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LIST OF PROPERTIES AND OCCURRENCES QUIRKE GROUP o a e Serpent Formation PHANEROZOIC 1. Alkins, G. and Alkins, J. Glacial striae 8 Arkose, minor quartz arenite 2. Alwyn Gold-Copper Occurrence CENOZOIC 3. Arena, A. Small rock outcrop QUATERNARY Espanola Formation 4. Beath, A. St. PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT NORMAN 5. Btanchard, E. 7 Limestone, silty wacke 6. Bowland, A.G. Boundary of outcrop ares 14 Gravel, sand, silt, swamps 7. Burton, M. Bruce Formation 8. Canadian Copper Company \ Geological boundary (defined: assumed) UNCONFORMITY 6 Pebbly wacke, minor wacke, minor arenite 9. Canadian Nickel Company Limited 10. Carr, H. PRECAMBRIAN Contact with Pleistocene and Recent deposits HOUGH LAKE GROUP 11. Dennie, F. LATE PRECAMBRIAN Mississaqi Formation 12. Dominic, M. MAFIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS 13. Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited Deciding (inclined, vertical) 13 Olivine Diabase 5a Quartz-pebble conglomerate 14. Fulton, A.G. 5b Quartz arenite, arkose 15. Glade Explorations Gold Occurrence Fracture cleavage 5c Silty wacke 16. Gold Nugget and Development Company INTRUSIVE CONTACT 17. Gold NuggetandDevelopmentCompanyandLaforest, L, MIDDLE PRECAMBRIAN 18. Gulf Minerals Canada Limited with P.C. McLean and Schistosity D.R.Watt SUDBURY NICKEL IRRUPTIVE EARLY PRECAMBRIAN 19. Hiyyins, J. and Burroughs, C.M. 12a Norite MAFIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS 20. Hollinger Mines Limited Occurrence l 2b Transition zone rocks 4a Diabase 21. Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario 12c Micropegmatite 22. International Nickel Company of Canada Limited, The 4b Glomeroporphyritic diabase {Inco Limited) 23. Kennco Explorations Occurrence INTRUSIVE CONTACT 24. Lamotte, E. WHITEWATER GROUP GRANITIC ROCKS AND MIGMATITES 25. Lindsey, T. Onapiny Formation 26. McBririe, E. 3a Granitic rocks 27. McBride r H. 11a Quartzite 3b Migmatite 28. McBride,J. 11 b Tuff, tuff breccia 29. McBnde, W. 30. McChesney Gold Mines Limited MAFIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS 31. McFadden.JJ. NIPISSING INTRUSIVE ROCKS METAVOLCANICS AND ME TASE DI ME NTS 32. McLean, P.C. Trench, pit METASEDIMENTS Po/taa e 33. McMillan Gold Mines Limited lOa Gabbro ©Bass f in).\ 34. Mcvittie, G.E. 1 Orj Ps;gmdtitic gabbro 2a Wacke 35. Plexman, E.J. Intermittent stream 10c Gianophyie 2b Quart? siltstone, atkose 36. Serpell, M., Gauthier, M., McBride, J. 2c Biotite-plagioclase gneiss 37. Spence, L,E,M., Conway, Past producing mine 2d Hornblende-biotite gneiss 38. Tittley, H.Z. AJf/McClouds Pt. HURONIAN SUPERGROUP 39. Tower Financial Corporation Limited and Hazlett, J, 40. Viau, L. Diamond drill hn©t: CG8ALTGROUP 41. Warford, W.R. Gowganda Formation Mafic metavolcanics 42. Watmough, A.G. 1b Amphibolite Geoloyical boundaries just east of the Sudbury Nickel 9a Conglomerate 43. Watt, D.R. (includes 1 and 18). Irruptive, i.e. east of Blue and Moose and around 9 b Arkose Skead, commonly are megabreccia clast boundaries. NOTE: 9c Wacke a. This is basically a field legend and may be changed as a result of 9d Laminated wacke subsequent laboratory investigations. RATHBUN G ri a n z ci RI609 Horseshoe (r METAL AND MINERAL REFEHENCLS

. . . Nickel . . . Quart/ Quartz riSha . . Uranium H.

Higgins Pt. Wanapitei Lake Oak Scadding Island Bay

Frost Lake Kukagami Lake

Au.Cu ,.9c Q©

Maclennan

^xjWanapitei

^ \V"(

Southeast Bay

- . i -. © - .. : c X V- A-W'-i - '^ST^'-W-^'-:©-© vs^Ay-.V :*. ;- f^T- f/--© x-;

i 0& McLaren Lake . 7 Kolari Bay r x XT

Massey Bay Fortune

NICKEL RIM MINE©-©

Bonanza Lake Bugg i Hagarty Loire ^ Lafa ^Little Bonanza

-i* Ai2Zt'x" t/,-i Ashigami Lake

^Y ** r ^^ O CAPREOL Newton©s . Pothole MACLENNAN SCADDING TP

46U38'30 Fi a Q Srop

Ministry of Hon. James A.C. Auld MARGINAL NOTES In 1968 Questor Surveys Limited (X 23} performed a Uranium jnd Goldj In 1972, Gulf Minerals Canada Limited sandstone (Benin.*s M.r.e), Bruce Formation cixiglomei pt Wanapitei Lake area, Geological Survey of Canada Map 1948, Minister sunk to about 15 m and a little lateral work was done. In 1956 gold per ton, 8.7 ounces silver per ton, and 1.95 percent They were observed at Massey Bay of Lake Wanapitei, near the rock flour. Pseudotachylite is common and is of the same age ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Geological Survey, "f oroniol. Anoihci radioactive conglomerate SOURCES OF INFORMATION combined magnetic and electromagnetic survey for Kennco (4 18) conducted an airborne radiometric, electromagnetic, by T.T. Quirke. Natural the occurrence was examined by Falconbridge Nickel Mines copper), 15 cm long core section in one of its drill hoies village of Skead, and in southern MacLennan and Scadding as the Sudbury-type breccia i.e. they were formed after the bed, .jooi.it S./ rn thick, occurs deeper in the hole, i.e. from Espanola Fcrmaiion limestone (Alkins, G. .t;s(J Alkins, J. Dr. J. K. Reynolds Explorations (Canada) Limited over an area of approximately and magnetometer survey over a group of 79 claims in Scadding and Ce.pper Detailed geological -nfarmation on !he LOCATION AND ACCESS: Limited as a possible source of smelter flux and two holes and Kayjon Minerals Limited©s drill encountered five mineral Townships. Pebbly wacke of the Bruce Formation is common Nipissing-typc gabbro intruded and shortly before the in 24.-: to 33.4 m in dep©h. Eight assays from the 3.2n m thick properly), or Gowganda Formoticn wackes (McMilleri Gold Kelly and Davis Townships; Ontario Department of Mines Resources Deputy Minister 673 km 2 . This survey included almost all of Scadding Town Township to map the distribution of radioactive material "Maclennan open pit and Ihe Victor Mine of The International Geology by B. Dressler and assistants, 1978. were drilled. Surface chip samples of the quartz vein contained ized containing O to 0.65 ounce ot gold per ton, 0.04 to 0.36 in eastern and central Scadding Township, It is overlain by trusion of the rocks of the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive. All radioactive /me gnged from 0,01 MD 0.04 pRrcent L^Qg. Mines Limbed property). The auiho© therefore believes that Geological Report No. 15, 1963, by J.E. Thomson and K.D. The southern Wanapitei Lake area is about 24 km north ship, Davis Township, and part of MacLennan Township. The and subsurface conductors and to obtain structural infor N:ckel Company of Canada Limited i;, no* available. Ore Assessment Files Research Off©ce, Ontano Geological Survey, 90-95 percent SiO 2 and from trace to 0.04 ounce of gold per ounce silver per ton, and 0.02 to 0.07 percent copper (analy limestone and siltstone of the Espanola Formation. This foregoing rocks, including the Sudbury-type breccia, are Similar 0303 contents wcie indicated in iho quartzite©; and the Nipissing gahtro and not tne sedime©Tidry rocks is the Card. Ontario east of Sudbury and includes most of Maclennan and Scadding purpose of the survey was to investigate occurrences of base- simples foi.in^ by r.he duthoi ar the TWO mines cnn-sist of Toronto; and Regional Geologist©s Files, Ontano Ministry of mation on the geological formations. As a result of this work ton. A group of four teased claims at northwestern Bonanza ses of 1.5 m long core sections). E. J. Plexman (# 35) presently formation is, in turn, overlain by arkose of the Serpent For intruded by Late Precambrian olivine diabase dikes. They pebble conglomerates in two other drill holes. J.E. Thomson sot: ree fD© rho gold m ©he rleute: ic hyd-othHi msl qua!©./ vains. Townships and parts of Capreol and Davis Townships. Access metal mineralization within the area. The company discovered the company diamond drilled 41 holes for a total length of common Sudbury copper-nickel orev J.E. Thomson (1961) Lake, including the quartz-gold occurrence, is presently held owns a group of four claims in the area. mation, which outcrop in central Scadding Township. Large strike northwesterly and were observed in many places. (19611 repom an assay of 0.009 percent 0305 obtained from Natural Resources, Sudbury. This map is purlished with the permission of E.G. Pye. Direct ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY to Scadding Township and, via secondary bushroads, to Davis three groups of electromagnetic anomalies in the southwestern 2669 m in the area 1.2 km west of the westernmost end of gives 8 descnpnon of the Nickt;! Run Mine, ©©Minciatizanan in central Scadding Township, P.C. McLean (persunjl by E.BIanchard (#5}. areas of central and northern Scadding Township are under- a grab sample taken from o conglomerate occurrence opposite Base maps derived from map? of the Forest Resources Inven or, Ontario Geological Survey. Township is provided by the Kukagami Lake Road from corner of Scadding Township, and six weak anomalies in East of the J. and G. Alkins property, in lots 5 and 6, at tnfi mine is cuiifined mostly to The band of quartz diorite communication 19?8! discovered ria-ive gold m chohilized Ashigami Lake. In January 1978, D.R. Watt diamond drilled alin by wacke of the Gowganda Formation. The Lorrain Cenozoic deposits comprise sand and gravel. They are the IViinisny of Na©uiai Resources Buildings at Bowl-jnds Bay- tory, Lands and Waters Group, Ontario Ministry of Natural PRELIMINARY MAP R2228 Highway 17 east of the village of Wanapitei. Maclennan southeastern Lake Wanapitei. In southwestern Scadding Town another eight holes totalling 492 m. Gulf Minerals Canada concession II ot Scadding Township, Glade Explorations found mainly south of Lake Wanapitei near the Sudbury n irregjl^nlv-bhr.ped bodies... quartzite breccia. No detailed informavon on this gola occurr The Red Rock Mine is located in central Scadding Town Formation appears to absent from the southern Wanapitei Hollinger Mines Limited repons d 25 cm thick radioactive Resources. GEOLOGICAL SERIES Township and eastern Capreol Township are accessible via ship, three 5 - to 6-channel anomalies were detected very close Limited and D.R. Watt did not report any uranium discovery. ence is sn/g.iwble yet, as exploration activity is presently going Geology is not tied to any surveyed lines. ship. Between 1923 and 1925, McMillan Development Com Limited, a now-defunct company, carried out a geological Lake Area. airport. The sulphides occur in a sones yf irreqular, disc pyimc quartz pebble conglomerate bed in ©l2^ m depth of j Highway 54 from Sudbury and a network of gravel roads. to and northeast of the Moose Rapids, i.e. at the southern on. The gold copper occurrence ; n Scadding Township forme1 Maclennan and Scadding Townships; Ontario Department of On the investigated ground, however, gold mineralization pany Limited sank a shaft to a depth of about 50 m and did survey of twelve claims (# 15). The company (1972) reports ... Thcic Hoes nr.T sfiem io bc any definite sT vertical diamond drill hole nfi^r the discovery showing. Magnetic declination approximately S^BS©W, 1978. !y ow-nHii ny Alwyn Porcupine Minus Limited i^ associated border of the map-area. The two other groups of (3-channel) in chloritized quartzite breccia was discovered (personal 340 m of drifting and crosscutting (Kindle 1933). McMillan several occurrences of visible gold in quartz veins. Nipissing-type gabbro intrudes all the foregoing rock STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY l in in? occurrence ot the sulphide oodios. The ore Mines Map 2009; geology by James E. Thomson, 1956-1959 MINERAL EXPLORATION: anomalies occur 2.1 km northwest and 1.7 km north north The iancbXijne?. of the Mis©.issagi Foimatton commonly are with a fault zone !h^i 5^1 ikes in j northwest di r ectiun. J.E. - ,, i © i 0 ©"1!.**,...! © -]. ,. WANAPITEI LAKE AREA communication; P.C. McLean,geologist. North Bay;September Gold Mines Limited (# 33) is the present owner of the prop formations. The medium- to coarse-grained gabbro forms shows typical Sudbury mine* ali7ourjf and consists cf pyino Sudbury Mining Area;Ontario Department of Mines Map 2170; east of the Moose Rapids. In northern Scadding Township, about 1.8 km east-south The Early Precambrian rocks do not exhibit an obvious pynliteious and, in 3 tew places south and uvest of Ashigami Thomson (©96i) spates: "Thu properly *s underlain by racks f ©B© 1© ©* r"" - © In the southern Wanapitei Lake area, exploration has been 1978). P.C. McLean presently holds a group of 24 claims and erty. In 1931 Mid-Continental Gold Fields Limited carried irregularily shaped bodies, sills, and dikes. The largest gabbro I.HO, pentlandite, chalcopyrm: :ir-d le^er ^mounrs of pysitc." compiled by K.D. Card, 1966-1967. eastward of Scadding Bay (Lake Wanapitei), another gold structural trend due to a strong tectonic deformation prob ot The Goi,vgand-j Form^iio.!, which is cut by dikes of gabbro... Issued 1980 carried out for nickel, copper, uranium, and gold. D.R. Watt (# 43) a group of 64 claims in central and southern out considerable trenching and pitting to test gold mineral mass in the Southern Wanapitei Lake area is located between Lake, f o; m gossans sevetdl square metres in size. The sand In 1969 and 1970, as s result of the geophysical survey and and copper occurrence is located. In 1950, 1956, and 1959, ably related to the Sudbury event, i.e. endogenic forces or Little s i known of the economic potential, charactci, Sudbury-Cobalt Area; Ontario Department of Mines Map 2361; Southern Part Scadding Township. izations just north of the Red Rock Mine where McChesncy Massey and Outlet Bays of Lake Wanapitei. Intermediate stones, ss the conglomerates, die a possible source of uranium. The i jcks adjacent ;o the fault zcne .KC gtcatly dltered, brecc of geological field work, the company diamond drilled three Alwyn Porcupine Mines Limited (^ 2) diamond drilled four the impact of a . extent, and thickness uf the disseminated sulphide mineral iated, fp©ic© fractured"; the /one itself is marked by some iul- compiled bv K.D. Card and S.S. Lumbers, 1974-1975. jXHckel and Copper Three past-producing mines are located Gold Mines Limited (# 30) presently holds seven claims. Gold to felsic phases of the Nipissing intrusions were observed No asse-smem file infocmaiion, however, is available on any DISTRICT OF SUDBURY holes for a total length of 395 m in southern Scadding Town Ggtd and Gold-Copper: There are several gold and gold-copper teen holes for a total of 1406 m to test the occurrence. The ization encountered by Kennco Exp©orations (Canada) Limited phide mineralization -md many quartz-carbonate veins...The Information from this publication may be quoted if credit is west and south of southern Lake Wanapitei: The Nickel Rim Nugget and Development Company (#16) two claims, and in several places, mainly at the southern shore of Lake Wana The rocks of the Huronian Supergroup and the Nipissing- exploration wot k on the sandstones. A trench in a rusty Geology or a portion of the Sudbury map-area south of Wana ship near the . The drill encountered only occurrences associated with quartz and quartz-carbonate veins company reported gold assays ranging from O to 0.093 ounce in its drill holes m southern Scadding lownship. In the drill geo©-netncai average of vein intersections to rwre is 0.022 given. It is recommended that reference to this map be made Mine of Falconbridge Nickel Mines Ltd. (# 13), and the Tower Financial Corporation Limited another two claims (# 39). pitei. weathering sandstone was observed by the ainhor about Q.^ km pitei Lake, Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada Summary Scale: 1:15840 minor disseminated sulphide mineralization. The company in Maclennan and Scadding Townships. Their locations have type gabbro are weakly deformed in the northern part of the records the company describes coarse tuff-conglomerate in the following form: Victor Mine and Maclennan Mine of The International Nickel per ton and copper assays ranging from 0.18 to 1.22 percent. somh of the western bay of Ashigam, Lake. ounce of geld per ton and 0.42 percent copper..,." Report, 1913, by W.H. Collins. did not report any further work, and the claims were allowed southern Wanapitei Lake Area. In general the rocks trend east- Wile y© Mile Company of Canada Limited (Inco Limited© # 22}. All the been known for a long time and no work known to the author About 1.6 km east of the Wanapitei River in central Scad No further work has been reported and the claims were allow Tuff-breccia of the Onaping Formation, the only formation that occasionally contains up TO 5-10 percent pyrite and Dressler, B. to lapse. soutneast. Towards the south, i.e. toward the Grenville Front Gold and Gold-Cupper. Alt bu©v one of the gold or gold-copper REFERENCES Wanapitei sheet; Geological Survey of Canada Map 124A, '•Sw^^-'-1'^"'^ ground overlaying or bordering the nickel irruptive is covered has been done on them in recent years. In many palces old ding Township lies another gold occurrence, property of J. ed to lapse. of the Whitewater Group observed in the area, outcrops in the pyrrhotine. Asssy values as reported by the company range 1980: Wanapitei Lake Area (Southern Part), District of Sud Tectonic Zone, the degree of deformation increases; and south occi.11 rences described under "Mmetal Exploration" are 1914, by W.H. Collins. Metres 100 O 0.8 1 Kilometre by patented and leased claims. The main claim holders are surface trenches, test pits, and shafts were observed by the and G. Alkins (# 1). Fairbairn (1939) reported that after western part of Scadding Township and in Capreol Township. from tract1 Lo 0.04 percent copps-- and from trace TO 0.02 bury; Ontario Geological Survey Preliminary Map HHH ad Uranium: An uranium discovery in quartz-pebble conglomerate of Skead Bonanza Lake - Ashigami Lake, the rocks exhibit associated with quattz and qiiditz-csrbonate veins thai occur ^_- - ^*"a^i^-;^^ Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited (about 85 claims) and Inco author during the 1978 field work. several years of inactivity, work was resumed on this property GENERAL GEOLOGY It is intruded by norite and micropegmatite of the Sudbury percent nickel. irckei. Fairbciii"©"., H.W. Evidence for an impact origin for Lake Wanapitei, Ontario; P,2228, Geological Series. Scale 1:15 840 or 1 inch to was made on the western shore of Massey Bay of Lake Wana fracture cleavages or arc schistose. within rocKs of Hie Huronian Supergroup or within N©pissmg- 1939© Geology of the Ashigami Lak E! Area; O-nano Dep.-ii I- Limited (about 20 claims). Several other companies and in 1939. No production and no more recent work have been Nickel Irruptive. Geological Association of Canada. Special Paper No. 10, 1972, VA mile. Geology 1978. LOCATION MAP Scale: 1:1.584,000 or 1 inch tu 25 miles pitei. In 1959 Picton Uranium Mines Limited (#7) diamond The Skead Mine is located just east of the village of Skead. Early Precambrian mafic metavolcanics, metasediments, LjrRiiiun. Radioactive quanz congloinetatc cf the ©V!is?issagi type yabbiu near or at the contact of ihe Huronian sedimen individuals hold another forty patented or leased claims. reported. The old workings, pits and trenches, were observed bil Uer cones have been obsctvcd in a few places along meni of Minus. Volume 48, ©939, part 10. by M.R. De nee and J, Popelar. drilled three holes for a total of 162 m. In 1975 M. Burton J.E. Thomson (1961) states that prior to 1946, a shaft had biotite-ptagioclase gneisses, granitic rocks, and diabases under Sudbury-type breccia is present in all the map-area but was Fcicmafion is exposed at. -.i few places dlong thr western shoie tary recks wiih tr-e gabbro. The veins are ^ few centimetres ©o NTS Reference: 41 1/10 by the author. the shore of Lake Wan^pi©ei, and on Hovvse Island. Thesfi bonnie, L..F. Exploration activity in these claimed areas has gone on Jiamond drilled a 38 m deep hole, and in 1976 Hollinger been sunk and drifting done on the 165-foot level. There is lie part of western Scadding Township and part of eastern found mainly west of Lake Wanapitei and south of the village of Massey Bay of Lake Wanapitei. At ihe discovery site, ihe about IS m (Bonanza fVlne] thick and strike p.nallel to the Ashigami Lake area; Ontario Department of Mines Map No. ODM-GSC Aeromagnetic Map: 1511G structure*; are possiljiy suggestive of a meteorite impact origin 1933- Moe-sc Mountem Wanapnei A^- Oi^io Dcpa©i. since the early days of the Sudbury mining activity. It includes Mines Limited diamond drilled a 174 m deep hole. (For results no record of when the work was done. In 1946 Falconbridge At southern Kukagami Lake in Scadding and Davis Town Capreol Township. of jkead, i.e. in those parts of the map-area that border the conglomeia©e esn be tisced fei a disla.ae of about ©80 in contacts o-" cut across their;. Goki occurs ss native gold with.n 48 m, 1939, by H.W. Fairbairn. for Lake Wanspitei. Hcwevei, no other field geological evi rTio^t of Mines, Volume 4 i, 193?, par t 4. ODM Geological Compilation Map: 2361(Rev. geological and geophysical surveys, and numerous diamond see "Economic Geology", below). Nickel Mines Limited (# 13) dewatcred and sampled the mine. ships, several copper, gold, and lead-bearing quartz veins Sudbury Nickel Irruptive. Here, geological boundaries on the along the lakeshore. However, it is exposed di a few more the quiirt7 *©ems. A few veins also contain pyrite, chalcopyrite, Middle Precambrian sedimentary rocks of the Huronian dence has been ohseived by the author thai would support Capreol Sheet, Districts of Nipissing and Sudbury; Ontario drill holes have been drilled. During the 1978 field season, Assays from 0.088 to 0.39 ounce of gold per ton and up to are known to occur. In 1960 and 1962, Midas Mining Com map are believed by the author to be partly megaclast bound places south of the discovery pit. In 1969, Picton Uranium and m one drea near Kukagami Lake, g^end. SlonHt, /-v-uroi©i The ground along the western shore of Massey Bay and the Supergroup unconformably overlie the older rocks or are in an explanation ot the Wanapitei Lake structure ?s d meteorite Division of Mines Preliminary Map P. 367, Geological Com Inco Limited diamond drilled near Blue Lake, and Falcon 0.62 nercent copper were reported. pany Limited diamond driller) fourteen holes for a total length aries. The breccia consists of rounded or angular rock frag Mines encountered ?.8 m slightly ©^dioatnive qusirz sand ©894: F-jiMh cftpoit of the inspector of iyvr.es; Ontario bay itself is presently covered by about forty unsurveyed fault contact with them. Quartz pebble conglomerate (in . The qu--.©"t/ veins occur m or nejr rhp uppei portions of pilation Series. 1966, by H.D. M::yn. OMNR-OGS1980 bridge Nickel Mines Limited conducted a detailed geological of 437 m to test the occurrence. In 1967 Kayjon Minerals ments that are a few millimetres to more than one hundred stone interlayered with siltstone thdt is underlain by 3.?5 m ^©li©fVL: of Mines, V-jium? 4, ;69^. claims. places radioactive), arkose, and quartz sandstone of the Nipis©iug gabixo intrusions. Tnev a©e gold btu-riny, mapping program south of the village of Skead. The Bonanza Mine (Slaght 1894) is located an the western Limited diamond drilled two holes for a total of 350 m. Midas metres in size. They are "matrix-supported" or "clast-suppor- radioactive, pyntiferous pebble conglomerate in d i air-o mi Wanapitei Lake map-area; Geuloyical Survey of Canada, Mississagi Formation are the oldest Huronian rocks in the area. of the qab©oro being in contact with M Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given and the side of Bonanza Lake in MacLennan Township. A shaft was Mining Company reported a gold -and silver-rich (11.3 ounces. ted". The matrix is a fine-grained or aphanitic, dark coloured cSr.ll hole No 1 {Assessment Files Research Oltice, Ontaiio Summary Report, 1921, part D, by TT. Quirke. material is properly referenced.