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Migration and Citizenship Vol. 4, No. 2 ‐ Summer 2016 Migration and Citizenship Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section on Migration and Citizenship http://community.apsanet.org/MigrationCitizenship Table of Contents Letter from the Co‐Presidents 1II. Debate Letter from the Editor 3 i. Europe’s Odd Migration Policy Choices 51 I. Symposium: The Refugee in Political Georg Menz Science ii. How to make Europe’s immigration i. Introduction 4 policies more efficient and more hu‐ Rebecca Hamlin (ed.) mane 55 ii. What drives Refugee Migration? 7 Ruud Koopmans David FitzGerald iii. Europe’s Refugee and Rawan Arar Immigration Policies – Obligation, iii. Changing the Message 13 Discretion, Cooperation & Freeriding 59 Jonathan Hiskey Cathryn Costello iv. The Tensions in Protecting iv. Unpacking the Facts Behind Europe’s Forced Migrants 19 Odd Migration Policy Choices 66 Phil Orchard Kelly M. Greenhill v. Does International Refugee Law v. A Response to my Critics 71 Still Matter? 24 Georg Menz Thomas Gammeltoft‐Hansen vi. The European Refugee Crisis and III. Research Institute Profile the Crisis of Citizenship in Maastricht Centre for Citizenship Mi‐ Greece 29 gration and Development (MAC‐ Heath Cabot IMIDE) 77 vii. Explaining State Responses to Costica Dumbrava Refugees 33 Maarten P. Vink Lamis Abdelaaty viii. The Specter of Climate Refugees: IV. Mentoring Matters Why Invoking Refugees as a Rea‐ Tips for Building Productive Mentor‐ son to “Take Climate Change Se‐ ing Relationships for riously” is Troubling 38 Migration and Citizenship Scholars 80 Gregory White Irene Bloemraad ix. Why Forced Migration Studies? Els de Graauw The New Generation of Scholar‐ Rebecca Hamlin ship 45 Galya Ruffer V. Section News i. Books 85 ii. Journal Articles 87 iii. Member News 91 0 Letter from the Co-Presidents “A Great Transformation: Status without Rights?” The world of migration and citizenship is in turmoil. Long‐standing regimes, norms and commitments to the rights of refugees, inter‐ nal migrants and immigrant minorities are eroding in response to popular sentiment and unprecedented levels of human movement. As of 2015, 62 million people were either refu‐ gees or had been internally displaced. Fear (both real and imagined) of “others” now dominates discussion of available options. success stories and successful refugee reset‐ The British exit from the European Union is a tlement programs, even in the face of current cautionary example. pressures, it is becoming clear that legal membership is no guarantee of basic human Citizenship scholarship for a long time cele‐ rights. Prospective refugees and asylum brated the expansion of rights to groups pre‐ claimants must often navigate restricted em‐ viously denied them – including ethnic and ployment opportunities in host states while racial minorities, women, and the disabled. awaiting formal status. A minimal level of Scholars of migration and citizenship now survival is made even more difficult with re‐ point to a reversal or narrowing of rights, strictions on related social and political inte‐ bringing into focus citizenship’s exclusionary gration opportunities. Long‐standing refugees potential and the power of unbridled capital‐ in developing states (e.g. in Indonesia, Kenya, ism and numbers of persons in need to coopt Morocco, Pakistan, Sudan, and South Africa, rights. Saskia Sassen’s recent work, for exam‐ among others) often remain in poverty for ple, describes the mass expulsions and simple decades. Life in poverty with no escape route brutalities visited upon those most marginal‐ belies the promise of refugee resettlement, ized by the logic of capitalism and the politics which should involve support and protection of fear. And Margaret Somers points to the by the host community. contractualization and marketization of rights amid the rise of neoliberalism. Citizenship These cases provide a cautionary note to the rights are both contracting and fragmenting, current refugee crisis in Europe. Keeping ref‐ disproportionately impacting those already at ugees in limbo, delaying adjudication, denying the bottom of a citizenship hierarchy. claims based on bureaucratic technicalities and restricting employment only impoverish In keeping with this year’s annual meeting refugee rights and create needless poverty. theme of “Great Transformations,” we point to Long‐term refugee populations are facing the ways in which the most vulnerable sub‐ intergenerational poverty in many host and jects of our scholarship are too often witness‐ transit states, creating challenges to future ing the diminution of their status and citizen‐ integration. ship rights. While there are many immigrant 1 Internal migrants often face a similar discon‐ among immigrants and other marginalized nect between their citizenship status and the populations, as evidenced by hunger strikes, rights they enjoy. In major urban cities of the sit ins, protest candidates, and growing num‐ global south (such as Beijing, New Delhi, Ja‐ bers of demonstrations. This is the hopeful karta, and Rio de Janeiro, among others) citi‐ side of the transformations occurring in an zenship becomes immaterial, an empty prom‐ increasingly globalized, corporate‐dominated ise for the vast urban poor, destitute world. homeless, and slum residents. For the urban underclass in China, India, Indonesia and Bra‐ Expanding our analytical and geographical zil, the ability to engage in wholesome citizen‐ lens to consider cases from the global “south” ship rights is severely restricted to bare min‐ in tandem with those emerging in the global imal survival, even when citizenship status is “north” will generate innovative analysis and unquestioned. A ‘thin citizenship’ is becoming perhaps move the field toward more pene‐ the norm in these places. Entangled with is‐ trating and richer insights into the great sues of state capacity, the gulf between citi‐ transformations that are occurring around us. zenship status and rights belies citizenship’s inclusive claims. Kamal Sadiq University of California at Irvine In the global north, thin citizenship permits [email protected] institutionalized discrimination towards eth‐ nic/racial minorities. Failed municipal poli‐ Marie Provine cies have led to ghettoization and impover‐ Arizona State University ishment while election‐induced anti‐ [email protected] immigrant sentiment and rhetoric have brought into question the viability of multi‐ culturalism. For immigrants, government’s attempts to distinguish between those worthy of status and those who do not qualify further impoverishes and fragments rights. Special‐ ized courts, deportation schemes, outsourced border controls and criminalized immigration laws isolate these residents. Implicit in debate about citizenship, legal status, and rights is the more complicated question of responsibil‐ ity and/or obligation to those most marginal‐ ized. As citizenship and migration scholars, we need to interrogate the meaning of citizen‐ ship. If refugees, immigrants and the urban poor alike experience impoverished rights, what does this imply for our political future? For the stability of states? For the future of rights? Rights consciousness is on the rise 2 Letter from the Editor This issue of the Migration and Citizenship newsletter is dedicated to the one topic that has kept migration scholars probably most preoccupied over the last year, namely the increasing inflow of refugees in Europe. To what extent it is justified to speak of a crisis and what that crisis exactly would be is highly contested. In any case, one can certainly agree with Alexandra Filindra who wrote in the last issue of this newsletter that “the outcome of this multi‐level crisis is likely to have even more lasting effects than the economic crisis of recent years and to reshape the Union in more ways than one.” (4(1): 33) real live tigers to represent what was called The various contributions in this issue pursue the violence of the new Roman empire. The two goals: The symposium that was organized conceptual artists announced to feed real live by Rebecca Hamlin allows us, first, to take a volunteer refugees to the tigers if a paragraph step back, to go beyond the current political in German law forbidding refugees from debates and to ask the more fundamental booking normal airline tickets to Europe was questions of what a refugee is, why they mi‐ not annulled (for more information see here: grate, how these refugee flows can be regulat‐ http://www.politicalbeauty.com/index.html). ed and what this tells us about state sover‐ eignty and citizenship. The different What the best political responses to these approaches in these essays and the various new challenges are is not only contested empirical examples allow us to put the cur‐ among politicians but also among academics. rent debates in a broader perspective. The second goal of the newsletter is therefore to also let academics debate about how the Learning from other contexts and trying to current problems could be solved. Georg see the bigger picture might help us solve the Menz starts with a critique of what he calls day‐to‐day problems European states and the “Europe’s odd migration policy choices”. Ruud European Union currently face. As the politi‐ Koopmans, Cathryn Costello and Kelly M. cal debates over the last year have shown the Greenhill respond to his arguments and pro‐ proposed solutions range (as in many other vide their own views. cases) from building walls to prevent refugees from entering these states to flying refugees In further contributions Costica Dumbrava directly from their countries of origin to Eu‐ and Maarten P. Vink present their Maastricht rope. In June, the Berlin based Center for Po‐ Centre for Citizenship, Migration and litical Beauty launched its controversial cam‐ Devlopment (MACIMIDE). And Irene paign with the morbid title “Eating refugees”. Bloemraad, Els de Graauw and Rebecca Ham‐ A makeshift arena was set up next to the main lin provide some tips on how to build a pro‐ building of the Humboldt University with four ductive mentoring relationship for migration 3 and citizenship scholars. As always, the news September 2 at 6:30 (Franklin 1 room, Mar‐ section features information on the latest riott).
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