Appendix II Indigenous of the Wildflower Garden/1907-1916 (379 species listed)

Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species FERNS AND FERN ALLIES DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Bracken Family Bracken Fern Pteridium aquilinum DRYOPTERIDACEAE Dryopteris Family Lady Fern Athyrium felix-femina Crested Woodfern Dryopteris cristata Intermediate Woodfern Dryopteris intermedia Sensitive Fern Onoclea sensibilis EQUISETACEAE Horsetail Family Water Horsetail Equisetum fluviatile OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Adder’s Tongue Family Grapefern Botrychium sp. OSMUNDACEAE Cinnamon Fern Family Cinnamon Fern Osmunda cinnamomea Interrupted Fern Osmunda claytoniana PTERIDACEAE Maidenhair Fern Family Maidenhair Fern Adiantum pedatum THELYPTERIDACEAE Marsh Fern Family Marsh Fern Thelypteris palustris GYMNOSPERMS PINACEAE Pine Family Tamarack Larix laricina

Indigenous Plants of the Wildflower Garden/1907-1916 / 63 Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species ANGIOSPERMS ACERACEAE Maple Family Box Elder Acer negundo Red Maple Acer rubrum ALISMATACEAE Water Plantain Family Broadleaf Arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia AMARANTHACEAE Amaranth Family Hairy Pigweed Amaranthus sp. ANACARDIACEAE Cashew Family Smooth Sumac Rhus glabra

Poison Ivy Toxicodendron radicans Family Fragrant Water Berula erecta Water Hemlock Cicuta maculata Honewort canadensis Cow Parsnip Heracleum maximum Wooly Sweet Cicely Osmorhiza claytoni Sweet Cicely Osmorhiza longistylis Black Snakeroot Sanicula marilandica Golden Alexander Zizia aurea APOCYNACEAE Dogbane Family Spreading Dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium Prairie Dogbane Apocynum cannabinum AQUIFOLIACEAE Holly Family Common Winterberry Ilex verticillata ARACEAE Arum Family Jack-in-the-Pulpit Arisaema triphyllum ARALIACEAE Ginseng Family Wild Sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis American Spikenard Aralia racemosa ASCLEPIADACEAE Milkweed Family Poke Milkweed Asclepias exaltata Swamp Milkweed Asclepias incarnata Common Milkweed Asclepias syriaca

64 / Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden & Bird Sanctuary Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species Composite Family Yarrow Achillea millefolium White Snakeroot Ageratina altissima Common Ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Plantain-leaved Everlasting Antennaria plantaginifolia Wormwood Artemisia serrata Bearded Beggartick Bidens aristosa Nodding Bur Marigold Bidens cernua Devil’s Beggartick Bidens frondosa

White Doll’s Daisy Boltonia asteroides var latisquama Field Thistle Cirsium discolor Swamp Thistle Cirsium muticum Pasture Thistle Cirsium pumilum Thistle Cirsium undulatum Canadian Horseweed Conyza canadensis

Tickseed, Lance Coreopsis lanceolata Leaved Coreopsis Stiff Tickseed Corepsis palmata

Flat Top Aster Doellingeria umbellata var. pubens Pale Purple Coneflower Echinacea pallida Burnweed Erechtites sp. Daisy Fleabane Erigeron annuus Robin’s Plantain Erigeron pulchellus Lesser Daisy Fleabane Erigeron strigosus Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum

Sweet Scented Joe Pye Weed Eupatorium purpureum

Grassleaf Goldenrod Euthamia graminifolia var. graminifolia Blanket Flower Gaillardia aristata Gumweed Grindelia squarrosa Sneezeweed Helenium autumnale Thinleaf Sunflower decapetalus Woodland Sunflower Giant Sunflower Helianthus giganteus

Indigenous Plants of the Wildflower Garden/1907-1916 / 65 Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species Sawtooth Sunflower Helianthus grosseserratus

Stiff Sunflower Helianthus pauciflorus ssp. pauciflorus

Paleleaf Woodland Sunflower Helianthus strumosus Helianthus tuberosus

Smooth Oxeye Heliopsis helianthoides var. scabra

Yellow Hawkweed Hieracium canadense var. canadense Longbeard Hawkweed Hieracium longipilum Narrowleaf Hawkweed Hieracium umbellatum

Twoflower Dwarf Dandelion Krigia amplexicaulis Tall Blue Lettuce Lactuca biennis Wild Lettuce Lactuca canadensis Stiff Goldenrod Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum Golden Ragwort Packera aurea Rattlesnake Root Prenanthes alba

Green-headed Coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta

Groundsel Senecio pauperculus var. balsamitae Canada Goldenrod Solidago altissima Zigzag Goldenrod Solidago flexicaulis Late/Giant Goldenrod Solidago gigantea Gray Goldenrod Solidago nemoralis Showy Goldenrod Solidago speciosa Bog Goldenrod Solidago uliginosa Elm Goldenrod Solidago ulmifolia

Northern Bog Aster Symphyotrichum boreale

Drummond’s Aster Symphyotrichum drummondii

Smooth Blue Aster Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve

White Panicle Aster Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ssp. lanceola- tum var. lanceolatum

Calico Aster Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum Sky Blue Aster Symphyotrichum oolentangiense

New England Aster Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

Ontario Aster Symphyotrichum ontarionis

66 / Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden & Bird Sanctuary Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species

Purple-stemmed Aster Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum Common Dandelion Taraxacum officinale Yellow Goatsbeard Tragopogon lamottei Ironweed Vernonia fasiculata BALSAMINACEAE Touch-me-not Family Spotted Touch-me-not Impatiens capensis Pale Touch-me-not Impatiens pallida BETULACEAE Birch Family Yellow Birch Betula alleghaniensis Paper Birch Betula papyrifera Bog Birch Betula pumila Musclewood Carpinus caroliniana American Hazelnut Corylus americana Beaked Hazelnut Corylus cornuta Ironwood Ostrya virginiana BORAGINACEAE Borage Family Virginia Stickseed Hackelia virginiana BRASSICACEAE Mustard Family Bulbous Bittercress Cardamine bulbosa Cuckoo Flower Cardamine pratensis

Small Wormseed Mustard Erysimum inconspicuum CAMPANULACEAE Harebell Family Marsh Bellflower Campanula aparinoides CANNABACEAE Hops Family Common Hop Humulus lupulus CAPRIFOLIACEAE Honeysuckle Family

Twinflower Linnaea borealis var. americana Climbing Honeysuckle Lonicera dioica Red Elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Wolfberry Symphoricarpos occidentalis Horse Gentian Triosteum perfoliatum Arrowwood Viburnum dentatum Nannyberry Viburnum lentago

Highbush Cranberry Viburnum opulus var. americanum

Indigenous Plants of the Wildflower Garden/1907-1916 / 67 Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species CARYOPHYLLACEAE Pink Family Evening Campion Silene nivea Night Flowering Silene Silene noctiflora Starry Campion Silene stellata Water Chickweed Stellaria fontinalis CELASTRACEAE Bittersweet Family Climbing Bittersweet Celastrus scandens Bursting Heart Euonymus americanus CISTACEAE Rock Rose Family Long-branch Frostweed Helianthemum canadense Pinweed Lechea minor CUSCUTACEAE Dodder Family Common Dodder Cuscuta gronovii CORNACEAE Dogwood Family Pagoda Dogwood Cornus alternifolia Bunchberry Cornus canadensis Pale Dogwood Cornus obliqua Graybark Dogwood Cornus racemosa Round-leaved Dogwood Cornus rugosa Red Osier Dogwood Cornus sericea CUCURBITACEAE Gourd Family Wild Cucumber Echinocystis lobata CYPERACEAE Sedge Family Assiniboia Sedge Carex assiniboinensis Bottlebrush Sedge Carex hystericina

Broad Sedge Carex laxiflora var. serrulata Stellate Sedge Carex rosea Beaked Sedge Carex rostrata Sartwell’s Sedge Carex sartwellii Long-beaked Sedge Carex sprengelii Needle Spikerush Eleocharis acicularis

Hardstem Bulrush Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus

68 / Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden & Bird Sanctuary Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species Bulrush Scirpus aquatica Dark Green Bulrush Scirpus atrovirens

Wool Grass Scirpus cyperinus var. eriophorum Woodland Bulrush Scirpus expansus DROSERACEAE Sundew Family Roundleaf Sundew Drosera rotundifolia ELAEAGNACEAE Oleaster Family Silverberry Elaeagnus argentea ERICACEAE Heath Family Bog Rosemary Andromeda glaucophylla American Wintergreen Pyrola americana Pink Wintergreen Pyrola asarifolia Shinleaf Pyrola elliptica Lowbush Blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium American Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Small Cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccus EUPHORBIACEAE Spurge Family Wild Poinsettia Euphorbia cyathophora FABACEAE Bean Family Dwarf Wild Indigo Amorpha microphylla Groundnut, Wild Bean Apios americana Rattlebox Crotalaria sagittalis Showy Tick-Trefoil Desmodium canadense Largebract Tick Trefoil Desmodium cuspidatum Pale Vetchling Lathyrus ochroleucus Marsh Vetchling Lathyrus palustris Veiny (Purple) Vetchling Lathyrus venosus

Round-headed Bush Clover Lespedeza capitata Red Clover Trifolium pratense White Clover Trifolium repens American Vetch Vicia americana

Indigenous Plants of the Wildflower Garden/1907-1916 / 69 Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species FAGACEAE Beech Family White Oak Quercus alba Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor Scarlet Oak Quercus coccinea Bur Oak Quercus macrocarpa Red Oak Quercus rubra GENTIANACEAE Gentian Family Pleated Gentian Gentiana affinis Yellowish Gentian Gentiana alba Narrowleaf Gentian Gentiana linearis Fringed Gentian Gentianopsis crinita GERANIACEAE Geranium Family Bicknell’s Cranesbill Geranium bicknellii GRAMINEAE Grass Famiy Red-Top Agrostis gigantea Hair Grass Agrostis hyemalis Smooth Brome Bromus inermis Fringed Brome Bromus ciliatus Sweet Wood Reed Cinna arundinacea Orchard Grass Dactylis glomerata

Western Panicgrass Dichanthelium acuminatum Barnyard Grass Echinochloa crus-galli Eastern Bottlebrush Grass Elymus hystrix var. hystrix Wild Rye Elymus sp. Tufted Lovegrass Eragrostis pectinacea Cotton Grass Eriophorum angustifolium Reed Mannagrass Glyceria aquatica American Mannagrass Glyceria grandis

Rattlesnake Mannagrass Glyceria canadensis Rice Cutgrass Leersia oryzoides

Satin Grass Muhlenbergia mexicana Broadleaf Rosette Grass Panicum latifolium

Panic Grass Panicum oligosanthes var. scribnerianum

70 / Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden & Bird Sanctuary Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea Yellow Foxtail Setaria pumila ssp. pumila Indiangrass Sorghastrum nutans Arrowgrass Triglochin palustris GROSSULARIACEAE Currant Family

Carolina Grass of Parnassus Parnassia caroliniana Ditch Stonecrop Penthorum sedoides American Black Currant Ribes americanum Prickly Gooseberry Ribes cynosbati Swamp Saxifrage Saxifraga pensylvanica HALORAGACEAE Water Milfoil Family

Water Milfoil Myriophyllum sp. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Waterleaf Family

Virginia Waterleaf Hydrophyllum virginianum IRIDACEAE Iris Family Blue Flag Iris Iris versicolor

Blue-eyed Grass Sisyrinchium angustifolium JUNCACEAE Rush Family Slender Rush Juncus tenuis LAMIACEAE Mint Family Water Horehound Lycopus americanus Northern Bugleweed Lycopus uniflorus

Virginia Water Horehound Lycopus virginicus Wild Mint Mentha arvensis Wild Bergamot Monarda fistulosa Catnip Nepeta cataria

Mountain Mint Pycnanthemum flexuosum

Mountain Mint Pycnanthemum virginianum Summer Savory Satureja hortensis Marsh Skullcap Scutellaria galericulata Mad-dog Skullcap Scutellaria lateriflora Germander Teucrium canadense

Indigenous Plants of the Wildflower Garden/1907-1916 / 71 Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species LEMNACEAE Duckweed Family Lesser Duckweed Lemna minor LILIACEAE Lily Family Asparagus Asparagus officinalis Blue Bead Lily Clintonia borealis Turk’s Cap Lily Lilium superbum

False Solomon’s Seal Maianthemum racemosum

Starry False Solomon’s Seal Maianthemum stellatum

Three-leaved False Maianthemum trifolium Solomon’s Seal Indian Cucumber Root Medeola virginiana Solomon’s Seal Polygonatum biflorum var. biflorum

Great Solomon’s Seal Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum Carrion Flower Smilax herbacea Greenbriar Smilax rotundifolia Catbriar Smilax tamnoides Nodding Trillium Trillium cernum Large-flowered Bellwort Uvularia grandiflora Pale Bellwort, Wild Oats Uvularia sessilifolia LINACEAE Flax Family Wild Blue Flax Linum perenne LOBELIACEAE Lobelia Family Cardinal Flower Lobelia cardinalis Great Blue Lobelia Lobelia siphilitica LYTHRACEAE Loosestrife Family Swamp Loosestrife Decodon verticillatus Winged Loosestrife Lythrum alatum MALVACEAE Mallow Family Rose Mallow Hibiscus moscheutos MENISPERMACEAE Moonseed Family

Canada Moonseed Menispermum canadense MONOTROPACEAE Indian Pipe Family Indian Pipe Monotropa uniflora

72 / Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden & Bird Sanctuary Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species NYCTAGINACEAE Four O’Clock Family Hairy Four O’Clock Mirabilis hirsuta

Heart-leaved Four O’Clock Mirabilis nyctaginea NYMPHAEACEAE Water Lily Family Large Yellow Pond Lily Nuphar lutea ssp. variegata OLEACEAE Olive Family Black Ash Fraxinus nigra Green Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica ONAGRACEAE Evening Primrose Family

Small Enchanter’s Nightshade Circaea alpina Marsh Willowherb Epilobium palustre Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis ORCHIDACEAE Orchid Family Grass Pink Calopogon pulchellus

Frog Orchid Coeloglossum viride Coral Root Corallorhiza trifida Stemless Lady’s Slipper Cypripedium acaule

Yellow Lady’s Slipper Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens Showy Lady’s Slipper Cypripedium reginae Lily-leaved Twayblade Liparis liliifolia Showy Orchis Orchis spectabilis Rose Pogonia Pogonia ophioglossoides Nodding Lady’s Tresses Spiranthes cernua Green False Hellebore Veratrum viride OXALIDACEAE Wood Sorrel Family Yellow Wood Sorrel Oxalis stricta PLANTAGINACEAE Plantain Family Common Plantain Plantago major POLEMONIACEAE Phlox Family Downy Phlox Phlox pilosa POLYGALACEAE Milkwort Family Fringed Milkwort Polygala paucifolia Whorled Milkwort Polygala verticillata

Indigenous Plants of the Wildflower Garden/1907-1916 / 73 Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species POLYGONACEAE Smartweed Family Water Pepper Polygonum hydropiperoides Curlytop Smartweed Polygonum lapathifolium Arrowleaf Tear-thumb Polygonum sagittatum

Water Dock Rumex orbiculatus var. borealis PORTULACACEAE Purslane Family Spring Beauty Claytonia sp. PRIMULACEAE Primrose Family Fringed Loosestrife Lysimachia ciliata Moneywort Lysimachia nummularia Whorled Loosestrife Lysimachia quadrifolia Tufted Loosestrife Lysimachia thyrsiflora Starflower Trientalis borealis RANUNCULACEAE Buttercup Family White Baneberry Actaea pachypoda Red Baneberry Actaea rubra Thimbleweed Anemone cylindrica Wood Anemone Anemone quinquefolia Wild Columbine Aquilegia canadensis Marsh Marigold Caltha palustris Virgin’s Bower, Clematis Clematis virginiana Goldthread Coptis trifolia Kidney Leaf Buttercup Ranunculus abortivus Tall Buttercup Ranunculus acris

Bristly or Ranunculus pensylvanicus Pennsylvania Buttercup Creeping Buttercup Ranunculus repens Prairie Crowfoot Ranunculus rhomboideus Tall Meadow Rue Thalictrum dasycarpum Early Meadow Rue Thalictrum dioicum Rue Anemone Thalictrum thalictroides

74 / Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden & Bird Sanctuary Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species RHAMNACEAE Buckthorn Family New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus Alder Buckthorn Frangula alnus ROSACEAE Rose Family Churchsteeples Agrimonia eupatoria Tall Hairy Agrimony Agrimonia gryposepala Canadian Serviceberry Amelanchier canadensis Low Serviceberry Amelanchier spicata Black Chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa Hawthorn Crataegus sp. Fireberry Hawthorn Crataegus chrysocarpa Hawthorn Crataegus macrosperma Large-fruited Hawthorn Crataegus punctata Hawthorn Crataegus submollis Hawthorn Crataegus succulenta White Avens Geum canadense Large Leaf Avens Geum macrophyllum Black Chokeberry Photinia melanocarpa

Rough-fruited Cinquefoil Potentilla arguta Dwarf Cinquefoil Potentilla canadensis Rough Cinquefoil Potentilla norvegica Creeping Cinquefoil Potentilla reptans Wild Plum Prunus nigra Pin Cherry Prunus pensylvanica Black Cherry Prunus serotina Chokecherry Prunus virginiana Smooth Rose Rosa blanda

Allegheny Blackberry Rubus allegheniensis complex Red Raspberry Rubus idaeus

Cutleaf or Evergreen Blackberry Rubus laciniatus Black Raspberry Rubus occidentalis Dwarf Red Blackberry Rubus pubescens

Indigenous Plants of the Wildflower Garden/1907-1916 / 75 Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species RUBIACEAE Madder Family Cleavers Galium aparine Northern Bedstraw Galium boreale Shining Bedstraw Galium concinnum Lanceleaf Wild Licorice Galium lanceolatum Bedstraw Galium trifida var. tinctorium Fragrant Bedstraw Galium triflorum SALICACEAE Willow Family Cottonwood Populus deltoides Bigtooth Aspen Populus grandidentata Aspen Populus tremuloides Peach Leaf Willow Salix amygdaloides Prairie Willow Salix humilis Bog Willow Salix pedicellaris Slender Willow Salix petiolaris Autumn Willow Salix serissima SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifrage Family American Alumroot Heuchera americana Twoleaf Miterwort Mitella diphylla SCROPHULARIACEAE Figwort Family Small Flowered Foxglove Agalinis acuta Indian Paintbrush Castilleja sp. White Turtlehead Chelone glabra Butter and Eggs Linaria vulgaris Smooth Monkey Flower Mimulus glabratus Swamp Lousewort Pedicularis lanceolata Penstemon, Beardtongue Penstemon albidus Showy Beardtongue Penstemon grandiflorus Early Figwort Scrophularia leporella Mullein Verbascum thapsus

Culver’s Root Veronicastrum virginicum

76 / Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden & Bird Sanctuary Family Common Name Scientific Name Genus Species SOLANACEAE Nightshade Family Clammy Groundcherry Physalis heterophylla TILIACEAE Basswood Family Basswood Tilia americana TYPHACEAE Cattail Family Broadleaf Cattail Typha latifolia ULMACEAE Elm Family Hackberry Celtis occidentalis American Elm Ulmus americana Red Elm Ulmus rubra URTICACEAE Nettle Family Wood Nettle Laportea canadensis Pellitory Parietaria pensylvanica Stinging Nettle Urtica dioica VERBENACEAE Vervain Family Lopseed Phryma leptostachya Blue Vervain Verbena hastata White Vervain Verbena urticifolia VIOLACEAE Violet Family Canada Violet Viola canadensis Downy Yellow Violet Viola pubescens

White Violet Viola macloskeyi ssp. pallens Common Blue Violet Viola sororia VITACEAE Grape Family

Virginia Creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia Wild Grape Vitis vulpina

Indigenous Plants of the Wildflower Garden/1907-1916 / 77