A Polysaccharide Polymer Made by Xanthomonas
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A) and Co-Fermentation (B
Simultaneous Co-Fermentation of Mixed Sugars: A Promising Strategy for Producing Cellulosic Biofuels and Chemicals Na Wei PI: Yong-Su Jin Energy Biosciences Institute /Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Corn ethanol vs. Cellulosic ethanol Corn starch Cellulosic biomass Gelatinization Pretreatment + Cellulases Amylases Glucose + Xylose + Acetate Glucose + Fermentation inhibitors yeast yeast Ethanol + CO2 Ethanol + CO2 • Single sugar fermentation • Mixed sugar fermentation • No fermentation inhibitors • Fermentation inhibitors • Easy high loading • Difficulties in high loading 2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a workhorse strain for industrial ethanol production The most widely used yeast since ancient times in baking and brewing Osmotolerant and ethanol-tolerant Numerous genetic/genomic tools are available Overexpression / Knockout Expression of heterologous enzymes Cannot utilize xylose Not suitable for producing cellulosic biofuels 3 Basic strategy in metabolic engineering of xylose fermentation in S. cerevisiae Scheffersomyces stipitis Saccharomyces cerevisiae Xylose Xylose XYL1 Xylitol Xylitol XYL2 Xylulose Xylulose XYL3 X-5-P X-5-P PPP and Glycolysis PPP and Glycolysis Ethanol Ethanol . Natural xylose fermenting . High ethanol tolerance . Low ethanol tolerance . Amenable to metabolic engineering 4 Laboratory evolution of an engineered S. cerevisiae strain for further improvement DA24 n 16 Enrichment Single colony by serial culture isolation in 80 g/L of xylose Evaluation 5 Comparison of xylose fermentation capability between engineered S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis Engineered S. cerevisiae S. stipitis The engineered S. cerevisiae strain consumed xylose almost as fast as S. stipitis, the fastest xylose-fermenting yeast 6 Ha et al. PNAS, 108:504-509 Why we want to co-ferment cellobiose and xylose? Typical fermentation profile of glucose and xylose mixture Glucose Glycolysis Ethanol Pentose Phosphate Pathway CO2 Xylose 7 Engineered S. -
Effect of Intake of Food Hydrocolloids of Bacterial Origin on the Glycemic Response in Humans: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
nutrients Review Effect of Intake of Food Hydrocolloids of Bacterial Origin on the Glycemic Response in Humans: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis Norah A. Alshammari 1,2, Moira A. Taylor 3, Rebecca Stevenson 4 , Ourania Gouseti 5, Jaber Alyami 6 , Syahrizal Muttakin 7,8, Serafim Bakalis 5, Alison Lovegrove 9, Guruprasad P. Aithal 2 and Luca Marciani 2,* 1 Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 2 Translational Medical Sciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; [email protected] 3 Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; [email protected] 4 Precision Imaging Beacon, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; [email protected] 5 Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Copenhagen, Denmark; [email protected] (O.G.); [email protected] (S.B.) 6 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 7 Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Jakarta 12540, Indonesia; Citation: Alshammari, N.A.; [email protected] Taylor, M.A.; Stevenson, R.; 8 School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Gouseti, O.; Alyami, J.; Muttakin, S.; 9 Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK; [email protected] Bakalis, S.; Lovegrove, A.; Aithal, G.P.; * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-115-823-1248 Marciani, L. -
Bioresources.Com
PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com ADSORPTION OF CELLOBIOSE-PENDANT POLYMERS TO A CELLULOSE MATRIX DETERMINED BY QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE ANALYSIS Shingo Yokota,† Takefumi Ohta, Takuya Kitaoka,* and Hiroyuki Wariishi Cellobiose-pendant polymers were synthesized by radical polymerization and their affinity for a cellulose matrix was investigated by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). A 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylureido cellobiose (MOU-Cel) macromer was synthesized by coupling cellobiosylamine with 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanate followed by polymerization in an aqueous radical reaction system. The interaction of the resulting poly(MOU-Cel) with a pure cellulose matrix in water was evaluated by QCM analysis. Poly(MOU-Cel) was strongly adsorbed to the cellulose substrate, whereas neither cellobiose nor MOU-Cel macromer exhibited an attractive interaction with cellulose. This specific interaction was not inhibited by the presence of ionic contaminants, suggesting that multiple cellobiopyranose moieties in each polymer molecule might cooperatively enhance its affinity for cellulose. Moderate insertion of acrylamide units into the polymer backbone improved the affinity for cellulose, possibly due to an increased mobility of sugar side chains. Polymers such as these, with a high affinity for cellulose, have potential applications for the surface functionalization of cellulose-based materials, including paper products. Keywords: Cellobiose; Cellulose; Sugar-pendant polymer; Non-electrostatic interaction; Quartz crystal microbalance Contact information: Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; †Present address: Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; *Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Cellulose is the most abundant, renewable carbohydrate resource and has been widely used as a raw material in a variety of applications (Klemm et al. -
Nutrition Facts Serving Size (140G) Servings Per Container 1
BrustersBRUSTER’S Banana BANANA Cream Pie IceCREAM Cream, PIE Dish ICE Regular CREAM - DISH - SM Nutrition Facts Serving Size (140g) Servings Per Container 1 Amount Per Serving Calories 320 Calories from Fat 110 % Daily Value* Total Fat 12g 19% Saturated Fat 7g 35% Trans Fat 0g Cholesterol 35mg 11% Sodium 135mg 6% Total Carbohydrate 50g 17% Dietary Fiber <1g 2% Sugars 33g Protein 4g Vitamin A 8% • Vitamin C 4% Calcium 10% • Iron 8% * Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs: Calories: 2,000 2,500 Total Fat Less than 65g 80g Saturated Fat Less than 20g 25g Cholesterol Less than 300mg 300mg Sodium Less than 2,400mg 2,400mg Total Carbohydrate 300g 375g Dietary Fiber 25g 30g Ingredients: MILK, CREAM, BANANAS, SUGAR, CORN SYRUP, NONFAT MILK SOLIDS, SWEET WHEY, MONO & DIGLYCERIDES, HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP, WATER, DEHYDRATED BANANA, GUAR GUM, LOCUST BEAN GUM, POLYSORBATE 80, CARRAGEENAN, VANILLA, VANILLIN, NATURAL FLAVOR, CARAMEL COLOR, CITRIC ACID, SODIUM BENZOATE (A PRESERVATIVE). MARSHMALLOW SWIRL: CORN SYRUP, SUGAR, WATER, HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP, EGG ALBUMIN, PECTIN, XANTHAN GUM, VANILLA, NATURAL FLAVOR, POTASSIUM SORBATE (A PRESERVATIVE). VANILLA WAFER PIECES: ENRICHED WHEAT FLOUR (WHEAT FLOUR, NIACIN, REDUCED IRON, THIAMINE MONONITRATE, RIBOFLAVIN, FOLIC ACID), SUGAR, PALM OIL, CORN SYRUP, WHEY (MILK), SALT, CORNSTARCH, EGGS, SODIUM BICARBONATE, DEXTROSE, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR. Vertical, Full Sunday, May 15, 2011 BRUSTER’SBrusters Banana BANANA Cream Pie CREAMIce Cream, PIE Dish ICE Regular CREAM +1 - DISH - REG Nutrition Facts Serving Size (210g) Servings Per Container 1 Amount Per Serving Calories 490 Calories from Fat 160 % Daily Value* Total Fat 18g 28% Saturated Fat 10g 52% Trans Fat 0g Cholesterol 50mg 16% Sodium 200mg 8% Total Carbohydrate 75g 25% Dietary Fiber <1g 4% Sugars 49g Protein 5g Vitamin A 10% • Vitamin C 6% Calcium 15% • Iron 10% * Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. -
Cellobiose 2-Epimerase, Process for Producing
(19) TZZ ¥ZZ_T (11) EP 2 395 080 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: C12N 15/00 (2006.01) C12N 1/15 (2006.01) 06.08.2014 Bulletin 2014/32 C12N 1/19 (2006.01) C12N 1/21 (2006.01) C12N 5/10 (2006.01) C12N 9/90 (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (21) Application number: 10738433.1 C12N 15/09 C12P 19/00 (22) Date of filing: 25.01.2010 (86) International application number: PCT/JP2010/050928 (87) International publication number: WO 2010/090095 (12.08.2010 Gazette 2010/32) (54) CELLOBIOSE 2-EPIMERASE, PROCESS FOR PRODUCING SAME, AND USE OF SAME CELLOBIOSE 2-EPIMERASE, HERSTELLUNGSVERFAHREN DAFÜR UND VERWENDUNG CELLOBIOSE 2-ÉPIMÉRASE, PROCÉDÉ DE PRODUCTION DE CELLE-CI ET UTILISATION DE CELLE-CI (84) Designated Contracting States: (74) Representative: Daniels, Jeffrey Nicholas AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR Page White & Farrer HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL Bedford House PT RO SE SI SK SM TR John Street London WC1N 2BF (GB) (30) Priority: 05.02.2009 JP 2009025070 (56) References cited: (43) Date of publication of application: WO-A1-2008/062555 14.12.2011 Bulletin 2011/50 • PARK CHANG-SU ET AL: "Characterization of a (73) Proprietor: Hayashibara Co., Ltd. recombinant cellobiose 2-epimerase from Okayama-shi, Okayama (JP) Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and its application in the production of mannose from (72) Inventors: glucose.", APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND • WATANABE Hikaru BIOTECHNOLOGY DEC 2011 LNKD- PUBMED: Okayama-shi 21691788,vol. -
Pharmaceutical Compositions of Rifaximin Pharmazeutische Rifaximin-Zusammensetzungen Compositions Pharmaceutiques De Rifaximine
(19) TZZ Z__ T (11) EP 2 011 486 B2 (12) NEW EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION After opposition procedure (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the opposition decision: A61K 9/20 (2006.01) A61K 31/44 (2006.01) 12.08.2015 Bulletin 2015/33 (45) Mention of the grant of the patent: 23.05.2012 Bulletin 2012/21 (21) Application number: 08252198.0 (22) Date of filing: 26.06.2008 (54) Pharmaceutical compositions of rifaximin Pharmazeutische Rifaximin-Zusammensetzungen Compositions pharmaceutiques de rifaximine (84) Designated Contracting States: (56) References cited: AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR EP-A1- 0 616 808 EP-B1- 1 763 339 HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MT NL NO PL PT WO-A-2006/094737 WO-A2-2006/039022 RO SE SI SK TR US-A- 6 140 355 US-A1- 2005 101 598 (30) Priority: 06.07.2007 IN KO09682007 • DUPONT ET AL: "Treatment of Travelers’ 23.06.2008 EP 08252158 Diarrhea: Randomized Trial Comparing Rifaximin, Rifaximin Plus Loperamide, and (43) Date of publication of application: Loperamide Alone" CLINICAL 07.01.2009 Bulletin 2009/02 GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, AMERICAN GASTROENTEROLOGICAL (60) Divisional application: ASSOCIATION, US, vol. 5, no. 4, 17 April 2007 11176043.5 / 2 420 226 (2007-04-17), pages 451-456, XP022029177 ISSN: 14186563.4 / 2 837 378 1542-3565 • ARYA ET AL: "Rifaximin-the promising anti- (73) Proprietor: Lupin Ltd. microbial for enteric infections" JOURNAL OF Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 098 (IN) INFECTION, ACADEMIC PRESS, LONDON, GB, vol. -
A Review of Physiological Effects of Soluble and Insoluble Dietary Fibers
ition & F tr oo u d N f S o c l i e a n n c r e u s o J Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences Perry and Ying, J Nutr Food Sci 2016, 6:2 ISSN: 2155-9600 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000476 Review Article Open Access A Review of Physiological Effects of Soluble and Insoluble Dietary Fibers Perry JR and Ying W* College of Agriculture, Human, and Natural Sciences, 13500 John A Merritt, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA *Corresponding author: Ying W, College of Agriculture, Human, and Natural Sciences, 13500 John A Merritt, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States, Tel: 615-963-6006; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: Feb 18, 2016; Acc date: Mar 03, 2016; Pub date: Mar 14, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Perry JR, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract This paper seeks to characterize the effects of Total Dietary Fibers (TDFs), Soluble Dietary Fibers (SDFs), and Insoluble Dietary Fibers (IDFs) with regard to the rates of digestion, enzymatic activity, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes and glucose absorption, glycemic index, and weight gain. This review intends to narrow pertinent data from the vast body of research, including both in vivo and in vitro experiments. SDF and IDF share a number of the theorized beneficial properties in the diet including weight loss, increased satiety, effects on inflammatory markers, and intestinal microbiota. -
Rapid Method for the Estimation of Total Free Monosaccharide Content of Corn Stover Hydrolysate Using HPAE-PAD
Application Note 225 Note Application Rapid Method for the Estimation of Total Free Monosaccharide Content of Corn Stover Hydrolysate Using HPAE-PAD Valoran Hanko and Jeff Rohrer Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Introduction The Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ CarboPac™ PA1 Compositional carbohydrate analysis of biocrop feedstock anion-exchange column rapidly elutes corn stover is essential to the efficient production of cellulosic carbohydrates, resolving the monosacccharides from the ethanol.1 Corn stover is the leaf, husk, stalk, and cob unretained and undetected noncarbohydrate components remaining in the field after harvest and makes up about of acid-hydrolyzed corn stover. Under these conditions, half the yield of a crop of corn. It can also contain weeds disaccharides and trisaccharides are also resolved, with a and grasses collected during the harvest of corn stover. total elution time less than 10 min. Thus, the sum of all Along with other lignocellulosic biomass, corn stover the carbohydrate peaks is a useful measure of the energy provides 1.3 billion tons of raw material annually and is a production potential of acid-hydrolyzed corn stover. common feedstock for fermentation systems used in The carbohydrate content of acid-hydrolyzed corn stover biofuel production.2 can be very high, and for some carbohydrates can even Corn stover is acid-hydrolyzed to release a water-soluble approach their saturation concentration in an aqueous mixture of carbohydrates, typically consisting of arabi- solution. When used for saccharide determinations, PAD nose, glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, fructose, and with a gold working electrode is a sensitive detection cellobiose among other noncarbohydrate substances in method, but like other detection techniques it does not 0.5 to 1.5% (w/w) sulfuric acid.3,4 The concentration of have an unlimited linear range. -
Fructose and Mannose in Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Cancer
H OH metabolites OH Review Fructose and Mannose in Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Cancer Elizabeth L. Lieu †, Neil Kelekar †, Pratibha Bhalla † and Jiyeon Kim * Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; [email protected] (E.L.L.); [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (P.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: History suggests that tasteful properties of sugar have been domesticated as far back as 8000 BCE. With origins in New Guinea, the cultivation of sugar quickly spread over centuries of conquest and trade. The product, which quickly integrated into common foods and onto kitchen tables, is sucrose, which is made up of glucose and fructose dimers. While sugar is commonly associated with flavor, there is a myriad of biochemical properties that explain how sugars as biological molecules function in physiological contexts. Substantial research and reviews have been done on the role of glucose in disease. This review aims to describe the role of its isomers, fructose and mannose, in the context of inborn errors of metabolism and other metabolic diseases, such as cancer. While structurally similar, fructose and mannose give rise to very differing biochemical properties and understanding these differences will guide the development of more effective therapies for metabolic disease. We will discuss pathophysiology linked to perturbations in fructose and mannose metabolism, diagnostic tools, and treatment options of the diseases. Keywords: fructose and mannose; inborn errors of metabolism; cancer Citation: Lieu, E.L.; Kelekar, N.; Bhalla, P.; Kim, J. Fructose and Mannose in Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Cancer. -
Transcriptome Analysis of Polysaccharide-Based Microbial Flocculant MBFA9 Biosynthesis Regulated by Nitrogen Source
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Transcriptome analysis of polysaccharide-based microbial focculant MBFA9 biosynthesis regulated by nitrogen source Lili Fu1*, Binhui Jiang2, Jianwei Wei1, Jinliang Liu1, Xiaomin Hu2 & Li Zhang3 Microbial focculant (MBF), an environmentally friendly water treatment agent, can be widely used in various water treatments. However, its use is limited by low yield and high cost. This problem can be solved by clarifying its biosynthesis mechanism and regulating it. Paenibacillus shenyangensis A9, a focculant-producing bacterium, was used to produce polysaccharide-type MBFA9 by regulating the nitrogen source (nitrogen adequacy/nitrogen defciency). In this study, RNA-Seq high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatic approaches were used to investigate the fermentation and biosynthesis of polysaccharide-type MBFA9 by regulating the nitrogen source (high nitrogen/low nitrogen) in the focculant-producing bacteria Paenibacillus shenyangensis A9. Diferentially expressed genes, functional clustering, and functional annotation of key genes were assessed. Then the MBFA9 biosynthesis and metabolic pathway were reconstructed. Our results showed that when cultured under diferent nitrogen conditions, bacterial strain A9 had a greater ability to synthesize polysaccharide-type MBFA9 under low nitrogen compared to high nitrogen conditions, with the yield of MBFA9 reaching 4.2 g/L at 36 h of cultivation. The quality of transcriptome sequencing data was reliable, with a matching rate of 85.38% and 85.48% when L36/H36 was mapped to the reference genome. The total expressed genes detected were 4719 and 4730, with 265 diferentially expressed genes. The diferentially expressed genes were classifed into 3 categories: molecular function (MF), cell component (CC), and biological process (BP), and can be further divided into 22 subcategories. -
Converting Galactose Into the Rare Sugar Talose with Cellobiose 2-Epimerase As Biocatalyst
molecules Article Converting Galactose into the Rare Sugar Talose with Cellobiose 2-Epimerase as Biocatalyst Stevie Van Overtveldt, Ophelia Gevaert, Martijn Cherlet, Koen Beerens and Tom Desmet * Centre for Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium; [email protected] (S.V.O.); [email protected] (O.G.); [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (K.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-9264-9920 Academic Editors: Giorgia Oliviero and Nicola Borbone Received: 17 September 2018; Accepted: 29 September 2018; Published: 1 October 2018 Abstract: Cellobiose 2-epimerase from Rhodothermus marinus (RmCE) reversibly converts a glucose residue to a mannose residue at the reducing end of β-1,4-linked oligosaccharides. In this study, the monosaccharide specificity of RmCE has been mapped and the synthesis of D-talose from D-galactose was discovered, a reaction not yet known to occur in nature. Moreover, the conversion is industrially relevant, as talose and its derivatives have been reported to possess important antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. As the enzyme also catalyzes the keto-aldo isomerization of galactose to tagatose as a minor side reaction, the purity of talose was found to decrease over time. After process optimization, 23 g/L of talose could be obtained with a product purity of 86% and a yield of 8.5% (starting from 4 g (24 mmol) of galactose). However, higher purities and concentrations can be reached by decreasing and increasing the reaction time, respectively. In addition, two engineering attempts have also been performed. -
Mechanism and Kinetics of Cellobiose Decomposition in Sub- and Supercritical Water
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1998, 37, 357-361 357 Mechanism and Kinetics of Cellobiose Decomposition in Sub- and Supercritical Water B. M. Kabyemela, M. Takigawa, T. Adschiri, R. M. Malaluan, and K. Arai* Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-77, Japan Cellobiose decomposition kinetics and products in sub- and supercritical water were studied with a flow apparatus at temperatures from 300 to 400 °C at pressures from 25 to 40 MPa, and at short residence times (0.04-2 s). Cellobiose was found to decompose via hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond and via pyrolysis of the reducing end. Pyrolysis products were glycosylerythrose (GE) and glycosylglycolaldehyde (GG) which were confirmed by FAB-MS. Hydrolysis products were glucose, erythrose, and glycolaldehyde from cellobiose, GE, and GG, respectively, as well as glucose decomposition products. The kinetics from glucose decomposition were used to fit the experimental results and evaluate rate constants of hydrolysis (kH) and pyrolysis rate constants (k1 and k2). The activation energy for the hydrolysis of cellobiose and pyrolysis products GG and GE was found to be 108.6, 110.5, and 106.1 kJ/mol, respectively. In the supercritical region, there was a decrease in the pyrolysis rates k1 and k2 and a corresponding increase in hydrolysis selectivity from 85% to 95% as the pressure increased from 30 to 40 MPa. Introduction Reaction times were in the order of 1-14 min, and the product analysis was able to account for 60% of the Cellulose hydrolysis products have the potential to cellobiose decomposition products.