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Acute Glomerulonephritis. the Significance of the Variations in the Incidence of the Disease

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Acute Glomerulonephritis. the Significance of the Variations in the Incidence of the Disease ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF THE DISEASE Charles H. Rammelkamp Jr., Robert S. Weaver J Clin Invest. 1953;32(4):345-358. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI102745. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/102745/pdf ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF THE DISEASE 1, 2 By CHARLES H. RAMMELKAMP, JR., AND ROBERT S. WEAVER 8 (From the Department of Preventive Medicine and the Department of Medicine, Cleveland City Hospital, School of Medicine, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and the Streptococcal Disease Laboratory, Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming) (Submitted for publication December 1, 1952; accepted December 31, 1952) Acute glomerulonephritis and acute rheumatic cal and pathological features were similar to those fever are considered to be non-suppurative com- observed in the nephritis which follows scarlet plications of group A streptococcal infections. The fever (4). mechanism of production of these two sequelae has In 1926 Peace (5) observed 8 patients, each of not been clearly defined nor has the exact relation- whom developed nephritis 12 to 14 days after an ship of group A streptococcal infections to glo- attack of acute tonsillitis. These patients lived in merulonephritis been thoroughly elucidated. It is the same neighborhood within 50 yards of each the purpose of this report to indicate the variability other. An epidemic of 17 cases of acute nephritis of the occurrence of glomerulonephritis and to occurred during a three month period in a mental present data which may explain the cause of this hospital in England (6). During the preceding variation. five years only 1 case of nephritis had been recog- nized among an average census of 624 patients. EPIDEMIC NEPHRITIS In 1945, 38 patients suffering from acute nephri- One of the peculiar epidemiological characteris- tis were admitted to a clinic in Amsterdam, whereas tics of acute glomerulonephritis has been the vari- the average yearly admissions during the preced- ability in its occurrence. Although generally con- ing 14 years was seven (7). About the same sidered to be a sporadic disease, occasionally an time other epidemics were noted in Holland, Eng- unusually high incidence of acute nephritis has land, and Italy. Klein (8) studied 39 cases of been recorded both in wide-spread epidemics and nephritis in the period from May through De- in focal outbreaks in small population units. cember, 1945; 38 of these patients were seen in a Considering first the larger epidemics, Wahrer hospital in Groningen. In this group there were (1) observed 35 patients with acute hemorrhagic six women who were admitted from a political nephritis developing in a group of 195 patients camp during a six week period. In England from with scarlet fever. This high attack rate following 1945 to late 1946, 159 cases of nephritis were ad- scarlet fever was unusual in Wahrer's experience. mitted to the Greenock Royal Infirmary (9)-a During World War I, beginning about February, notable increase over former years. Local physi- 1915, a large epidemic of nephritis (termed trench cians estimated that there were about five mild nephritis) occurred among Allied and German cases in the home for each case admitted to the troops (2). In a five month period there were hospital. During the two year period, there were more than 1,000 cases reported among British 2 patients from each of two households, and 3 pa- troops alone. Although etiological studies were tients from a third household. From five streets meager, hemolytic streptococci were isolated from there were 5 to 10 patients each. At the time of the oropharynx of some patients (3) and the clini- admission to the hospital, beta-hemolytic strepto- cocci were isolated from the throats of 50 patients. ' This investigation was supported by the Helen Hay Whitney Foundation, and in part by the Commissions on At about the same time Brod (10) reported the Acute Respiratory Diseases and Streptococcal Diseases, occurrence of a relatively large number of cases Armed Forces Epidemiological Board through the Offices of nephritis in Italy. of The Surgeons General, Departments of the Army and Pratas (11) recorded two small epidemics, one Air Force, Washington, D. C. of 10 cases in 1942, and another of 14 cases in 2 Presented in part before the Association of American Physicians, Atlantic City, May, 1952. 1943. Cascalea, Arias, and Parada (12) observed 3 Fellow of the Youngstown Heart Association, 1952. an epidemic of 23 cases among military person- 345 346 CHARLES H. RAMMELKAMP, JR. AND ROBERT S. WEAVER nel in Argentina. Sixteen of the patients came Eason, Smith, and Buchanan (25), in a discus- from one infantry regiment and 7 from another sion of the possible role of heredity in nephritis, de- regiment. In all of these patients the illnesses be- scribed several outbreaks that were undoubtedly gan at about the same time. acute glomerulonephritis. Two brothers with In addition to these larger epidemics, a num- acute nephritis were admitted to the hospital at ber of outbreaks within family units has been de- about the same time. In another family, a father scribed. Addis (13), in his extensive experience, had recurrent nephritis, a son developed acute has observed five families in which three or more nephritis, and a daughter was found to have albu- members were involved and two families where minuria. A third family of seven lived in a house there were two members with nephritis. Klein (8) consisting of one room, kitchen, scullery and lava- observed 2 cases in each of three families. Pratas tory. All three sons, ages 18, 19, and 20 years, (11) recorded 3 cases of nephritis in siblings. were admitted to the hospital with acute nephritis During the course of an epidemic of nephritis, within several weeks of each other. The urines Fleming (9) saw one household with 3 cases, and of the father and of one daughter were examined, two housholds with 2 cases of nephritis. In Oc- and the specimen from the daughter contained tober, 1918, Thomson and MaCauley (14) ob- albumin. served four children with clinical signs of nephritis in a family of eight. Hill (15), in 1919, saw at OCCURRENCE OF ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS least three families in which two or more children FOLLOWING SCARLET FEVER had nephritis at the same time following illnesses the most It is generally accepted that glomerulonephritis characterized by sore throat. Perhaps as com- famous outbreak in a family group is that de- occurring after scarlet fever has not been and Robb These mon during the past several decades as in former scribed by Ernstene (16). Modern textbooks (26-28) state that authors described the occurrence of sore throats in years. in six of these children nephritis rarely follows an attack of scarlet fever, 8 of 10 siblings, and signs in that the at- of developed 7 to 12 days whereas Osler (29) 1914 observed and symptoms nephritis of was 10 to 25 per cent. after the onset of the infection. tack rate nephritis in that nephritis in described an out- McCrae (30) 1913 remarked Schuricht (17), 1933, fever in from 3 to 70 per cent of break of scarlet fever involving seven of a family followed scarlet of 11 children. Of this group, three developed all cases. In a discussion of the frequency of post- classical signs and symptoms of nephritis, and four scarlatinal nephritis, Elwyn (31) referred to the others developed hematuria. Ellenberg and Martin figures of other authors: Rolley, 7 per cent; Weiss, (18) observed three siblings who developed acute 9 per cent; Heubener, 10 to 20 per cent; and Jack- nephritis at about the same time. Rinkoff, Stern, man, 20 per cent. It would appear from these and Schumer (19) reported 3 cases of nephritis figures not only that glomerulonephritis was a in the same family. Tudor (20) observed an acute fairly frequent complication of scarlet fever several respiratory disease in four siblings; two of these decades ago, but also that the incidence of nephri- developed signs of nephritis, one exhibited hema- tis varied widely. turia and the fourth was normal. Kilpatrick (21) A number of clinicians recognized the variability observed three girls from the same family who were in the occurrence of nephritis in patients with scar- admitted to the hospital with acute nephritis in let fever. Barr (32) in 1887 stated that nephri- October, 1944. Gezon (22) studied one family tis occurred more frequently in some epidemics of in which the father developed recurrent rheu- scarlet fever than in others, thus altering the belief matic fever and four of six children developed glo- of a direct influence of the scarlet fever poison merulonephritis within a period of two months. on the renal cells. Smith (33) remarked in 1892 Spink (23) studied a family of seven persons, six that nephritis was a variable complication since of whom had scarlet fever. All six subsequently West found albumin in the urine of only 4 per cent developed acute glomerulonephritis. Nephritis of patients with scarlet fever, whereas Atkinson developed in 5 and possibly 6 of 10 children ob- observed some epidemics where albuminuria was served by Martin (24) in Rochester. noted in 70 per cent of patients. In 1909 Hunter ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS 347 TABLE I Incidenac of acute nephritis folloving scarlt feesr Date Patients with Per cent of scarlet developing Alit. -1hor study fever nephritis Remarks Royer (40) 1906 526 7.43 Includes cases of albuminuria with casts Wahrer (1) 1906 195 18.0 Hemorrhagic nephritis Benedict
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