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Introduction: Castles
Introduction: Castles Between the 9th and 10th centuries, the new invasions that were threatening Europe, led the powerful feudal lords to build castles and fortresses on inaccessible heights, at the borders of their territories, along the main roads and ri- vers’ fords, or above narrow valleys or near bridges. The defense of property and of the rural populations from ma- rauding invaders, however, was not the only need during those times: the widespread banditry, the local guerrillas between towns and villages that were disputing territori- es and powers, and the general political crisis, that inve- sted the unguided Italian kingdom, have forced people to seek safety and security near the forts. Fortified villages, that could accommodate many families, were therefore built around castles. Those people were offered shelter in exchange of labor in the owner’s lands. Castles eventually were turned into fortified villages, with the lord’s residen- ce, the peasants homes and all the necessary to the community life. When the many threats gradually ceased, castles were built in less endangered places to bear witness to the authority of the local lords who wanted to brand the territory with their power, which was represented by the security offered by the fortress and garrisons. Over the centuries, the castles have combined several functions: territory’s fortress and garrison against invaders and internal uprisings ; warehouse to gather and protect the crops; the place where the feudal lord administered justice and where horsemen and troops lived. They were utilised, finally, as the lord’s and his family residence, apartments, which were gradually enriched, both to live with more ease, and to make a good impression with friends and distinguished guests who often stayed there. -
From the Euphrates to the Thames and The
Symposium From the Euphrates to the Thames and the Mur 200 years of Middle Eastern Studies and Middle Eastern Collections 10 and 11 November 2011 Austrian Cultural Forum London A two day conference at the Austrian Cultural Forum London celebrating the 200 th anniversary of the founding of the Museum Joanneum in Graz Organisers: Austrian Cultural Forum London Universalmuseum Joanneum Graz Institut für Iranistik, Akademie der Wissenschaften Karl Franzens Universität Graz Urania Graz Sponsor: Styrian Chamber of Commerce Programme 10 November 2011 10am Welcome Peter Mikl, Director, Austrian Cultural Forum London The Archduke, The Museum Joanneum and the University 10.30am Gerhard M. Dienes, Universalmuseum Joanneum Josef Herk, President, Styrian Chamber of Commerce Archduke John of Austria (1782-1859), an innovative-minded Habsburg Prince 11am Coffee break 11.15am Wolfgang Muchitsch, Director Universalmuseum Joanneum The Joanneum, Austria‘s Universalmuseum 11.45am Helmut Konrad, Dean, Faculty of Humanities, Karl Franzens-Universität Graz The Graz University – bulwark and bridge to the southeast 12.15pm Lunch break From Graz to the Orient, from the Orient to Graz 2pm Karl Peitler, Universalmuseum Joanneum, Graz Anton Prokesch-Osten and his donations to the Joanneum 2.45pm Heinz Trenczak, Graz Film presentation: „Djavidan - Queen for a Day”by Heinz Trenczak and Arthur Summereder 3.30pm Coffee break Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Influential Literary Translator 4pm Hammer-Purgstall’s translations from Persian Nima Mina, SOAS, University of London 4.30pm Gerhard M. Dienes, Universalmuseum Joanneum, Graz Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Hafez and Goethe 5pm End Evening Concert 7pm West-East Divan Liederabend Goethe-Lieder von Franz Schubert and Hugo Wolf Jennifer France, Soprano Katie Bray, Mezzo-soprano Gareth John, Baritone Sanaz Sotoudeh, Piano 11 November 2011 Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall and James Claudius Rich: The Dawn of Middle Eastern Studies in Austria and England 10am Hannes D. -
Volker Sellin European Monarchies from 1814 to 1906
Volker Sellin European Monarchies from 1814 to 1906 Volker Sellin European Monarchies from 1814 to 1906 A Century of Restorations Originally published as Das Jahrhundert der Restaurationen, 1814 bis 1906, Munich: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2014. Translated by Volker Sellin An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. ISBN 978-3-11-052177-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-052453-6 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-052209-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover Image: Louis-Philippe Crépin (1772–1851): Allégorie du retour des Bourbons le 24 avril 1814: Louis XVIII relevant la France de ses ruines. Musée national du Château de Versailles. bpk / RMN - Grand Palais / Christophe Fouin. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Contents Introduction 1 France1814 8 Poland 1815 26 Germany 1818 –1848 44 Spain 1834 63 Italy 1848 83 Russia 1906 102 Conclusion 122 Bibliography 126 Index 139 Introduction In 1989,the world commemorated the outbreak of the French Revolution two hundred years earlier.The event was celebratedasthe breakthrough of popular sovereignty and modernconstitutionalism. -
Mitteilungen Für Die Presse
Read the speech online: www.bundespraesident.de Page 1 of 6 Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the inauguration of the Robert-Blum-Saal with artworks depicting Germany’s history of democracy at Schloss Bellevue on 9 November 2020 According to legend, the last words of Robert Blum were “I die for freedom, may my country remember me.” He was executed – shot – by imperial military forces on 9 November 1848, one day before his 41st birthday. The German democrat and champion for freedom, one of the most well-known members of the Frankfurt National Assembly, thus died on a heap of sand in Brigittenau, a Viennese suburb. The bullets ended the life of a man who had fought tirelessly for a Germany unified in justice and in freedom – as a political publicist, publisher and founder of the Schillerverein in Leipzig, as a parliamentarian in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt, and finally with a gun in his hand on the barricades in Vienna. To the very last, Robert Blum fought for a German nation-state in the republican mould, legitimised by parliamentary structures. He campaigned for a brand of democracy in which civil liberties and human rights were accorded to one and all. And he fought for a Europe in which free peoples should live together in peace, from France to Poland and to Hungary. His death on 9 November 1848 marked one of the many turning points in our history. By executing the parliamentarian Robert Blum, the princes and military commanders of the Ancien Régime demonstrated their power and sent an unequivocal message to the Paulskirche National Assembly. -
APPENDIX. Have Extensive Schools Also Here
738 .HISTOBY . OF LIMERICK. projected, from designs by 5. J. M'Carthy, Esq., Dublia, by the Very Rev. Jsmes O'Shea, parish priest, and the parishioners. The Sister of Mercy have an admirable convent and school, and the Christian Brothers APPENDIX. have extensive schools also here. s~a~s.-Rathkede Abbey (G. W: Leech, Esq.), Castle Matrix, Beechmount (T. Lloyd, Esq , U.L.), Ba1lywillia.m (D. Mansell, Esq.), and Mount Browne (J. Browne, Ey.) There is a branch of the Provincial Bank of Ireland, adof the National PgqCJPhL CHARTERS OF LIMERICK, Bank of Ireland here. Charter granted by John ... dated 18th December, 1197-8 . ,, ,, Edward I., ,, 4th February, 1291 ,, ,, ,, Ditto ,, 6th May, 1303 ,, ,, Henry IV. ,, 26th June, 1400 ,, ,, Henry V. ,, 20th January, 1413 The History of Limerick closes appropriately with the recognition by ,, ,, ,, Henry VI. ,, 27th November, 1423 the government of Lord Palmerston, who has since been numbered ~6th ,, ,, ,, Ditto, ,, 18th November, l429 ,. ,, ,, Henry VI., ,, 26th July, 1449 the dead, of the justice and expediency of the principle of denominational ,, ,, ,, Edward VI. ,, 20th February, 1551 education, so far at least as the intimation that has been given of a liberal ,, ,, ,, Elizabeth, ,, 27th October, 1575 modification of the Queen's Culleges to meet Catholic requirements is con- ,, ,, ,, Ditto, ,, 19th March, 15b2 , Jrrmes I. ,, 8d March, 1609 cerned. We have said appropriately", because Limerick was the first Amsng the muniments of the Corporation is an Inspex. of Oliver Cromwell, dated 10th of locality in Ireland to agitate in favour of that movement, the author of February, 1657 ; and an Inspex. of Charles 11. -
INVISIBLE EMPEROR Napoleon O N Elba
The INVISIBLE EMPEROR • • • • N a p o l e o N o N e l b a N a p o l e o N o N e l b a f r o m e x i l e t o e s c a p e f r o m e x i l e t o e s c a p e • • • • Mark Braude Penguin Press Penguin Press 2018 2018 New York New York PROFILE BOOKS Invisible Emperor prelims.indd 5 22/08/2018 14:33 9780735222601_Invisible_TX.indd iv 8/16/18 1:02 AM 9780735222601_Invisible_TX.indd v 8/16/18 1:02 AM 9780735222601_Invisible_TX.indd iv 8/16/18 1:02 AM 9780735222601_Invisible_TX.indd v 8/16/18 1:02 AM First published in Great Britain in 2018 by Profile Books Ltd 3 Holford Yard Bevin Way London WC1X 9HD www.profilebooks.com First published in the United States of America in 2018 by Penguin Press, an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC Copyright © Mark Braude, 2018 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Book design by Marysarah Quinn Map illustration by Jeffrey L. Ward Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A. The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. -
Wine Menu (PDF)
Wine Menu Wine Philosophy Exploration, Discovery, Enrichment. In this order, many of the notable moments in life transpire. We have curated a collection of wines with this philosophy in mind. Within each varietal, you will find a selection that not only affords you the familiar, but, if you wish to explore, there is a selection that encompasses the noteworthy and often the exceptional, usually at an unrivaled value. Enjoy. About Our Wine To aid with your selection, the wines on this progressive list are grouped in flavor categories. Wines with similar profiles are listed in a simple sequence, starting with those that are sweeter and very mild in flavor, progressing to wines that are drier and more full-bodied in taste. Wine Types B BIODYNAMIC Wine produced according to biodynamic principles, which state that agriculture should be conducted in tune with basic forces of nature, both terrestrial and celestial O ORGANIC Wine produced by organic viticulture avoiding synthetic treatments, chemical pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers V VEGAN Wine that has been fined with no animal substances or that has not been fined at all PRINCESS RECOMMENDED Wine selections of unusual quality and value Sparkling Wines & Champagnes GLASS BOTTLE BIN 5 Domaine Ste. Michelle Brut 35 Washington 10 Prunotto Moscato d'Asti 38 Piedmont, Italy 15 Mionetto Prosecco Brut Gold 11 40 Veneto, Italy 20 Domaine Chandon Brut 44 California In 1973, Chandon established the first French winery in Napa Valley, using centuries-old winemaking techniques to create the finest range of premium sparkling wines in America. Brut classic is refreshing, elegant and easy to sip and share. -
[Innsbruck,] Sunday Night, Probably the 17Th
0149. LEOPOLD MOZART TO HIS WIFE , SALZBURG [Innsbruck,] Sunday night, probably the 17 th December , [1769] I have no current calendar anymore. After I announced myself by my hired servant, 1 His Excellency Count Spaur 2 |: the brother of our Cathedral Canon 3 in Salzburg :| not only immediately sent a message via his servant, [5] with his compliments, that his coach would bring me to him at 2 o’clock on Saturday afternoon, but also, along with his spouse, received me graciously and placed his coach at my service, an offer of which I then also made use. Early on Sunday, [10] I received a note from him in which he invited us to a concert at 5 o’clock, to take place at the home of His Excellency Count Leopold Künigl. 4 In the meantime, I made use of his coach, drove twice to Herr von Kalckhammer, 5 then to Baron Cristani ,6 where I chatted about all kinds of things for 3 quarters of an hour, then to His Excellency Baron Enzenberg 7 and finally, at 5 o’clock, to the concert . Wolfgang was given a very beautiful concerto , which he played there prima vista .8 [15] We were received, as usual, with all honours, and then accompanied home by His Excellency Count Spauer personally. In short, we are entirely satisfied. Tomorrow I intend to pack everything, which will go all the faster since I have not unpacked very much and on Tuesday, if God will, I intend to set off. [20] I send my most humble thanks to Herr von Schidenhofen, 9 both for the letter of recommendation he sent and for the apology which he kindly made on my behalf and which is also entirely founded. -
Baroque Architecture in the Former Habsburg Residences of Graz and Innsbruck
EMBODIMENTS OF POWER? Baroque Architecture in the Former Habsburg Residences of Graz and Innsbruck Mark Hengerer Introduction Having overcome the political, religious, and economic crisis of the Thirty Years' War, princes in central Europe started to reconstruct their palaces and build towns as monuments of power. Baroque residences such as Karlsruhe combine the princely palace with the city, and even the territory, and were considered para digms of rule in the age of absolutism.' In Austrian Vienna, both the nobility and the imperial family undertook reshaping the city as a baroque residence only after the second Ottoman siege in 1683. Despite the Reichsstif of Emperor Karl VI, the baroque parts of the Viennese Hofburg and the baroque summer residence of Sch6nbrunn were executed as the style itself was on the wane, and were still incomplete in the Enlightenment period.2 It may be stated, then, that the com plex symbolic setting of baroque Viennese architecture reveals the complex power relations between the House of Habsburg and the nobility, who together formed a SOft of "diarchy," so that the Habsburgs did not exercise absolutist rule. 3 Ad ditionally, it cannot be overlooked that the lower nobility and burghers, though hardly politically influential, imitated the new style, which was of course by no means protected by any sort of copyright.4 For all these reasons, reading baroque cities as embodiments of powers is prob lematic. Such a project is faced with a phenomenon situated between complex actual power relations and a more or less learned discourse on princely power and 10 architecture (which was part of the art realm as well), and princes, noblemen, and citizens inspired to build in the baroque style. -
A.Hobagr~HAS BOUGHT a FINE PLACE I, FHE HALEDON HILLS
LEMENT. 4 NEW-YORK TRIBUNE MU'STRAI i, HILLS, NEW JERSEY, FOR A SUMMER HOME iIKGAWET A.HOBAgr~HAS BOUGHT A FINE PLACE FHE HALEDON In every sense of the word a men He was formerly an officer of cavalry, but mained suddenly resigned hi- commission in the army, Iralian nobli man. and the throne »f and, after havinr with some difficulty obtained Between Prince Maximilian there are now five lives namely, thus the permission of his uncle, the late King, to Saxony priest- his • !<!• st brother, the Crown Prince; the lat- enter holy orders, began studying for the of little boys, all under the age of ten. hood, and was subsequently ordained. Declin- ter's three brother. Prince George, who. ing accept the from the Saxon and his other John to allowance nearly t>-n years, he was entitled as a prince although he has been married Treasury to which en- blood, rejecting the offers made him remains without children. It Is therefore of the and the with the < ath- tirely within the bounds of possibility that of high dignities In connection supreme power. m Saxony, be royal priest may »»\u25a0 brought to olic Church, either at Ron r eithe r us regent or as King, and he would then secured an appointment as curate in one ol XUIS. HOBART3 NEW HOME IN THE HAL.EDON HILLS. CPhotcgmph by John Ilartmeier. .'" THE HOBART MAUSOLEUM. A DORIC TEMPLE IN WHICH THE VICE- PRESIDENT'S BODY RESTS. of Mrs. Garret A. Hobart. who, as the mistress when the "Cream White Boose" in Washington a her husband was Vice-President, wished high reputation as a charming and tactful hostess, is known by her neighbors in Fatersea for the same qualities. -
The History of Napoleon Buonaparte
THE HISTORY OF NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE JOHN GIBSON LOCKHART CHAPTER I BIRTH AND PARENTAGE OF NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE—HIS EDUCATION AT BRIENNE AND AT PARIS—HIS CHARACTER AT THIS PERIOD—HIS POLITICAL PREDILECTIONS—HE ENTERS THE ARMY AS SECOND LIEUTENANT OF ARTILLERY—HIS FIRST MILITARY SERVICE IN CORSICA IN 1793. Napoleon Buonaparte was born at Ajaccio on the 15th of August, 1769. The family had been of some distinction, during the middle ages, in Italy; whence his branch of it removed to Corsica, in the troubled times of the Guelphs and Gibellines. They were always considered as belonging to the gentry of the island. Charles, the father of Napoleon, an advocate of considerable reputation, married his mother, Letitia Ramolini, a young woman eminent for beauty and for strength of mind, during the civil war— when the Corsicans, under Paoli, were struggling to avoid the domination of the French. The advocate had espoused the popular side in that contest, and his lovely and high-spirited wife used to attend him through the toils and dangers of his mountain campaigns. Upon the termination of the war, he would have exiled himself along with Paoli; but his relations dissuaded him from this step, and he was afterwards reconciled to the conquering party, and protected and patronised by the French governor of Corsica, the Count de Marbœuff. It is said that Letitia had attended mass on the morning of the 15th of August; and, being seized suddenly on her return, gave birth to the future hero of his age, on a temporary couch covered with tapestry, representing the heroes of the Iliad. -
LOTHAR HÖBELT Nostalgic Agnostics: Austrian Aristocrats and Politics, 1918-1938
LOTHAR HÖBELT Nostalgic Agnostics: Austrian Aristocrats and Politics, 1918-1938 in KARINA URBACH (ed.), European Aristocracies and the Radical Right 1918-1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) pp. 161–185 ISBN: 978 0 199 23173 7 The following PDF is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND licence. Anyone may freely read, download, distribute, and make the work available to the public in printed or electronic form provided that appropriate credit is given. However, no commercial use is allowed and the work may not be altered or transformed, or serve as the basis for a derivative work. The publication rights for this volume have formally reverted from Oxford University Press to the German Historical Institute London. All reasonable effort has been made to contact any further copyright holders in this volume. Any objections to this material being published online under open access should be addressed to the German Historical Institute London. DOI: 10 Nostalgic Agnostics: Austrian Aristocrats and Politics, 1918-1938 LOTHAR HOBELT J edes Volk wird seine Reaktion erhalten; das eine sie harter, das andere sie gelinder erfahren; kurz gesagt, jedes Volk bekommt die Reaktion, die es verdient. (Every people will have its reaction; some will have a harsher experience, some a milder one; in short, every people will get the reaction it deserves.) Prince Aloys Liechtenstein, Das Neue Rei.eh, 6July 1919 I Revisionists without a Cause The end of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy left the (German-) Austrian republic with thousands of ennobled officers and civil servants. It can only be surmised that their politics were similar to those of the middle classes in general, which is why this essay will focus on the few dozen aristocratic families who were either large landowners or belonged to the charmed circle of families which had held hereditary seats in the old Austrian upper house.