Entre Tradición Y Renovación

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Entre Tradición Y Renovación Sobre una vida judía Entre tradición y renovación מקורות הדת במעמקי המחשבה, בהסתכלות שלא ניתנה לביטוי, בתימהון בפני הפלא והמסתורין שלמעלה מכל השגה והבעה. מכאן שתחיית הדת לא תבוא אלא על ידי חידוש המבוכה הפנימית; על ידי ייסורי המחשבה העומדת בפני הטמיר והנעלם שבכל דבר ודבר, לרבות הטמיר והנעלם שבמחשבה עצמה. האמונה היא לא קניין קבוע ותקוע, אלא הסתכלות, התרחשות, ראייה פנימית או הארה, רצוא ושוב. אין המאמין עומד במקומו, הוא תמיד עולה ויורד, מוצא ומאבד. חיים אנחנו על רגעים בודדים של אמונה שלמה. והחובה המוטלת עלינו היא לזכור את הרגעים היקרים האלה, לשמור אותם בלבנו ולקיים אותם במעשים שבכל יום ויום, במצוות ובתלמוד תורה. Lo antiguo se renovará y lo nuevo se santificará (Rab. Abraham Itzjak HaCohen Kuk1) Sobre una vida judía Entre tradición y renovación Rabina Tamar Elad-Appelbaum Edición: Rabino Mauricio Balter Traducción: Lic. Mauricio Acsebrud Los orígenes de la religión en las profundidades del pensamiento, en una observación que no tiene expresión, con la sorpresa frente a lo maravilloso y a lo misterioso que se encuentra por sobre toda conceptualización y expresión. De aquí que el resurgimiento de la religión no vendrá sino por medio de la renovación de la confusión interna; por medio del sometimiento del pensamiento que se encuentra frente a lo secreto y a lo oculto que hay en cada adquisición, incluso en lo secreto y lo oculto del pensamiento mismo. La fe no es una propiedad fija e inamovible, sino que es observación, acontecimiento, visión interna o iluminación, un ida y vuelta presuroso. El creyente no se mantiene fijo en un lugar, sube y baja, encuentra y pierde. Nosotros vivimos en base a momentos únicos de fe plena. Y la obligación que recae sobre nosotros es recordar esos caros momentos, preservarlos en nuestros corazones y resurgirlos por medio de los hechos cotidianos, de los preceptos y del estudio de la Torá. Abraham Yehoshúa Heschel2 Entre tradición y renovación | 3 CONTENIDO Han plantado en mí melodías, mi madre y mi padre ...............................9 Tradición y Renovación .................................................................................10 Estas son las generaciones: sobre el lugar de la historia........................13 Y todo el pueblo ve las voces: Revelación .................................................15 Árbol de vida es, para quienes la sostienen: Torá ........................................18 Estas y estas son palabras del Dios viviente: pluralismo judío .............20 Cuán buenas son tus tiendas Yaakov, tus moradas Israel: Familia, comunidad y Klal Israel ..................................................................24 Salto hacia la acción: precepto, leyenda y halajá .....................................26 Grande es la fe en ti: Plegaria ......................................................................32 Documentación y finalidad: Sión .................................................................34 Fin .......................................................................................................................38 Abstracto ..........................................................................................................40 En este modesto cuadernillo intentaré esbozar una visión, la visión del Movimiento Masortí (N de T: conservador). Un movimiento que no es un objetivo en sí mismo, y que llegado el día no habrá más necesidad de él, sino que será una convergencia espiritual, comunitaria y social de judíos y judías que se encuentran en la búsqueda de las puertas hacia el legado, al mismo tiempo que la puerta que nos es dada en el espacio público no satisface a esta generación en estos tiempos. El movimiento de los buscadores es amplio y diverso y en él encontramos gente proveniente de distintos hogares, seculares, tradicionalistas, ortodoxos y fundamentalmente todo lo que se encuentra entre ellos. Muchos de ellos no viven aún bajo definiciones o tras la búsqueda de ellas, sino en la búsqueda interna de una esencia y un significado. Cada uno y una 45con su personalidad particular, hace su camino hacia un hogar cultural y espiritual, en el movimiento del antiguo y continuo “Lej Lejá” – (N de A: en referencia al episodio narrado en Génesis 11:1-3, en el cual Dios le ordena a Avram que se vaya de su tierra hacia la que éste le mostrará) desde el padre de la nación, Avraham el hebreo que anda, y hasta nosotros. Yo misma crecí en el mundo de la ortodoxia moderna en Jerusalem, que me otorgó un conocimiento íntimo con el legado de Israel y plantó en mí la creencia en la vida que esta conlleva. Ya como niña, sentí la brecha que se extiende entre la inspiración que me surgía de mis estudios y la realidad judía en Israel. La tradición que estudié me parecía más flexible y sabia que el modo en el cual se presentaba en la realidad. Con el correr del tiempo comprendí que no podría quedarme más dentro de la sociedad en la cual crecí y salí a buscar. El mundo secular, con su riqueza cultural, los escritos de los líderes sionistas y la literatura hebrea de aquel entonces y hasta nuestros días, se convirtieron en una parte importante en mi vida. Pero no encontré en estos una casa espiritual con suficientes anclas en mi vida cotidiana y fundamentalmente no encontré una vida comunitaria. La palabra masortí, en aquellos días, no me decía nada. No conocía otra posibilidad con respecto a la continuidad entre la ortodoxia y la secularidad, porque entonces no había ninguna continuidad. Entre ellos había un abismo y yo me quedé sola, buscando una casa en la cual poder llevar una vida judía que pudiera vivir como soy yo, sin máscaras, sin un lenguaje de prohibición y permisión sino de libertad, comprensión, inspiración y compromiso de un hombre que fue creado a semejanza. Entre tradición y renovación | 5 Sorpresivamente, la vida me llevó a las puertas de un movimiento ideológico que no conocía, pero desde el momento en que lo encontré sentí que había un lugar en el mundo en el cual continuaba el movimiento espiritual y la vida de Jazal (N. de T.: Jajameinu Zijronám Librajá – Nuestros Sabios ,Me gustó el estudio profundo, la integridad .(חז"ל – de Bendita Memoria la complejidad y el compromiso de hacer. Y fundamentalmente me gustó la fuerza de moderación y el valor espiritual que conllevaba, los cuales me recordaban a mis abuelos y abuelas, del lado ashkenazí y del marroquí. Así llegué al Movimiento Masortí. El movimiento masortí, que surgió en la Europa del siglo XIX junto al movimiento ortodoxo y al movimiento reformista como una reacción al iluminismo y a la emancipación, es un movimiento de centro. Su fundador ideológico fue el rabino Zacarías (Zejaria) Frenkel, sabio proveniente de familias rabínicas de Praga, que ofició a lo largo de su vida como rabino en comunidades de Alemania y como director del Beit Midrash (N. de T.: en Braslau, quien (בית מדרש – Academia de estudios rabínicos y judáicos dio una respuesta moderada al modernismo frente a otras dos reacciones extremas: por un lado, la reacción del movimiento reformista, que buscaba integrarse a la sociedad general de un modo maximalista por medio de correcciones en lo religioso y en pos de esto renunció al idioma y a los símbolos centrales en la vida del pueblo; por otro lado, la reacción del movimiento ortodoxo, que buscaba congelar lo judío frente a los cambios del tiempo por temor a que se asimilase a la sociedad general y pierda su particularidad. El rabino Frenkel buscó allanar un camino medio entre estos dos, y de este modo se vio a sí mismo como un continuador del camino de Jazal y de los sabios del pueblo a lo largo de las generaciones, quienes supieron siempre encaminar a la Torá de Israel entre tradición y renovación. En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX se trasladó el centro de gravedad de la idea de preservar la moderación judía en el mundo moderno a los Estados Unidos. A principios del siglo XX se fundó en Nueva York una institución para el estudio de la Torá bajo el nombre de Seminario Teológico Judío (Jewish Tehological Seminary – JTS) en el cual enseñaban rabinos y estudiosos judíos de primera línea según esta visión. Muchos de los docentes y de los estudiantes crecieron en el mundo ortodoxo, y estaban destinados a ser rabinos y líderes comunitarios, pero identificaron en el mundo ortodoxo 6 | Sobre una vida judía un estancamiento antinatural con respecto al legado y buscaron retornar este camino medio a su generación. Las masas de inmigrantes judíos, que llegaron en grandes olas migratorias de Europa, escogieron sumarse a las comunidades del movimiento conservador a causa de su moderación. Así es como se convirtió el Seminario en la institución de estudio de Torá y académica más importante en el campo de la investigación de la Sabiduría de Israel, en la cual enseñaron y se ordenaron, con el correr de los años, cientos de rabinos; y así se transformó el Movimiento Masortí en el mayor movimiento en los Estados Unidos entre las diversas corrientes judías. Los líderes del Movimiento fundaron una red de comunidades, colegios, campamentos de verano, movimientos juveniles, Batei Midrashd (N. de T: plural de Beit Midrash – Casa de estudios) para capacitar rabinos y educadores, comunidades en todo el mundo y múltiples programas en el Estado de Israel, todos estos a partir de su visión moderada y diversa. La pionera de las comunidades masortí en Israel fue la comunidad “Fe Emet veEmuná), que fue fundada en el año 1936 –אמת ואמונה) ”y Verdad en Jerusalem por judíos de Alemania. Activaban en ella, por ejemplo, Akiva Ernest Simon y Mordejay Martín Búber. Después de la Guerra de los Seis Días emigró a Israel un grupo de rabinos masortíes para tomar parte en la construcción de la Nación. Ellos fundaron a lo largo del país las primeras comunidades, y en el año 1979 establecieron el movimiento con Desde entonces .(התנועה )המסורתית su nombre hebreo, HaTnuá HaMasortit se han creado y se han sumado al movimiento múltiples comunidades, y hoy ésta cuenta decenas de miles de afiliados y afiliadas israelíes, comunidades y grupos de estudio, un movimiento juvenil y un movimiento de estudiantes, un Beit Midrash rabínico y centros de obras de caridad y de justicia social.
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