Evolución De La Robótica Social Y Nuevas Tendencias

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Evolución De La Robótica Social Y Nuevas Tendencias XXXVIII Jornadas de Automática https://doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497497749.0836 Evoluci´onde la rob´oticasocial y nuevas tendencias Antonio J. P´erezVidal Alvaro´ Castro-Gonz´alez Fernando Alonso-Mart´ın University Carlos III of Madrid University Carlos III of Madrid University Carlos III of Madrid [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Jos´eCarlos Castillo Miguel Angel´ Salichs University Carlos III of Madrid University Carlos III of Madrid [email protected] [email protected] Resumen aunque la mayor´ıa de las personas piensen que existe cierto estancamiento en este ´ambito. La La rob´oticacada d´ıaes una realidad m´aspresente realidad es que el mundo de la ciencia y la en nuestras vidas, cambiando la forma con la que tecnolog´ıas´ıque ha avanzado a grandes pasos en las personas interactuamos con nuestro entorno e estas d´ecadas.Hace cuarenta a~nosnadie pod´ıa incluso entre nosotros. En este art´ıculose se ha- so~narcon poder hablar con alguien a distancia y ce una revisi´onhist´oricadel campo de la rob´otica al mismo tiempo poder ver a esa persona, y sin social as´ıcomo sus aplicaciones y campos de in- embargo ahora tenemos smartphones que hacen vestigaci´on.Para ello se muestra la evoluci´onen eso y mucho m´as.Tenemos entre otras muchas cuatro periodos comprendiendo el origen, el estado cosas, mecanismos de reconocimiento facial y de actual de las investigaciones y el futuro sofisticado voz, comienzan a aparecer los coches aut´onomos, hacia el cual se dirige. e incluso se est´aorganizando actualmente el viaje de colonizaci´ona Marte. Cosas que hoy en d´ıa Palabras clave: Rob´otica social, interacci´on parecen pr´acticamente normales y sin embargo humano-robot, inteligencia artificial. a~nosd´ecadasatr´astan s´oloeran sue~nos. 1. INTRODUCCION´ Dentro de toda esta nueva era tecnol´ogica la rob´oticajuega un papel fundamental, y es que su La ciencia ficci´onha jugado un papel muy impor- estudio aporta cada vez m´asmejoras a la vida tante en la creaci´onde la imagen de un robot. cotidiana y a los trabajos complicados. Campos Una imagen presente en gran medida tanto en la como los exoesqueletos estudian ayudar a las industria cinematogr´aficacomo en la literatura. personas con discapacidades motrices, intentando Este conjunto ha creado una idea parcialmente mejorar sus vidas; los autom´oviles aut´onomos mitificada de lo que un robot es o puede llegar se encuentran ya en el mercado comenzando a a ser. Sin embargo, el aludir a la idea de robot aumentar sus ventas; los robots espaciales nos acu~nadapor la ciencia ficci´oncomo eso mismo brindan im´agenesde planetas a miles de millones (ciencia ficci´on), no significa que sea una idea de kil´ometrosde distancia y nos ayudan a poder descabellada o que est´etan alejada de la realidad, entender mejor nuestro universo. o al menos de una realidad futura. Aqu´ıtienen un lugar especial los denominados ro- El concepto de robot difiere entre algunos cient´ıfi- bots sociales cuyo objetivo principal es interactuar cos a la hora de adjudicarlo en algunas m´aquinas, con los humanos de forma totalmente natural e in- pero generalmente todos coinciden en determi- tuitiva como si fueran un ser vivo m´as.Vamos a nados factores. As´ı, un robot es una m´aquina entrar en materia dentro de la rob´oticasocial, ha- programable que puede manipular objetos y ciendo un repaso acerca de en qu´econsiste exacta- realizar operaciones que antes s´olopod´ıanrealizar mente un robot social y comentando brevemente los seres humanos. El robot puede ser tanto los or´ıgenesde esta ciencia, su estado actual y por un mecanismo electromec´anico f´ısico como un ´ultimoun breve apartado imaginativo sobre qu´e sistema virtual de software. Ambos coinciden en deparar´ael futuro de esta tecnolog´ıa. brindar la sensaci´onde contar con capacidad de pensamiento o resoluci´on,aunque gran parte de 2. ROBOTICA´ SOCIAL los robots por ahora se limitan a ejecutar ´ordenes dictadas por las personas [17]. La rob´otica social est´a introduci´endose a un ritmo moderado dentro de la sociedad humana Nos encontramos en una ´epoca en la que la formando parte de la normalidad del d´ıa a d´ıa, tecnolog´ıa avanza a velocidades vertiginosas, permitiendo as´ı que el contacto y la interacci´on 836 XXXVIII Jornadas de Automática humano-rob´otica se produzca a mayor escala, la existencia de una conjunci´on de una gran incluyendo as´ı poco a poco a los robots en la variedad de factores inherentes a la inteligencia vida social humana. Pero, >qu´equiere decir que para poder establecer un agente social. Los robots un robot es social? La sociabilidad implica la sociales a´unse encuentran en un estadio precoz en existencia de relaciones de interacci´on.Un agente cuanto a las consideraciones de la comunicaci´on capaz de interactuar y poseer un comportamiento y la interacci´on, dependientes de la inteligencia comunicativo es considerado social. La simple artificial. Adem´asde esos factores, deben poder existencia de dos robots aut´onomos en el mismo ser aut´onomosy tambi´enposeer una apariencia entorno fuerza aspectos del contacto social, sea agradable ya que su objetivo principal ser´a la ´estedirecto o indirecto. interacci´on con los humanos, tambi´en tienen que ser f´aciles de programar por personas no expertas, intr´ınsecamente seguros, tolerantes a Una perspectiva es que uno mismo debe estar percepciones y acciones imprecisas y, sobre todo, consciente de sus estados mentales y ser capaz de estar dotados de una gran capacidad de aprendi- atribuir estados mentales a otros, lo que permite zaje y adaptabilidad a entornos no predefinidos y predecir y analizar los comportamientos de uno din´amicos.En t´erminosb´asicos, se puede definir a mismo y de los dem´as.Esto permitir´ıa a uno ser un robot social como \aquel robot que interact´ua capaz de lidiar con relaciones sociales complejas y se comunica con las personas (de forma sencilla y tambi´en exhibir la habilidad para resolver y agradable) siguiendo comportamientos, patrones problemas abstractos. La hip´otesisMaquiav´elica y normas sociales"[19]. [2], promulga que todas estas capacidades in- telectuales evolucionaron de un dominio social. La hip´otesis de inteligencia social fomenta la Aunque los robots a´unse encuentran lejos de po- teor´ıa de que para poder alcanzar un grado de der tomar consciencia propia y formar jerarqu´ıas comportamiento inteligente de un agente, ´este basadas en comunidades sociales, su inclusi´one in- debe estar incorporado tanto en un entorno f´ısico teracci´oncon la sociedad es cada vez m´aspatente, como en un entorno social. Este agente estar´apor promoviendo as´ısu desarrollo y su investigaci´on lo tanto sujeto a interacciones sociales din´amicas gracias a la aceptaci´onsocial. y complejas en el mundo real, factor que en Duffy, Brian R. et al. [2] es considerado necesario para el 2.1. Primer per´ıodo (1940-1990) desarrollo de un agente de inteligencia artificial. El entendimiento mutuo por parte de los miem- Podr´ıadecirse que en el inicio, la rob´oticasocial bros de un grupo social es necesario para el se inspir´oen las investigaciones de las comunida- establecimiento y continuidad del grupo. Los pro- des biol´ogicasanimales [8] y las interacciones entre blemas aparecen cuando miembros individuales los individuos que las componen. Los investigado- est´an motivados por intereses exclusivamente res siempre se han fascinado por la naturaleza que propios. Sin embargo, en muchos grupos sociales les rodea y sus composiciones, intentando recrear- aparecen grados de flexibilidad con la evoluci´on las de forma artificial en los laboratorios. As´ına- de cada estatus social de los miembros, y puede ce la rob´oticasocial (en un estado primigenio) al ser diferente en distintos contextos orientados a intentar reproducir las interacciones de las comu- objetivos. Mientras que en sociedades primitivas nidades biol´ogicasde forma artificial. se utiliza solamente el contacto f´ısico como in- Uno de los primeros experimentos acerca de la in- teracci´onsocial, los humanos hemos desarrollado teracci´onde los robots con el entorno fue llevado a m´etodos m´aseficientes a trav´esdel lenguaje. cabo por William Grey Walter [22], el cu´aldise~n´o Se cree que el lenguaje no funciona tan s´olocomo y construy´ounas tortugas rob´oticas(Figura 1) en un m´etodo para adquirir conocimiento sobre las a finales de los cuarenta. Mediante faros engancha- caracter´ısticasdel comportamiento de otros, sino dos en la parte frontal de la carcasa y fototaxis po- que tambi´en expone sus estados internos como los sitiva, estas tortugas interactuaban de una forma sentimientos y aptitudes. Para poder construir similar a la social, aunque no hab´ıacomunicaci´on una base para la interacci´ony la cooperaci´on,los expl´ıcitao reconocimiento mutuo. individuos tienen que comunicarse y unir sus con- ceptos del mundo con los grados de abstracci´on Mientras el campo de la vida artificial emerg´ıa, siendo socialmente fundamentados y actualizados los investigadores empezaron a aplicar principios continuamente. como la estigmergia [7] (comunicaci´onindirecta entre individuos a trav´esde modificaciones en el entorno compartido; en sistemas descentralizados, Como se puede comprobar, la inclusi´onde los tales como las colonias de hormigas, los diferentes robots sociales en t´erminosde definici´ones un componentes colaboran a trav´esde pautas o hitos tema bastante delicado, puesto que es necesaria dejados en el medio: feromonas, acumulaci´onde 837 XXXVIII Jornadas de Automática Figura 1: Tortuga robot Elmer de Walter [6] Figura 2: Robot Kismet [4] objetos o cualquier otro tipo de cambio f´ısico,co- mo la temperatura) para lograr comportamientos colectivos en robots.
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