PNNL-15149 Advanced Sensors and Controls for Building Applications: Market Assessment and Potential R&D Pathways M.R. Brambley D. Hansen P. Haves D.R. Holmberg S.C. McDonald K.W. Roth P. Torcellini April 2005 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Battelle Memorial Institute, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. 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Torcellini(e) April 2005 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 (a) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (b) U.S. Department of Energy (c) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (d) National Institute of Science and Technology (e) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (f) TIAX, LLC PREFACE This document provides background material on a research and development planning effort in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Building Technologies. It is part of a larger set of material to be used in the ongoing planning process and does not, in itself, represent the decisions or policies of DOE. This document does not represent the current DOE research agenda, nor planned research, but instead is intended to provide a point of departure for discussion of potential research options. iii iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document provides a market assessment of existing building sensors and controls and presents a range of technology pathways (R&D options) for pursuing advanced sensors and building control strategies. This report is a synthesis of five white papers, each devoted to either the market assessment or the identification of R&D options to expand the market, and resultant energy savings, from advanced building controls and sensors. The ideas presented in these white papers were purposefully unconstrained by budget to attempt to capture the full range of potential options. As such, choosing and summarizing highlights from each of these papers, and in turn highlighting this in an Executive Summary, is quite challenging. Instead, what is contained in this Executive Summary is an overview of each chapter. Market Assessment The market assessment includes estimates of market potential and energy savings for sensors and control strategies currently on the market as well as a discussion of market barriers to these technologies. Contributors to this report believe that significant energy savings and increased comfort and control for occupants can be achieved with advanced technologies. An estimation of the potential market and energy savings from these advanced technologies is the subject of a follow-on market assessment by TIAX, which should be available in 2005. Technology Pathways The Technology Pathway is organized into four chapters: • Current Applications and Strategies for New Applications • Sensors and Controls • Networking, Security, and Protocols and Standards • Automated Diagnostics, Performance Monitoring, Commissioning, Optimal Control, and Tools. These chapters can roughly be characterized as follows: 1. Applications to building sub-systems (e.g., lighting) and potential new applications (e.g. disaster mitigation). 2. Sensor and controls hardware including wireless devices and actuators. 3. Issues relating to the internetworking of sensors, controls, and actuators and standards and protocols required for full interoperability. 4. Tools and applications for whole building system integration, monitoring, and controls. Each technology pathway chapter gives an overview of the technology or application. This is followed by a discussion of needs and the current status of the technology. Finally, a series of research topics is proposed. v vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document is a compilation and synthesis of background material supporting the development of a research and development planning effort in advanced controls and sensors for buildings. The planning effort is led by David Hansen of the Building Technologies (BT) program within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) at the U.S. Department of Energy. Representatives from DOE national laboratories, including Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, as well as the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) in the U.S. Department of Commerce, all contributed to the Technology Pathway chapters (Chapters 3 through 6). The market analysis chapter (Chapter 2) was developed by TIAX, LLC. All contributors are listed in the appendix. We would also like to acknowledge Theresa Gilbride of PNNL for her sharp editing skills and Andrew Nicholls of PNNL for his technical review. vii viii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AFDD automatic fault detection and diagnostics AHU air handler unit ANSI American National Standards Institute APAR AHU Performance Assessment Rules ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers ASTM/ISO American Society for Testing and Materials BACnet/IP A Data Communication Protocol for Building Automation and Control Networks BAS building automation system BCS building control system BT DOE Building Technologies Program within EERE BT US DOE Building Technologies Program CABA Continental Automated Buildings Association CBECS Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey CCC California Commissioning Collaborative CCTV closed circuit television CEC California Energy Commission cfm cubic feet per minute CHP combined heat and power CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide DALI digital addressable lighting interface DCV demand-controlled ventilation DDC direct digital control DDE dynamic data exchange DOD US Department of Defense DOE U.S. Department of Energy DR demand response system DSOM Decision Support for Operations and Maintenance software EERE US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy EES Enron Energy Services EIS energy information systems EMCS energy management control system ix EMS energy management system ERP enterprise resource planning ESCO energy service company Eui ENERGY USE INTENSITY FCC Federal Communications Comission FDD fault detection and diagnostics FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission GEMnet GSA Energy and Maintenance Newtork GHz gigahertz GSA US General Services Administration GUI graphical user interface Hmi human machine interface HVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioning HVAC&R heating, ventilation and air conditioning and refrigeration IAQ indoor air quality IBECS integrated building environmental communications system ICM industrial, scientific, medial band ICP/IP Internet communication protocol/internet protocol IEA International Energy Agency IEC International Engineering Consortium IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEQ indoor environmental quality IFC Industry Foundation Classes IMDS Information Monitoring and Diagnostic System IP internet protocol IPMVP International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol ISO International Organization for Standardization ISO-NE Independent System Operator-New England IT information technology LAN local area network LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LON Networking protocol for building devices MHz megahertz MPM market penetration model MSTP master-slave token passing x NILM nonintrusive load measurement NIST US Department of Commerce National Institute for Standards and Technology NPV net present value NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NYISP New York Independent System Operator OA outdoor air OLE object linking and embedding ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory OTE operational test and evaluation PECI Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. PID proportional integral derivative PIER Public Interest Energy Research (CEC program) PJM the wholesale electricity markets for the