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The Sweet Potato; a Handbook for the Practical Grower

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!e oenes, H, Baili?" XLbc IRural Science Series L. H. BAILEY, Editor THE SWEET POTATO Edited by L. II. Bailey The Soil. King. The Sprayikg of Plants. Lodeman. Milk and Its Products. Wiiiff. Enlarged and Revised. The Fertility of the Land. Roberts. The Principles of Fruit-growing. BwUey. 20th Edition, Revisfd. Bush-fruits. Card. Revised. Fertilizers. Voorhees. Revised. The Principles of Agriculture. Bailey. Revised. Irrigation and Drainage. King. The FaRiMSTEAd. Roberts. Rural Wealth and Welfare. FairchUd. The Principles of Vegetable-gardening. Bailey. Farm Poultry. Watson. Enlarged and Revised. The Feeding of Animals. Jordan. (Now Rural Text- Book.) The Farmer's Business Handbook. Roberts. The Diseases of Animals. Mayo. The Horse. Roberts. Ho\v TO Choose a Farm. Hunt. Forage Crops. Voorhees. Bacteria in Relation to Country Life. Lipman. The Nursery-book. Bailey. (Now Rural Manual Series.) Plant-breeding. Bailey and Gilbert Revised. The Forcing-book. Bniley. The Pruning-book. Bailey. (Now Rural Manual Series.) Fruit Growing in Arid Regions. Paddock and Whipple. Rural Hygiene. Oyden. Dry-farming. Widtsoe. Law for the American Farmer. Green. Farm Boys and Girls. McEeever. The Training and Breaking of Horses. Harper. Sheep-farming in North America. Craig. Cooperation in Agriculture. Powell. The Faum Woodlot. Cheyney and Wentlvng. Household Insects. Berrick. Citrus Fruits. Coit. Principles of Rural Credits. Uorman. Beekeeping. Phillips. Subtropical Vegetable-gardening. Rolfs. Turf for Golf Courses. Piper and Oakley. The Pot.\to. Gilbert. Strawberry-growing. Fletcher. Western Live-stock Management. Porter. Peach-growing. Gould. The Sugar-beet in .Vmerica. Harris. Pork-production. Smith. The Development of Institutions Undee Ibbigation. Thomas. Landscape-gardening. Simonds. Commercial Apple Industry of North America. Folger and Thomson. The Sweet Potato. Hand and Cockerham. THE SWEET POTATO A Handbookfor the Practical Grower BY T. E. HAND AND K. L. COCKERHAM ILLUSTRATED Jl3eto gotk THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1921 All rights reserved ^^^\. <,^^ji Copyright, 1921, By the MACMILLAN COMPANY Set up and electrotyped. Published January, 1921. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGES Origin and Descbiption of the Swb:et Potato ... 1-7 Description 3-5 Botanical classification 5-7 CHAPTER II Impobtance and Distribution 8-19 Distribution 10-15 Climatic requirements and soil types 16-19 CHAPTER III Utilization of the Sweet Potato 20-53 As food for man 21-25 Composition and food value 21-25 As food for domestic animals 25-33 Sweet potato silage 28-30 Roots 30-32 Vines 32-33 Manufactured products of the sweet potato . 33-46 Dehydrated and desiccated sweet potatoes . 34 - 3S Sweet potato flour 38 Sweet potato pie product 38 Sweet potato chips 39 Sweet potato sugar 39 Starch manufacture 39-41 Alcohol manufacture 41-42 Sirup from sweet potatoes 42-45 Canned sweet potatoes 45-46 Domestic cooking of sweet potatoes 46-53 Baked sweet potatoes 47 Browned sweet potatoes 47 Fried sweet potatoes 47 Candied sweet potatoes 48 Sweet potato biscuit 48 Sweet potato bread 48 Sweet potato muffins 49 N. C. State College vi Contents PAGES Sweet potato salad 49 Sweet potato peanut croquettes 49 Baked sweet potato custard 50 Sweet potato a la Agnes 50 Sweet potato with raisins and- marshmallows 50 Sweet potato devil's food 50-51 Sweet potato drop cookies 51 Boiled sweet potatoes 51 Sliced and baked sweet potatoes 51 Riced sweet potatoes 51 Sweet potato flour 52 Flour No. 1 from tlie raw potato 52 Flour No, 2 from cooked potatoes 52-53 Flour No. 3 from pulp 53 Sweet potato starch 53 CHAPTER IV Pbopagation 54-89 Selecting seed (tubers) 56-61 For disease control 57-58 For yield and quality 58-60 Production of seed potatoes 60 Seed treatment 60-61 The plant-bed 62-80 Location 62-63 Preparation of the plant-bed 63-64 Open beds 64-65 Coldframes 65-67 Hotbed — manure-heated 67-69 Hotbed — flue-heated 69-71 Hotbed — pipe-heated 71-72 Other types of hotbeds 73 '^^ Bedding " I* Covering for seed-beds 75-76 Care of the plant-bed 77-80 Drawing the plants 80-82 Use of vine-cuttings 82-84 The commercial plant business 85-89 Field methods 86-87 Office methods 87-88 Advertising 88-89 CHAPTER V TILJ.AQE, Fertilizing and Rotation 90-119 Preparation for planting 90-91 Distance and method of planting 91-92 Contents vii PAGES Setting the plants in the field 92-93 Cultivation 93-96 Irrigation 96 Fertilizers 96-112 Kinds of fertilizers 99 Function and form of plant-foods 99-103 Commercial fertilizers 103-105 Home-mixing of fertilizers 105-107 What fertilizer to apply 107-108 Humus 108-109 Green-manures 109-110 Other materials as fertilizers 110-112 Application of fertilizers 112 Rotation 112-118 Plant-food 113-114 Root excretions 114-115 Mechanical effect on soil 115 Insect, fungous and weed enemies 115-116 Rotation to be used 116-118 Conclusion 119 CHAPTER VI Vabieties 120-136 CHAPTER VII Insects Affecting Sweet Potatoes 137-154 The sweet potato flea-beetle 137-139 Tortoise beetles 139-143 The two-striped sweet potato beetle 140 The black-legged tortoise beetle 140-141 The golden tortoise beetle 141-142 The mottled tortoise beetle 142 The argus tortoise beetle 142-143 Control of tortoise beetles 143 Saw-flies 143-145 Sweet potato weevil 145-154 Description 147-148 Life history 148-152 Control 152-154 CHAPTER VIII Diseases of the Sweet Potato 155-169 Stem-rot (wilt, blue-stem) 156-158 Control of stem-rot 157-158 iii Contents PAGES Foot-rot 158-159 Root-rot 159-160 Black-rot (black-shank) 160-162 Scurf (soil-stain, rust, Jersey mark) 162-163 Leaf-bliglit 163 Leaf-spot 163-164 White-rust (leaf-mold) 164 Soft-rot 1G5 Ring-rot 165-166 Dry-rot 166 Java black-rot 166 Charcoal-rot 167 Control of storage rots 167-169 CHAPTER IX Insecticides, Fungicides and Spray Machinery . 170-176 Insecticides and fungicides 170-173 Spray machinery 174-176 Dusters 175-176 Nozzles, hose, and fixtures 176 CHAPTER X Harvesting and Storage 177-206 Storage 179-206 Essentials in keeping sweet potatoes 180-184 Advantages of the storage-house over the bank . 185-189 Construction of the storage-house 189-198 Operation of the storage-house 198-201 Outbuildings for storage-houses 201-202 Commercial curing-houses 202-203 Banking 203-206 CHAPTER XI Preparation for Market 207-237 Market requirements 207-221 Varieties 208-210 Selling period 210-212 Containers 212-221 Proper production 221-226 Quality 222-223 Grading 223-225 Quantity 225-226 Storage 226 Packing operations 226-229 Contents ix PAGES Proper transit 229-237 Choice of car 230-233 Packing in car 233-237 CHAPTER XII COMMEKCIAL DiSPOSAI, OF THE SWEET POTATO .... 238-256 Markets 240-247 Home markets 241-243 Foreign markets 243-246 Advertising 246-247 Selling agencies 247-252 Commission house 247-251 Cooperative shipping 251-252 Selling methods 252-256 Acknowledgments It is desired to give acknowledgment to the following sources, from which figures have been adapted for use in this book: The United States Department of Agriculture for Figs. 2-7, 14-34, 40- 50; John Deere Plow Company, Figs. 8-11; Virginia Truck Ex- periment Station, Figs. 12-13; B. C. Jarrel Company, Figs. 35-38; Mississippi Experiment Station, Fig. 39. i PLATES Plate I. A commercial sweet potato bed in Texas Frontispiece FACING PAGE Plate II. Fifty-acre field of sweet potatoes, Thomasville, Georgia. (Courtesy Clark Plant Co.) . 30 Plate III. Sweet potato field operations 56 (After U. S. Dept. Agr.) Plat^" IV. Varieties of sweet potatoes 86 y (After U. S. Dept. Agr.) Plate V, Diseases of sweet potatoes 126 (After U. S. Dept. Agr.) Plate VI. Sweet potato foot-rot 15S (After U. S. Dept. Agr.) Plate VII. Sweet potato diseases 188 (After U. S. Dept. Agr.) Plate VIII. Sweet potato diseases 214 (After U. S. Dept. Agr.) X THE SWEET POTATO CHAPTEE I ORIGIN AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SWEET POTATO Foe many centuries the inhabitants of the warmer countries of the world have recognized the usefulness of the sweet potato as a source of food. Thus Bret- schneider writes ^ that the plant " was described in Chinese books a long time before the discovery of America," in the third or fourth century of our era. It was early an important cultivated plant, the roots of which supplied the place of com in Southern China. The root was said to be reddish and as large as a goose egg. Bretschneider identifies the plant with the sweet potato. Although the exact origin of the sweet potato is doubtful, its widespread cultivation, which in range compares favorably with that of such plants as tobacco and maize, argues for it antiquity of many centuries. The aborigines are said to have recognized such marked similarity between the sweet potato and the Irish potato that they called them by the same name, though they are not only very different species, but the 1 Bretschneider, " Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works," p. 13. 1 2 The Sweet Potato sweet potato is a true enlarged root while the Irish potato is a tuber of underground branches or rhizomes.^ Although cultivated perhaps more widely in the New World than in the Old, the sweet potato now plays a part in the vegetable calendar of gardeners in every country within or near the tropics and of recent years has become of considerable commercial importance in several regions of both North and South America. The definite origin of the sweet potato has been much investigated and discussed for many years and there is much diversity of opinion on the subject. Although there are arguments for both its American and Oriental origin as well as the possibility of its being indigenous to both the eastern and western hemispheres, much must be learned before the question can be definitely and con- clusively decided.
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