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Geografía Y Territorio, Patrón De Asentamiento Del Sitio Arqueológico Cival, Petén Guatemala”

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Geografía Y Territorio, Patrón De Asentamiento Del Sitio Arqueológico Cival, Petén Guatemala” UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE HISTORIA ÁREA DE ARQUEOLOGÍA “Geografía y Territorio, patrón de asentamiento del sitio arqueológico Cival, Petén Guatemala” ANTOLÍN VELÁSQUEZ LÓPEZ Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, Guatemala, C.A., Mayo 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE HISTORIA ÁREA DE ARQUEOLOGÍA “Geografía y Territorio, patrón de asentamiento del sitio arqueológico Cival, Petén Guatemala” TESIS Presentada por: ANTOLÍN VELÁSQUEZ LÓPEZ Previo a optar al Grado Académico de LICENCIADO EN ARQUEOLOGÍA Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, Guatemala, C.A., Mayo 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE HISTORIA AUTORIDADES UNIVERSITARIAS RECTOR: Lic. Carlos Estuardo Gálvez Barrios SECRETARIO: Dr. Carlos Guillermo Alvarado Cerezo AUTORIDADES DE LA ESCUELA DE HISTORIA DIRECTOR: Lic. Ricardo Danilo Dardón Flores SECRETARIO: Lic. Oscar Adolfo Haeussler Paredes CONSEJO DIRECTIVO DIRECTOR: Lic. Ricardo Danilo Dardón Flores SECRRETARIO: Lic. Oscar Adolfo Haeussler Paredes Vocal: Dr. Edgar Salvador Gutiérrez Mendoza Vocal: Licda. Sonia Dalila Gaitán Lara Vocal: Licda. Zoila Rodríguez Girón Vocal: Est. Mauricio Chaulón Vélez Vocal: Est. Juan Pablo Herrera COMITÉ DE TESIS Dr. Francisco Estrada-Belli Licda. Mirza Mariel Monterroso Gómez Licda. Adriana María Linares Palma DEDICADO: A mis padres Antolín Velásquez González y Anita López Sian. A mis abuelos Francisco Velásquez J. (†) y Gerarda González O. (†) A toda mi familia. AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi comité de tesis Dr. Francisco Estrada-Belli por aceptar asesorar este trabajo. Licda. Mirza M. Monterroso G. y Licda. Adriana M. Linares P. por sus apreciadas observaciones y comentarios. Al Proyecto Arqueológico Holmul Petén Guatemala. A los patrocinadores del Proyecto Arqueológico Holmul Petén Guatemala: Alphawood Foundation, Boston University, Reinhart Foundation, National Science Foundation, FAMSI, National Geographic Society, US Geological Survey, Hotel Rio Mopán Lodge. A las donaciones de equipo al Proyecto Arqueológico Holmul, Petén Guatemala por parte de las siguientes corporaciones ARB-USA, PIAA Lights, Holley, TN-Off-Road, OPTIMA, Flowmaster, American Racing y Painless. A los trabajos y la colaboración de Justin Ebersole, Paola Torres, Diana Patricia Méndez, Molly Morgan, Marc Wolf, Kristin Gardella, Katia Steingert, Ángel Castillo, Nina Neivens, Josué Calvo, Mónica De León, Laura Velásquez, Jeremy Bauer, Daniel Leonard, Jennifer Foley, Jennifer M. Jonson, Joel Zovar, John Tomasic, Nicoletta Maestri, Ashley Heaton, Heather Hurst, Chris Hewitson, Kristen Klein, Collin Watters, Ryan Mongelluzzo, Michael Callaghan, Mauricio Díaz, Marco Gross, Inmaculada Salcines. A mis amigas y amigos por el apoyo. A todas las personas con las que he tenido la oportunidad de trabajar en los distintos proyectos: Proyecto Arqueológico del Motaguá Medio Guaytán, Proyecto Arqueológico Holmul Petén Guatemala, Proyecto Arqueológico Chiquiuitan, Proyecto Arqueológico La Corona, Proyecto Arqueológico Salinas De Los Nueve Cerros, Proyecto de Rescate Arqueológico Plaza las Conchas, Proyecto de Rescate Arqueológico Farmacia Carolina, Proyecto de Rescate Arqueológico Plaza Ferco y el Equipo de Exhumaciones de ODHAG. A todas las personas que han laborado en el Proyecto Arqueológico Holmul Petén Guatemala. A la Escuela de Historia de la Universidad de San Carlos por la experiencia obtenida dentro y fuera de las aulas. Al Instituto de Antropología e Historia por haber proporcionado los permisos de ley para realizar los trabajos arqueológicos. A TÍ especialmente por ser mi inspiración. Los criterios vertidos en la presente tesis son responsabilidad exclusiva del autor. | i ÍNDICE GENERAL INTRODUCCIÓN........................................................................................... 1 Capítulo I JUSTIFICACIÓN ........................................................................................... 3 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ................................................................. 3 DELIMITACIÓN DEL TEMA ............................................................................ 3 HIPÓTESIS .................................................................................................. 3 OBJETIVOS.................................................................................................. 4 General ....................................................................................................... 4 Específicos ................................................................................................... 4 Capítulo II MARCO TEÓRICO ......................................................................................... 5 Capítulo III MARCO HISTÓRICO ..................................................................................... 7 Anteriores estudios de patrón de asentamiento ............................................... 7 Antecedentes de investigación en la Cuenca del Río Holmul ............................. 8 Antecedentes de investigación en la región de Holmul y Cival .......................... 10 Capítulo IV MARCO GEOGRÁFICO ................................................................................... 23 Capítulo V MARCO METODOLÓGICO .............................................................................. 27 Teledetección y Mapeo ................................................................................. 27 Metodología de Excavación ........................................................................... 31 Capítulo VI FACTORES RESPONSABLES PARA LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL ASENTAMIENTO DEL SITIO ARQUEOLÓGICO CIVAL ................................................................ 35 DESCRIPCIÓN Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL ASENTAMIENTO SOBRE EL PAISAJE ........ 35 TIPOS DE ESTRUCTURAS ............................................................................. 169 Ceremonial .................................................................................................. 169 Habitacional de elite ..................................................................................... 169 Ceremonial/habitacional de elite .................................................................... 169 Habitacional con plataforma basal ................................................................. 170 Habitacional sin plataforma basal .................................................................. 170 Función no definida ...................................................................................... 171 DISPOSICIÓN DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS ............................................................ 171 ii | ÁREAS DE ESPECIALIDAD EN LA EXTRACCION DE RECURSOS Y/O DEFENSA ..................................................................................................... 174 Captación de agua ....................................................................................... 175 Chultunes .................................................................................................... 177 Canteras...................................................................................................... 178 Defensa ...................................................................................................... 178 Áreas de cultivo ........................................................................................... 178 IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL PATRÓN DE ASENTAMIENTO ....................................... 180 TERRITORIO DE CIVAL................................................................................. 185 DESCRIPCIÓN TEMPORAL (CRONOLOGÍA) ..................................................... 186 Muestra Cerámica ........................................................................................ 187 Muestras Palinológicas .................................................................................. 188 PATRÓN DE ASENTAMIENTO REGIONAL ........................................................ 190 Extensión de la región ................................................................................. 194 T´ot (caracol) .............................................................................................. 195 Riverona ...................................................................................................... 196 La Sufricaya ................................................................................................. 196 K’o (Lechugal) ............................................................................................. 198 Hamontun ................................................................................................... 199 Hahakab ...................................................................................................... 201 Holmul ........................................................................................................ 203 CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................... 209 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................. 215 | iii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1 Imagen satelital mostrando la ubicación de los sitios en la región de estudio del Proyecto Arqueológico Holmul Petén Guatemala ........................ 11 Figura 2 Mapa de Cival realizado en 2000 ....................................................... 12 Figura 3 Mapa de Cival mostrado en 2004 ...................................................... 15 Figura 4 Mapa de Cival versión 2007 ............................................................. 19 Figura 5 Mapa de Cival realizado
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