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Historic American Building Survey Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive Data of the Cowell Lime Works Historic District Cooperage

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Historic American Building Survey Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive Data of the Cowell Lime Works Historic District Cooperage HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDING SURVEY PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA OF THE COWELL LIME WORKS HISTORIC DISTRICT COOPERAGE HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDING SURVEY COWELL LIME WORKS HISTORIC DISTRICT Cooperage Location: The Cooperage is located within the Cowell Lime Works Historic District, which encompasses approximately 30 acres on the campus of the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) near its main entrance at Coolidge Drive in Santa Cruz, California. The Cooperage is located on the west side of Coolidge Drive just north of the Cook House. USGS Santa Cruz Quadrangle 7.5 minute, 1994 UTM Coordinates: 10.584150.4093044 Present Owner / Occupant: University of California, Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, California 95064 Present Use: None Significance: The Cooperage is a contributor to the Cowell Lime Works Historic District, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places with a period of significance from 1853 to 1920. The historic district is significant under Criterion A at the local level for its importance within the context of quarrying and manufacturing of lime in Santa Cruz County, California. Located immediately adjacent the lime kilns, the Cooperage housed barrel making and lime loading functions that were essential operations of lime production at the site. Historians: Christopher McMorris, Partner / Architectural Historian Chandra Miller, Research Assistant JRP Historical Consulting, LLC 2850 Spafford Street Davis, California 95618 June 2012 Project Information: The UCSC Physical Planning & Construction Division and Friends of the Cowell Lime Works are planning a project to stabilize and preserve the Cooperage. This report was prepared as part of documentation to facilitate the project and was funded by Friends of the Cowell Lime Works Historic District and the Community Foundation. William B. Dewey prepared the photographic images for this report. COWELL LIME WORKS HISTORIC DISTRICT Cooperage (Page 2) Part I. Historical Information A. Physical History: 1. Date of Erection: 1869.1 2. Architect: Not known. 3. Original and subsequent owners, occupants, uses: The first Cooperage built at the site was constructed between 1853 and 1854 by business partners Isaac E. Davis and Albion P. Jordan. A fire destroyed the initial Cooperage in 1869 and it was rebuilt shortly after under the ownership of Isaac E. Davis and Henry Cowell.2 The Cooperage was where wooden barrels were assembled. These barrels were used to pack the processed quicklime from adjacent kilns. The building also stored extra barrels. The Cooperage operated as part of the lime works into the 1920s and was used for storage into the 1950s after lime operations had ceased at the site. UCSC acquired the property on which this building sits in 1961 and has used the building for storage. Coopers tools, barrels, and other items related to the trade were located inside and around the Cooperage while under the ownership of UCSC.3 4. Original plans and construction: There are no known original plans for the Cooperage. The original Cooperage was in the same location as the current building and was constructed on wood posts raising the building off the ground level. The 1850s Cooperage was also a long, rectangular plan, gable roof building, but the west half of the roof line was taller than the eastern half.4 The Cooperage built after the 1869 fire altered the layout of the south wall from the original design by including a sliding door on the western half of the building while the eastern half included only sliding window openings. 1 Architectural Resources Group, “National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Cowell Lime Works Historic District, Santa Cruz County, California,” (March 2007), section 7, 17; “Destructive Fire,” Santa Cruz Sentinel, March 6, 1869. 2 Frank A. Perry, Robert W. Piwarzyk, Michael D. Luther, Alverda Orlando, Allan Molho, and Sierra L. Perry, Lime Kiln Legacies: The History of the Lime Industry in Santa Cruz County (Santa Cruz, California: Museum of Art & History, 2007), 64; “Destructive Fire,” Santa Cruz Sentinel, March 6, 1869. 3 Joseph M. Conde and James L. Lorenzana, Last Years of the Cowell Ranch: An Interview Conducted by Frank Perry (Santa Cruz: Friend of the Cowell Lime Works Historic District, 2012), 12; Sheridan F. Warrick, ed., The Natural History of the UC Santa Cruz Campus (University of California, Santa Cruz: 1982), 23; University of California Real Property Report as of January 4, 2012, http://www.ucop.edu/facil/resg/documents/real_property_portfolio.pdf, page 100 (accessed June 1, 2012). 4 Laurence & Houseworth, “Davis & Cowell’s Lime Works, Santa Cruz,” 1866, Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Online Catalog, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a28412 (accessed November 7, 2011). COWELL LIME WORKS HISTORIC DISTRICT Cooperage (Page 3) 5. Alteration and additions: Following the construction of the Cooperage in 1869, additional diagonal bracing was added to the north interior wall on the western end. A secondary door was installed on the north wall east of the bracing that covered the original door. In the mid-1960s the eastern half of the Cooperage was removed in stages for the construction of Coolidge Drive. The exposed east end was boarded over and was later re- sided with plywood in March 1998.5 Three cupolas on the roof ridge have been removed, likely when the roof was replaced before UCSC took ownership of the property. In the early 1950s the roof of the Cooperage collapsed and was replaced with the metal roof. In this period, the east end under the Cooperage was enclosed and used as a garage.6 B. Historical Context:7 1. The Davis & Jordan Period (1853 to 1865) Isaac E. Davis and Albion P. Jordan first began producing lime near Palo Alto in Santa Clara County in 1851. In 1853 they moved their operation to Santa Cruz County to the present-day site of the Cowell Lime Works Historic District, also referred to as the Bay Street Kilns.8 This site was favorable for lime production because it had high quality limestone, abundant redwood to fuel the kilns (which converted the limestone into lime), and proximity to a sheltered landing where the lime could be loaded onto ships bound for San Francisco and other ports along the California coast. Although there were other smaller lime companies in Santa Cruz County in the 1850s, Davis and Jordan were the first to manufacture lime on a large scale, and they rapidly established themselves as the largest lime producer in the county and in the state, with San Francisco as their primary market. In 1854, for example, the firm produced 35,000 of the 50,000 barrels of lime manufactured in Santa Cruz County.9 From the beginning, Davis and Jordan had a largely self-sufficient operation and site layout. The company cut its own wood for fuel and barrel making, operated a ranch, raised cattle, and had its own ox teams for pulling wagons of rock, cordwood, and 5 Francine Tyler, “Cooperage repairs set stage for future renovation plans,” UC Santa Cruz Currents Vol. 3, No. 29 (March 22-28, 1999), http://www1.ucsc.edu/oncampus/currents/97-98/03-23/cooperage.htm (accessed November 7, 2011). 6 Conde and Lorenzana, Last Years of the Cowell Ranch, 47. 7 The historical narrative is based on, and excerpted from, Architectural Resources Group, “National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Cowell Lime Works Historic District, Santa Cruz County, California,” (March 2007). The narrative also includes additional historical information. Citations from the NRHP nomination form are in the footnotes and references are in Part III. 8 Frank A. Perry, Robert W. Piwarzyk, Michael D. Luther, Alverda Orlando, Allan Molho, and Sierra L. Perry, Lime Kiln Legacies: The History of the Lime Industry in Santa Cruz County (Santa Cruz, California: Museum of Art & History, 2007), 64. 9 “The Lime Trade of Santa Cruz,” Monterey Sentinel, June 23, 1855; Perry, et al., Lime Kiln Legacies, 64; “Lime Business,” Santa Cruz Sentinel, July 26, 1856. COWELL LIME WORKS HISTORIC DISTRICT Cooperage (Page 4) lime.10 In 1854 the company acquired the Anthony-Penfield wharf facilities, which had been merely a chute used for loading potatoes onto schooners. Davis and Jordan expanded the site with a 450’ long wharf and later built a new ship, the Santa Cruz, to haul lime, passengers, and merchandise between Santa Cruz and San Francisco.11 As their business expanded, Davis and Jordan acquired a large part of Rancho Rincon, north of the lime works located on the UCSC campus, which provided thousands of acres of forest for fuel, additional limestone outcrops, and a sawmill. The following year, in 1860, they built a tramway to bring limestone and cordwood from the Rancho Rincon property down to the lime works kilns (built in the 1850s-1860s), and in 1861 they cut a road to a sawmill at Rincon. The tramway, which was never mechanized, consisted of a gravity-powered rail line with oxen to pull the ore cars back up the slope. Davis and Jordan built the kilns and adjacent Cooperage at the mouth of Jordan Gulch.12 The Cooperage’s location in the center of the industrial complex illustrates its importance. The quarries were located at a higher elevation, and wagon loads of limestone were gravity assisted down to the kilns next to the Cooperage. The ore cars on the tramway led directly to the top-loading kilns where they were unloaded. After several days of firing and cooling, the finished product, quicklime, was loaded into barrels produced in the Cooperage. The proximity of the Cooperage to the kilns assisted in the quick loading process of quicklime into the barrels to protect the integrity of the finished product. Ox-drawn wagons were loaded with the barrels of lime and were sent downhill to the company-owned wharf and warehouse facilities at the Monterey Bay front terminus of Bay Street.13 2.
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