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The Lived Experience of Mothers Bereaved by the Suicide Death of a Child. Cynthia Walker Lynn East Tennessee State University

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The Lived Experience of Mothers Bereaved by the Suicide Death of a Child. Cynthia Walker Lynn East Tennessee State University East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2011 The Lived Experience of Mothers Bereaved by the Suicide Death of a Child. Cynthia Walker Lynn East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Commons Recommended Citation Lynn, Cynthia Walker, "The Lived Experience of Mothers Bereaved by the Suicide Death of a Child." (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1285. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1285 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Lived Experience of Mothers Bereaved by the Suicide Death of a Child ____________________ A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Graduate Program of the College of Nursing East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing ___________________ by Cynthia Walker Lynn May 2011 ___________________ Sadie Hutson, PhD, RN, WHNP, BC, Chairperson Richard Dew, MD Linda Garrett, PhD, RN, FNP, BC Joy Wachs, PhD, RN, PHCNS, BC, FAAOHN Keywords: Suicide, Suicide Survivors, Mother, Grief, Bereavement, Phenomenology ABSTRACT The Lived Experience of Mothers Bereaved by the Suicide Death of a Child by Cynthia Walker Lynn Suicide has existed throughout recorded history. It is a phenomenon that has been both culturally and morally defined across time and civilizations. It is estimated that over 34,000 Americans deliberately take their own lives annually. Moreover, according to some experts, between 6 and 28 individuals are directly affected by each completed suicide. These individuals are referred to as suicide survivors. The consequences for suicide survivors are multidimensional in part because relationships to the deceased play a vital role in bereavement. Previous research studies in the areas of suicidology and bereavement have failed to explore the experience of mothers bereaved by the suicide death of a child. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore phenomenologically the lived experience of mothers following the suicide death of a child. One-on-one, semistructured interviews were conducted with 9 mothers. The time since the suicide ranged from 1 year and 3 months to 21 years and 6 months. Data analysis was driven by Max van Manen‘s descriptive-investigative process. This process involved guided reflections using van Manen‘s 4 existentials: spatiality, corporeality, temporality, and relationality. The interviews began with a general statement; ‗Tell me about your child.‖ General questions related to the existentials were asked during the interviews to clarify the participants‘ stories. Data were managed using NVivo 9.0 qualitative data management software. Three essential themes were inductively derived from the data: 1) Know My Child: Not the Act, 2) Frozen Past: Altered Future, 3) Ocean of Grief. The 3 essential themes provide a deeper understanding of the role of stigmatization in the grief process of mothers following the loss of a 2 child to suicide. In addition, these themes contribute to an appreciation of the role of past memories and future orientation as mothers are enmeshed in the grief process and its unpredictable path. Data from this study clarify the unique circumstances and needs of mothers as they attempt to navigate life after losing a child to suicide. The findings from this study suggest areas for future research and will assist healthcare professionals including nurses, school counselors, and mental health professionals as they approach mothers who are suicide survivors. 3 Copy right 2011 by Cynthia W. Lynn All Rights Reserved 4 DEDICATION This manuscript is dedicated to nine mothers and the memory of their deceased children. May this work serve as a reminder of the beautiful, everlasting bond between mother and child. Thank you for entrusting me with your story. And to my friend, Myra Jane McConkey Glandon, I miss you. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I firmly believe from birth until death the path of each life is influenced by our experiences and others. It is a difficult task to acknowledge all of those in my life responsible for my growth and development, both personally and professionally. It is my sincere desire to recognize and affirm a few individuals who have touched my life over the years. To my own mother Julia Maureen Warwick, thank you for your care, love, and support. You have always given sacrificially. To my husband of 30 years Gary Ray Lynn, thank you for providing me with a love and life blessed by God. To my children Nathan Craig Lynn, Jessica Price Lynn, and Julia Frances Lynn, thank you for the opportunity to be your mother. Professionally, I would like to acknowledge those responsible for my growth during this seven year journey. To Dr. Patricia Kraft, thank you for encouraging and supporting me in my educational trajectory. Finally, I would like to offer my sincere gratitude and thanks to my dissertation committee: Dr. Sadie Hutson, Dr. Joy Wachs, Dr. Linda Garrett, and Dr. Richard Dew. The culmination of this phase of my professional journey will only serve as a stepping stone for further professional growth. Dr. Sadie Hutson, thank you for your organization and detail during the development of this manuscript. Dr. Joy Wachs, thank you for the encouragement to expand and question my philosophical assumptions about myself, life, and others. Dr. Linda Garrett, thank you for your expertise and guidance during the interviewing process. Dr. Richard Dew, thank you for guiding me toward a deeper understanding of bereavement and the loss of a child. 6 I am immensely aware that few are given the opportunity and resources that I have been afforded. It is my belief that who I am is a gift from God and what I choose to do with it is my gift back to Him. To my Lord, thank you. 7 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................2 DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................6 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................14 Anne‘s Story ......................................................................................................................14 Suicide Statistics ................................................................................................................16 Suicide Risk .......................................................................................................................18 Grief, Bereavement, and Suicide .......................................................................................19 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................20 Research Question .............................................................................................................22 Relevance to Nursing .........................................................................................................22 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................23 Introduction ........................................................................................................................23 Death and Dying in Society ...............................................................................................24 Historical Perspectives on Death ...........................................................................24 Western Views of Death ........................................................................................25 Death: An Event, but Dying: A Process ............................................................................27 Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning ...................................................................................28 Theory ................................................................................................................................30 Attachment Theory ................................................................................................30 8 Page Role Theory and Spoiled Identity ..........................................................................31 Bereavement Theory ..............................................................................................32 Gestalt Theory ........................................................................................................37 Historical Perspective on Suicide ......................................................................................38 The Historical Kaleidoscope of Suicide ................................................................41 Early Evidence of Suicide ......................................................................................42 The Perplexity of Suicide .......................................................................................43
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