaluation has been undertaken of the various Using a customer service paradigm, we strategies used. This is a constant work-in- measured overt/blatant and progress as the turnover of staff hampers covert/interpersonal forms of discrimination continuity of learning. Some of the strategies expressed by actual customer service agents used to enable psychologist to work in this toward (1) confederate shoppers as their natural isolated region are: collaborative partnerships average weight size or wearing obesity with other professional bodies, webstreaming, prostheses and (2) actual shoppers who varied in professional development sessions offered in weight. Overall, the results revealed that when video/DVD format followed by a teleconference, justifications for stereotypes were present in the meetings via teleconference, sharing resources interactions, actual obese shoppers and and personnel, and sharing the costs of staff, confederate obese shoppers faced more travel, professional development, and resources. interpersonal discrimination than average- Given the unique challenges and rewards of weight shoppers. Furthermore, there were working within this region and the subsequent negative bottom-line consequences of understandings and coping strategies developed, interpersonal discrimination for organizations many psychologists continue to provide (e.g. customer loyalty, purchasing behavior). excellent psychological services and are willing Overall, this research shows the importance of to share the knowledge gained, and to support examining subtle discrimination and offers a other such isolated psychologists to cope mechanism for theory-driven strategies for the effectively. reduction of covert forms of discrimination.

Keywords: working in rural and remote regions, overt and covert interpersonal Keywords: psychological services discrimination, customer service, discrimination, stereotypes, customer loyalty

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The undoing effect of positive emotions recover from the cardiovascular sequelae faster on negative emotions in the situation of than those who do not. The findings support the emotional labor proposal that the Broaden-and-Build theory serves not only the naturally felt positive CAO, Z. L. (Zhejiang University), ZHONG, J. A. emotions, but also the intentionally felt and (Zhejiang University), DUAN, J. Y. (Suzhou displayed positive emotions. University) Keywords: positive emotion, negative emotion, The Broaden-and-Build theory of positive emotional labour, invoked sadness, cardiovascular emotions deduces that positive emotions have sequelae an undoing effect on negative emotions, i.e. undoing the unusual physiological states invoked The validation of the Gallup workplace by negative emotions. Previous studies focused audit in a South African petrochemical on the naturally felt positive emotions. While in company the service industry, emotional labour requires the employee to display positive emotions to the BARKHUIZEN, N. (University of Pretoria), BRAND, C. customers or clients, no matter whether the (University of Johannesburg), HAVENGA, W. employee is experiencing negative emotions. (University of Johannesburg), STANZ, K. (University The positive emotions displayed are not of Pretoria) naturally felt, but demanded by the organization. By exploring the undoing effect of Around 2002, the term “employee engagement” positive emotions in such situation, the present was used to describe a state of not only being study aims at further understanding of the satisfied with the job and workplace, but also emotion theory and the health-promoting giving one’s best effort on a daily basis, and functions of positive emotions in emotional intending to stay (Branham, 2006). Using this labour. The 45 college students who participated definition, consulting firms such as Gallup, in the laboratory experiment were randomly Hewitt and others developed employee assigned to four groups. Group 1, 2, 3 were engagement surveys to help companies measure shown a film clip with sadness content, and then what percentage of their workforces was truly respectively asked to apply surface acting, deep enthusiastic, dedicated and committed – in acting, or trying no emotional efforts, to perform other words, engaged. The aim of this research emotional labour, i.e. to show positive emotion was to determine the validity and reliability of by smiling. Group 4 was showed a film clip with the Gallup Workplace Audit (GWA), as a neutral emotion content, and asked to try no measurement of work engagement in a South emotional efforts. Two cardiovascular indicators, African petrochemical company. A cross- R-R interval and finger pulse amplitude (FPA), sectional survey research design was used. The were recorded by polygraph throughout the Gallup Workplace Audit was administered experiment. The participant’s emotional state among a convenience sample (N = 2588) of was measured before and after the experiment. employees in a South African petrochemical Results of the emotional state scales showed company. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in that the sad film invoked sadness, while the four factors for the Gallup Workplace Audit. The neutral film did not change the emotional state. factors were labeled clarity on required For Group 3 and 4, the cardiovascular indicators contribution, development opportunities, showed that negative emotion actually invoked personal recognition and quality of relationships. cardiovascular sequelae, while neutral film did All factors showed acceptable internal not. For Group 1 and 2, cardiovascular sequelae consistency. In conclusion, the GWA proved to were also elicited. The recovery of the be a valid and reliable measuring instrument of cardiovascular activity from the abnormal states employee engagement. This confirms that an to the baseline in both two groups was faster international survey can be utilised effectively to than that in Group 3. No significant difference of predict work engagement within in the South the recovery time was found between Group 1 African work context. and 2. In the situation of emotional labour, those who feel or show positive emotions

1354 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: work engagement, work context, (examining whether the originally proposed engagement, Gallup Workplace Audit, relationship three factor basis or instead, four or five factors, quality best explained the structure. Analyses to date have shown that a four-factor solution best fits The validity of structured behavioral the data, including the data given in the OSI-R interviews for administrative jobs in manual. This current paper will report further China confirmatory factor analyses on three new studies using more extensive samples of LI, Y. (Tsinghua University), YU, Y. (Tsinghua employees and students, to examine whether University) the three-, four- or a five-factor solution can be established. The results will help academics and This study was conducted to determine the professionals understand the nature of the OSI-R validity of structured behavioral interviews for and its continuing value as a questionnaire making predictions of rating of job performance linking occupational role stressors, psychological and potential. The validation sample consisted of strain and available resources and skills of 122 candidates. The correlations of potential participants. and performance with structured behavioral interview scores were statistically significant and Keywords: occupational stress, occupational both predictor and criterion measures showed assessment, confirmatory factor solution acceptable levels of reliability. The study also provides new evidence on the validity of To think or not to think?: Effectiveness of structured behavioral interviews in reducing rumination in a Mindfulness administrative jobs in a large China public Based Cognitive Therapy Group service organization. The discussion questions the extent to which structured behavioral HUSSAIN, Q. (Psylegal) interviews provide unique or overlapping predictive validity when compared with mental The principal aim of this study was to evaluate ability tests. the effectiveness of a mindfulness based cognitive therapy group in reducing rumination, Keywords: structured behavioral interviews, job and the severity of symptoms of stress, anxiety performance, job potential, predictive ability, and depression within a clinical population in a mental ability tests private practice setting. The method of evaluation involved pre and post testing of Three, four or five factors? The participants who had completed a structured six Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised, week group therapy course. The measures reviewed utilized were the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and the HICKS, R. (Bond University) Ruminative Responses Scale (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). The results indicated that measures of The Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised is in rumination, stress, depression and anxiety common and growing use in occupational reduced upon conclusion of the six week group assessment. However, the inventory’s most therapy course. The conclusion was that effective factor structure theoretically, and for mindfulness techniques applied and taught practice, is unclear. This paper reports several within a structured group context has studies indicating that four or five factors reasonable effectiveness in reducing rumination underlie the inventory, rather than three as and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. indicated in the OSI manual. The OSI-R was The implications for running these types of administered to several groups of Australian groups in private practice will be discussed. employees and students over six different studies. More than 800 respondents in total Keywords: rumination, mindfulness based cognitive were involved. Confirmatory factor analyses therapy, group therapy, depression, anxiety and were conducted over three main groups stress scale, group therapy

1355 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Toward a conceptual and operational including processes of mindfulness and attention model of mindfulness in sport: A self-regulation (e.g., present-moment focus, preliminary qualitative investigation awareness, non-elaborative thinking and acceptance towards internal perceptions, THIENOT, E. (University of Western Australia specific focus-strategy). These results can be /Western Australian Institute of Sport) used to develop an appropriate measurement tool of mindfulness in sport. In recent years, several conceptualisations of mindfulness have been formulated and tested in Keywords: mindfulness, sport, performance, bodily mainstream psychology. In the context of sport, sensations, focus strategy mindfulness has also become a focus of interest in terms of promoting performance Training effectiveness and the use of the enhancement, but thus far it has not been training group: An explorative study to conceptually validated. This investigation sought investigate this bond to identify the various perceptions that athletes were aware of during a competition. The study FRASCAROLI, D. (Catholic University, Milan), also examined cognitive reactions toward these GOZZOLI, C. (Catholic University of Milan ), perceptions to further explore mindfulness in SCARATTI, G. (Catholic University of Milan ) sport. In stage 1, an open-ended questionnaire was completed by 95 athletes from two The social-productive background is changing individual (i.e., swimming, cycling) and two team (Hatch, 1997; Bauman, 2002) and training and (i.e., soccer, water polo) sports. Immediately training evaluation are changing as well (Lipari, post-competition, participants were asked to 2002); they have to deal with even more report all the thoughts, feelings, and bodily complex issues and consequently there was a sensations they were aware of (a) immediately significant evolution in training approach during before, (b) during, and (c) upon completion of last few decades. This study arises from an performance. In stage 2, elite athletes from the interest to investigate the bond between same four sports were recruited to take part in training effectiveness (Tannenbaum & Yukl; an in-depth interview, during which they Alvarez et al. 2004) and the use of the training watched a video recording of themselves group, proposed with a specific approach performing at a high-level competition (e.g., (Kaneklin, 1993). Differently from classic Olympic Games). Using principles associated literature about training effectiveness, we have with self-confrontation interviewing (von adopted this construct to explore a training-path Cranach & Harré, 1982), participants were asked conducted with a psychosociological approach, to (a) recall all the thoughts, feelings and bodily based on 1) Participative learning (Levy, 2005); sensations they were aware of during the event, 2) Learning focusing on problems and sharing as well as (b) describe their responses to these experiences, doing research together on specific perceptions. All data were analysed using objects to support a developing professional inductive content analytic procedures to identity (Kaneklin & Olivetti Manoukian, 1990; organize the raw data into interpretable and Bion, 1975). This paper presents a training- meaningful themes. Overall, results revealed research program planned by Catholic University two levels of analysis. The first level represents (Milan) to approach and support the coaches’ what the athletes were aware of . This level is professional identity. Forty youth sector coaches linked to the nature (i.e., cognitions, emotional were involved in this year-long educational state, physical sensations) and the content (e.g., program. The formative aims were about task-related, environment-related, self-related) reflecting together about coaches’ role, of these perceptions, which are determined by experience, efforts and, capabilities. During the the specificity of the sport-context. The second program we have proposed different kinds of level represents how the athletes reacted to groups: steady groups (composed of 12 coaches; these internal events from a cognitive point of conducted by an expert trainer and a tutor), view and a time-course perspective. This level is small group and plenary moments; they were illustrated by different cognitive processes that integrated with individual/groups activities (for occur in response to the initial perceptions, example role-playing and theoretical lessons).

1356 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The study aims to explore if and how the steady and discuss possible influences on the group evolves and how it can support the effectiveness of empathy trainings. Limitations generation of training outcomes. A qualitative of these trainings are discussed which future method was used. The content analysis was practitioners and researchers of empathy conducted on specific training moments (five trainings should consider. sessions; transcription of 14 hours of training), both on the group dimension and in the trainer Keywords: empathy, counselling skills, counselling function and intervention. The content analysis practitioners, counselling training was conducted with the support of the software ATLAS.ti. The data analysis allowed elaboration Training of future orientation in of useful indicators (both for group and trainer) educational field at late adolescence to understand the evolution process of the training groups. This study provides an interesting contribution to the understanding of JUWITA, V. (University of Jenderal Achmad Yani) training effectiveness in this training approach and causes new interesting research questions The aim of this research was to look at the effect to arise. of training on the condition of future orientation in educational field on adolescents who were in Keywords: training evaluation, professional the third grade of senior high school. This identity, trainer function, trainer intervention research is categorized as field experimental; the research occurred in a real condition (reality) by manipulating one or more independent variables Training empathy: A review and meta- in as highly controlled condition as possible for analysis of empirical studies the situation (Kerlinger, 1986). The design that was used in this research is a true experimental OBERLECHNER, T. (Webster University), design which executed a pretest-posttest control BERGHOFER, G. (Webster University; PSD Wien), group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966). There GONJA, (University of Vienna) are two statistic tests that were used in this research, the U Mann-Whitney test and In counselling and psychotherapy, the concept of Wilcoxon test. In this research, Purposive empathy is widely regarded as one if not the Sampling test was used to attain the research’s most important qualities of effective therapists. subjects. Results of the research show that there However, the possibility to develop empathic is no difference in improvement of condition of abilities in training programs is also highly future orientation between participants and relevant outside therapy and has led to a non-participants of the training, whereas substantial number of studies measuring the statistic tests from each sub-dimensions show effectiveness of empathy training. This meta- that there is a difference of conditions between analytic study aims at evaluating how effective participants and non-participants of the training. training in empathy is. Based on a Those sub-dimensions are plan, internality, comprehensive literature review and relevant probability, and emotion. The results from literature databases (PsycArticles, PsycInfo, questionnaire show that there are changes that SocIndex, ERIC, Medline, CINAHL), this happened to the participants and those were in contribution presents results of a meta-analysis cognitive and affective aspects. Training of of over 100 controlled studies on the future orientation has an effect in qualities of effectiveness of empathy training programs. the participant’s future orientation. In cognitive Only studies fulfilling high scientific criteria were aspect, learning level from participants was at included and comprehensively coded. Studies on least achieved to the application level, where empathy training were conducted with such they understood and implemented that diverse groups as students, health professionals, understanding into a concrete problem. In the school and preschool children, couples, parents, affective aspect, the participants achieved at older persons, and persons in the forensic field. least a responding learning level or even The meta-analysis shows that empathy training organization level; they started to show new has a stable and medium-size effect on behaviours as a result from experiential learning, increasing empathy of participants. We analyze

1357 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology and simultaneously integrate those new values JIANG, Y. (Beijing Sport University), ZHAO, H. into their own values. (Capital Normal University), XIE, J. (Capital Normal University)

Keywords: future orientation, experiential learning, training This study intends to explore the relationship between anxiety and risk decision-making, in order to provide clinical therapy guidance for Training with attitude: The effect of affect anxiety and offer some practical advice for risk decision. Questionnaires and experiments are used to investigate 458 undergraduates (296 for GEERTSHUIS, S. (University of Auckland), revising a questionnaire, 162 for the revised ARASANMI, N. (University of Auckland), COOPER- THOMAS, H. (University of Auckland) questionnaire study). The Revised Anxiety Control Questionnaire and Optimism Scale have good psychometric attributes. Controlling In our preoccupation with training design and depressed mood, we have observed a negative the conditions necessary for effective transfer of relationship between trait anxiety and risk training the role of trainees’ attitudes and decision-making. Some factors, such as gender emotions may have been somewhat overlooked. and major field of study, have a significant Recent reviews of research on training and interaction with trait anxiety on risk decision. transfer call for a greater understanding of the Perceived control of anxiety and generalized role of affect in training effectiveness. This study self-efficacy may mediate the relationship aims to assess the relationship between training between trait anxiety and risk decision. This outcomes and affect and attitudes. All trainees study shows the relationship between trait participating in the study were administrators anxiety and risk decision-making is negative. attending courses designed to build skills that Some factors such as gender, major, perceived personal assistants and executive assistants control of anxiety and generalized self-efficacy require. The training concerns communication, influence the relationship. problem solving and relationship building and attempts to shift attitudes towards a more accountable and proactive approach to work. Keywords: anxiety, risk decision-making, revised anxiety control questionnaire, optimism, self- Measures were taken one week prior to training efficacy and three weeks after training of trainees RBSE and self reported performance. Trainees completed assessments of their proactivity, Transformational dance: The dark side control appraisal and change orientation, LMX of transformational leadership in and engagement, prior to and following training. professional dance companies They also completed open ended questions on the changes achieved through training. PYPER, P. (University of Ottawa), LOUGHLIN, C. Regression analyses and thematic analysis (Saint Mary's University) indicate that training serves to modify affect and attitudes and that affect moderates the impact The purpose of this study is to investigate the of training on self reported performance. This is relationship between leadership characteristics the first in a series of studies proposed by the and injuries in professional dance companies. authors and the opportunity will be taken to This paper proposes that transformational discuss the next steps in the programme of leadership characteristics of the choreographer work. would impact the level of affect-based trust, and the number and severity of injuries. It is also Keywords: training, training, training, attitudes, self hypothesized that an increase in the presence of reported performance affect-based trust would increase the number and severity of injuries. Professional dance companies in Montreal were contacted for Trait anxiety and risk decision-making: participation. Sixteen dancers from four What are influencing factors? companies completed questionnaires that incorporate the Multifactor Leadership

1358 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Questionnaire (MLQ), affective and cognitive College transition is a developmental milestone, trust, and questions regarding the number and and also one of the most stressful events in our severity of the injuries they have sustained. In lives. The present study aimed at studying the addition to the quantitative analysis, interviews transition process. To examine the underlying were sought with two dancers from each dance factors that may be facilitative of a positive company to get a more in-depth look at the transition, the effects of expectation on potential causes of injuries and the impact that adjustment, personal control, perceived the injuries have on the dancers’ careers and adjustment and discrepancy of expectation- perspectives towards the dance company and outcome on freshmen’s well being were the choreographer. The results demonstrate that examined in the present study. One hundred the presence of transformational leadership and sixty two first year undergraduate students characteristics in choreographers correlates to completed self-reported questionnaires twice the development of affect-based trust and the over the course of their first semester in college. number of new injuries sustained. Idealized The questionnaire assessed their expectation Influence (0.825, p = 0.000) and Individual and controllable attribution in the beginning of Consideration (0.841, p = 0.000) were most the school year, and their perceived adjustment strongly connected to affect-based trust with and psychological distress at the beginning of Inspirational Motivation (0.586, p = 0.022) and the second semester. Discrepancy between Idealized Influence (0.576, p = 0.025) most expectation and academic adjustment positively strongly correlated to new injuries. Affect-based predicted freshmen’s psychological distress. The trust, in turn, showed significant correlations to association between expectation and new injuries (0.554, p = 0.032), in particular for psychological distress was mediated by injuries that are mild in severity. Dancers work in perceived adjustment, while the relationship pain, on average, over a third of the time (M = between controllable attribution and perceived 35%). This does not seem to be affected by the adjustment was mediated by expectation. leadership qualities of the choreographers or by Motivation was not significantly related to the levels of trust developed between academic adjustment. Relative to the social individuals. As brought out in the interviews, this cognitive factors measured in the present study, is simply the way it is. However, this does not expectation is the most predictive of academic mean that the leadership qualities of the adjustment and subsequent distress among choreographers do not impact the health of the college freshmen. The intervention could aim at dancers. This study demonstrates, contrary to helping freshman to set high but realistic the results found in other industries, that when expectations for academic adjustment, which leaders are more transformational, higher levels can serve as their goal to pursue in the transition of affect-based trust are developed and new to college. injuries increase. Awareness of this relationship between leadership, trust and injuries could Keywords: college transition, positive transition, provide opportunities to reduce new injuries in adjustment, perceived control, academic high performance athletes such as professional expectations dancers. Transition to university: Development Keywords: dance, transformational leadership, and validation of a questionnaire on the affect-based trust, injury, leadership types of the student experience

Transiting to college in Hong Kong: Effect GILLES, P. (Centre PsyCLE), NICOLAS, C. R. ( of personal attribution, expectation, Université de Provence ), MANGARD, C. (Université academic adjustment and discrepancy of de Provence), HADDAB, H. (Université de Provence) expectation-outcome on college Freshmen's psychological well-being The issue of adaptation to university entrance is the subject of a considerable number of works in TANG, W. (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University), the humanities, including psychology. One issue MAK, W. (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) concerns the number and nature of disruptive or facilitative dimensions of this adjustment (see

1359 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the questionnaires of Syrik & Baker, 1999 and of During the past ten to fifteen years, meta- Wintre and his colleagues, 2008, 2009). The analyses have reported the effectiveness of purpose of this communication is to present a group interventions for MSM engaging in HIV- questionnaire whose originality is to translate risk behaviour (unprotected anal intercourse into psychological concepts the proposal of the with multiple partners). However, most studies sociologist Dubet (1994) that three dimensions have not reported intervention detail and the are fundamental to predict academic success: theoretical or evidence base for them, or the project, integration, and vocation (1994). reported process data. This study aimed to trial a Participants were 867 high school students who medium-term group informed by Dialectical responded to the questionnaire during a visit to Behaviour Therapy (DBT, Linehan, 1994) and the university (576 girls and 288 boys, mean age psychodynamic group process theory, for which 17 years). The proposed questionnaire includes outcome and process data were collected. 43 items based on models and tools within each Participants were MSM attending a specialist, field: 15 on project (e.g., “I have a clear idea of sexual risk-reduction clinic because of their the job I want to do”), 17 to integration (e.g., “I sexual risk behaviour. A medium-term group was get easily make friends”) and 11 for the vocation delivered incorporating skills-training (e.g., “My studies helped me to better (Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, Emotion understand the world in which I live”). Each Regulation, Interpersonal Effectiveness) and dimension is divided into sub-dimensions (e.g., reflective components, led by male and female the project is divided into decision-indecision, Clinical Psychologists. Participants completed a need achievement, locus of control, and time demographic/sexual health/sexual behaviour perspective). Sensitivity of each item was tested, questionnaire, the Personality Assessment leading to the deletion of half of them (social Inventory (PAI, Morey, 2007), the Sexual desirability bias). Factor analysis (principal Compulsivity Scale (SCS, Kalichman & Rompa, components, varimax rotation) of the 22 1995) and the Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale remaining items reveals three factors explaining (SSSS, Kalichman & Rompa, 1995) at Intake, about 30 per cent of the variance: school conclusion and three months. Process data was effectiveness, professional project, and also collected from participants and facilitators. perceived competence and self-confidence. The Outcome data from the group were compared reliabilities (Cronbach’s alpha) are good. These with data from MSM participating in individual three factors are correlated with values between therapy. Preliminary data suggested the group .13 and .37. The dimensions found are intervention was associated with either a consistent with Dubet’s model (1994), with the decrease or no increase in sexual risk behaviour, model of Syrik and Baker (1999) and with the general psychopathology and psychosexual broader model of Wintre and Bowers (2007). symptoms. Process data indicated that The prolongation of this research is to test participants found both the skills-training and predictive validity of our tool, and we’ll present reflective components valuable, with each preliminary results obtained from 274 students contributing differently to therapeutic interviewed at entry into first year university outcomes. Consistent with international data, whose results for final examinations session are this group intervention was associated with a known. decrease or no increase in sexual risk behaviour and associated psychological difficulties among Keywords: adaptation, factor analysis, university local MSM. Different benefits emerged from the skills-training compared with the reflective group components, suggesting that in this Trialing a medium-term group for men population, maximum therapeutic benefits may who have sex with men (MSM) at risk of derive when attention is paid to both. Some HIV transmission: What content and Clinical and Applied Research implications of this process factors facilitate engagement, work will be discussed. development and change?

EARLE, M. (The Alfred), RYLATT, D. (The Alfred) Keywords: sexual risk behaviour, HIV, dialectical behaviour therapy, sexual sensation seeking scale, group intervention

1360 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Tripartite model of depression and FIDOCK, J. (Defence Science and Technology anxiety and it's association with Organisation), CARROLL, J. (RMIT University) temperament and character The aim of this paper is to improve the design of ZAREAN, M. (University of Social Welfare and vehicles by taking account of the process Rehabilitation Sciences), MOHAMADKHANI, P. through which truck drivers engage in (University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation adaptation. A longitudinal comparative Sciences), POURSHAHBAZ, A. (University of Social evaluation of trucks was undertaken to support Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences) an acquisition decision. Fourteen drivers travelled more than 5000 kilometres in each of In recent decades, the Temperament and six different models of trucks. They performed a Character conceptualisation of personality by variety of structured driving tasks on bitumen, Cloninger (Svrakic & Cloninger, 2005) has been dirt and off road. Over a period of 11 weeks the important role in the explanation of many drivers provided their views on the different aspects of individual differences. The present trucks via surveys, interviews and group study was carried out to investigate the discussions, including comparisons with trucks association of personality factors with basic currently in service. Drivers were asked about components of a tripartite model of depression their views on vehicle ergonomics and and anxiety including Negative Affect (NA), performance, as well as any adaptations they Positive Affect (PA), and Physiological Hyper had made to vehicles currently in service. Drivers Arousal (PHA). In this cross-sectional, evaluated vehicles poorly when they failed to descriptive, and correlational study, a sample of meet there needs with respect to comfort, 295 undergraduate students (219 girls and 76 usability, and functionality. When given the boys) from the University of Social Welfare and opportunity, they also made choices to adapt Rehabilitation Sciences were asked to complete the vehicles to more closely meet there needs. the Temperament and Characteristic Inventory Drivers reported a range of adaptations that can (TCI-125), Positive and Negative Affect Scales be classified into three types: personalisations, (PANAS), Physiological Hyper Arousality from the customisations and aberrations. Personalisations Inventory of Depression Anxiety Symptoms involve adjustments to the vehicle related to (IDAS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), aesthetics or presentation, such as bumper and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Data were stickers. Customisations involve the analysed using Pearson's correlation, and incorporation of additional functionality, such as multiple regression statistical methods. Findings a Global Positioning System, curtains, and showed moderate and positive correlations fridges. Aberrations entail employing the vehicle between Temperament (Novelty Seeking, Harm in ways that diverge from the designers’ Avoidance) and Negative Affect (p<.01), but intentions, such as changing gears without using slightly high and negative correlations between the clutch. Customisations and aberrations have Character (Self-directedness, Cooperativeness) substantial implications for future design. For and Negative Affect (p<.01). Also, Temperament example, one of the vehicles had recently and Character can predict a meaningful amount incorporated a power supply. However, drivers of tripartite model components (NA= 43%, PA= of an earlier version without a cabin power 32, & PHA= 20%). These primary findings supply drew power directly from the battery to confirm that Temperament and Character are run music players. The power supply was relevant personality factors that should be incorporated to specifically prevent such enrolled in the dimensional modeling of practices. The role of technology users in emotional disorders. completing design has frequently been overlooked. This paper draws out the Keywords: depression, anxiety, temperament, implications of understanding such adaptations character, tripartite model for improving the design of vehicles.

Truckies as designers: How truck drivers Keywords: vehicle design, truck driver adaptation, complete design in use vehicle, customisation of a vehicle, technology use

1361 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Two case studies of accidents in a large near the rope and fell over. This worker suffered Japanese manufacturing company a broken hand. The accident could have been far more serious if the worker had tripped and FUKUO, H. (Asahi Glass Company Limited ) fallen into the uncovered hole, which has a drop of six meters. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between August and September The purpose of this study is to investigate latent 2009. The interviews were held in a meeting conditions which could cause accidents. room in the company and consisted of two According to Reason’s the ‘Swiss Cheese’ Model people: the author and the interviewee. The (1997), organizations include many defensive interview time was approximately 80 minutes layers to ensure that accidents do not occur, but for both case study 1 and case study 2. The each layer often has flaws, or ‘holes’. Usually the interviews were recorded. Case study 1 was ‘holes’ in each layer cancel one another out, but conducted on the basis of interviews with ten there are some situations in which the holes people: the victim, a coworker, a maintenance may line up and a danger is allowed to become worker, the line leader, a manager, the section an accident by passing through corresponding chief, a safety officer and three executives. Case holes in the layers of defense, barriers and study 2 was conducted on the basis of interviews safeguards. The holes can be created by active with twelve people: the victim, the victim’s failure and latent conditions. The former supervisor, a coworker, two line leaders, two includes errors and violations committed in the managers, the section chief, a safety officer and front line; for example control room operators, three executives. Interview questions included maintenance personnel and the like. Such unsafe Question 1, “Tell me exactly how the accident acts are likely to have a direct impact on the occurred.” and Question 2, “Why do you think safety of the system (Reason, 1997). The latter, the accident occurred?” Interview data was on the other hand, are spawned in the upper transcribed and divided into categories using KJ echelons of the organization and within related method which was developed by a Japanese manufacturing, contracting, regulatory and ethnologist, Jiro Kawakita. The answers to both governmental agencies (Reason, 1997). Active question 1 and question 2 were very similar, failures usually have immediate effects, whereas therefore they were analyzed together. The latent conditions often defeat the system’s analysis was conducted by the author and three defenses over a long period of time. In this post graduate students. Case study 1: First I paper, I especially focused on the latent identified four categories for reasons of violation conditions created by the ‘holes’ which could as active failures caused the accident: category cause accidents and researched those conditions 1) “Workers wanted to go home early by by dealing with two case studies of accidents finishing their work as soon as possible”; caused in a large Japanese manufacturing category 2) “Workers found it troublesome to company. Case study 1: Glass tubes for TV’s work by the rules”; category 3) “Workers were being manufactured on an assembly line. believed a loss of time is incurred when working When a blockage occurs, workers have to by the rules”; and category 4) “There have been remove the glass tubes from the line using a long situations in which the majority of workers have tool. However, one worker removed them by ignored the rules”. Secondly, I found latent hand, because the tool was not in its proper conditions which are connected to each of the place. It was a clear violation of the rules. When aforementioned categories: for example “The the person had just removed the tubes, a leader and the manager didn't consider the coworker came over to help him and had an psychological impact of working on a holiday; accident in which his hand was cut by a passing employees who had completed their duties tube on the line. Case study 2: A worker was gradually left work early”; “The safety at the assigned to clean up glass shards with a shovel plant depends too much on individuals being and place them in a box. A nearby hole had been careful to avoid accidents”; “Managers, left uncovered, so a line leader roped off the supervisors and maintenance staff didn’t provide dangerous area to keep others out. However, sufficient explanations and training about rules the shovel had been left within the roped-off with plant workers”; “Managers did not go to area. The worker ignored the safety rope in the factory, therefore they could not order to get his shovel but tripped on a cord

1362 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology comprehend the problem and take appropriate the events leading up to it, designed to measures”; and “Even though workers try to corroborate the information gathered. They also follow safety procedures and tackle safety gave rise to a cognitive analysis of the "human matters, it is not reflected in their evaluations. errors" to which PTW riders and other road Therefore they tend to prioritize productivity users were subject to. Human functional failures over safety”. Case study 2: First I identified nine of PTW riders differ from those of other road categories as latent conditions and then those users, demonstrating that certain difficulties are categories were grouped into four larger particular to them. Thus, riders tend to commit categories: category 1) “The line leader didn't more errors in prognosis (26.1 % versus 17.1 %), manage the situation effectively”; category 2) i.e. they are more frequently confronted with “The rope was not appropriate as a safety situations in which their foresight fails them measure for the uncovered hole”; category 3) given the way the situation they encounter “Safety measures had yet to be devised for the actually develops. They also commit more errors uncovered hole which people had realized as in making decisions to undertake certain dangerous”; and category 4) “In the process of manoeuvres (11.2% versus 7.3%), notably building the factory and facilities, insufficient overtaking, at a time and under conditions care was taken with regards to safety”. The where these manoeuvres cannot be undertaken results support the view that managers and without a certain amount of risk-taking. Lastly, leaders should seek the opinion of the front line they encounter more failures related to vehicle and that they should explain rules and control (16.3 % versus 12.3 %), notably when regulations sufficiently to their employees. They they are confronted with difficulties related to need to have better communication with the the layout of the road or to various external workers. disturbances. The principal explanatory elements for all of these failures are, for Keywords: work accidents, accident safeguards, endogenous variables, a lack of experience, the unsafe acts, organisational safety, front-line choice of an excessive speed and adopting a workers risky driving style. For exogenous variables, they are most often an atypical, unexpected manoeuvre by another user and infrastructure Typical human errors in traffic accidents involving powered two-wheelers difficulties. Another important result shows that car drivers involved in an accident with a PTW are not subject to the same patterns of errors as VAN ELSLANDE, P. (Inrets), JAFFARD, M. (Inrets) car drivers involved in other types of accidents. They notably have dramatically more perceptive Powered two-wheelers (PTW) constitute an failures (59.9% versus 45.0%) than others. Such a increasingly popular form of travel, result demonstrates the radical nature of the corresponding to the actual needs and problems problem of PTW conspicuity. An accident is a of mobility. At the same time, the risk of being complex process that cannot be summed up by killed on a PTW is around 20 times higher per the intervention of a single factor. To achieve kilometre than in a car, and none of the operational results, their analysis should not be measures adopted in recent years have limited to identifying those "responsible", but managed to bring these rates down significantly. rather should take into account the participation This suggests a more in-depth understanding of of all actors, which would help in finding the mechanisms behind these accidents and the solutions for each of them. The results provided variables acting on their production is needed. are in keeping with the accident research that The present study is based on detailed analysis has marked the major steps in our of 384 traffic accidents involving a PTW, which understanding of motorised two-wheeler are compared to 1174 other accident insecurity (Hurt et al., 1981; MAIDS, 2004) and, configurations. The data were collected on the in some ways, constitutes an update by going scene by multidisciplinary teams and covered further into the understanding of the cognitive three components of the road system: drivers, aspects involved. vehicles and infrastructure. Each accident surveyed gave rise to an analytical case analysis, including a reconstruction in time and space of

1363 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: traffic psychology, accident interaction between them. In general, reconstruction, powered two-wheelers, risky cooperative behaviour and frequency of specific driving, human driving errors offers did not depend on age of students. Cooperative behaviour was limited by Ultimatum game – economic or pro- individualistic offers of similar partner or social behaviour among young people altruistic offers of less similar partner. Age from a developmental perspective enhanced manifesting specific offers dependent on context - crucial transition occurred between ZALEWSKA, A. (Warsaw School of Social Sciences 11-year –old and 14-year-old students, when and Humanities), KRZYWOSZ-RYNKIEWICZ, B. abstract thinking is developed intensely. (University of Warmia and Mazury) Keywords: decision making, altruism, individualistic, The study (supported by Special Grant No. prosocial behaviour, development ESF/84/2006) focused on decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. Assuming that these actions Uncontrollability and danger: Toward a can have different underlying mechanisms common metacognitive component (economic competition, empathy, reciprocal or within the emotional disorders inherited altruism, unconditional fairness) the game was carried out in three conditions – “face ZAREAN, M. (University of Social Welfare and to face”, in a distance with similar or less similar Rehabilitation Sciences), MOHAMADKHANI, P. partner (from the same or other country) – and (University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation ), in three age groups (11, 14, 17). The aim was to POURSHAHBAZ, A. (University of Social Welfare and examine: (1) if frequency of individualistic, equal Rehabilitation ), BAKHSHIP, A. (Tabriz University) and altruistic offers depends on game conditions and age; and (2) whether cooperative behaviour Most of the emotional disorders had been depends on partner’s offer, game conditions and correlated with metacognitive beliefs (e.g. see age. Participants were 2046 students at age 11 Spada, Mohiyeddini, & Wells, 2008) and it seems (682), 14 (708) and 17 (656) from Poland, Spain that some aspects of metacognition at least have and the UK. The offered proportion of money a nonspecific role in emotional disorders. In the was the index of types of offers: 50 percent – present study, we aimed to determine the role equal, above 50 percent – altruistic, and below of metacognitive factors within the 50 percent – individualistic. A decision on a given symptomatology of depression and anxiety. A proposal was the index of cooperative sample of 295 undergraduate students (219 girls behaviour. In all groups equal offers occurred and 76 boys) from the University of Social the most often. However, frequency of specific Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences were asked offers depended on game conditions generally to complete the Metacognitions Questionnaire and in each age group. In all groups altruistic (MCQ-30), Positive and Negative Affect Scales offers were manifested less often in the “face to (PANAS), Physiological Hyper Arousality from the face” than distance conditions. Students aged 11 Inventory of Depression Anxiety Symptoms manifested individualistic offers more often, but (IDAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and students aged 14 and 17 manifested equal offers Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Data were more often in the “face to face” than in distance analysed using Pearson's correlation, and conditions, and individualistic offers most often multiple regression statistical methods. Results towards a distant similar partner. Age influenced showed that four metacognitive factors (positive frequency of specific offers in each condition beliefs, uncontrollability and danger, cognitive and the older students presented the following confidence, and need to control thoughts) were offers more often; equal offers in the “face to positively associated with negative affect, face” condition, individualistic offers towards Physiological hyper arousal, anxiety and distant similar partner, and altruistic offers depression (p<.01); however the fifth factor of towards a less similar partner. As regards metacognition (cognitive self-consciousness) cooperative behavior, important factors were was positively correlated with positive affect partner’s offers (equal facilitated it), game (p<.01). Surprisingly, the second factor of conditions (“face to face” enhanced it), and metacognition (uncontrollability and danger)

1364 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology predicted noteworthy amount of other variable's research and forge alliances with a number of variance, alone (from 24 to 37%). These findings state and local government representatives who can be primary evidence for the role of are keen to apply the findings of this research in metacognitive factors in the recent dimensional real world applications. Taking a multi- modeling of depression and anxiety beyond the disciplinary approach to research can have influence of affective conceptualisations. multiple benefits: improving the quality of research, lending credibility to research Keywords: uncontrollability, anger, emotional methods, disseminating knowledge, identifying disorders, meta-cognition industry partners and identifying pathways through which research can be translated into practice. It is anticipated that, as a result of this Understanding environmental study, a number of important predictors of conscience: The benefits of conducting environmentally friendly behaviour will be preliminary research by consulting an expert panel and industry liaisons identified, including underlying beliefs that can be targeted in interventions. At least three local councils have expressed an interest in making WILSON, L. (Queensland University of Technology), use of the results of this study as part of their STRODL, E. (Queensland University of Technology) community engagement programs.

In order to achieve meaningful reductions in our Keywords: theory of planned behaviour, ecological footprints, individual citizens will need environmentally friendly behaviour, ecological to dramatically alter their energy consumption footprints and day-to-day habits. Any interventions will need to be evidence based and there will need to be a rapid transfer or communication of Understanding mental toughness in information from the point of research, into Australian tennis practice. This research utilises and builds upon the theory of planned behaviour to explore the YOUNG, J. (Victoria University) predictors of environmentally friendly behaviour. In order to ensure that the purpose As the first known study of mental toughness in of the research and the constructs measured tennis, this study’s aims were to gain a fuller would be as theoretically driven and practice understanding of mental toughness and, relevant as possible, an expert panel and a specifically, what mental toughness means to number of industry and council liaisons were tennis players and how it can be developed, consulted. This is a cross-discipline project, using maintained, lost and taught. Eighteen (ten methods from psychology and public health. female and eight male) recently retired top Following a qualitative pilot study, we world-ranked Australian professional tennis constructed a self-administered mail survey players responded to a questionnaire that was which was distributed to a random sample of developed to address future directions of mental 3000 residents of Brisbane and Moreton Bay toughness research proposed by Jones, Hanton during October 2009, with follow up continuing and Connaughton (2007). A series of inductive until January 2010. An important aspect of the content analyses was conducted to analyse the design involved seeking feedback from an expert qualitative data obtained from participants’ panel, in relation to the application of theory responses. These analyses revealed that mental and real-world relevance of the constructs under toughness is a most sought-after dynamic investigation. Further, a number of industry and attribute that encompasses a range of abilities government experts were consulted in order to (e.g. focus, work ethic) to consistently perform ensure the relevance of the topics under well under pressure. Further, mental toughness investigation and to forge pathways for future is thought to be ‘taught’ and/or ‘acquired’ over real world applications. Thus far we have many years and can be influenced by factors achieved a response rate of 40 per cent (N = that include injury, changes in a player’s 1175) for the initial survey. As a result of the technique, and match results. Examples of contact with industry and academic experts, we mentally tough players were cited (e.g. Monica were able to gain additional funding for the Seles, Maria Sharipova) and reasons given as to

1365 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology their selection as outstanding mentally tough practices, hybridity of HRM, organizational competitors. Sport psychologists were identified commitment, turnover intention, and as significant members of a support team (that demographics. Data analyses involved scale also frequently includes a coach, mentor and/or validation and model testing via structural fitness trainer) to guide and equip players to be equation modeling (SEM). Results revealed that mentally tough competitors. Indeed, sport employees who are high on fatalism and power psychologists were deemed as vital sources for distant values preferred more hierarchy- instilling key values such as perseverance, oriented; those who are high on collectivism passion, fun, fair play, giving one’s best and preferred more group-oriented and those who tenacity. In conclusion, this study’s value to the are high on performance orientation, fatalism tennis community includes both theoretical and and power distant values preferred more formal practical benefits from gaining a fuller HRM practices. Furthermore, as an HRM practice understanding of what is arguably one of the was perceived to be more hybrid, it was also most important psychological skills in achieving perceived as more appropriate (i.e. ethical) and excellence and enjoyment in tennis - mental effective. In addition, an exploratory model toughness. asserting the mediated relationship between HRM and employee attitudes was tested Keywords: mental toughness, professional tennis through SEM. Results revealed that as the players, sports psychology, working well under discrepancy between preferred and actual HRM pressure, support decreases, it was perceived more appropriate and effective, which, in turn, lead to higher organizational commitment and lower turnover Understanding the outcomes of HRM hybridity in a developing country intention. This study is expected to contribute to context: The case of Turkey the literature by examining perceived outcomes of so-called ‘Western’ cultural influences in the context of HRM in developing countries. It is also YAVUZ, S. (Bahcesehir University) expected to contribute practice by providing feedback to HRM practitioners, especially in The present study exploratorily investigated the MNCs, about how to implement HRM in local employees’ perceptions of appropriate and particular cultural contexts to increase their effective HRM practices at the cross cultural appropriateness and effectiveness. Theoretical interfaces. The transferability of HRM practices and practical contributions of the present study evolved in the industrialized Western cultural will further be presented. context to the developing countries has been questioned very recently (e.g. Aycan et al., Keywords: human resources, turkey, employee 2000). Furthermore, for HRM managers in MNCs attitudes, cultural factors operating in these countries, the challenging task of balancing the incompatible demands of being locally responsive (localization) while Understanding the processes of preserving global integration (globalization) intergroup contact and the intercultural (Horwitz et al., 2002) eventually leads to sensitivity of university students living in culturally diverse residences adoption of hybrid models. Not only the hybridization of HRM but also its outcomes, in terms of their perceived appropriateness and EVERS, U. (University of Wollongong), OADES, L. effectiveness, are missing in the literature. Data (University of Wollongong) were collected via self-administered questionnaire from employees working in MNCs Increasing trends in student participation in in Turkey (n=150). While the appropriateness is international courses and study abroad conceptualized as the perceived ethicality of programs have enabled culturally diverse groups that practice, effectiveness is conceptualized in of young people to meet and interact. These terms of employees’ satisfaction with HRM as interactions demonstrate an increasing need to well as perceived effectiveness. Questionnaires examine the dynamics of student intercultural also included the measures of socio-cultural contact within a multicultural environment. value dimensions, preferred and actual HRM While empirical research has examined the

1366 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology required conditions for optimal contact between Keywords: intercultural contact, intercultural different cultural groups, there is little evidence sensitivity, cultural diversity identifying the underlying processes that determine the outcomes of intercultural contact. Unequal perceptions of large-scale The naturalistic observation compared two organizational change residential colleges of differing levels of cultural diversity and intercultural contact; a highly MAURO, T. (Universidade de Brasilia), NEIVA, E. cultural diverse residence encouraging (Universidade de Brasilia) intergroup contact and intercultural learning, with a comparatively lower diversity residence The aim of this paper is to present some emphasising Australian values. The aim was to characteristics associated with the way observe differences in intercultural sensitivity individuals perceive organizational changes. It is and to gain an insight into the experiences of assumed that some individuals have a greater Australian and international students living in a ability to articulate the causes and consequences multicultural environment. Employing a mixed- of events that take place in an organization, methods design, 241 university student even if they don’t directly affect their residents completed questionnaires 16 departments and activities. However, other participated in interviews. The residents individuals have a narrower view of macro- completed the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale, an organizational aspects and events and only adapted version of the Developmental Model of perceive change when it directly affects their Intercultural Sensitivity, and were asked about work routine. It is proposed that education level, the frequency of their intercultural contact. nature of the position and rank are aspects Students living in the high diversity residence associated with the unequal perceptions of reported more intercultural contact than those organizational change. Data were collected from at the low diversity residence; the Australian 564 employees of three organizations facing students at the high diversity residence scored strong institutional and market pressures and higher than Australian students at the low undergoing large-scale changes. A five point diversity residence on measures of intercultural Likert scale (52 items) was developed and sensitivity. International students reported more validated to collect data. Analysis of variance frequent intercultural interaction than Australian and the relationship between Mahalanobis students. Females scored higher than males on distance and frequency distribution were used intercultural sensitivity factors including respect to analyze data. The results show that for cultural differences and interaction respondents with lower levels of education tend attentiveness. An unanticipated finding revealed to be identified as outliers by the Mahalanobis that students living in the lower diversity distance technique. To the extent that the residence for less than 12 months had higher education level increases, respondents show a intercultural sensitivity than those that had lived response pattern more congruent with the there for 12 months or longer. Qualitative data reality experienced by the companies. This trend revealed five main issues pertaining to the remains constant regardless of the significance underlying processes of student intercultural level (p < 0.05; p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). This interactions. These were an initial reluctance result was confirmed by the analysis of variance toward intercultural contact, opportunity for F(29,4), p < 0.000. The analysis of variance also intercultural interaction, learning about other showed that employees that perform cultures, stereotypes, and perspective-taking. operational activities with no leading position Quantitative results demonstrate that increased tend to be identified as an outlier. On the frequency and intensity of intercultural contact contrary, employees that perform tactic or lead to higher levels of intercultural sensitivity. strategic oriented activities tend to respond In addition, the themes derived from the according to the built pattern F(14,0), p < 0.000. qualitative analyses form the basis for The organizational change process evaluation understanding student experiences within methods and program appraisal techniques multicultural residences. must consider that individuals perceive large- scale organizational change in a different manner, so as to produce valid data and results.

1367 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

It is also assumed that to access the prevailing Keywords: students, place-identity, satisfaction conceptions of what the organization is with social support, homesickness, rural-to-urban supposed to do, how it is supposed to do and relocation how it should be judged, it is important the precise identification of the contributions of University teachers' effectiveness in organizational groups in sharing different ideas, relation to their certain background beliefs and values. factors: A study

Keywords: organisational change, organizational YADAV, R. S. (Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra), rank, change perception, program evaluation YADAV, B. S. (University College of Education), DEVI, M. (Kurukshetra University) University place-identity, satisfaction with perceived social support and The aim of this research was to study university homesickness: A mediated model of teachers’ effectiveness in relation to their sex, homesickness in first year university age group, caste and family, marital status, students from rural backgrounds educational qualification, teaching experience, parental level of education, parental occupation, ELLIS, N. (Curtin University of Technology) place of residence and faculty. A Descriptive Survey Method was used. The sample consisted of 168 teachers of different Teaching The aim of the present study was to investigate Department of Kurukshetra University, university place-identity as a mediator of the Kurukshetra (India), selected randomly. The relationship between satisfaction with perceived Teachers Effectiveness Scale (Kumar & Mutha, social support and homesickness in first-year 1982), having sixty nine items, was used and university students engaged in a rural-to-urban each item consisted of graded series of five self relocation. One hundred and sixty five first year evaluated statements. Teachers had to rate university students who had relocated from rural themselves on a five point scale. A t-test was backgrounds and currently undertaking second used for data analysis. The study indicated no semester at Curtin University of Technology in significant difference in teachers’ effectiveness Western Australia completed an online survey in relation their sex. Teachers having greater or comprising the homesickness subscale of the moderate levels of teaching experience were Dundee Relocation Inventory (DRI; Fisher, 1989), found to be more effective than those having Furukawa, Harai, Hirai, Kitamura, and less teaching experience; teachers having Takahashi’s (1999) amended version of the greater and moderate levels of teaching Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ-6; Sarason, experience did not differ significantly. Parental Sarason, Shearin, & Pierce, 1987), and four educational level had no effect on teachers’ place-identity items from Hernandez, Hidalgo, effectiveness. Teachers with a parental Esther Salazar-Laplace and Hess’s (2007) occupational background of agriculture or job neighbourhood, city and island place- were more effective than teachers having a attachment and place-identity measure. parental occupation background of business. No Structured equation modeling (SEM) indicated significant difference was found in effectiveness university place-identity fully mediated the of teachers with parental occupational relationship between satisfaction with perceived background of agriculture and those with job. social support and homesickness. Specifically, a No significant difference in teachers’ one standard deviation increase in satisfaction effectiveness was found in relation to their place with social support accounted for a .09 standard of residence. Older and middle aged teachers deviation increase in homesickness through were more effective than those in the younger university place-identity. This result suggests age group but there was no significant satisfaction with perceived social support difference in teachers’ effectiveness of old and reduces homesickness indirectly through place- middle aged. Teachers with a PhD and Master of identity processes. University-based initiatives Philosophy degree were more effective than for the reduction of homesickness in first year postgraduate degree holders. No significant students from rural backgrounds are discussed. difference was found in teachers’ effectiveness

1368 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology on the basis of their caste and the faculties they of expectations. The Greek respondents belonged to. The present study had revealed expected their state to appear more egalitarian that teaching experience and educational and respect the individuality of the ethno- qualification of university teachers have a cultural groups whilst promoting policies to bearing on teachers’ effectiveness and ensure that these groups would adopt to some therefore, age of retirement of teachers should extent the public values. On the contrary, they be increased and teachers should be given expected the immigrant groups to marginalise facilities / opportunities for further studies for themselves from society by endorsing stronger their professional development. exclusionist and segregationist attitudes. The current findings support the context specificity Keywords: university staff, descriptive survey argument of host majority acculturation method, teacher qualifications, teaching, teachers attitudes and highlight the importance of effectiveness scale studying the representations that an individual holds about multiculturalism and of its material and symbolic realities referring to the state and Unraveling the complexity of host majority acculturation theories: An its ideologies. investigation into Greek nationals’ beliefs about the role of the state vs. that Keywords: acculturation attitudes, ethno-cultural of the immigrant groups in dealing with diversity, immigrants the ethno-cultural diversity within the national polity Unwrapping teacher socialization process: An interactionist approach CHRYSANTHAKI, T. (Imperial College Business School), CHRYSANTHAKI, T. (Imperial College MA, H. W. (Tianjin Normal University), YUE, G. A. Business School), LYONS, E. (Queen's University (Nankai University), YAO, Q. (Nankai University) Belfast)

Although previous research on teacher This paper aims to enrich our understanding of socialization vividly described what teacher the factors influencing the majority’s socialization meant, it did not pay enough conceptions of issues related to the perceived attention to how teachers could attain socio-cultural place of immigrant and minority adaptation. Using an interactionism approach groups within diverse societies. The authors and integrating three analytical levels (task, propose that in order to understand better the group and organization), this research host nationals’ diverse views on acculturation demonstrated the process of teacher issues, acculturation attitudes should be socialization by exploring the relations between theorized and measured as target and context- antecedents, proximal outcomes (contents of sensitive responses and also that a distinction socialization) and distal outcomes (job should be made based on majority’s beliefs satisfaction, job performance, and organizational about: 1) what the target groups should do in commitment). Three hundred and forty-five order to be accepted in the host society teachers, from six middle schools in northwest (expectations of the immigrants and minorities), of China, participated in our survey. Antecedents and 2) how the state should deal with of socialization (including both contextual and immigration/minority issues and the level of its personal factors) and proximal outcomes were interference in domains of private and public measured using the Socialization Tactics values (expectations of the state). Using a Questionnaire for Teachers and Socialization sample of 316 Greek nationals, the present cross Content Questionnaire for Teachers, sectional design survey explores variations in respectively. Distal outcomes were either levels of endorsement of host majority’s obtained from school (job performance) or acculturation attitudes based on target, domain reported by teachers. Data were analyzed by and expectations of immigrant/minority versus Structural Equation Model. The results showed the state. As predicted, participants held that: 1. Organizational tactics have positive different acculturative attitudes depending influences on distal organizational outcomes not mainly on the life domains and the two sources only directly and but indirectly through school

1369 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology understanding, task mastery and school politics; color and presentation and the interaction 2. the effects of teachers’ proactive tactics on between color and presentation were distal organizational outcomes were fully significant, indicating that the participants mediated by proximal organizational outcomes; responded more accurately both when the 3. school understanding partially mediated the buttons were grouped according to the color relations between support from coworkers and and when the buttons had achromatic/atypical distal organizational outcomes; 4. cooperation color of the vegetable. The main effects of color from students’ parents had direct positive effect and presentation were significant and the on work performance, and role clarity mediated interaction between color and presentation was the relationships between cooperation from significant, indicating that the participants students’ parents and distal organizational responded faster both when the buttons were outcomes. The process of teacher socializations grouped according to the color and when the can be explained by learning and the content of buttons had typical color of the vegetable. The teacher socializations serves as an important results suggested that the cognitive load was mediator. increased by the atypical color presentation and was reduced by that color-grouping Keywords: teacher socialization, socialization presentation. tactics questionnaire, job satisfaction, job performance, organisational commitment Keywords: visibility, touch-panel display, cognitive load, color-grouping presentation Usability for display of register: The unconscious effect of colors Use of the human figure drawing in rain in children's clinical assessment OHASHI, T. (Miyagi Gakuin Women's University), SASAKI, H. (Niigata Chuoh Junior College) SILVA, R. (Santa Cruz do Sul University), SILVA, M. (Santa Cruz do Sul University) The present study investigated whether the typical color of commodity improves the The psychological evaluation with the use of visibility of the touch-panel display or not. Fifty projective instruments allows investigating students participated in the experiment. The unconscious aspects. Through the drawings it is experiment was controlled by a computer; we feasible to understand the inner world and the devised a search task using a touch-panel mental functioning of the child. The request of display. Twenty-four buttons (6 lines x 4 the Human Figure Drawing in the Rain (DHF), columns) were presented on the touch-panel proposed by Machover (1967), has been display. Each button was colored (red, brown, frequently used by psychologists in the white, orange, yellow, or green) and labeled assessment of personality. This study aims to with the name of a vegetable. Twenty-four identify the main performance of children facing vegetables and their typical/atypical colors were the technique of DHF in the rain. Moreover, it is selected from the preliminary investigation. also intended to associate age, sex and school There were two independent variables in the type attended by the children with the form and experiment, both of which were varied within structure of the figure. This research evaluated participants. The first variable was type of color quantitatively applying the DHF in rain and the of the buttons - achromatic, typical or atypical DHF to identify cognitive potential (Weschler, for the vegetables. The second was type of 2003). The sample was composed of 150 presentation - either color-grouping or random. children from public and private schools, aged With color-grouping presentation, the buttons between 5 and 12 years (57% males and 43% were grouped according to the color. Before the females). Information was imputed into a stimulus presentation, the name of the database on SPSS version 11.5 for Windows and vegetable (target) was presented at the center analyzed by scanning frequencies of the of the display. The participants were asked to variables and by the association of measures respond to the target position as quickly and using the chi-square test. There were significant accurately as possible by touching the button on associations between age, sex and school type the touch-panel display. The main effects of which the children attending related with the

1370 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology figure´s characteristics. Age and sex influence al., 2008) and the theory of personality and the presence of details in the figure (p < 0.005). health (Denollet, et al., 2006). The analysis based The children’s sex and the way they structure on the notational system proposed by Mechner, their body image and the presence of does not show important differences among stereotyped figures also were significantly three of the selected theoretical approaches. associated (p < 0.005). Through this study it is Diagrams brought about by the translation to found that the association of some variables the symbolic notation are rated from lesser to with the way the child draws. The rain element more elaborated systems. Resulting represents the external pressures experienced methodological consequences in their adoption by the child. Male children of school age seem to for research in the field are discussed. be experiencing more of such pressures. This was an initial study with which the samples will Keywords: notational system, behavioral medicine, be enlarged to identify other possible outcomes health behaviours, social cognition, personality and associations. Using a psychometric instrument for Keywords: human figure drawing, children, driver coaching personality, pressure, mental functioning DORN, L. (Cranfield University) Using a notational system for comparing different theoretical approaches in The Driver Risk Index (DRI) is an online self behavioral medicine report measure based on the Driver Stress Inventory (DSI) and Driver Coping Questionnaire HERNANDEZ-POZO, R. (UNAM, National (DCQ) incorporating additional items and Autonomous University of Mexico) measures specifically aimed at assessing behavioural risks of driving for work. This paper According to Dekker (2008) the field of reports on the usefulness of the DRI profile to Behavioral Medicine is witnessing a more provide a way of beginning a coaching elaborated use of theories to further conversation to build self awareness of driving comprehension of empirical findings. However, behaviours, emotions and perceptions that most of the times the differences among these might increase the risk of being involved in a models are elusive, especially in terms of the crash at work. Twenty highly trained driving methodological consequences for acceptable instructors (coaches) attended a three day research to elucidate central assumptions of course at Cranfield University. Expert instruction such models. In this paper, the notational on driver coaching and how to give DRI feedback contingency analysis of behavior system was provided. Each of the coaches then proposed by Mechner (2008) is proposed as a approached at least one participant to take part methodological tool to compare such models, by in the study. Forty-five at work drivers means of translating representative exemplars completed an online DRI and their feedback of five theoretical approaches. The notational profile was sent directly to their coach. Each system consists of six components: actions, coaching conversation using the DRI profile as a agents, two verbs, a modifier and a tag. An base from which to explore at work driving exercise of comparing five different theoretical behaviour lasted for about 60 minutes and was approaches in Behavioral Medicine is presented either taped or written up immediately in detail, in order to unravel subtle assumptions, afterwards. The results showed that virtually all similarities, levels of complexity and to highlight participants agreed with the results of the DRI unclear aspects of these approaches. This paper profile, corroborating the profile feedback and presents diagrams of the stress and emotional validating its application in this context. A regulation theory (Brown, Katzel, Neumann, qualitative analysis of the coaching Maier & Waldstein, 2007), the theory on health conversations showed that the DRI brought to behavior, health and disease (Veenhof et al., awareness a whole range of different driver 2007), the theory on contextual determinants of behaviours that were being performed with little health behavior (Siegrist, 1996), the social conscious awareness of the risk these cognitive theory of health behavior (Renner, et

1371 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology behaviours posed. Coaching goals were Keywords: sports injury anxieties, acceptance and constructed based on specific ways that each commitment therapy, mindfulness attention participant could manage their at work road risk awareness scale, sport injury appraisal scale, sport to strengthen motivation to address driver psychology behaviour at work. The DRI would seem to be a useful and promising tool in providing feedback Using the Sherman & Funder (2009) in a coaching environment, enabling drivers to method to validate a medical school better understand how to direct behaviour selection model towards driving in ways that are less stressful and safer. Further research needs to be MUNRO, D. (University of Newcastle), BORE, M. undertaken to follow-up on the effectiveness of (University of Newcastle), POWIS, D. (University of the DRI coaching conversations to manage at Newcastle) work road risk. We aimed to validate a battery of personality Keywords: driver risk index, driver stress, driver and ability tests used for medical school coping, driving instructors, road safety selection against a variety of academic, clinical and behavioural measures collected over two Using acceptance commitment therapy years at a collaborating medical school. The principles with injured athletes pattern of relationships (significant correlations) provided suggestive evidence of validity, but the large number of relationships made clear MAHONEY, J. (The University of Queensland), HANRAHAN, S. (The University of Queensland) interpretation difficult using traditional statistical approaches. The paper presents a reinterpretation of the results using the The purpose of the current study was to technique proposed by Sherman & Funder investigate the anxieties commonly associated (2009), in which the probabilities of obtaining with athletic injury and to evaluate the the observed number of statistically significant effectiveness of a specific intervention correlations (or the average size of these (Acceptance Commitment Therapy; ACT) in correlations) are computed using randomisation managing such anxieties. Tenanterior cruciate tests. Using the routines in the statistical ligament (ACL) injured athletes were allocated to package R, we found patterns of results one of two conditions (ACT or imagery) following indicating a partial confirmation of the validity of reconstructive surgery. All participants attended some predictors. four-weekly one-on-one sessions with a therapist and prior to and following the intervention, completed semi-structured Keywords: medical school selection, personality and ability tests, validation interviews, two questionnaires measuring components of ACT (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II; Mindfulness Attention Using the theory of planned behaviour Awareness Scale), and a questionnaire regarding and a counterfactual thinking strategy to sport injury anxieties (Sport Injury Appraisal predict and facilitate upward family Scale). No statistical differences were reported communication about mammography between either of the groups on measures of ACT or anxiety from their pre-test measures. BROWNE, J. (University of Wollongong), CHAN, A. However, injured athletes did report trends (University of Wollongong) indicative of decreased anxiety and qualitative findings suggested individuals felt more capable BreastScreen Australia offers free mammograms of managing the hardships of injury recovery and to women over the age of 40, and actively return to sport. It was concluded that ACT is an recruits women aged 50 to 69 (target women) to effect method for supporting injured athletes attend for screening. However, just 57% of throughout their recoveries and when returning target women in Australia utilise this service, to sport, but that further considerations have to which is substantially lower than the goal be made in providing psychological services to participation rate of 70%. This study explored this group.

1372 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology the viability of using daughter-initiated Validating the 'Franchise E-Factor' model (‘upward’) communication within families as a of franchisee satisfaction vehicle for the delivery of mammography promotion messages to the mother. Upward NATHAN, G. (Franchise Relationships Institute), communication about mammography was LACHEREZ, P. (Franchise Relationships Institute) predicted using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), and a counterfactual thinking (CFT) Franchising is a 130 billion dollar industry in intervention was piloted that aimed to increase Australia and there are currently 63,000 motivation and consequently facilitate upward franchisees who conduct business under a family communication about mammography. franchise relationship with 1,100 franchisors. Daughters aged 18 to 39 years (N = 131) This study sought to validate a franchise participated in this two-stage study, and were relationships model known as the “Franchise E- randomly assigned to either the control or Factor”, which explains how the relationship experimental condition. Each participant between a franchisee and franchisor changes completed a questionnaire that measured TPB over time. The Franchise E-Factor proposes six variables in relation to initiating a conversation distinct stages of the relationship starting with about mammography with her mother at Stage “Glee”, characterized by high levels of optimism One. Experimental participants were also and hope, to a low point known as the “Free” exposed to a negative-outcome vignette about a stage where the franchisee wants to break free young woman failing to discuss mammography of the confines of the relationship, and ending with her mother, and were instructed to record with the “We” stage which is characterized by an upward counterfactual thoughts in response acceptance of the imperfections and using the stem “If only…”. Participants reported interdependencies in the relationship. Using a whether or not they had been successful in 58-item franchisee satisfaction questionnaire, initiating a conversation about mammography the author investigated the attitudes of 5,600 with their mothers at Stage Two. The TPB model franchisees, rating their overall satisfaction with effectively predicted both a participant’s the franchise relationship over time. These intention to discuss mammography with her satisfaction ratings were mapped using a locally mother, and actual performance of this weighted polynomial regression. The resulting behaviour. The CFT intervention did not increase chart validates the Franchisee E-Factor model, intention to perform the behaviour, nor did it showing a significant drop in franchisee facilitate behavioural performance. However, satisfaction over the first three years to a low many participants (54%) across experimental point and then a steady rise, with a leveling out conditions initiated a conversation about of satisfaction at around half of the original mammography with their mothers, and reported “glee” level. The franchise relationship follows a positive outcomes to doing so, such as an similar path to many interdependent increased likelihood that their mother will now relationships, including marriage, where obtain mammography. Upward family unrealistic perceptions of the relationship are communication between mothers and daughters moderated by the realities of tolerating an is a viable strategy through which to promote imperfect partner and the need to realign mammography to target women. Daughters expectations. Implications for managing demonstrated a willingness to participate in this interdependent business relationships are strategy, and reported positive outcomes. The discussed. TPB is an effective framework for predicting upward family communication about mammography, although strategies other than Keywords: franchising relationships, relationship stages, franchisee satisfaction, interdependent CFT that may be used to supplement the TPB relationships, business management should be explored. Future research should also include behavioural follow-up with mothers. Variance in reading achievement accounted for by sociocultural and Keywords: mammography promotion messages, linguistic variables in Mexican American counterfactual theory intervention, family children communication, theory of planned behaviour

1373 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

CARLSON, R. (The University of Texas Pan teaching, curriculum, and professional American), MEDRANO, H. (The University of Texas development and at 8 and 9 years of age the Pan American), RODRIGUEZ-ESCOBAR, O. (The child’s SES and acculturation should be given University of Texas Pan American), CARLSON, R. consideration. (The University of Texas Pan American)

Keywords: oral acquisition, linguistic variables, Reading and linguistic theories indicate that school curriculum, socio-economic status individuals read with linguistic expectancy. This would suggest that a portion of reading achievement is accounted for by an individual’s Viparita-Karani Mudra (Yoga Mudra) in the management of stress of irritable level of oral acquisition of syntactic structures in bowel syndrome patients a language. Empirical studies indicate that socio- cultural variables account for or explain a large portion of academic achievement. There are no SHUKLA, P. R. (Kayachikitsa, I.M.S.,B.H.U.) studies, however, addressing variance in reading achievement accounted for by socio-cultural and Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a linguistic variables combined or in linear gastrointestinal disorder in which most patients combination in Mexican American children. report symptoms like cramping, abdominal pain, Three hundred and eighty-four (N = 384) bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. IBS causes a bilingual (Spanish/English) children of Mexican great deal of discomfort and distress. In the American cultural heritage ranging from six present investigation, the effect of Viparita- through nine years of age were involved in the Karani Mudra (a Yoga mudra) is seen in the study. Four sample cohorts consisting of half management of stress of irritable bowel males and half females within two months of syndrome patients. For this, 60 male patients in their midyear (6-4 to 6-8, N =88; 7-4 to 7-8, N = the age range of 22 to 35 were taken from the 100; 8-4 to 8-8, N = 100; 9-4 to 9-8, N = 96) were Out Patient Department of Kayachikitsa, S.S. randomly obtained. The dependent variable was Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills Reading India. First, they were rated on stress scale. Then Achievement subtest in English and the the patients were randomly divided into two independent variables were family size, family groups. In one group, 30 patients were given structure, socioeconomic status (SES), placebo (Glucose powder in capsule) with acculturation, and oral acquisition of syntactic regular training of Viparita-Karani Mudra and in structures in English. The method of the other group, 30 patients received only statistical/data analysis was multiple linear placebo. After one month, the patients were regression. Multiple regression coefficients again rated on the same stress scale. The results between reading achievement, and socio- indicated that those patients who received the cultural and linguistic variables were .76, .72, training of Viparita-Karani Mudra showed the .63, and .60 for 6, 7, 8, and 9 year old children, significant decrease in the symptoms of stress respectively. Thus, 36% to 58% of variance in than those who had not received the training of reading is accounted for by socio-cultural and Viparita-Karani Mudra. On the basis of the linguistic variables. The standardized regression present study it is concluded that Viparita-Karani coefficients, indicating which independent Mudra relieves stress and improves digestion. variable and in what amount, however, indicate that at six and seven years of age the Keywords: irritable bowel syndrome, yoga, stress, preponderance of reading variance is accounted digestion, distress for by oral acquisition of syntax structures and at eight and nine years of age it was socio- Waste governance and behavioral economic status (SES), and acculturation and attributes toward recycling family size and family structure did not explain implementation any significant portion of variance in reading achievement. These results would suggest that at 6 and 7 years of age linguistic considerations TETE-ENI, I. E. (University Kebangsaan ), AIYUB, K. (University Kebangsaan ), ENI, D. D. (University of be given to instructional materials, method of Calabar)

1374 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

The significance of waste recycling is becoming resources (social support, performance feedback increasingly important owing to global and training) were used to test whether job population increase and technological progress. resources would increase health, volunteer Implementing a strategy to promote resources satisfaction and intent to continue through work recycling under resource shortages is a viable engagement and connectedness. Results approach to fast industrialization and supported the motivational pathway of the JD-R urbanization. To support policy transformation, model in volunteer health care workers. reforming the current recyclable resources Specifically, job resources were positively related recycling system is essential. The status of solid to engagement and connectedness. However, waste management in a city is often considered only connectedness turned out to be important an index for assessing governance. In cities of for explaining the relationship between job the developing world, the informal sector plays resources and the three positive work outcomes. an important role in recycling and management This study offers insight into ways in which the of solid waste. This paper examines the position JD-R model (originally developed in the context of recycling as a tool for planning and reform of of paid workers) can be used to understand and solid waste management in developing improve workplace health and productivity in countries. Our report is from field observations nonprofit organisations. As the study suggests, and reviews of relevant legislation, policy the relatively new construct of connectedness, documents and reports on solid waste recycling as measured by the revised connectedness scale, and governance. Recent efforts to visibly may be potentially useful in furthering this improve governance through reform of solid understanding. waste recycling are also highlighted. The significant roles of informal recycling were Keywords: job demands-resources model, volunteer integrated into the framework of reforms in health care workers, work engagement, work waste recycling and governance. The connectedness, job resources development in technological trends armed at poverty alleviation, improvement of the quality What are you drinking? Young people's of life as well as environmental sustainability will knowledge of alcohol "units" be considered. This paper reveals the lapses in recycling strategies and calls for recognition and DE VISSER, R. (University of Sussex) support of recycling activity and empowerment of people involved within its context. Guidelines for safe alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom and many other countries are Keywords: waste recycling strategies, waste management, environmental sustainability, quality commonly presented in terms of "units" of of life, global population increase alcohol or “standard drinks”. The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of young people’s knowledge of units and standard drinks, Wellbeing in volunteer health care and their use of this information when pouring workers: A perspective of the their own alcoholic drinks. In Study One, a motivational pathway of the Job computer-administered questionnaire was Demands-Resources Model completed by 402 secondary students aged 16 to18. This questionnaire assessed knowledge of HUYNH, Y. (University of South Australia), METZER, definitions of alcohol units and guidelines for J. (University of South Australia) safe alcohol consumption and accuracy of estimates of the alcohol content of different Using the motivational pathway of the Job alcoholic drinks. It also included measures of Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, the aim of alcohol outcome expectancies, impulsivity, and this study was to examine the antecedents of sensation seeking. In Study Two, 122 university engagement and connectedness in a sample of students completed the same computer- Australian volunteer health care workers. Survey administered questionnaire and a task which data were collected from 471 volunteer included pouring their “usual” alcohol drinks and participants and analysed using structural what they believed to be “units” of different equation modelling (SEM) methods. Three job alcoholic drinks. Very few participants in either

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology sample had accurate knowledge of alcohol units. artefacts (directed drawings) was used and Knowledge of definitions and guidelines was not Semi-structured interviewing for clarification of related to practical knowledge in terms of pattern overlapping and manifested versus knowing the alcohol content of different latent content, was used. The participants are alcoholic drinks or accuracy of pouring alcohol from two highly heterogeneous, real-life groups units. Most respondents rated their of immigrants (mostly students and overseas understanding of alcohol units and guidelines as qualified professionals). The content analysis poor and most wanted more information. The shows that although at the deepest pouring exercise revealed that participants’ psychological level all are in possession of similar “usual” drinks were significantly larger than one emotional drives, the significant individual “unit” or “standard drink”, and that they difference in the narratives and their overestimated the volume of a “unit” of alcohol. conceptualisation lies in between. Almost People who poured larger drinks for themselves everybody is deeply affected by missing family reported greater alcohol consumption and were members and most often this is the Father’s higher in sensation seeking and impulsivity. figure. It is a surprise that unexpectedly the There is a need to improve young people's Native Food category showed the same range of knowledge of the alcohol content of various frequency among the missed elements in the drinks so that they can make better informed recent life of the studied immigrants. The choices about their own alcohol consumption. Mother’s figure syncretises almost inseparably There is some evidence that the drink pouring with the themes of food, childhood and other activity used in this study could be a useful siblings. While at its bottom-line categories’ method for increasing knowledge of alcohol received results are very similar, further the units. Inaccurate knowledge of alcohol units also process goes through ramification and less has implications for psychological research frequency answers (friends, possessions, natural which relies on self-reported alcohol environment) and unfolds into a vast diversity of consumption. Poor understanding of alcohol highly individualized structures. These data from units and guidelines also means that young less-studied psychological issues experienced by people may be exposed to greater alcohol- immigrants highlight the variability of related risk than they are aware of. psychological passages and possible facilitations. The methods used and the related efforts Keywords: alcohol use, impulsivity, sensation applied from the participating persons contained seeking, alcohol outcome expectancies, guidelines inbuilt certain integrative ‘healing factors’ which for young people are supposed to elevate their self awareness and unfold their creativity, resilience and imagination. What is the void made of? Australian immigrants draw their experience Keywords: real-life change, creativity, resilience, imagination LAZAROVA, L.

The aim of this field work study concerns the What's going on here? Drug and alcohol existing relations between the experience of abuse, memory loss, and trauma: An significant real-life change (immigration, individual case study permanent or temporary changed residence) and its reflection in individual psychological BUCKBY, B. (James Cook University) realms. It gathers and interprets valuable data, making explicit some of the complex intra- To aim of this session is to further define the psychic phenomena that mediate the process of efficacy of individual therapy with Indigenous transition and acculturation. This qualitative clients; creative therapy responses to the ways study was repeated biannually. The method in which inherent strengths and resiliencies included a Questionnaire with instructions and inform, transform, and are also distorted by three open questions. The answers were distress and dysfunction; intergenerational analysed for their content and grouped by transmission of trauma; and valid outcome frequency; Thematic Content Analysis of the

1376 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology evaluation. In 2007 an Indigenous woman (R) When Asperger Syndrome runs in the aged 48 was referred for a cognitive assessment family due to short term memory difficulties at work. She had a 20 year history of poly drug and LAU, W. Y. P. (University of Queensland), alcohol misuse up to age 36. The assessment PETERSON, C. (University of Queensland) showed she was of high average intelligence and had age appropriate memory skills. R also had a This study is based on two theoretical rationales. lengthy history of traumatic events which Firstly, family adaptability and cohesion has included violence, and threats to kill R and her been found to be a significant unique variance in two children, being crushed by a truck with explaining psychological well-being of its resultant chronic pain (25 years), and fear due to members. There is a growing body of evidence ex-partner’s stalking (20+ years). After suggesting that having a child with a disability assessment she was referred to a specialty negatively impacts on family’s adaptability and service working with similar women. A year later cohesion. However, to our knowledge, only one R was re-referred with a diagnosis of PTSD and a study has focussed on families with children with lengthy process of trauma therapy began in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and none 2008. R chose individual therapy with a non- specifically on the Asperger Syndrome (AS) Indigenous psychologist to protect her story and population. Secondly, although the phenomenon confidentiality. Standard evidence based of broader autism phenotype in parents has long treatment for PTSD was negotiated been broached, research is still emerging on the collaboratively; however, imaginal exposure was implication of parental diagnosis of AS on too distressing. Principal treatment adaptations families of children with AS. Based on these included mindfulness exercises particularly those rationales, the purpose of this study is two-fold: invoking imagery of country, and a systematic 1) to examine the impact of having a child with reappraisal of R’s life and trauma events. The AS on the family’s adaptability and cohesion; 2) reappraisal or restorying of R’s life drew on her to explore if having a parent also diagnosed with historically evident strengths and resiliencies. AS will further impact on the family’s The process also requires greater psychologist adaptability and cohesion. Participants (N = 150) self-disclosure to sustain the collaborative completed a questionnaire which consisted of therapeutic alliance, and learning from R by diagnostic information, and the Family asking for help to understand culturally specific Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (Olson, Bell and meanings. Results included reduced dissociation, Portner, 1982). Subjects were divided into three improved recognition of onset, and improved groups according to diagnosis of AS in the family: self-coping; improved quantity and quality of one parent plus one child have AS (Group One; N sleep, and insignificant reduction in depression, = 40); only child but no parent has AS (Group anxiety and stress symptoms. Retraumatisation Two, N = 55); and no child or parent has AS through re-experiencing past events was (control, N = 55). Results indicated statistically triggered by frequently removing her significant differences (p >.05) between the grandchildren from family violence. Historical three groups in family adaptability [F(2, 150) = events serve as powerful maintaining risk factors 11.59, p < .001] and family cohesion [F(2, 150) = for emotional distress in the present due to 21.57, p < .001]. Post-hoc comparisons found intergenerational “transmission” of distress and Group One reported significantly lower scores dysfunction. In this case R’s mother was stolen than Group Two in family cohesion (p < .001) but generation, R’s foster care and other life events, not in family adaptability (p = .842). In R’s daughter and grandchildren involved in drug comparison to the control group, Group One and and alcohol related family violence. Practice Group Two reported significantly lower scores in based evidence could potentially provide a both family adaptability and family cohesion. foundation for psychological interventions with These results suggest that 1) having a child with Indigenous clients. AS significantly impacts on the family’s adaptability and cohesion; 2) parental diagnosis Keywords: Indigenous clients, trauma, post- will further decrease family cohesion but not traumatic stress disorder, intergenerational adaptability. These findings give voice to families transmission, practice based evidence of children with AS, particularly those having a

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology parent also diagnosed with AS. Implications for supervision and followers’ power distance therapeutic intervention for families living with orientation help explain psychological health AS in either child and/or parent generations will among followers. The findings suggest that be drawn. The appropriateness of an ecological focusing on fundamental values held by approach when working with these families will employees contributed to a better also be highlighted. understanding of the impact of leader’s deviant behaviors. In addition, the interaction of Keywords: family adaptability, family cohesion, leadership and values followers held in relation children with disabilities, asperger’s syndrome, to mental condition and employee reactions parental diagnosis provide an interesting area that needs further exploration in order to enhance our understanding of when and how leaders affect When is abusive supervision not related to employee psychological health? The those they lead. moderating effect of individual power distance orientation Keywords: abusive supervision, individual power distance orientation, psychological health, employees LIN, W. (Peking University), WANG, L. (Peking University), CHEN, S. (Peking University), YANG, Q. (Peking University), KONG, H. (Luxottica Group), YU, When latent inhibition influences Z. (Luxottica Group) creative performance: The moderating effect of epistemic motives on cognitive People generally believe that abusive style supervision leads to employees’ poor psychological health. However, this relationship LIOU, S. (National Cheng Kung University), YING is not always true. The fundamental values of FUN, J. (University of Lausanne) power held by employees will have an impact on this relationship. This study examined how This study examines how epistemic motives individual power distance orientation (defined as moderate the effect of Latent Inhibition (LI) on the extent to which an individual accepts the creative behaviors. Reductions in LI, the capacity unequal distribution of power in institutions and to screen from conscious awareness stimuli organizations) affects the relationship between previously experienced as irrelevant, have been abusive supervision and employees’ generally associated with the tendency towards psychological health. In one sample 825 creativity. A number of studies suggest the employees from a manufacturing company individual differences in LI. This study proposes located in southeastern China rated their power that the effect of cognitive styles (LI) on creative distance orientation, psychological health, and performance is moderated by need for cognitive their perceptions of abusive supervision. Results closure (NFC). Individuals scoring high on NFC showed that abusive supervision was negatively are likely to quickly grasp closure by relying on associated with followers’ psychological health (r early cues and the first answer they come = -.199, p < .01). The relationship between across. The need for closure is also said to lead abusive supervision and employees’ mental to a very narrow information search and a higher health was moderated by individuals’ power tendency to use cognitive heuristics when it distance orientation (ΔR2 = .011, β = .107, p < comes to finding a solution to a question. Hence, .05), such that this relationship is statistically we hypothesise that higher NFC will enhance the significant for followers who were lower in tendency to adopt default cognitive heuristic, individual power distance orientation (β = -.259, thus expanding the difference in creative p < .01), but not statistically significant for performance between high and low LI. Two followers who were higher in individual power experiments were conducted: one in the distance orientation (β = .085, p = .481). Abusive laboratory and the other in the field. We used supervision has been seen as a significant social the latent inhibition paradigm (LI; Lubow, 1989) problem which would ruin followers’ mental to divide participates into high and low LI group, health. This study extends previous research by and manipulate NFC both by situation (time showing that interactive effects of abusive pressure) and by disposition measure (Webster

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

& Kruglanski, 1994). Creativity was measured by it is hypothesised that self-determined lifetime creative achievements and the Runco (autonomous) motivation for pro-environmental Ideational Behavior Scale (RIBS). Results show behaviour will be related to a wider range that low LI individuals are more creative than (generalisation) and maintenance of pro- high LI both in creative achievements and RIBS, environmental behaviour than externally and the difference in creative performance regulated motivation, or amotivation towards between high and low LI is expanded when with environmental problems. Perceived autonomy, higher NFC. This finding supports the proposed competence and relatedness in relation to moderating function of epistemic motives (NFC) environmental problems and action are on the tendency to adopt preferred cognitive expected to impact on motivation for PEB. The heuristics (high/ low LI) and be more cognitively ideal social environment for autonomous inflexible. We are also investigating other motivation is hypothesised to be, and be possible moderating factors (working memory perceived as, supportive but not controlling, capacity and cultural effect) that may have an interesting but not over-challenging, and impact on the LI-creativity relationship. accepting as opposed to rejecting. Results, Implications for potential utility in application of implications, and plans for further experimental this motivated social cognition research to and longitudinal research to test causality of human factors and design are discussed. relationships and to identify optimal ways of supporting autonomous PEB adoption will be Keywords: latent inhibition, creative performance, discussed. It is proposed that a general move epistemic motives, cognitive style, heuristics towards a positive, holistic approach to environmentalism is necessary, one aspect of which is to make environmental action more Why am I lowering my carbon footprint? satisfying, interesting, and fun, through linking Autonomous motivation and sustainable pro-environmental behaviour with the meeting lifestyle change of psychological needs for competence and relatedness, as well as autonomy. COOKE, A. (University of Queensland), FIELDING, K. (University of Queensland) Keywords: pro-environmental behaviour, carbon footprint, self-determined motivation, externally As a first world nation, the Australian regulated motivation, environmental issues community contributes to the dangerous level of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere by using resources at a much higher level than is Why people take more survival actions than damage mitigation actions for environmentally sustainable. To be effective at hazards: Is cost the key factor? lowering household carbon footprints from some of the worst in the world towards sustainable levels, it will be essential that the MCCLURE, J. (Victoria University of Wellington), pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) adopted FISSCHER, R. (Victoria University of Wellington), SPITTAL, M. (University of Melbourne), are generalised across multiple target CHARLESON, A. (Victoria University of Wellington) behaviours, have a large environmental impact, and are maintained. The current research will test a model of motivation for effective PEB The aim of this research was to show if there is a developed primarily out of Self-Determination relation between businesses’ and households’ Theory. Through an online questionnaire, the performance of survival actions and mitigation research will explore the relationship between actions to prepare for earthquakes and their the type of motivation people have for pro- estimate of the cost of those actions. Two environmental behaviour (i.e. their reasons for studies examined businesses’ and households’ adopting PEBs and changing unsustainable completion of a sample of twelve mitigation and habits) and proposed antecedents and survival actions, their estimate of the costs of consequences of motivation; aspects of the those actions in their own case, and their social environment which impact on that attributions for why they have not carried out motivation, and the level and types of PEB the actions. Damage mitigation actions were people engage in. Results are pending. However, divided into actions mitigating damage to the

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology building and actions mitigating damage to congruence. Workgroup level correlation on the contents. Households completed fewer other hand was weak. It was also observed that mitigation actions than survival actions, and identification had stronger direct effects with businesses completed fewer structural psychological climate compared with value mitigation actions than contents damage congruence. Organisational value congruence mitigation actions and survival actions. A logistic also had direct effects on work engagement. It regression showed that with households there is was concluded that organisational level a significant relationship between the perceived dynamics (compared with the workgroup level) cost of four of the twelve actions and the of identification and value congruence are more probability of carrying out the actions. With pivotal in their predictive roles in creating a companies there is no such relationship. On the psychological climate of work engagement. measure of attributions for not performing the Value congruence serves as a basis for an actions, for both households and businesses, the individual to assess the extent of fit with the perceived cost of the actions was only the 4th, organisation but it is not sufficient to drive an 5th or 7th most common attribution. employee in ‘going the extra mile’ on behalf of Attributions cited more frequently than costs the organisation. Organisational identification is were: 1. I haven’t thought about it; 2. It’s not a further needed to provide a kind of social ‘glue’ priority, and 3. It would make no difference. that would bind the perceived aspects of fit There is a relation between performing between the self and the organisation. The preparation actions and cost, but it appears that findings were also contextualised in terms of the cost factor is secondary to other factors in how organisational culture is suggested to be explaining what actions people do and do not linked to work engagement. take to prepare for hazards. Keywords: work engagement, psychological Keywords: hazard preparation, survival actions, climate, value congruence, social identification, damage mitigation, earthquake, cost factors organisational dynamics

Work Engagement and the role of Work engagement on nurses in Surabaya. psychological climate, value congruence, How nurses manage their emotion at and social identification work

VALENCIA, M. (De La Salle University) CHRISTIAN, F. (University of Surabaya), BATUADJI, K. (University of Surabaya), SUPRIYANTO, A. (Jogjakarta State University) The research tested two models that looked separately at how work engagement is influenced by value congruence and social Nursing is one of three professions that is identification (organisational and work group particularly susceptible to feeling decreased levels), and psychological climate. Drawing from work engagement. The indicators of low work the Social Categorisation Theory (Turner et al., engagement are low levels of energy and mental 1987) and predictions from a Person- resilience, and lack of a sense of significance, Organization (P-O) fit perspective, both models enthusiasm, inspiration, pride and challenge premised that psychological climate mediates while working. This paper aimed to test the the relationship of work engagement with value relationship between emotional labour and work congruence and social identification. Survey data engagement in nurses in three hospitals in from 431 employees of various service Surabaya. The results indicate that there was a organisations in the Philippines was analysed positive correlation between ‘surface acting’ and using structural equation modeling. Findings work engagement (r = 0.518, p = 0.001) and supported the mediating role of psychological there was also a positive correlation between climate in both models (organisational and ‘deep acting’ and work engagement (r = 0.593, p workgroup levels). Furthermore, a strong = 0.000). The implications of these findings for positive relationship was observed for health-care workers are discussed. organisational level identification and value

1380 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology

Keywords: Emotional labour, Surface acting, Deep Keywords: self-efficacy, work engagement, acting, Work engagement, Nurses personal initiative, work performance

Work engagement, personal initiative Work stress and work-family conflict: and performance in a sample of Mexican Implications for employee satisfaction police officers from Preventive Police and health

LISBONA, A. (Spanish National University for FIKSENBAUM, L. (York University), GREENGLASS, E. Distance Education ), TREVINO, M. (University of (York University) Nuevo León), PALACI, F. J. (Spanish National University for Distance Education ) Work stress continues to be a problem in most sectors of the workforce, and has many negative The main objective will be to discuss the consequences for both employees and relationships between the concept of self- organizations. Given the current economic efficacy and work engagement, personal climate, examining factors that affect initiative and performance. Therefore, by employees’ perceived levels of stress is an reviewing the theoretical models and empirical important research topic among occupational results that have found relationships between health researchers. The present study tests a these concepts, we will suggest a model. model that examines antecedents of work stress Research shows that work engagement has a and their effects on various outcomes. These positive relationship with job behavior such as included an outcome at the individual level (i.e., performance and proactive behavior, and that emotional exhaustion, which is often referred to self efficacy is related to personal initiative. as the prototype of stress), an organizational- Personal initiative, like work engagement, is level outcome (i.e., job satisfaction), and an related to performance too. The sample is overall outcome (i.e., life satisfaction). Data composed of 243 police officers from Public were collected from 214 employees, using a Security, also known as Preventive Police, from confidential and anonymous questionnaire. two police agencies in the metropolitan area of Three separate hierarchical regressions were Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The variables conducted, each incorporating the same set of analyzed by self-reported questionnaire are self- predictors. The first block included demographic efficacy, work engagement, personal initiative variables (i.e., age, gender, marital status, and subjective individual performance. education) as well as work situation Maximum likelihood estimation methods of characteristics (i.e., salary, tenure, and number structural equation modeling (SEM) were used of hours worked per week). Work demands to test the five competing models. The fit of two were entered in the second block, and family 2 of the five models are appropriated (Model 1: χ demands were entered in the third block. The = 249.668; df = 132; GFI = .897; RMSEA = .061; fourth block included work-family conflict, CFI = .896 and Model 3: χ2 = 232.424; df = 132; including conflict due to work interfering with GFI = .903; RMSEA = .056; CFI = .911). In one family (WIF) and conflict due to family model the path between self-efficacy and interfering with work (FIW). Perceived engagement is not significant (t =1.560), and in organizational support and family and friend the other model the path between personal support were entered in the final block. With initiative and performance is not significant (t = emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, and life 1.086). The two models with appropriate fits satisfaction as outcomes, the model accounted have all path coefficients being significant (t > for 59%, 68%, and 42% of the variance, 1.96). Results confirm that both personal respectively. Across all models, consistent initiative and work engagement can be related predictors included perceived organizational to performance. In both models self efficacy support and work-interfering-with-family predicts personal initiative. Theoretical and conflict. That is, employees who indicated higher practical implications of these results are levels of perceived organizational support were discussed as well. more likely to report greater life and job satisfaction, and were less likely to experience emotional exhaustion. In contrast, employees

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Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology who reported higher levels of work-interfering- For male outcomes, anxiety was significantly with-family conflict were less likely to report affected by male WFE buffering FWC. For female being satisfied with life or with work. Further outcomes, anxiety and depression were results indicated that both work and family significantly affected with female WFE buffering demands contributed to the work-related FWC. Furthermore, female WFE and FWE outcomes of emotional exhaustion and job buffered the effects of WFC and FWC satisfaction. Demographics differentially respectively. Furthermore, some significant predicted to emotional exhaustion and life interaction effects were found to crossover to satisfaction. Family support contributed to the partner. For male depression, females with overall life satisfaction. Theoretical and empirical high FWE were found to buffer the effects of implications of the results are discussed. FWC, leading to lower partner depression but only at low levels of FWC. For female depression, Keywords: work stress, employee stress, work- the effects were similar for both significant family conflict interaction crossover effects. Male FWE buffered both male WFC and FWC, leading to lower partner depression at low levels of conflict but Work-family conflict and enrichment higher levels of depression at higher levels of predicting mental health: Direct, indirect conflict. This study supports work-family conflict and crossover effects and enrichment dimensions influencing employees and their partners, and the buffering HAAR, J. (University of Waikato), BROUGHAM, D. effect of enrichment on conflict’s influences on (University of Waikato) mental health. Overall, conflict effects dominated and enrichment had minor direct and The aim of this research was to test direct and crossover effects but strong buffering effects. crossover effects of work-family conflict (WFC), family-work conflict (FWC), work-family Keywords: work-family conflict, work-family enrichment (WFE) and family-work enrichment enrichment, anxiety, depression, dual-career (FEW) towards anxiety and depression and the couples potential moderating effects of enrichment on conflict (direct and crossover). Structural equation modeling confirmed the unique Working with barriers: A comparison of job seekers with mental health problems properties of the dimensions tested with a with and without additional drug and sample of 266 dual-career couples. Regression alcohol problems analysis was conducted with separate models for male and female outcomes. Predictor blocks of male and female work-family dimensions and HARRIS, L. (University of Sydney) interactions were included in all models to also test crossover effects. For males, WFC was Workforce participation for Australians with positively related to depression, and FWC mental illness remains low, although improved positively related to both anxiety and work status reduces symptoms, improves self- depression, while WFE was negatively related to efficacy, and improves life satisfaction. Almost both outcomes. For females, WFC was positively half of those with mental illness also have related to anxiety and depression, and FWC difficulties with substance use, and for these positively related to depression, while WFE was people workforce participation rates are very negatively related to both outcomes and FWE low (Crompton et al., 2005). The study aimed to negatively related to depression. Direct understand the additional barriers to crossover effects were found with female FWC employment resulting from drug and alcohol use positively influencing male depression, while among people with mental illness. Participants female WFE negatively influenced male anxiety. were clients of an employment service provider Furthermore, male WFE was negatively who had psychiatric disabilities with and without associated with female anxiety, while male WFC significant drug and alcohol problems identified was negatively associated with female anxiety using the AUDIT and DAST-10. Participants were and depression, and male FWC positively compared on measures of current psychosocial associated with female anxiety and depression. and cognitive function, symptomatology,

1382 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology educational history and employment history. reliable and valid measure in Chinese There were no significant differences in function workplaces. A moderated hierarchical regression or history between the two groups. However, a analysis on psychological health and job number of areas of greater unmet needs were satisfaction yielded an interaction between identified among the drug and alcohol group ostracism and gender with a significant change using the CANSAS. Since the results do not show in R2. The present study provided a useful any significant differences in function or history measure for Chinese workplace ostracism between the two groups, there may not be any literature. We also demonstrated that, the justification of designing separate interventions effects of ostracism are moderated by gender. for the groups. However, the drug and alcohol At lower levels of perceived ostracism women user group would need additional emphasis to indicated higher satisfaction and psychological improve their quality of life by fulfilling their health than men whereas at higher levels needs related to food, accommodation, mental women indicated lower satisfaction and and physical health and other aspects of psychological health compared to men. everyday life, as higher unmet needs are evident among this group in CANSAS data. As these Keywords: ostracism, gender differences, needs entail a wide range of aspects of life, occupational stress, job satisfaction, work ostracism effective communication and integration among scale different service sectors are needed to ensure the employment participation of people with co- Yoga for children with intellectual existing mental illness and drug and alcohol disability issues as well as their quality of life.

NITHYANANDAM, L. (Department of Ageing, Keywords: workforce participation, mental illness, Disability and Home Care) substance use, self-efficacy, life satisfaction Many studies have highlighted the efficacy of Workplace ostracism in China: Gender Yoga as a potent tool in bringing out positive difference on psychological health and changes in the physical and psychological job satisfaction wellbeing of a person. Its application for people with Intellectual Disability (ID) has not been JIANG, J. (Beijing Normal University), XU, Y. (Beijing explored enough scientifically. This study is an Normal University) attempt to answer two questions. First, can Yoga be taught to children with ID and if so how can it Accumulating evidence supports the notion that be done? The second question is whether Yoga workplace ostracism is a universal experience, is beneficial for people with ID. Twenty-five but less is known about gender differences in special educators were trained in yoga and also terms of workplace exclusionary behavior. The in the methodology of how to teach the same to current study explored the moderating effect of people with intellectual disability. They in turn gender on the relation between workplace taught Yoga to 50 children with ID. A before and ostracism and psychological health and job after evaluation was conducted on measures like satisfaction. This research tested the number of days the child attended school and applicability of Workplace Ostracism Scale changes in his/her Individualized Programme (WOS; Lance et al., 2008) in China and examined Plan comprising of domains such as motor, self the different effects of workplace ostracism on help, language etc., and also changes in psychological health and job satisfaction in men individual symptoms that some of the children and women. A Chinese version of the WOS was had as associated conditions. The design was a developed on a sample of 137 persons (57 men pre and post quasi experimental design and the and 80 women) and cross validated on a second experimental group was compared to a control sample of 300 employees (160 men, 136 women group. The results showed Yoga can be taught to and 4 unknown) from various companies. children with ID if a person is trained in Yoga and Internal consistency and confirmatory factor also in the method of teaching yoga to people analysis were used to confirm the reliability and with ID. The results also showed significant construct validity of the WOS. The WOS proved a changes in the health status of the children by

1383 Brief Oral Presentations

Abstracts of the 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology way of improvements in their attendance to school. There were also significant changes in some of the areas in their Individualized Programme Plans (IPP). The study also showed unpredicted results namely changes in many of the associated symptoms that many of the children had. Another set of spurious results were changes in the health status of the special educators as they had to practice Yoga themselves in order to teach the children. Yoga can be taught to children with ID if the educator is trained in the methodology of teaching Yoga to children with ID. Yoga is effective in making positive changes in children with ID.

Keywords: yoga, Intellectual disability, well-being, child health, health status of special educators

1384 Brief Oral Presentations