DOCSLIB.ORG

Masaryk University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Masaryk University MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Science Department of Botany and Zoology Radek MICHALKO Spiders as bioagens of pome orchard pests Ph.D. Dissertation Supervisor: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Brno, 2017 Bibliographic Entry Author: MSc. Radek Michalko Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Dissertation: Spiders as bioagens of pome orchard pests Degree Programme: Biology Field of Study: Ecology Supervisor: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2017 / 2018 Number of Pages 148 Keywords Araneae, Biological control, Cacopsylla pyri, Generalist predator, Food-web, Intraguild predation, Predation, Trophic niche Bibliografický záznam Autor: Mgr. Radek Michalko Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita, Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Pavouci v biologickém boji proti škůdcům v ovocných sadech Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Ekologie Vedoucí práce: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2016 / 2017 Počet stránek 148 Klíčová slova Araneae, Biologický boj, Cacopsylla pyri, Generalistický predátor, Potravní síť, Intraguildová predace, Predace, Trofická nika ABSTRACT Spiders are among the most abundant natural enemies in many agroecosystems. However, their role in biological control is still questionable because, as generalist predators, they may not only reduce pest populations but may also disrupt the biocontrol exerted by other natural enemies. This thesis focuses of improvement of spiders’ biocontrol potential in pome fruit orchards. A special focus was devoted to the system occurring in the pear orchards during winter, involving the winter-active spiders Philodromus spp. (Philodromidae) and Anyphaena accentuata (Anyphaenidae) and a psyllid pest Cacopsylla pyri, which belongs to the most serious pest of pears in Europe. This dissertation thesis consists of six studies. The first study investigates the efficiency of various hunting strategies of spiders capturing different prey types. In general, spiders effectively capture prey like hemipterans and dipterans, but the different hunting strategies differ in their efficiency with respect to capturing specific prey type. The rest of the studies focus on trophic niches of philodromids and Anyphaena, intraguild predation (IGP) among the spiders, and the spiders’ ability to suppress psylla during winter and early spring. Winter- active spiders mostly prefer preying on pests in orchards and significantly reduce the population of C. pyri during winter and early spring. However, their efficiency is reduced by IGP. IGP can be reduced by installation of corrugated cardboard bands around pear trees that provide refuges for small spiders. The efficiency of psylla suppression highly depends on the behavioral composition of the philodromid populations and the ratio between abundances of philodromids and the Dictyna sp. spiders. Aggressive philodromids kill more pests, are non-choosy, and do not prefer either psylla or Dictyna. Timid philodromids kill fewer pests, are choosy, and prefer psylla to Dictyna. The aggressive/non-choosy philodromids are more effective in psylla suppression when the Philodromus to Dictyna abundance ratio is high, while the timid/choosy philodromids are more effective when the ratio is low. The results of this thesis show that communities of the winter-active spiders can serve as highly efficient biocontrol agents in orchards. ABSTRAKT Pavouci patří mezi dominantní skupinu přirozených nepřátel škůdců v nejrůznějších agroekosystémech. Nicméně jejich přínos v biologickém boji proti škůdcům je dosud nejasný. Pavouci, jakožto generalističtí predátoři, mohou nejen snižovat abundance škůdců, ale i narušovat funkci ostatních přirozených nepřátel. Tato disertační práce se zabývá možnostmi, jak zvýšit efektivitu pavouků v biologickém boji proti škůdcům v ovocných sadech. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována pavoukům, kteří jsou aktivní v zimním období, listovníkům (Philodromus spp.) a šplhalce keřové (Anyphaena accentuata). Byla zkoumána jejich schopnost potlačovat meru hrušňovou (Cacopsylla pyri), která patří k nejzávažnějším škůdcům v hrušňových sadech s vysokou resistencí vůči pesticidům. Disertační práce se skládá ze šesti publikací. První publikace zkoumá, jakou kořist pavouci loví v závislosti na jejich lovecké strategii. Celkově pavouci loví převážně hmyz ze skupin Hemiptera a Diptera, ale frekvence, s jakou pavouci s různými loveckými strategiemi loví různé typy škůdců, se liší. Ostatní studie se zabývají trofickou nikou listovníků a šplhalky, intragildovou predací a schopností pavouků potlačovat meru skvrnitou během zimy. Bylo zjištěno, že listovníci a šplhalka loví a zároveň preferují převážně typy hmyzu představující škůdce ovocných sadů. Zároveň tito pavouci výrazně redukují populaci mery v průběhu zimy a začátkem jara. Jejich efektivita je ale snižována vzájemnou intragildovou predaci. Tu lze ovšem zmírnit instalací kartonových pásů kolem větví a kmene hrušní, které poskytnou úkryt pro malé pavouky. Efektivita potlačování mery je závislá na kombinaci behaviorálního složení populace listovníků a poměru abundancí listovníka a pavouka cedivečky Dictyna sp. To je dáno tím, že agresivní listovníci sice zabijí více kořisti, ale nerozlišují mezi merou a cedivečkou. Naopak neagresivní listovníci zabijí méně kořisti, ale preferují meru před cedivečkou. Agresivní listovníci jsou efektivnější v případě, že poměr abundancí listovníků a cediveček je vysoký, zatímco neagresivní listovníci jsou efektivnější, pokud je tento poměr nízký. Výsledky disertační práce ukazují, že podpora výskytu pavouků aktivních v zimě, může výrazně přispět k potlačování škůdců ovocných sadů. © Radek Michalko, Masaryk University, 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The largest thanks go to my supervisor Prof. Stano Pekár for sharing his rich knowledge and experience, for patiently teaching me the ways of scientific thinking, and for his generous financial support. I am very grateful that he let me a lot of free will to do the research of my own interest but was still willing and able to provide me with numerous ideas and advices. I am also very grateful for his benevolence with my complete inability to keep the 9-17 attendance. Also, I really appreciate that he enabled me to visit all the international arachnological and other congresses in places I would hardly get to otherwise. Special thanks go to Ondřej Košulič for the co-operation on many research projects and for the beers and shots in “Babka” and in various places around the world. Special thanks also go to Lenka Sentenská for her friendship, support, funny times, and the role of a confidant ear. I would also like to thank my great friends and colleagues Radek Visner, Radomil Řežucha, Milan Vrtílek, Pavel Šebek, and Jiří Šmejkal for their friendship, support, advices, for drawing my interest to their fields of study, and for the times around the grill. I am also very thankful to Luboš Purchart for giving me the opportunity to work in his team, for support, and for creating the environment where I was able to combine my studies and work. I would like to thank also to many friends and/or colleagues from the Terrestrial Invertebrates Research Group at the Masaryk University and from the Mendel University for their help, advices, support, and co- operations. I am very grateful to my parents for their enormous support during the whole decade of my studies and for respecting my choice to catch spiders instead of drilling someone’s teeth. Many thanks go also to all the reviewers for their comments that significantly improved the manuscripts. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PREFACE……………………………………………………………... 19 II. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 20 1. Current pest control………………………………………….. 20 2. Spider as biocontrol agents………..……………………….. 21 3. Trophic ecology of spiders in agroecosystems…..……….. 23 3.1. The determinants of spider trophic niches……….. 24 Hunting strategy………………………………... 25 Relative prey size………………………………. 25 Prey nutritional composition…………………... 25 Trophic niche dynamics…….…………………. 26 3.2. Predatory responses of spiders to pests…………. 27 Functional response…………………………… 28 Numerical response……………………………. 30 3.3. Non-consumptive effects………………………….... 31 4. The effects of multiple predators……………..…………….. 34 4.1. Antagonistic effects..………………………………... 34 Intraguild predation…………………………….. 34 Interference competition.……………………… 36 4.2. Additive and synergistic effects.…………………... 37 5. Pest suppression during winter…………………………….. 39 III. AIMS OF THE THESIS………………………………………………. 42 IV. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………... 44 V. REFERENCES……………………………………………………….. 46 VI. SUPPLEMENT……………………………………………………….. 63 1. Publications related to the thesis………………………….. 64 Study A………………………………………….. 66 Study B………………………………………….. 78 Study C………………………………………….. 88 Study D………………………………………….. 102 Study E………………………………………….. 112 Study F………………………………………….. 124 2. Author’s contribution………………………………………… 134 3. List of publications…………………………………………… 136 4. Review activity……………………………………………….. 141 5. Conference contribution…………………………………….. 142 6. Curriculum vitae……………………………………………… 148 18 I. PREFACE This thesis deals with the role of spiders in conservation biological control in pome fruit orchards. It is based on six studies published in peer-reviewed journals. I am the first author of four studies and the second author of two studies. The data published in one study were obtained during my master studies. All other data were obtained during the doctoral studies. The first study investigates the efficiency of various hunting strategies of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Trofička Niša Mirmekofagnog Predatora Tijekom Ontogenetičkog Razvoja
    Trofička niša mirmekofagnog predatora tijekom ontogenetičkog razvoja Gajski, Domagoj Master's thesis / Diplomski rad 2019 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science / Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:211948 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-26 Repository / Repozitorij: Repository of Faculty of Science - University of Zagreb University of Zagreb Faculty of Science Department of Biology Domagoj Gajski Trophic niche of an ant-eating predator during its ontogenetic development Graduation Thesis Zagreb, 2019. This thesis was made during an internship at the Masaryk University (Brno, Czech Republic) under the supervision of Prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. and Assoc. Prof. Dr. sc. Damjan Franjević from University of Zagreb, and submitted for evaluation to the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb in order to acquire the title Master of molecular biology. I would first like to thank my thesis advisors Prof. dr. mgr. Stanislav Pekar and dr. mgr. Lenka Petrakova of the arachnological lab at the Masaryk University. The door to their offices was always open whenever I ran into questions about my research or writing. They consistently allowed this paper to be my own work but steered me in the right direction whenever they thought I needed it. I would like to thank all the co-workers at the arachnological lab, that made each day of work more interesting by losing their spiders in the lab. They somehow always landed on my work desk.
    [Show full text]
  • Dna Sequence Data Indicates the Polyphyl Y of the Family Ctenidae (Araneae )
    1993. The Journal of Arachnology 21 :194–201 DNA SEQUENCE DATA INDICATES THE POLYPHYL Y OF THE FAMILY CTENIDAE (ARANEAE ) Kathrin C . Huber', Thomas S . Haider2, Manfred W . Miiller2, Bernhard A . Huber' , Rudolf J. Schweyen2, and Friedrich G . Barth' : 'Institut fair Zoologie, Althanstr . 14; 1090 Wien; and 2lnstitut fur Mikrobiologie and Genetik; Dr. Bohrgasse 9 ; 1030 Wien (Vienna), Austria . ABSTRACT. Mitochondrial DNA fragments comprising more than 400 bases of the 16S rDNA from nine spider species have been sequenced: Cupiennius salei, C. getazi, C. coccineus and Phoneutria boliviensis (Ctenidae), Pisaura mirabilis, Dolomedes fimbriatus (Pisauridae), Pardosa agrestis (Lycosidae), Clubiona pallidula (Clubi- onidae) and Ryuthela nishihirai (syn. Heptathela nishihirai; Heptathelidae: Mesothelae). Sequence divergence ranges from 3–4% among Cupiennius species and up to 36% in pairwise comparisons of the more distantly related spider DNAs. Maximally parsimonious gene trees based on these sequences indicate that Phoneutri a and Cupiennius are the most distantly related species of the examined Lycosoidea . The monophyly of the family Ctenidae is therefore doubted ; and a revision of the family, which should include DNA-data, is needed . Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae) is one of the most get a high copy number of the DNA segment of extensively studied species of spiders (see Lach - interest. The PCR depends on the availability of muth et al. 1985). The phylogeny of the Ctenidae , oligonucleotides that specifically bind to the a mainly South and Central American family, i s flanking sequences of this DNA segment. These poorly understood ; and systematists propose oligonucleotides serve as primers for a polymer- highly contradicting views on its classification ization reaction that copies the segment in vitro.
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae: Lycosidae) in Winter Oilseed Rape
    Eur. J. Entomol. 108: 609–614, 2011 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1660 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Landscape structure affects activity density, body size and fecundity of Pardosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) in winter oilseed rape THOMAS DRAPELA1, 3, THOMAS FRANK1, XAVER HEER2, DIETMAR MOSER1, 4 and JOHANN G. ZALLER1* 1 Institute of Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria 2 Eichenweg 6, CH-5036 Oberentfelden, Switzerland 3 Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL Austria), A-1070 Vienna, Austria 4 Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation and Analyses (VINCA), A-1090 Vienna, Austria Key words. Agroecology, Araneae, Lycosidae, Pardosa agrestis, generalist predator, Brassica napus, oilseed rape, landscape, multiple spatial scales Abstract. In large parts of Europe Pardosa spp. (Lycosidae) are among the most abundant wolf spiders in arable fields and poten- tially important natural control agents of pests. We studied the influence of landscape factors on activity density, adult body size and fecundity of P. agrestis in 29 winter oilseed rape fields (Brassica napus L.) in Eastern Austria using pitfall traps. Landscape data were obtained for eight circular landscape sections around each field (radii 250–2000 m). Multivariate regression models were used to analyze the data. Activity density was highest when the length of strips of grassy road-sides in the surroundings was highest and distance to the next grassy fallow lowest. Body size was negatively related to activity density and to the length of road-side strips and positively to woody areas in the vicinity of the fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Selection Research on Spiders: Progress and Biases
    Biol. Rev. (2005), 80, pp. 363–385. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 363 doi:10.1017/S1464793104006700 Printed in the United Kingdom Sexual selection research on spiders: progress and biases Bernhard A. Huber* Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany (Received 7 June 2004; revised 25 November 2004; accepted 29 November 2004) ABSTRACT The renaissance of interest in sexual selection during the last decades has fuelled an extraordinary increase of scientific papers on the subject in spiders. Research has focused both on the process of sexual selection itself, for example on the signals and various modalities involved, and on the patterns, that is the outcome of mate choice and competition depending on certain parameters. Sexual selection has most clearly been demonstrated in cases involving visual and acoustical signals but most spiders are myopic and mute, relying rather on vibrations, chemical and tactile stimuli. This review argues that research has been biased towards modalities that are relatively easily accessible to the human observer. Circumstantial and comparative evidence indicates that sexual selection working via substrate-borne vibrations and tactile as well as chemical stimuli may be common and widespread in spiders. Pattern-oriented research has focused on several phenomena for which spiders offer excellent model objects, like sexual size dimorphism, nuptial feeding, sexual cannibalism, and sperm competition. The accumulating evidence argues for a highly complex set of explanations for seemingly uniform patterns like size dimorphism and sexual cannibalism. Sexual selection appears involved as well as natural selection and mechanisms that are adaptive in other contexts only. Sperm competition has resulted in a plethora of morpho- logical and behavioural adaptations, and simplistic models like those linking reproductive morphology with behaviour and sperm priority patterns in a straightforward way are being replaced by complex models involving an array of parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • Catálogo Y Atlas De Las Arañas De La Familia Philodromidae Thorell, 1870 De La Península Iberica E Islas Baleares
    Graellsia, 51: 55-81 (1995) CATÁLOGO Y ATLAS DE LAS ARAÑAS DE LA FAMILIA PHILODROMIDAE THORELL, 1870 DE LA PENÍNSULA IBERICA E ISLAS BALEARES C. Urones (*) RESUMEN En este artículo se da el listado de las 38 especies de Philodromidae (Araneae) cono- cidas en la Península Ibérica y Baleares. La lista ordenada alfabéticamente, se presenta indicando las localidades por provincias y referencias bibliográficas donde se ha citado cada especie. Se incluye el material existente en la colección del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid, así como ejemplares de Philodromidae de otras proce- dencias. Se da el atlas provisional de distribución de las especies de Philodromidae para España peninsular e islas Baleares, y para Portugal y Andorra. La distribución de cada especie se indica sobre mapas de cuadrícula U.T.M. de 50 km de lado. Y se aportan ade- más datos sobre su hábitat y ciclos de vida. Palabras clave: Arañas, Araneae, Philodromidae, Distribución Geográfica, España, Portugal ABSTRACT Catalogue and atlas of the Spider Family Philodromidae Thorell, 1870 of Iberian Peninsule and Balearic Islands A check-list of 38 species of Philodromidae found in Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands is given. The list, in alphabetic order, contains the provinces and bibliographic references where the species are cited. The material of Philodromidae from the “Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid” has been studied, also several exemplars are examined. The provisional atlas of distribution of the species the Philodromidae in Spain, Portugal and Andorra is given, together with a distribution map for each species. We also give some data concerning its habitat and life cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spider Collection (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Zoological Museum of the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, with New Species Records for Iran
    Arachnologische Mitteilungen 50: 11-18 Karlsruhe, November 2015 The spider collection (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Zoological Museum of the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, with new species records for Iran Alireza Zamani doi: 10.5431/aramit5002 Abstract. The spider collection of the Zoological Museum of the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection was studied during the summer of 2014. A total of 180 specimens, belonging to 25 families, 60 genera and 77 species were documented. Of these, the following nine species could be recorded from Iran for the first time: Alopecosa schmidti (Hahn, 1835), Anyphaena accentuata (Walckenaer, 1802), Crustulina sticta (O. P.-Cambridge, 1861), Enoplo- gnatha mordax (Thorell, 1875), Ero tuberculata (De Geer, 1778), Salticus zebraneus (C. L. Koch, 1837), Pardosa aenig- matica Tongiorgi, 1966, Pardosa nebulosa (Thorell, 1872) and Tmarus piochardi (Simon, 1866). Morphological and geographical data are provided for the newly recorded species. Two species (P. aenigmatica and T. piochardi) are illustrated and a map of localities is given. Keywords: fauna, Lycosidae, museum collection, Thomisidae Zusammenfassung. Die arachnologische Sammlung (Arachnida: Araneae) des Zoologischen Museums des iranischen Forschungsinstitutes für Pflanzenschutz, mit neuen Artnachweisen für den Iran. Im Sommer 2014 wurde die arachnologische Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums des iranischen Forschungsinstitutes für Pflan- zenschutz untersucht. Insgesamt 180 Individuen, die sich auf 25 Familien, 60 Gattungen und 77 Arten verteilen, konnten dabei vorgefunden werden. Darunter befanden sich insgesamt neun Neufunde für den Iran: Alopecosa schmidti (Hahn, 1835), Anyphaena accentuata (Walckenaer, 1802), Crustulina sticta (O. P.-Cambridge, 1861), Enoplog- natha mordax (Thorell, 1875), Ero tuberculata (De Geer, 1778), Salticus zebraneus (C. L.
    [Show full text]
  • Abundance and Community Composition of Arboreal Spiders: the Relative Importance of Habitat Structure
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Juraj Halaj for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology presented on May 6, 1996. Title: Abundance and Community Composition of Arboreal Spiders: The Relative Importance of Habitat Structure. Prey Availability and Competition. Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy _ John D. Lattin, Darrell W. Ross This work examined the importance of structural complexity of habitat, availability of prey, and competition with ants as factors influencing the abundance and community composition of arboreal spiders in western Oregon. In 1993, I compared the spider communities of several host-tree species which have different branch structure. I also assessed the importance of several habitat variables as predictors of spider abundance and diversity on and among individual tree species. The greatest abundance and species richness of spiders per 1-m-long branch tips were found on structurally more complex tree species, including Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco and noble fir, Abies procera Rehder. Spider densities, species richness and diversity positively correlated with the amount of foliage, branch twigs and prey densities on individual tree species. The amount of branch twigs alone explained almost 70% of the variation in the total spider abundance across five tree species. In 1994, I experimentally tested the importance of needle density and branching complexity of Douglas-fir branches on the abundance and community structure of spiders and their potential prey organisms. This was accomplished by either removing needles, by thinning branches or by tying branches. Tying branches resulted in a significant increase in the abundance of spiders and their prey. Densities of spiders and their prey were reduced by removal of needles and thinning.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape-Scale Connections Between the Land Use, Habitat Quality and Ecosystem Goods and Services in the Mureş/Maros Valley
    TISCIA monograph series Landscape-scale connections between the land use, habitat quality and ecosystem goods and services in the Mureş/Maros valley Edited by László Körmöczi Szeged-Arad 2012 Two countries, one goal, joint success! Landscape-scale connections between the land use, habitat quality and ecosystem goods and services in the Mureş/Maros valley TISCIA monograph series 1. J. Hamar and A. Sárkány-Kiss (eds.): The Maros/Mureş River Valley. A Study of the Geography, Hydrobiology and Ecology of the River and its Environment, 1995. 2. A. Sárkány-Kiss and J. Hamar (eds.): The Criş/Körös Rivers’ Valleys. A Study of the Geography, Hydrobiology and Ecology of the River and its Environment, 1997. 3. A. Sárkány-Kiss and J. Hamar (eds.): The Someş/Szamos River Valleys. A Study of the Geography, Hydrobiology and Ecology of the River and its Environment, 1999. 4. J. Hamar and A. Sárkány-Kiss (eds.): The Upper Tisa Valley. Preparatory Proposal for Ramsar Site Designation and an Ecological Background, 1999. 5. L. Gallé and L. Körmöczi (eds.): Ecology of River Valleys, 2000. 6. Sárkány-Kiss and J. Hamar (eds.): Ecological Aspects of the Tisa River Basin, 2002. 7. L. Gallé (ed.): Vegetation and Fauna of Tisza River Basin, I. 2005. 8. L. Gallé (ed.): Vegetation and Fauna of Tisza River Basin, II. 2008. 9. L. Körmöczi (ed.): Ecological and socio-economic relations in the valleys of river Körös/Criş and river Maros/Mureş, 2011. 10. L. Körmöczi (ed.): Landscape-scale connections between the land use, habitat quality and ecosystem goods and services in the Mureş/Maros valley, 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • 196 Arachnology (2019)18 (3), 196–212 a Revised Checklist of the Spiders of Great Britain Methods and Ireland Selection Criteria and Lists
    196 Arachnology (2019)18 (3), 196–212 A revised checklist of the spiders of Great Britain Methods and Ireland Selection criteria and lists Alastair Lavery The checklist has two main sections; List A contains all Burach, Carnbo, species proved or suspected to be established and List B Kinross, KY13 0NX species recorded only in specific circumstances. email: [email protected] The criterion for inclusion in list A is evidence that self- sustaining populations of the species are established within Great Britain and Ireland. This is taken to include records Abstract from the same site over a number of years or from a number A revised checklist of spider species found in Great Britain and of sites. Species not recorded after 1919, one hundred years Ireland is presented together with their national distributions, before the publication of this list, are not included, though national and international conservation statuses and syn- this has not been applied strictly for Irish species because of onymies. The list allows users to access the sources most often substantially lower recording levels. used in studying spiders on the archipelago. The list does not differentiate between species naturally Keywords: Araneae • Europe occurring and those that have established with human assis- tance; in practice this can be very difficult to determine. Introduction List A: species established in natural or semi-natural A checklist can have multiple purposes. Its primary pur- habitats pose is to provide an up-to-date list of the species found in the geographical area and, as in this case, to major divisions The main species list, List A1, includes all species found within that area.
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae) Parasite–Host Association
    2006. The Journal of Arachnology 34:273–278 SHORT COMMUNICATION FIRST UNEQUIVOCAL MERMITHID–LINYPHIID (ARANEAE) PARASITE–HOST ASSOCIATION David Penney: Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Susan P. Bennett: Biological Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. ABSTRACT. The first description of a Mermithidae–Linyphiidae parasite–host association is presented. The nematode is preserved exiting the abdomen of the host, which is a juvenile Tenuiphantes species (Araneae, Linyphiidae), collected from the Isle of Mull, UK. An updated taxonomic list of known mer- mithid spider hosts is provided. The ecology of known spider hosts with regard to the direct and indirect life cycles of mermithid worms suggests that both occur in spiders. Keywords: Aranimermis, Isle of Mull, Linyphiidae, Mermithidae, Nematoda Nematode parasites of spiders are restricted to an updated and taxonomically correct list in Table the family Mermithidae but are not uncommon 1. Here we describe the first Mermithidae–Liny- (Poinar 1985, 1987) and were first reported almost phiidae parasite–host association and discuss the two and a half centuries ago (Roesel 1761). How- ecology of known spider hosts with regard to the ever, given the difficulty of identifying and rearing life cycles of mermithid worms. post-parasitic juvenile mermithids, they have re- This paper concerns three spider specimens, one ceived inadequate systematic treatment (Poinar with a worm in situ and two that are presumed to 1985). In addition, the complete life history is have been parasitized, but from which the worms known for only one species of these spider parasites have emerged and are lost.
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticide Additives Can Weaken the Predatory Activity of Spiders
    Pesticide additives can weaken the predatory activity of spiders Two chemicals used as co-formulants in pesticides have been found to reduce the predatory behaviour of the wolf spider Pardosa agrestis, an insect predator found within agricultural landscapes. A third co-formulant was found 17 June 2016 not to affect the predatory behaviour of females and increased the prey behaviour of Issue 459 male spiders. This is the first time that pesticide additives have been shown to alter Subscribe to free the predatory activity of a potential biological control agent of crop pests. weekly News Alert Surfactants are a common component of pesticides. They are conventionally mixed Source: Niedobova, J., with liquid pesticides in order to increase dispersal of the pesticide through plant cuticles or Hula, V. & Michalko, R. to reduce the surface tension of insect exoskeletons, meaning the surface is unable to repel (2016). Sublethal effect of the liquid pesticide. agronomical surfactants on the spider Pardosa The use of surfactants has increased globally over the last decade, with global consumption agrestis. Environmental of these chemicals increasing at a rate of 5% annually. Possible cumulative effects with Pollution 213:84-89. DOI: other compounds of a pesticide on non-target insects are subject to a risk assessment 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02. ahead of authorisation, but the impact of surfactants alone on the range of non-target insect 005. species is rarely studied. Recent research has indicated that surfactants alone may have an even more negative effect on insects than pesticides themselves, including on beneficial Contact: species such as pollinators.
    [Show full text]
  • SA Spider Checklist
    REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 22(2): 2551-2597 CHECKLIST OF SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) OF SOUTH ASIA INCLUDING THE 2006 UPDATE OF INDIAN SPIDER CHECKLIST Manju Siliwal 1 and Sanjay Molur 2,3 1,2 Wildlife Information & Liaison Development (WILD) Society, 3 Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO) 29-1, Bharathi Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India Email: 1 [email protected]; 3 [email protected] ABSTRACT Thesaurus, (Vol. 1) in 1734 (Smith, 2001). Most of the spiders After one year since publication of the Indian Checklist, this is described during the British period from South Asia were by an attempt to provide a comprehensive checklist of spiders of foreigners based on the specimens deposited in different South Asia with eight countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The European Museums. Indian checklist is also updated for 2006. The South Asian While the Indian checklist (Siliwal et al., 2005) is more spider list is also compiled following The World Spider Catalog accurate, the South Asian spider checklist is not critically by Platnick and other peer-reviewed publications since the last scrutinized due to lack of complete literature, but it gives an update. In total, 2299 species of spiders in 67 families have overview of species found in various South Asian countries, been reported from South Asia. There are 39 species included in this regions checklist that are not listed in the World Catalog gives the endemism of species and forms a basis for careful of Spiders. Taxonomic verification is recommended for 51 species. and participatory work by arachnologists in the region.
    [Show full text]