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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses The application of sedimentological analysis and luminescence dating to waterlain deposits from archaeological sites Parish, Romola How to cite: Parish, Romola (1992) The application of sedimentological analysis and luminescence dating to waterlain deposits from archaeological sites, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5866/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE APPLICATION OF SEDIMENTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND LUMINESCENCE DATING TO WATERLAIN DEPOSITS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Romola Parish The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. at the University of Durham, September, 1992. 2 5 I"!Ai< 1993 THE APPLICATION OF SEDIMENTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND LUMINESCENCE DATING TO WATERLAIN DEPOSITS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Romola Parish The thesis follows an interdisciplinary approach combining sediment analysis and luminescence dating of sediments from selected archaeological sites. The work aims to assess the role of sediment analysis for luminescence dating, and the potential of TL and IRSL for dating waterlain material of Holocene age. A comparative chronology based on radiocarbon, stratigraphic and archaeological grounds is important. However, the viability of comparing different dating techniques is considered in the light of the dating results. The novel IRSL and established TL techniques were shown to successful for dating waterlain sediments, provided that a suitable light source is used for laboratory bleaching. Age comparisons between the luminescence techniques was excellent. Disparities between luminescence and C-14 ages is largely explained on a sedimentological basis. The role of sediment analysis is shown to be of great importance for luminescence dating. Certain sedimentological and luminescence characteristics are shown to be closely linked. The relationship between undated sediments affected by instability or low intensity of signals, and weathering in the strata from which the samples were taken is tested by experiment. This demonstrates that weathering of feldspars in the stratum severely affects the luminescence signals and therefore the potential for dating these samples. This represents a step towards the recognition of problematic samples in the field. In conclusion, it is shown that luminescence is suitable as an absolute dating technique for a wide variety of inorganic sedimentary material between 0-200 000 years old. This exceeds the C-14 technique both in range of material and in age limits. The main source of error is associated with variations in water content, which with the recognition of the significance of weathering, demonstrates the importance of sediment analysis in support of luminescence dating studies. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Declaration CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Page 1 1.1 Sediment Dating 1 1.2 Luminescence Dating 2 1.3 Sedimentary Processes and Luminescence Dating 4 1.4 Chronological Control 6 1 .5 Aims and Outline of the thesis 8 1.6 Site Selection Criteria 9 CHAPTER 2 THE SITES 11 2.1 East Anglian Fenland 11 2.1.1 Quaternary History 11 2.1.2 Archaeology 13 2.1.3 Flag Fen 15 2.1.4 Chronological Control 16 2.1.5 Summary 17 2.2 Eskmeals, Cumbria 17 2.2.1 · Quaternary History 18 2.2.2 Archaeology 19 2.2.3 Williamson's Moss 20 2.2.3.1 Archaeology 21 2.2.3.2 Chronological Control 22 2.2.3.3 Summary 23 2.2.4 Stubb Place 24 2.2.4.1 Chronological Control 24 2.2.4.2 Summary 25 2.3 Hartlepool Bay, Cleveland· 25 2.3.1 Quaternary History 26 2.3.2 Archaeology 27 2.3.3 Chronological Control 28 2.3.4 Summary 28 2.4 The River dune area of the Western Netherlands 29 2.4.1 Quaternary History 29 2.4.2 Perimarine area and the Donken 31 2.4.3 Archaeology 32 2.4.4 Hazendonk and Slingeland 34 2.4.5 Chronological Control 35 2.4.6 Hazendonk and Slingeland; summary 35 2.5 Summary 36 CHAPTER 3 THE FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF LUMINESCENCE DATING 37 3.1 Formation of Sedimentary deposits 38 3.1.1 Transport and Deposition 3 9 3.1.1 .1 Fluvial Environments 41 3.1.1.2 Intertidal Environments 42 3.1.1.3 Lagoonal and Lacustrine Environments 43 3.1.1.4 Estuarine and Marine Environments 44 3.1.2 Post-Depositional Change 45 3.1.2.1 Compaction and Diagenesis 45 3.1.2.2 Water Content 4 7 3.1.2.3 Pedogenesis 4 7 3.1.2.4 Weathering 4 7 3.1.3 Summary 51 3.2 Techniques of Sedimentary Analysis 52 3.2.1 Sampling 52 3.2.2 Dosimetry 53 3.2.3 Water Content 53 3.2.4 Particle Size Analysis 54 3.2.5 Mineralogy 56 3.2.6 Elemental Composition 57 3.2.7 Weathering Indices 58 3.2.8 Physical Appearance of the Grains 59 3.2.9 Feldspar Identification 59 3.2.10 Organic Carbon Content 60 3.2.11 Summary 60 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS OF SEDIMENTOLOGICAL ANALYSES 62 4.1 Preliminary Considerations 62 4.2 Sedimentological Analysis by Site 62 4.2.1 Flag Fen 62 4.2.1.1 Stratigraphy 62 4.2.1.2 Sample Descriptions 63 4.2.1.3 Summary 66 4.2.2 Williamsons Moss 67 4.2.2.1 Stratigraphy 67 4.2.2.2 Sample Descriptions 68 4.2.2.3 Summary 71 4.2.3 Stubb Place 72 4.2.3.1 Stratigraphy 72 4.2.3.2 Sample Descriptions 73 4.2.3.3 Summary 76 4.2.4 Hartlepool Bay 77 4.2.4.1 Stratigraphy 77 4.2.4.2 Sample Descriptions 78 4.2.5 Hazendonk 79 4.2.5.1 Stratigraphy 79 4.2.5.2 Sample Descriptions 81 4.2.6 Slingeland 82 4.2.6.1 Stratigraphy 82 4.2.6.2 Sample Descriptions 83 4.3 Discussion 85 CHAPTER 5 LUMINESCENCE TECHNIQUES 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Luminescence Techniques 90 5.2.1 TL Measurements 90 5.2.2 IRSL Measurements 92 5.2.3 Relationship between TL and IRSL 96 5.2.4 Other OSL Techniques 98 5.2.5 ED Evaluation and the Age Equation 98 5.2.6 Irradiation 100 5.2.7 Dosimetry 101 5.2. 7.1 Alpha Radiation 101 5.2.7.2 Beta Radiation 102 5.2.7.3 Gamma Radiation 103 5.2.7.4 Cosmic Radiation 104 5.2.7.5 Calcium Fluoride Dosimetry 104 5.3 Additional Aspects relevant to Dating 105 5.3.1 Sample Preparation 1 05 5.3.2 Normalization 1 06 5.3.3 Stability of the Luminescence Signal 1 08 5.3.4 Anomalous fading in Feldspars 11 0 5.3.4.1 Mechanisms of fading 112 5.3.4.2 Tests for fading 113 5.3.5 Preheating 113 5.4 Contributions of this Study 115 5.4.1 Bleaching studies 115 5.4.1.1 Laboratory Bleaching 118 5.4.2 Sensitivity changes in the luminescence signal 120 5.4.3 Water Content 122 5.5 Summary of the dating procedure 124 CHAPTER 6 LUMINESCENCE DATING RESULTS 127 6.1.1 Flag Fen 127 6.1.2 Williamsons Moss 128 6.1.3 Stubb Place 129 6.1 .4 Hartlepool Bay 131 6.1.5 Hazendonk 132 6.1.6 Slingeland 132 6.2 Discussion 133 6.2.1 TL versus IRSL versus C-14 133 6.2.2 Accuracy of luminescence dates 137 6.3 Conclusions 138 CHAPTER 7 SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF FELDSPARS AND IRSL 7.1 Relationships between luminescence and sedimentology 140 7.1.1 Group1 141 7.1.2 Group 2 141 7.1.3 Group3 141 7.1.4 Significance of categories 142 7.2 Structure of feldspars 143 7.3 Weathering of feldspars 143 7.4 Weathering Experiment 145 7.4.1 Results 146 7.4.2 Conclusions 14 7 7.4.3 Implications for dating 14 7 CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 149 8.1 Summary of work undertaken 149 8.2 Justification of luminescence methodology 152 8.3 Role of Sedimentological analysis in luminescence dating 152 8.4 The future of luminescence dating 157 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A Radiocarbon data APPENDIX B B.1 Key to stratigraphic diagrams B.2 Key to sedimentological analysis diagrams APPENDIX C C.1 Dosimetry data for all samples C.2 Measurement data for all samples LIST OF FIGURES following page .... 2.1 Map of East Anglian Sites 11 2.2 Map of Cumbrian sites 17 2.3 Stubb Place stratigraphic correlation 24 2.4 Map of Hartlepool Bay 25 2.5 Hartlepool Bay stratigraphic correlation 27 2.6 Map of Dutch sites 29 2.7 Hazendonk stratigraphic sequence 34 2.8 Slingeland stratigraphic sequence 35 4.2.1 Flag Fen stratigraphy 62 4.2.2 SEM photographs; FF1 63 4.2.3 SEM photographs; FF3 65 4.2.4 Williamsons Moss stratigraphy 67 4.2.5 SEM of WM1 68 4.2.6 SEM of WM1 68 4.2.7 SEM of WM1 68 4.2.8 SEM of WM 3 69 4.2.9 SEM of WM 3 69 4.2.10 SEM of WM 3 70 4.2.11 SEM of WM 3 70 4.2.12 SEM of WM5 71 4.2.13 Stubb Place stratigraphy 72 4.2.14 SEM of SP3 73 4.2.15 SEM of SP3 73 4.2.16 SEM of SP5 74 4.2.17 SEM of SP5 74 4.2.18 Hartlepool Bay stratigraphy 77 4.2.19 SEM of WH1 78 4.2.20 SEM of WH1 78 4.2.21 Hazendonk stratigraphy 79 4.2.22 SEM of HAZ1 81 4.2.23 SEM of HAZ1 81 4.2.24 SEM of HAZ1 81 4.2.25 Slingeland stratigraphy 82 5.1 Flow chart of dating methodology 89 5.2.1 Diagram of the luminescence process 89 5.2.2 TL Filter transmission 91 5.2.3 ED evaluation methods 98 5.3.1 lnitiaiiRSL signals for different preheat times at 160°C 113 5.4.1 Transmission of light through water and BG-39 filters 117 5.4.2 TL and IRSL bleaching under sunlight
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