Annali Di Statistica, Serie 2" Vol

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Annali Di Statistica, Serie 2 MINISTERO D'AGRICOLTURA, INDUSTRIA E COMMERCIO. DIREZIONE DI STATISTICA. \NNALI DI STATISTICA. 3 SERIE 2 - VOL. Il. 1880. ROMA TIPOGRAFIA EREDI BOTTA 1880 '. INDICE nELI..a:~ MATERIE CONTI~NUl'E NEL PRESENTE "VOLUME. PDg. Il suicidio. - Saggio di ~tatiBtica l1.lOm18 COlllp[lrata, del proI. Jl,fOIlSELLI. Sunto fatto dallo stesso autore .. .. ........................ .. P. F. Bainer. - La Ù la lJi,uy'iJle .. an com merce, à. 7' (f-yt'lcultuJ'e, Ù l' stali8N'lUf. - Ccnno bibliografico del D" G. SOLIMllEIWO .. 11 Intorno alle lingue celtiche nelle isole britanniche. (011 tl,lò C!f}UC LaUfl'/ulges 'in t7w jjl'itish Iste.';; i (t S/a[fsNcal ~"YjU"IX'!I. By E. G. nA~ YENs'rEIN, Esq.) -- Sunto bihliografico do! signor An, ANGEI,I .. .. .... 50 Della mendicìtà e del vagabondaggio negli Stati Uniti d'A­ nlerica. - Itelazioni allnullli. dci "Boal'd oI State Charities " <li New-York, Pensylyania, JìllassaehuseHs, () ,li altri Stati minod del- l'Unione Americana .......... " ..................., ,. .. .. .... 68 Poste e telegrafi. (P08t und 'f'fle[fI'apllie imo TVe7tl'erkehr. Eine 8KIZZE von Dr p, D. FI!;()flEIt, Gel!. Obcr-Postrath. Bcrlin, 187U.) - 8nnlo fattone dal Dr Y. l\IAGALDI, vioe-segretario presso la Direziono di :<trl- tistica ..........., .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .• .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 76 Notizie di legislazione e statistica della heneficenza pub­ blica. - Cenni storici o statistici sulla bcneticcnza (U Vi enna, c,t.ratti dalla pnhblicnziono del l\Iagistrato dolla capitalo 'lUiltriuclL, intitolata: DiI' Annel1pflege im Jah1'zehill 18G3-1872.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 105 Le elezioni al Reichsrath allstriaco nell'anno 1879. (Dio Re/ells· J'ath-lVàhlen -"om J(iln't 1879 in Oesft;rrf!'ich: airf' Ol'uii.d dey arntlichtn DafeJi. statistich-':e1'[j7eichend daryesfellt von Dr.• r. X, v. NmJ1lL\.NS-SPAL- l,ART, IL IL Hegierungsrath ulld ordont1. Professor, uml G. A. SOln\f'\LEn, K. K. RogiorullgSl'ath - con quattro carte cromo-litograflehc ....-- St11tt- garf.. Yerlag yon fJUlillS l\I:aier, 1880). - Sunto fatto dal signor a,yyocato TEDALJH, ,ice-segretario prosso la Dirc:zionedi BL«ti"tim,.. .. .. .. .... 185 I. II. Kremp. --- Dell' infl1len.za dei raccolti .\·,,7 }Ji'(;ZZO de; .'/1'1111;, dW'((l1le !Ili anni] 846-1875 nei j.rrincipu.li l)({t.:Bi di .!}UA'O))(I. (UbéJ' deu ltNn(lu,"'s des Ernteansfalls aut' di" Oetreùle}Jl'eise wW"'end del' Jahl'e 184-6-1875, in de1/. JI/mptsiichliehstcn Liilldern Europas). - Cenno bibliogrn.fìco .. 154, Della beneficenza ed assistenza pubblica in Norvegia.. .... 157 IL SUICIDIO. SAGGIO DI STATIS1'ICA :MORALE COMPARATAC) DRL PIWF. Direttore del l\Ianicomio provinciale di Macerata. (OPERA PHE:ùlIA,l'A DAIJ Rl!~{x-J.O ISTITUTO LOl\!BAnDO.) (Suuto fatto ,lallo stesso Autore.) questo saggio è, o vorrebbe essere, uno" studio completo di stati­ stica comparata, de] suicidio, affine in ciò al notissimo libro del Wagner dal titolo: « Die Gesetzmilssigkeit in den scheinbar willklir1ichel1 mcn­ schlichen Hané\lungen », ma diverso per il concetto fondamentale a cui si informa l'interpretazione di quel fenomeno di psicologia sociale mor­ bosa, che è la tendenza dei popoli civili alla, morte volontaria. I/afIinità poi coll'opera del celebre economista tedesco è grande nell'intento e nei mezzi adoperati per raggiungerlo: quello è in amendue i libri la applicazione del metodo numerico ai fatti morali e la dimostrazione sperimentale del determinismo lTlOdel'llo: e in quanto ai mezzi, essi sono stati forniti dalle statistiche u±nciali delle morti violento o dei suiciclii, donde quasi una uniforme distribuzione della materia. Però, mentre l'opera del W<tgner s'arresta alle statistiche del 1861-63, questa del­ l'autore prolnnga le ricerche e le serie numeriche sino agli u1timi anni, cioè al 1875~77. D'altra parte il sunto che no diamo, mbstrerà a quei pochissimi in Italia, che hanno potuto leggere il Wagner nella lingua materna, quali sieno le differenze, quali le analogie fra i due libri. In Ulla lUllga, Introduzione l'autore tratta dell!j, Statistica de,i (atti Cl Forma un volume di pagino xvr-312, con incisioni intercalate nel testo e con quattro gl'aneli tavole cromolitografiche in uno, pubblicato nella Bibliotec,t 8cienti(i",,;nte;'1!a.ziona!e dagli editori F1'3,telli Dumolard di Milano, o gii, tradotto por l'edizione inglese a speso do! libmio Killg di Londnh Amwli di St(ftistica, ser-ie 2\ vol. 11. 1 ~- 2 - morali, e specialmente di quella del suicidio. L'applicare la statistica e il suo metodo alle azioni umane volontarie equivale al sottoporre i fatti di sensazione obbiettiva alla osservazione ed allo speriment.o, ma pure si assevera dagli avversari del positivismo in sociologia, che questo assoggettare i fatti di coscienza alla brutalità delle cifre è pretesa as­ surda, è esagerazione morbosa del metodo, e l'autore riconosce che verso la statistica cosiddetta morale è d'USOl110stmre oggi il più diffi­ dente scetticismo. Ma tntte le obbiezioni, come pnre la guerra che si fa [1, questa parte delle scienze sociali, dipendono dall'ignorare quali sieno i suoi veri intenti, quali le sue presenti condi7.ioni, e i rapporti colle altre branche della demografia. Forse la maggior parte o almeno la più speciosa, delle obbiezioni proviene anzi dal timore di vedere di­ stratto il teorema metafisico del libero arbitrio, ma l'autore osserva che prima di gettare sulla demologia la taccia di togliere all'uomo ciò che oi non è sicuro di possedere, si dovrebbe appunto dimostrare con argoment.i sperimentali la libertà umana; cosa che non si è fatta finora, nè pare facile a ffusi per l'avvenire. Se è vero che per la psicologia fisiologica le azioni volontarie umane Rono hl, manifest,azione di funzioni naturali insite nell'orga­ nismo cerebrale, la statistica dei fatti morali ha altrettanto diritto ttHa esistenza, quanto quella dei fatti fisiologici e dei fatti fisici. L'au­ tore parte dal concetto che la psicogenìa è una parte soltanto dei processi biologici, e non vede ragione perchò non s'adoperi ne110 studio di quella lo stesso metodo che tutti accettano nell'esame di questi. Invero, ogni giorno la fisiologia e l'antropologia applicano il metodo statistico alle fun7.ioni cerebrali di moto e di senso, e tutto quel che noi sappiamo in ordine all'organismo umano e alle sue leggi è soltanto un vero e proprio termine medio, come lo è ogni nostra cognizione, sia nel dominio della scienza, sia anche nella pratica quotidiana. Non deve dunque recar meraviglia, se lo sperimentalismo moderno vuoI estendere il metodo obbiettivo tmche ai fenomeni di coscienza. Ma come può stu­ diarsi il processo della psicogenìa sociale, se non col raccogliere, e di­ sporre in serie di unità uniformi e comp~rabili, tutti i fenomeni nei quali si estrinseca la proteitorme vita dei popoli civili'? GiaccM, se la psi­ cologia sperimentale studia il pensiero individuale, i suoi processi, il suo svolgimento; la sociologia o statistica morale determina invece le manifestazioni, gli svolgiment,i del peusiero complessivo, di modo che l'autore stima che potrebbe chiamarsi anche psicologia clell'mwmità collettiva o demopsicologia. La prim(1 trova il termine inedio dei fatti individuali di coscienza, la seconda invece quello dei fatti sociali della stessa natura: in altre parole la statistica morale ci dà la sintesi di tutte le psicogenìe dei singoli soggetti, la risultante media di tutti i processi parziali sviluppatip,i dal lavoro cerebrale degli individui fa­ cienti parte di una data societh. Oerto, questo identificarsi delle due scienze, e quindi il diritto in ambedue di servirsi dello stesso metodo, non incontra l'approvazione di coloro, i quali temono che una volta provata la regolarità e genera­ liU, delle leggi statistiche ne venga distrutto il concetto metafisico della libera volontl, dei singoli. :M a si potrebbe rispondere che anche la storia dimostra in ogni evento, in ogni progres80 o regresso dei popoli, moltr leggi uniformi e costanti; e che perciò? E chi dubita di leggi storiehe ben definite, senza 1'3 quali ogni perfezionamento umano sarebbe im­ possibile'? Non si vede dunque che, anche ammettendo una sola di queste leggi, viene a distruggersi ugnalmente l'ipotesi del libero ar­ bitrio? L'autore dimostra in seguito che tutte le scienze fisiche e lo morali fanno uso del metodo numerico, e né ritraggono vantaggi inc1iscutibili: ma notevole è poi che, a ben guardare, le obbiezioni e le accuse contro la statistica morale, anzichè volgersi contro il principio fondamentale o logico su cui si basa, tendono a criticarne 11 tecnicismo. E qui non può a meno di confessarsi. che la parte tecnica della statistica, il modo cioè col quale ossa può raccogliere ed osservare i fatti sociali, non ò perfetta. :Ma nessuna scienza, per quanto esatta, e neppure l'astro­ nomia, può vantarsi di possedere un tecnicismo, o un procedimento di ricerca immune da critiche e '8covro di difetti; e ciò non ostante si ac­ oetta,no ogni dì le teorie e le leggi della astronomia, della biologia, della fisica, della linguistica, dell'economia, della storia. Ma del resto, la statistica morale non si trova poi in condizioni sì tristi rispetto al modo con cui raccoglie i suoi dati, da doverlesi rifiutare un posto fra le discipline positive. La statistica, dal tempo di Gioia, di Romagnosi, e pl>ssiamo dire anche di Quételet e di Guerry, ha molto progredito, si perfeziona di continuo, estende le sue ricerche a sempre nuovi fatti sociali, e per opera dei governi possiede già nei suoi uffici centrali tali laboratorii di osservazione, da superare od almeno uguagliare le scienze più esatte. E quanto ai suoi dati, se non saranno intrinsecamente omogenei e comparabili stante la indefinita variabilità dei fenomeni umani, avranno però quel grado d'i omogeneità e precisione che l'autore chiama estrinseca, cioè saranno uniformemente lontani (per.
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