Downtown Houston
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C i t e 3 2 1 9 9 5 32 DOWNTOWN 1865-1890 1890-1920 International & Great Northern Railway At the foot of Mam Street, extending Main Street is the axis of Houston, The Freight Depot at Commerce and up to Commerce Avenue and stretching center of downtown moves three Caroline and of Union Station at between Milam on the west and blocks south, Irom Main and Congress Crawford and Prairie destabilizes the Caroline on the east, is the wharf, to Main and Texas. The fool of Mam established Second and Third Ward warehouse, and wholesale district. Street remains the public wharf until neighborhoods just east of downtown, Railroad development keeps to the construction ol the Houston Ship identifying them as eligible for absorp- north side of Buffalo Bayou and east of Channel; completion of the Mam Street tion into the expanded commercial downtown. Therefore, railroad tracks Viaduct, spanning Buffalo Bayou above district. Milam Street emerges as the and the development associated with the old waterfront, opens downtown to African-American mam street, stretch- them (warehouses, industry, and work- access from the north. The electrifica- ing Irom Prairie and Louisiana, near ing-class residential neighborhoods) do tion of the streetcar system in 1891 Market Square, up to Milam and Clay, not penetrate downtown Market makes possible a great expansion of near the eastern edge of the African- Square is rebuilt with new brick build- the public transportation network, American residential district in Fourth Main Street looking north from Preston Avenue. 1858 ings to serve the food trades Two which reinforces the primacy of down- Ward. Police harass African-Americans elaborate City Hall-Market Houses are town as the city's operational center in order to exclude them from the Main The Main Street axis is reinforced with constructed, one after the other, on Street retail district new development and redevelopment. Market Square The center of down- Skyscraper offices and hotels begin to town remains the intersection of Mam 1920 1945 be built. The retail district expands and Franklin, which becomes the cor- The center of downtown shifts up southward up Main, stopping first at ner where Houston's first banks clus- Main beyond the Allen brothers' origi- Capitol, then moving two blocks south ter. Two- and three-story brick nal townsite, to Main and Rusk, where to Walker. Department stores Isuch as buildings replace the earlier generation Houston's tallest skyscraper, the Gulf Kiam's, Levy's, and Foley Brothers), of commercial buildings A retail shop- Building, is built in 1929. This period movie theaters (the Isis and the ping district emerges along Main marks the apogee of downtown 1836- The Allen 8mthers'Plan 1837-1865 Queen), and metropolitan hotels (the between Congress and Prairie avenues. Houston. But problems are already The Main Street spine is balanced Main Street is the spine Main at Benderof1911andthenew.17-story Dwelling houses built in the 1830s and sighted Especially crucial is automo- midway along its six-block extent by Franklin is the center of downtown. At Rice of 1913) are introduced. The 1840s near Main and Prairie are demol- bile access, circulation, and parking. two public squares. Market Square to the foot of Main Street is the wharf. tallest building in Texas, the S. F. ished for replacement by new business Main Street is the prime retail district, the west and Court House Square to Connected directly to it are warehous- Carter Building, is built at Main and buildings. Construction of the Capitol although efforts are made in the 1920s the east. At the south edge of town, es and wholesale houses. Retail busi- Rusk in a single-lamily residential Hotel in 18B3 (eventually the Rice to develop Texas Avenue as a compet- facing what would become Texas nesses are located on the three blocks neighborhood in 1911. Highrise luxury ing thoroughfare of skyscrapers The Avenue, two half-squares are set aside of Mam between Commerce and Hotel) marks Texas Avenue as the center of the downtown retail and for high-minded pursuits; a church Preston, occupying the first generation upper end of the Main Street business entertainment district moves up the reserve and a school reserve. of brick business houses, which begin district. South of Lamar Avenue, Main street to Main and McKinney. thanks to be built in the mid-1840s. These spill becomes the Victorian grand avenue of to the efforts of Houston's biggest real over to the west to surround Market Houston, the town's most fashionable estate developer, Jesse H. Jones, who Square There is only limited commer- residential street. The introduction of builds the Metropolitan and Loew's cial incursion around Court House mule-drawn streetcars and efforts to Slate theaters on the same block, two Square, which is chiefly residential. pave Main Street make downtown S!'i« ^ * blocks from Mellie Esperson's The church and school reserves on easier to get to and easy lo move Majestic Theater at Travis and Rusk. about in. Hi Texas Avenue both become the site of Office buildings are constructed as far churches south as Main and Clay. Main Street, i from Lamar 39 blocks south to Portland, is redeveloped with retail and institutional buildings as an uptown suburban corridor more easily accessible by car than is downtown This decimates what is left of the New construction on Main Street, looking south from Rusk Avenue, 1911. Victorian grand avenue. The financial district remains entrenched at Main and Franklin, but skid rows emerge apartment houses (the Savoy and the around Market Square and eastward Beaconsiield) are built on the neartown along Franklin Avenue. Establishment end ol the Main Street grand avenue at of the Civic Center around Hermann Main and Pease After 1910, wealthy Square and the new Central Library, in families abandon the Main Street the old Fourth Ward neighborhood residential district. Main at Franklin southwest of downtown, in 1926 remains the center ol the financial Main Street looking soulli from Franklin Avenue, 1894. causes Market Square's decline as an district. Commerce Street becomes institutional center. Construction of Produce Row, center of the wholesale the Farmers Market, Sam Houston grocery trade. North of Buffalo Bayou, Coliseum and Music Hall, and the new a new warehouse and factory district is City Hall in the Civic Center between developed. The establishment of the C i t e 3 2 : 1 9 ^) 5 33 HOUSTON: Stephen F o x A Timeline 1929 and 1939. in conjunction with the 1970-1983 1983-Present ' ^ opening ol Allen Parkway in 1926, The center of downtown is Louisiana The collapse of the international oil begins to pull new development west- mwm and Lamar. Main Street is slowly market in stages between 1982 and What's happened to ward off the course of Main Street in i deserted by retail trade, as Joske's, 1986 results in Houston's worst eco- the late 1930s. The Great Depression Main Street f Neiman Marcus, Battelstein's, nomic crisis since the Great halts the real estate boom ol the late *\"". — ' * • « 4 a k a | « i i t H f i J i M i r t i , ,hi M « M M M M Sakowitz. and Oshman's leave down- Depression. Most new office buildings 1920s. Commercial construction slowly town or go out of business. Intensive are foreclosed. Vacancy rates soar. I M BWIHMMiiMMiMlunliMM i resumes in 1935. By 1937. a new boom demolition of the pre-World War II Most downtown hotels close All but in retail construction is under way f » I ' M fabric continues. The Rice Hotel closes two major banks fail. The Main Street N«H*.UrM,hMU downtown, but the skyline remains (1978), but the Cotton Exchange. Hogg, retail district loses all remaining major dominated by the set-back towers of Kiam, and Paul buildings are rehabili- stores except Foley's, and the center of •Mm *.*•* St*. the 1920s. The streetcar system is tated. Harris County expands around the downtown retail and hotel district Houston Gas & I tn. Company replaced by buses in the late 1930s. Court House Square, prompting long- moves to Westheimer and Post Oak. Public transportation remains centered MT*. ^ W AT , « ! It' II" . IBH '<• II term conflict over the preservation of Controversial proposals for a fixed-rail on downtown, but its impact shrinks in "What's Happened ID Main Street?," the historic Pillot and Sweeney, public transit system focused on down- the face of massive reliance on the advertising image, 1928. Coombs & Fredericks buildings The town are defeated. As a result of automobile. last banks vacate the Mam-Franklin national economic and social policies, financial district. Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation buys 32 1950-1960 1960-1970 blocks east of Main Street in 1970 on Downtown stagnates in the midst of The primacy of Main Street is broken. which to develop Houston Center, but Houston's biggest real estate boom. A series of new corporate oflice tow- the corporation abandons its master Between 1955 and 1961. Palms Center, ers (First City, Humble, Tenneco, Cullen plan in 1975. Allen Center is developed Gulfgate, Meyerland, Northgate. and Center) reverses the declining image of 1945-1950 Sharpstown shopping malls are built, downtown, but all except First City are on the eastern third of the old Fourth homelessness becomes a highly visible This marks the final episode of down- occupied by suburban branches of built to the west of Main Street. The Ward African-American neighborhood. problem in Houston, with many Df the town's supremacy as the operational downtown stores. A new uptown hotel Humble and Cullen Center buildings are The street and block pattern there is city's homeless living on the streets ol center of Houston Construction of the and highrise office district emerges built far outside the boundaries of the completely erased in lavor of a land- downtown.