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And 91-Av-19/4, Northwest Pacific and Bering Sea Sediment Geochemistry and Paleoceanographic Studies

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And 91-Av-19/4, Northwest Pacific and Bering Sea Sediment Geochemistry and Paleoceanographic Studies U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DATA AND RESULTS FROM R.V. ALEKSANDR VINOGRADOV CRUISES 91-AV-19/1, NORTH PACIFIC HYDROCHEMISTRY TRANSECT; 91-AV-19/2, NORTH EQUATORIAL PACIFIC KARIN RIDGE FE-MN CRUST STUDIES; AND 91-AV-19/4, NORTHWEST PACIFIC AND BERING SEA SEDIMENT GEOCHEMISTRY AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES Edited by James R. Hein1, Alexander S. Bychkov2, and Ann E. Gibbs1 Open File Report 94-230 1994 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with the U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. !U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., ms 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591 ^Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskaya St., Vladivostok, 690041, Russia IN MEMORIAM: DR. MIKHAIL F. STASHCHUK We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Mikhail F. Stashchuk, whose efforts made possible the Russian-U.S.A.-Canadian cooperative research program on which this report is based. Mikhail F. Stashchuk is a renowned Russian geologist and geochemist who passed away on March 5, 1991 at the age of 60. Mikhail headed the "Processes of Mineral Formation Laboratory" at the Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI), USSR Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok. This laboratory is involved in the study of ferromanganese crusts and nodules, phosphorites, the marine carbonate system, and other studies of marine geology and geochemistry. Mikhail is probably best known for his two books: "The Oxidation-Reduction Potential in Geology", which was first published in 1968 (Moscow, Nedra), but has been reprinted, translated, and published in the USA as well; and "Thermal Dynamics and its Application to Lithology", published in 1985, Moscow, Nauka. The former innovative book was one of the first to use thermodynamics to broadly describe the authigenic formation of iron and manganese minerals and the role of microorganisms in mineral formation. Among the many projects that Mikhail was working on at the time of his death, was putting the final touches on a major three and a half month expedition involving many Russian, U.S., and Canadian groups (see introductory chapter). Due to budgetary constraints, the cruise was cut from four to three legs, but the three legs were successfully completed between April and July 1991 aboard the Soviet ship R. V. Akademik Aleksandr Vinogradov. The cooperative program was initiated in 1988 by Mikhail F. Stashchuk and James R. Hein, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), through an MOU between the two groups. The program was named Geochemistry of Marine Sediments (GEMS), but involves most aspects of marine geochemistry. About 70 Soviet and 50 U.S. scientists were involved in the program before it ended in 1993. After nearly two years of development and planning by Stashchuk and Hein, two Canadian groups agreed to join in the first series of cruises: C.S. Wong of the Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS), British Columbia representing JGOFS; and Kristin J. Orians of the University of British Columbia (UBC) who was part of GEMS. This was the first full-scale oceanographic expedition to be designed, developed, and carried out jointly. Mikhail's persistence and commitment to the program to see that nothing jeopardized its success was comforting and commendable. He wanted to prove that the Soviets could deliver and that a successful scientific program would result. The success of the first series of cruises in our program is a tribute to Mikhail's vision and commitment. Personally, we will miss his diligence, good humor, diplomacy, kindness, and friendship and will remember our many visits to his laboratory with great fondness. The world scientific community has lost an enthusiastic and brilliant researcher. CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY REMARKS /./?. Hein and AS. J5ycMov.................................................................................................. 5 - LEG 1 - CADMIUM, ZINC, NICKEL, COPPER, LEAD, MANGANESE, AND COBALT IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC Kristin J. Orians andLu Fan^............................................................................................. 19 - LEG 2 - DESCRIPTION AND COMPOSITION OF FE-MN CRUSTS, ROCKS, AND SEDIMENTS COLLECTED ON KARIN RIDGE, R.V. ALEKSANDR VINOGRADOV CRUISE 91-AV-19/2 James R. Hein, et a/.............................................................................................................. 39 BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC RESULTS OF CRUISE 91-AV-19/2, KARIN RIDGE, CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN Sergey P. Pletnev, Irina Ryaben'kaya, and Paula J. Quinterno........................................... 87 ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF FERROMANGANESE NODULES Stashchuk, Mf., Chervonetsky, D.V., Kaplun, E.V., Chichkin, R.V., Avramenko, VA., Tishchenko, P.Ya., Gramm-Osipov, LM................................................ 93 MANGANESE GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE KARIN RIDGE REGION: PRELIMINARY PHYSIOCHEMICAL DESCRIPTION Lev M. Gramm-Osipov, James R. Hein, andRuslan V. Chichkin........................................ 99 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND SEDIMENTS FROM KARIN RIDGE (CENTRAL EQUATORIAL PACIFIC) AND THE BERING SEA Alexander 1. 5vzmnmfe?v........................................................................................................ 103 CLASTIC COMPONENTS IN SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF HAWAII AND KARIN RIDGE Victor P. Nechaev, Sergei A. Gorbarenko, Anna V. Sorochinskaya, Eugene V. Mikhailik, Vladimir V. Golozubov, and Wayne C. Isphording............................ 119 PETROGRAPHY, MINERAL COMPOSITION, AND MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS FROM KARIN RIDGE Yury A. Martynov, Rostislav A. Oktyabr'sky, andZiniat G. Badredtinov............................. 133 CURRENT PATTERNS OVER KARIN RIDGE, A SEAMOUNT IN THE CENTRAL PACIFIC Marlene Noble and ^Taye^rz/wjWto...................................................................................... 149 HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND WATER STRUCTURE OVER KARIN RIDGE, CENTRAL PACIFIC Ann E. Gibbs, Alexander F. Sergeev, Anatofy N. Safyuk, James R. Hein, Valery P. Tapinov, and Alexander S. Bychkov............................................ 169 HYDROCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND THE CARBONATE SYSTEM, KARIN RlDGE AREA Alexander S. Bychkov, Galina Yu. Pavlova, Pavel Ya. Tishchenko, and Anatofy 5a/y«A:........................................................................... 187 - LEG 4 - MEASUREMENTS OF OXYDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL IN SEDIMENTS OF THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC AM. Pysarevsky, LM. Gramm-Osipov, TX>. Shigaeva....................................................... 221 HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENTS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN John B. Rapp and Frances D. //^rerr/er............................................................................. 225 ROCK TYPES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION FROM DETROIT SEAMOUNT (OBRUCHEV RISE) Ywy A. Martynov, Anatofy N. Kafyagin, Rostislav A. Oktyabfsky, andZiniat Badredtinov......................................................................................................... 243 QUATERNARY BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC: R/V VINOGRADOV CRUISE 91-AV-19 LEG 4 Irina B. Tsoy, Irina O. Ryaben'kaya, and Sergey P. Pletnev............................................... 249 LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE ACCUMULATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE, OPAL, AND TERRIGENOUS DETRITUS: DETROIT SEAMOUNT (NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC) AND BOWERS RIDGE (SOUTHERN BERING SEA) SergeiA. Gorbarenko andSvetlana G. Pto........................................................................ 263 - LEGS 1-4 - GEOMORPHOLOGY OF PARTS OF THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC Alexander S. Svarichevsky and Galina L. Kirillova.............................................................. 283 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS James R. Hein, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., ms 999, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-3591, USA and Alexander S. Bychkov, Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskaja, Vladivostok 690041, Russia This open file report provides shipboard and laboratory generated data, and discussions of those data, for three cruises undertaken by participants of a Russian, U.S., and Canadian cooperative program. The cruises were sponsored originally by a joint Russian Academy of Sciences-U.S. Geological Survey program on the Geochemistry of Marine Sediments (GEMS) under the leadership of Mikhail F. Stashchuk and James R. Hein. Upon the death of Dr. Stashchuk in March 1991, Alexander S. Bychkov took over as the Russian leader and JGOFS objectives were added to the planned cruises. At that time, C.S. Wong and colleagues of the Institute of Ocean Sciences, Canada joined the program to participate in the JGOFS objectives. In this introductory note, we provide a brief overview of the cruise objectives, all of which were accomplished for Legs, 1,2, and 4 (Fig. 1; Table 1). Leg 3 had to be canceled because of budgetary constraints. This open file report is divided into separately authored chapters that deal with both general results from the three legs and studies directed to specific scientific problems. The general objectives of the cruises were to study the physiochemical processes of mineral formation on the ocean floor, determine the geological and geophysical evolution of the North Pacific lithosphere; and determine the paleoceanographic evolution of the North Pacific. Specifically, studies were directed to the clarification of various aspects of Fe-Mn crust and nodule
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