Advanced Sensors and Controls for Building Applications: Market Assessment and Potential R&D Pathways

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Advanced Sensors and Controls for Building Applications: Market Assessment and Potential R&D Pathways PNNL-15149 Advanced Sensors and Controls for Building Applications: Market Assessment and Potential R&D Pathways M.R. Brambley D. Hansen P. Haves D.R. Holmberg S.C. McDonald K.W. Roth P. Torcellini April 2005 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Battelle Memorial Institute, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY operated by BATTELLE for the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Printed in the United States of America Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062; ph: (865) 576-8401 fax: (865) 576-5728 email: [email protected] Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161 ph: (800) 553-6847 fax: (703) 605-6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm This document was printed on recycled paper. 9/2003 PNNL-15149 Advanced Sensors and Controls for Building Applications: Market Assessment and Potential R&D Pathways M.R. Brambley(a) D. Hansen(b) P. Haves(c) D.R. Holmberg(d) S.C. McDonald(a) K.W.Roth(f) P. Torcellini(e) April 2005 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 (a) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (b) U.S. Department of Energy (c) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (d) National Institute of Science and Technology (e) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (f) TIAX, LLC PREFACE This document provides background material on a research and development planning effort in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Building Technologies. It is part of a larger set of material to be used in the ongoing planning process and does not, in itself, represent the decisions or policies of DOE. This document does not represent the current DOE research agenda, nor planned research, but instead is intended to provide a point of departure for discussion of potential research options. iii iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document provides a market assessment of existing building sensors and controls and presents a range of technology pathways (R&D options) for pursuing advanced sensors and building control strategies. This report is a synthesis of five white papers, each devoted to either the market assessment or the identification of R&D options to expand the market, and resultant energy savings, from advanced building controls and sensors. The ideas presented in these white papers were purposefully unconstrained by budget to attempt to capture the full range of potential options. As such, choosing and summarizing highlights from each of these papers, and in turn highlighting this in an Executive Summary, is quite challenging. Instead, what is contained in this Executive Summary is an overview of each chapter. Market Assessment The market assessment includes estimates of market potential and energy savings for sensors and control strategies currently on the market as well as a discussion of market barriers to these technologies. Contributors to this report believe that significant energy savings and increased comfort and control for occupants can be achieved with advanced technologies. An estimation of the potential market and energy savings from these advanced technologies is the subject of a follow-on market assessment by TIAX, which should be available in 2005. Technology Pathways The Technology Pathway is organized into four chapters: • Current Applications and Strategies for New Applications • Sensors and Controls • Networking, Security, and Protocols and Standards • Automated Diagnostics, Performance Monitoring, Commissioning, Optimal Control, and Tools. These chapters can roughly be characterized as follows: 1. Applications to building sub-systems (e.g., lighting) and potential new applications (e.g. disaster mitigation). 2. Sensor and controls hardware including wireless devices and actuators. 3. Issues relating to the internetworking of sensors, controls, and actuators and standards and protocols required for full interoperability. 4. Tools and applications for whole building system integration, monitoring, and controls. Each technology pathway chapter gives an overview of the technology or application. This is followed by a discussion of needs and the current status of the technology. Finally, a series of research topics is proposed. v vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document is a compilation and synthesis of background material supporting the development of a research and development planning effort in advanced controls and sensors for buildings. The planning effort is led by David Hansen of the Building Technologies (BT) program within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) at the U.S. Department of Energy. Representatives from DOE national laboratories, including Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, as well as the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) in the U.S. Department of Commerce, all contributed to the Technology Pathway chapters (Chapters 3 through 6). The market analysis chapter (Chapter 2) was developed by TIAX, LLC. All contributors are listed in the appendix. We would also like to acknowledge Theresa Gilbride of PNNL for her sharp editing skills and Andrew Nicholls of PNNL for his technical review. vii viii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AFDD automatic fault detection and diagnostics AHU air handler unit ANSI American National Standards Institute APAR AHU Performance Assessment Rules ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers ASTM/ISO American Society for Testing and Materials BACnet/IP A Data Communication Protocol for Building Automation and Control Networks BAS building automation system BCS building control system BT DOE Building Technologies Program within EERE BT US DOE Building Technologies Program CABA Continental Automated Buildings Association CBECS Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey CCC California Commissioning Collaborative CCTV closed circuit television CEC California Energy Commission cfm cubic feet per minute CHP combined heat and power CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide DALI digital addressable lighting interface DCV demand-controlled ventilation DDC direct digital control DDE dynamic data exchange DOD US Department of Defense DOE U.S. Department of Energy DR demand response system DSOM Decision Support for Operations and Maintenance software EERE US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy EES Enron Energy Services EIS energy information systems EMCS energy management control system ix EMS energy management system ERP enterprise resource planning ESCO energy service company Eui ENERGY USE INTENSITY FCC Federal Communications Comission FDD fault detection and diagnostics FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission GEMnet GSA Energy and Maintenance Newtork GHz gigahertz GSA US General Services Administration GUI graphical user interface Hmi human machine interface HVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioning HVAC&R heating, ventilation and air conditioning and refrigeration IAQ indoor air quality IBECS integrated building environmental communications system ICM industrial, scientific, medial band ICP/IP Internet communication protocol/internet protocol IEA International Energy Agency IEC International Engineering Consortium IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEQ indoor environmental quality IFC Industry Foundation Classes IMDS Information Monitoring and Diagnostic System IP internet protocol IPMVP International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol ISO International Organization for Standardization ISO-NE Independent System Operator-New England IT information technology LAN local area network LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LON Networking protocol for building devices MHz megahertz MPM market penetration model MSTP master-slave token passing x NILM nonintrusive load measurement NIST US Department of Commerce National Institute for Standards and Technology NPV net present value NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NYISP New York Independent System Operator OA outdoor air OLE object linking and embedding ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory OTE operational test and evaluation PECI Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. PID proportional integral derivative PIER Public Interest Energy Research (CEC program) PJM the wholesale electricity markets for the
Recommended publications
  • Synergetic Environments Form, Social Behavior, and Coordination
    Synergetic Environments Form, Social Behavior, and Coordination “In the most general sense, computation is the process of storing, transmitting, and transforming information from one form to another” (Santa Fe Institute). ARCH 6307/4050/6050, IT IS 6010, ITCS 5010 Wednesdays 6:00pm-8:45pm, Storrs 255 School of Architecture, UNC Charlotte Prof Dr. Dimitrios Papanikolaou / [email protected] Office hours: Wednesdays 10am-12pm by appointment Office: Storrs 146 Premise The seminar critically reviews the evolution and design principles of systems of urban and territorial intelligence, from the ancient networks of optical telegraphy to today’s internet of things. Through discussions, we will examine technologies, systems, and mechanisms for turning information into decision and action in large scales; we will question the role of the physical environment, resource scarcity, and human behavior in shaping equilibrium conditions; we will investigate the role of data, modeling, and simulation in exploring dynamics of urban systems; and we will critically speculate where the design field of urban computing might be heading in the future. Objectives By the end of the course, students will develop a broad yet critical understanding of what urban intelligence is, how it can be constructed, and what limits it may reach, from a sociotechnical and a systemic perspective. Topics include: Theory and technologies of computation, information, communication, and human factors in relation to the built environment; systems theory; cybernetics; 1 ARCH 4050/6050 FALL 2017, SoA, UNC Charlotte urban dynamics; ecology; social cooperation; collective intelligence; game theory; mechanism design; as well as applications in mobility, resource allocation, sustainability, and energy. Method The course combines discussions, lectures, and workshops.
    [Show full text]
  • Add More Flexibility to Building Automation with New Communicating Thermostats More Choices
    Communicating Thermostats Add More Flexibility to Building Automation with New Communicating Thermostats More Choices. More Possibilities. From zone control to rooftop units and nearly everything in between, Honeywell’s lineup of TB7600, TB7300 and TB7200 Series communicating thermostats deliver fully integrated functionality. All work seamlessly with WEBs-AX™, giving you more flexibility to serve more applications. Features of all TB7600, TB7300 • BACnet® MS/TP and ZigBee® wireless mesh protocols and TB7200 Series • Backlit LCD display communicating • Fully integrated advanced occupancy thermostats include: functionality with passive infra-red (PIR) models; all models are PIR occupancy sensor ready with the addition of the occupancy sensor cover • Password protection to minimize • Support for single or dual setpoints and up parameter tampering to three setpoints on some models • Multi-level keypad lockout • Set display for °F or °C • Local menu-driven configuration • PI control with adjustable proportional band • Configurable control sequences • Removable terminal blocks and hinged PCB • Up to three programmable digital inputs board to simplify wiring and installation • Multifunction auxiliary output TB7600 Series For Rooftop and Heat Pump TB7600 Series Communicating RTU/Heat Pump Thermostats OS NUMBER DESCRIPTION NETWORK OUTPUTS SCHEDULING PIR TB7600A5014B Single Stage RTU BACnet 1H/1C No Ready TB7600A5514B Single Stage RTU BACnet 1H/1C No Yes TB7600B5014B Multi-stage RTU BACnet 2H/2C No Ready TB7600B5514B Multi-stage RTU BACnet 2H/2C
    [Show full text]
  • HVAC Controls (DDC/EMS/BAS) Evaluation Protocol
    Chapter 19: HVAC Controls (DDC/EMS/BAS) Evaluation Protocol The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures Created as part of subcontract with period of performance September 2011 – December 2014 Jeff Romberger SBW Consulting, Inc. Bellevue, Washington NREL Technical Monitor: Charles Kurnik NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Subcontract Report NREL/SR-7A40-63167 November 2014 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Chapter 19: HVAC Controls (DDC/EMS/BAS) Evaluation Protocol The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures Created as part of subcontract with period of performance September 2011 – December 2014 Jeff Romberger SBW Consulting, Inc. Bellevue, Washington NREL Technical Monitor: Charles Kurnik Prepared under Subcontract No. LGJ-1-11965-01 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Subcontract Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/SR-7A40-63167 Golden, CO 80401 November 2014 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Smolensky
    Vita PAUL SMOLENSKY Department of Cognitive Science 11824 Mays Chapel Road 239A Krieger Hall Timonium, MD 21093-1821 Johns Hopkins University (667) 229-9509 Baltimore, MD 21218-2685 May 5, 1955 (410) 516-5331 Citizenship: USA [email protected] cogsci.jhu.edu/directory/paul-smolensky/ DEGREES Ph.D. in mathematical physics, Indiana University, 1981. M.S. in physics, Indiana University, 1977. A.B. summa cum laude in physics, Harvard University, 1976. PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS Partner Researcher, Microsoft Research Artificial Intelligence, Redmond WA, Dec. 2016−present. Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, 2006–present. Full Professor, Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, 1994–2006. Chair, Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Jan. 1997−June 1998 (Acting), July 1998−June 2000 Professor, Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Full Professor, 1994–95 (on leave, 1994–95). Associate Professor, 1990–94. Assistant Professor, 1985–90. Assistant Research Cognitive Scientist (Assistant Professor – Research), Institute for Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego, 1982–85. Visiting Scholar, Program in Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego, 1981–82. Adjunct Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland at College Park, 1994–2010. Assistant Director, Center for Language and Speech Processing, Johns Hopkins University, 1995–2008. Director, NSF IGERT Training Program, Unifying the Science of Language, 2006−2015. Director, NSF IGERT Training Program in the Cognitive Science of Language, 1999−2006. International Chair, Inria Paris (National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation), 2017−2021. Visiting Scientist, Inserm-CEA Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin Center, Paris, France, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings
    Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings Jennifer King and Christopher Perry February 2017 Report A1701 © American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy 529 14th Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20045 Phone: (202) 507-4000 • Twitter: @ACEEEDC Facebook.com/myACEEE • aceee.org SMART BUILDINGS © ACEEE Contents About the Authors ..............................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... iv Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology and Scope of This Study ............................................................................................ 1 Smart Building Technologies ............................................................................................................. 3 HVAC Systems ......................................................................................................................... 4 Plug Loads ................................................................................................................................. 9 Lighting ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 8418B0e55972ecac157afb730f8
    Baltic Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 4, No. 2, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-2-254-260 ANALYTIC OVERLOOK OF THE METHODOLOGY OF SYNERGETICS IN POSTNONCLASSICAL SCIENCE Viktor Yakimtsov1 Ukrainian National Forestry University, Ukraine Abstract. Purpose. This article reveals the main definitions of synergetics and methods that are being used in synergetic research. The differences-characteristics of classical, nonclassical, and postnonclassical science and their schematic illustration are described. There are criteria, by which the main methodological principles of synergetics are being chosen. The reasons that have caused an appearance of synergetics and its methodological apparatus and the framework of this apparatus are considered. The special aspects of nonlinearity of complicated systems, in our opinion, include the economic ones. Methodology. Such foreign and domestic scientists as Wiener N. (2003), Thom R. (1975, 1996), Prigogine I., Stengers I. (1986), Zang V.B. (1999), and Arnold V. (2004) have used methodological apparatus of synergetics in modern science. Methodologically synergetics is open for those new conceptions that are being formed in certain disciplines. Methodological principles of synergetics that cause the “colostral” principles are nonlinearity, nonclosure, and instability. The main principle – the rule of nonlinearity is a contravention of the principle of the super offer in the certain phenomenon (process): the result of adding the impacts on the system is not the adding these impacts’ results. The causes’ results cannot be added. This means that the result of adding the causes does not equal to the union of causes’ results. Results. For the synergy concept, the idea is typical that we see everything at once: the whole and its parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Hvac Controls Introduction
    Invensys Building Systems ON-LINE VERSION HVAC CONTROLS INTRODUCTION Pop-up Definitions in this Online Document • Terms that are blue, italic, and underlined, are provided with pop-up definitions, which can be accessed through blue “question mark” symbols located in the outside margin. • To open a definition, simply double-click the “question mark” symbol that is most in line with the term. • To close the definition, click the “close” box in the upper-left of the window. • These terms are also defined in the glossary of this document. Invensys Building Systems HVAC CONTROLS INTRODUCTION Printed in U.S.A. 3/01 F-26962 Copyright Notice The confidential information contained in this document is provided solely for use by Invensys Building Systems employees, licensees, and system owners, and is not to be released to, or reproduced for, anyone else. Neither is it to be used for unauthorized reproduction of an Invensys control system or any of its components. All specifications are nominal and may change as design improvements occur. Invensys Building Systems shall not be liable for damages resulting from misapplication or misuse of its products. Invensys Building Systems 1354 Clifford Avenue (Zip 61111) P.O. Box 2940 Loves Park, IL 61132-2940 United States of America © Invensys Building Systems 2001 Invensys, PopTop, and DuraDrive are trademarks of Invensys plc and its subsidiaries and affiliates. ii Invensys Building Systems Table of Contents Preface........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Building Automation – Impact on Energy Efficiency
    Building automation – impact on energy efficiency Application per EN 15232:2012 eu.bac product certification Answers for infrastructure. Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................5 1.1 Use, targets and benefits ..........................................................................5 1.2 What constitutes energy efficiency? .........................................................6 2 Global situation: energy and climate....................................................7 2.1 CO2 emissions and global climate ............................................................7 2.2 Primary energy consumption in Europe....................................................8 2.3 Turning the tide – a long-term process .....................................................8 2.4 Reduce energy usage in buildings............................................................9 2.5 Siemens contribution to energy savings ................................................. 11 3 Building automation and control system standards.........................13 3.1 EU measures ..........................................................................................13 3.2 The standard EN 15232..........................................................................17 3.3 eu.bac certification ..................................................................................19 3.4 Standardization benefits..........................................................................19 4 The EN 15232 standard
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Saving of Central Air-Conditioning and Control System Caseb Study: Nanchang Hongkelong Supermarket
    Energy Saving of Central Air-Conditioning and Control System Caseb Study: Nanchang Hongkelong Supermarket Thesis Yizhou He Degree Programme in Industrial Management Accepted ___.___._____ __________________________________ SAVONIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES, BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING, VARKAUS Degree Programme Industrial Engineering and Management Author He Yizhou Title of Project Energy saving of central air-conditioning and control system Case study: Nanchang Hongkelong Supermarket Type of Project Date Pages Final Project 13/10/2010 6 2+8 Academic Supervisor Company Supervisor Company Harri Heikura Zheng Jun HKLS Abstract In China, with the rapid development of economiy, the resources are consumed very seriously. Compared with the developed countries, China’s energy consumption for unit GDP production is more than 6 to 10 times and the energy consumption for unit product production is 50% higher than in the developed countries. Therefore, China is increasing emphasis on energy conservation and is also increasing the awareness of energy saving and environmental protection. In energy saving measures, the one that reduces energy consumption of the central air conditioning is very important. Because in industrial and commercial buildings, central air conditioning system is a very important part of infrastructure and it is widely used. It takes a large proportion in industrial production and the total daily energy consumption of buildings. In industry, central air-conditioning energy consumption accounts for over 40% of the total energy consumption. In this thesis, the problem and the cause of the problem were found according to the research of the specific practical problem of the traditional energy saving system. Based on the theory of intelligent building management system (IBMS) and energy-saving central air-conditioning inverter, a means of vector control can be adopted to achieve the integrated use of the technology and a solution to improve the Central Air Conditioner equipment and improve HVAC energy saving control system can be found.
    [Show full text]
  • Lonworks® Platform Revision 2
    Introduction to the LonWorks® Platform revision 2 ® 078-0183-01B Echelon, LON, LonWorks, LonMark, NodeBuilder, , LonTalk, Neuron, 3120, 3150, LNS, i.LON, , ShortStack, LonMaker, the Echelon logo, and are trademarks of Echelon Corporation registered in the United States and other countries. LonSupport, , , OpenLDV, Pyxos, LonScanner, LonBridge, and Thinking Inside the Box are trademarks of Echelon Corporation. Other trademarks belong to their respective holders. Neuron Chips, Smart Transceivers, and other OEM Products were not designed for use in equipment or systems which involve danger to human health or safety or a risk of property damage and Echelon assumes no responsibility or liability for use of the Neuron Chips in such applications. Parts manufactured by vendors other than Echelon and referenced in this document have been described for illustrative purposes only, and may not have been tested by Echelon. It is the responsibility of the customer to determine the suitability of these parts for each application. ECHELON MAKES AND YOU RECEIVE NO WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR IN ANY COMMUNICATION WITH YOU, AND ECHELON SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Echelon Corporation. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligent Thermal Control Method for Small-Size Air Conditioning System
    Intelligent Thermal Control Method for Small-Size Air Conditioning System Hung-Wen Lin1, Min-Der Wu1, Guan-Wen Chen1 and Ying Xuan Tan2 1Green Energy and Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Keywords: HVAC, Least Enthalpy Difference Theory, Energy Saving. Abstract: To decrease the energy consumption and maintaining the comfort of the area, a great deal of work has been done on HVAC control algorithms. A control system with the least enthalpy difference theory applied is proposed in this paper. By using the indoor air temperature and relative humidity as the feedback of the control system, the temperature set for the air conditioner is able to satisfy the indoor thermal comfort. The simulation and experimental results of this controller have shown positive energy saving while maintaining indoor thermal comfort. 1 INTRODUCTION “Adaptive Algorithm” which requires an additional parameter which is the expected residence time of the Due to the significant increase of energy consumption occupants for each zone to be controlled (Dimitris, in buildings, energy saving strategies have become Evangelos, John and Odysseus, 2014). An the first priority in energy policies in most countries occupancy-based feedback control algorithm for around the world. In 2006, United States of America variable-air volume HVAC systems that is applicable had used about 35% of the total energy for HVAC to the under-actuated case in which multiple rooms systems (US EIA, 2017). About 50% of the world’s share the same HVAC equipment was implemented. total electrical energy is consumed by HVAC systems Despite the inability to condition rooms (Fagan, Refai and Tachwali, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Load Shedding - Phase II & III: Concept Development and Prototype Design for Passenger Rail Equipment
    U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Research, Federal Railroad Development and Technology Administration Washington , DC 20590 Load Shedding - Phase II & III: Concept Development and Prototype Design for Passenger Rail Equipment u . tlffllr'ILUcmtN!ftke ,...,,...,.,.rt:WrrdtJ/Rm: PROC-- lS -lOIIIII~ MM • M0081JSj',HW n.i -rl••-otU.INO'I~ LtS ·IIOC8USSIM r~~,fft'IC"'t'"'""" ,.OI - Dlsatltlllp.iS U, -lopu,11~0 II -lOl-'c-0111 __ _ ..., -~Hollf!IW!fo .. ~lo&kllll lq,i,alTo, 00--- DOT/FRA/ORD-20/30 Final Report | July 2020 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Government, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government. The United States Government assumes no liability for the content or use of the material contained in this document. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302.
    [Show full text]